Digital Drive Crane Hoist Conversion
While working on the bridge of a crane, I remember feeling the intense heat of the speed
reduction Resistors. I looked over the prints and tried to figure out how to reduce this energy
loss. As I understood, heat is the product of energy lost (R I 2). I was new to crane
maintenance in 1990 and, having an electrical/electronic background,
Crane panel manufacturers desired a novel method of crane control that combines new technology with
some of the oldest. The new crane panel resulted in lower costs, increased productivity and reduced wear on components, as well as energy savings.
I believed new technology existed. Several of the newer devices needed alternating current
input. SCRs, VFDs and PMWs were becoming common acronyms in newer plants. The
possibility of upgrading our pre-existing 250 VDC distribution was cost-prohibitive, Various
transistors could run DC, but not at the ampere demands we needed. With crane panel
replacement under consideration, we challenged our panel suppliers to develop new crane
control technology
Digital Hoist Conversion
Severstal North America Inc. is an integrated steel mill dating back to 1917, when Henry
Ford built it to supply his Ford Motor Co. auto manufacturing enterprise. It was operated as
Ford Steel Division ur~ti11982, when it became Rouge Steel Co. In 2004, OAt Severstal Steel
purchased the assets of Rouge Industries and Rouge Steel.
Figure1.A digital drive controller was installed Figure2. Preliminary setup of DDC hoist panel
on this 135-ton-capacity slab-handling crane
The market price for steel was flat in the early part of the new millennium, forcing
departmental groups to look for cost-saving improvements. One improvement was the installation of a new type of digital electronic control panel in 2003. This panel represented the introduction of DC electronic crane control to Rouge Steel and the largest duplex crane hoist controller (dual 200-hp) of its type in North America.
The original panels were built on a P&H 135-ton slab-handling crane having standard DC hoisting contactor controls. They were industrial and functional, designed to handle the loads of this crane in 1972. The loads are greater now with heavier slabs, runing the crane at maximum limits and higher production rates. This caused premature equipment failures and production down-time. With three aging cranes in this bay, maintenance costs were rising to new highs. Those involved in maintenance were finding that distributors and manufactures were downsizing or had gone out of business, making replacement parts costly or obsolete. The market drivers of today are forcing the change to newer technologies
Figure3. Digital panel installed on crane trolley deck Figure4.Prewired resistors reduced start-up
time
A novel design approach was asked of the crane panel manufactures. They replied with a proposed partnership and an effort to add some of the newest technology to the oldest methods of crane controls. The result was high-current transistor switching with a 250 VDC input. The design was well-thought-out and included integrating the original motors, limits, switches and wiring. Now speeds are controlled by sending the motors only enough current to safely lift and lower the load. The motors are soft stopped (reverse plugged) before the brakes
close. This saves wear on components, reduces costs and increases productivity. Without the need for reduction resistors, there is no energy wasted, maximizing the energy savings. The panel installation of the SY-4 crane was completed in 2003 and is still running. The results are smoother movements with little energy loss (heat).
The new panels were designed for installation on the trolley deck, as opposed to the bridge deck.. This aids in troubleshooting and reduces excessive wiring mainly at the weak point of the cable powertrack.. This allowed the time and ability to perform all setup work during mini-downturns without disabling the original hoist. The original panel was left in place as a backup, as failures could not be predicted. To date, the fail-safe panel has not been required.
The panels were pre-wired and pre-tested prior to crane installation, further reducing crane downtime. When the transfer day came, only the master switch, motors and limit leads needed to be rerouted to the new system. On-the-job tuning and monitoring were vital for the first couple of days. It was important to have crane operators involved for that “personal feel”and to obtain their buy-in to the project, to increase awareness and productivity. No-load and full-load current tests were run with great results.
An aded benefit to this control is the electrical current savings. Without reductin resistors for speed points, and with the added benefit of power produced when regenerative lowering, this single crane installation saves more than ＄25000 in electricity annually. This can be a very important consideration if substation power is near critical usage levels. The demand this system imposes is much less than a similar contactor system. With energy costs on the rise, this is a concern for every project considered. Figure 5 indicates an example of electrical current savings potential by comparing contactor panel loads(top) to digital drive loads(bottom).
How it works in the circuit is not unique. The insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT) takes the place of the contactors and acceleration resistors. As the master switch is selected for greater speed, the circuitry triggers the transistor at a frequency(pulse width modulated) that allows current to flow through the IGBT. The current circulates in the standard series armature and series field along with the series brake. The longer the input is turned on, the
higher the output average voltage (Figure 6). The higher the voltage, the higher the horsepower produced. This system can provide high torque with low currents(heat) as the result of motor regenerative properties. High speed with no load can also be accomplished. Much of this could not be achieved with the original panels.
Figure5.Example of energy saved during lowering sequence.
The difference is noticed when the IGBT is in its off cycle(Figure 7). In this instance, the motor acts as a generator, producing circulating currents through the flyback diode and maintaining self-induced motor currents. This effect reduces ripple and provides current that was not provided by the original power source. The reduction of current loads on system feeders and hardware further adds to the total savings package.
The following items are important considerations when determining if this system will work with an application.
IGBTs are the newest part of the design that makes this panel work with 250 volts DC. They combine the advantages of the bipolar transistor(high voltage and current) with the advantages of the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor(MOSFET)(low power consumtion and high switching). IGBTs are semiconductors that combine a high voltage and high current bipolar junction transistor(BJT) with a low-power and fast-switching MOSFET. Consequently, IGBTs provide faster speeds and better drive and output characteristics than power transistors and offer higher current capabilities than equivalent high-powered transistors.
Figure6.Hoist current flow when the IGBT is on
Figure7.Hoist continuing motor current flow when the IGBT is off.
Heat sinking, including consideration of air temperature and air flow, is essential to the proper operation of any solid-state reply. It is necessary to rovide an effective means of removing heat from the IGBT. The importance of using a proper heat sink cannot be overstressed, since it directly affects the maximum usable load current and maximum allowable ambient temperature. Up to 90 percent of the problems with transistors are directly related to heat. Lack of attention to this detail can result in improper switching(lockup) or even total destruction of the IGBT. If the device ever reaches an internal temperature of 105℃, it will be permanently destroyed. One of the problems encountered at Severstal NA was program temperature cutbacks due to excessive heating. When electrical current cutback does not control the drive, it will stop on software limits. Transistors develop heat as a result of a forward voltage drop through the junction of the IGBT. Beyond this point, heat will cause a reduction(software cutback) of the load current that can be handled. If the demand is too great,
the program is designed to shut down.
Care must be taken when mounting solid-state relays(SSRs) in a confined area. SSRs should be mounted on individual heat sinks whenever possible. SSRs should never be operated without proper heat sinking or in free air, as they will thermally self-destruct under load. A simple way to monitor temperature is to slip a thermocouple under a mounting screw. If the base temperature does not exceed 45℃, the SSR is operating at its optimal level. Remember that the heatsink removes the heat from the SSR and transfers that heat to the air in the electrical enclosure. In turn, this air must circulate and transfer its heat to the outside ambient. Vents and forced ventilation are good ways to accomplish this. Semiconductor fuses are the only reliable way to protect SSRs. They are also referred to as current-limiting fuses, providing extremely fast opening while restricting let-through current far below the fault current that could destroy the semiconductor. This type of fuse tends to be expensive, but cheap by comparison to the damage that could occur, providing a means of fully protecting SSRs against high current overloads. An R
I2fuse rating is useful in aiding in the proper design of SSR fusing. This rating is the benchmark for an SSR's ability to handle a shorted output condition. Devices such as circuit breakers and slow blowfuses cannot react quickly enough to protect the SSR in a shorted condition and are not recommended. Every SSR has an I2rating. The idea is to select a fuse matching the capability of the solid-state relay for the T
same duration.
Figure8.IGBT and components mounted on heat Figure9.External mounted fans removed IGBT heat
Figure10. Panel fans removed internal heat buildup Figure11. Semiconductor fuses provide the best
protection for solid-state relays Motor switching and dynamic loads, such as motors and solenoids, can create special problems for SSPs. High initial surge current is drawn because its star t-up impedance is usually very low. As a motor rotates, it develops a counter electromotive force (CEMF) that resists the flow of currenL This CEMF can also add to the applied line voltage and create over-voltage conditions during turn-off and regenerative times. It should be noted that over-voltage caused by inductive voltage doubling or CEMF from the motor cannot be effectively dealt with by adding voltage-transient suppressors. Suppressors such as metal oxide varistors (MOVs) are typically designed for brief high-voltage spikes and may be destroyed by sustained hlgh-energy conduction. V oltage dump resistors may be needed in extreme cases and should be engineered to meet a system's demand, It is therefore important that SSRa are chosen to withstand the highest expected sustained voltage.
Problems encountered while running the200-hp dual drive were few hut worth mentioning. The program allows for setdng many variables (i.e., speed, currents, brake-open voltage). Most of these are detrimental to the drive or motor if set incorrectly. Although staying within the drive specifications is safe, this may not produce the desired actions. Ambient temperatures must also be considered, since most useful application are near higher-temperature areas. Following are several problems(and solutions) observed during installation and trials:
Problem 1:The first problem presented itself when applying excessive brake-open curent.
The direction contactors were flashed and pitted. Also, the emergency brake contactor appears bluish from high heat. Reducing brake-open current and power-on time to a shorter duration solved the problem.
●Problem 2:Hall effect transistors and IGBT were thought to be faulty parts and/or wiring, but this could not be duplicated. Many suspect parts were replaced, but it was determined that internal panel ambient temperature was the problem. This was solved with cooling fans on the doors and on the IGBT cooling fins.
●Problem 3:Temperature cutbacks usually led to errors. It was found that a new crane operator did not like operating the hoist at full speed. Longer run time and higher IGBT cycles caused unnecessary heating in panels. Reducing field current settings eased this problem. This increased the lowering speeds but greatly reduced the IGBT voltage drop, in turn reducing its heat dissipation. Cooling fans eliminated the problem.
●Problem 4:All power must be disconnected from the line because all lines feed from a common bus capacitive filtering system. This means that the typical way of “pulling motor disconnect and running the controls only”to troubleshoot does not work. The panel diagnostics and troubleshooting information provided is very helpful.
●Problem 5:Lack of electronic knowledge by the electricians is a concern. When production downtime is critical, the time to troubleshoot is a high-priced commodity. This ultimately puts pressure on the electricians, causing frustration. The solutions was to ensure that the crew is involved Mth project design and installation. Training is vital. If the maintenance team is nat up to speed with the technology, failure is probable. Two training classes were held for all electrical team members.
After one year, the actual materials maintenance and labor savings were calculated, with a payback of 6.2 months. Cost savings and efficiency gains were greater than expected. This led the way to the next drive conversion, which was scheduled for 2006. With a cooperative effort by salespersons, manufacturers, engineers and end-users, Severstal NA vastly improved its ability to compete successfully.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to acknowledge the efforts of former general supervisor Fred
Schwartz and the crew at Severstal North America. Without their help, the project may never have gotten this far.
References
1. Creech, R., 'Energy Savings -- DC Digital and DC Contactor Hoist Control System," Iron ~ Steel Technotogg, May 2005, pp. 225-228.
2. https://www.doczj.com/doc/081235610.html,/modval/database/contents/reports/igbt.html
3. https://www.doczj.com/doc/081235610.html,/computing/unix/software/matlab/toolbox/powersys/igbt.html
4. https://www.doczj.com/doc/081235610.html,/old_pdf/app_ notes/r_ipm.pdf
5. https://www.doczj.com/doc/081235610.html,/access/helpdesk_r13/help/toolbox/physmod/powersys/igbt.html
数字机起重机提升转换
虽然工作在桥上的吊车，我记得感觉酷热的速度减少电阻.我看着图纸，并试图弄清楚如何减少这种能源损失.正如我的理解一样，热是产品的能源损失（R
I2）。我是新来起重机维修工于1990年，并在电气/电子背景下，我认为新技术是存在的.一些较新的设备需要交流电输送.在新工厂，SCRs ，VFDs andPMWs已成为常用缩写词。在新的可能性下，提升我们的预先分配现有的250伏直流电是成本过高.各种晶体管可以运行直流，但不能以安培的要求，.现在起重机小组正在考虑向我们的面板供应商提出制定新的起重机控制技术。
起重机面板制造商设计了一个新的起重机控制方法，那就是把新技术和最老
的技术结合起来。这个新的起重机面板导致了降低成本，提高生产力和减少磨损
的部件，以及节约能源的效果。
数字提升转换
韦尔北美公司是一家综合钢厂可以追溯到1917年，当亨利福特建立它提供了福特汽车公司生产企业. 在1982年之前，这是作为福特钢司，之后改名为高棉钢公司。在2004年，俄罗斯谢韦尔钢收购了高棉钢铁工业和高棉钢公司。
在新的千年年初，钢铁的市场价格持平，迫使部门团体寻求节省成本的改进。在2003年，一个改进的方法是安装一种新型的数字式电子控制面板，这个小组代表介绍，在北美，直流电子起重机控制高棉最大的钢铁和全双工起重机吊重机控制器（双200马力）的类型。
图1.数字硬盘控制器被安装在这台有图2.初步安装DDC的提升小组
135吨板坯处理能力的起重机上
原来的面板上建立了一个P&H公司135吨板坯处理起重机在吊装标准直流接触器
控制。它们的工业功能被设计用于处理负载的这台于1972生产的起重机。在保证最高限额和更高的生产速度之下，运行起重机的负载更大了就好比加了巨大的石板。这就造成早产和生产设备故障停机时间加大。三老化起重机在这湾，维修费用上升到新高。那些参与维修的人发现，分销商和制造商缩编或已停业，使备件昂贵或过时。市场驱动的今天，迫使改变新技术。
起重机面板制造商被要求需要一种新的设计方法。他们回应在最基本的起重机控制上努力增加一些最新的技术。其结果是高电流晶体管开关的250伏直流电输入。设计是经过深思熟虑的，其中包括整合原汽车，限制，交换机和拧。现在速度控制发送只够目前的汽车安全升降机及降低负荷。电机软停止（反向插入）前刹车密切。这样可以节省的磨损部件，降低成本和提高生产效率。而不需要减少电阻，没有能源浪费，最大限度地节约能源。小组安装系统- 4起重机于2003年完成，目前仍在运行。结果表明，几乎没有顺畅流动的能量损失（热）。
图3.数字面板安装在起重机小车甲板上图4.预置电阻减少启动时间
新的面板设计为安装在甲板上的小车，而不是桥面。这个故障排除和减少过多的电线主要是在于电缆的薄弱。在稍微衰退而停用原来的起重机，在这允许的时间和能力内来执行所有的安装工作。原来的面板留在地方作为备用，失败是无法预测的。迄今为止，面板没有达到万无一失要求。
该小组的前有线和预先测试前，起重机安装，进一步降低起重机停机。当一天的转让中，只有总开关，汽车和限制导致需要转移至新系统。在职调整和监测至关重要的第一几天。这是非常重要的吊机操作员参与的“个人感觉”，并获得他们的买进该项目，以提高认识和生产力。空载和满负荷运行试验，目前取得极大的结果。
一个附加的好处是这个控制电流储蓄。没有电阻减少的速度点和再生降低时，功率产生的附加的好处，这种单一的起重机安装每年节省超过25000美元的电费。这是一个非常重要的事情是附近变电站电力使用水平的关键。在实行这一制度的需求远低于类似的联系人制度。随着能源成本上升，图5显示的一个例子电流储蓄潜力比较接触小组负载（顶部）到数字驱动负载（下）。
如何运作的电路并不是独一无二的。绝缘栅双极晶体管（IGBT ）取代电流接触器和加速度电阻。作为主开关是选择更大的速度，晶体管电路触发的频率（脉宽调制），使电流流过IGBT的。目前流通中的标准系列电枢和一系列领域随着一系列制动。投入的时间越长，，输出更高的平均电压（图6 ）。高的电压保证高马力生产。此系统可以提供高扭矩，低电流（热）由于电机再生的缘故。高速无负载时也可以完成。这在很大程度上是不可能实现的在原来的面板上。
图5.节省能源降低序列
所不同的是发现时的IGBT是在其起飞周期（图7 ）。在这种情况下，电机作为发电机，产生循环电流通过反激式二极管和维护自诱导电动机电流。这种效应降低了纹波，并规定这是目前所无法提供的原始动力源。减少电流负载馈线系统和硬件进一步增加了总储蓄封装。
下列项目是重要的考虑因素当确定是否该系统将与应用程序一起运作。
IGBT是最新的部分设计，使得面板在250伏特直流下工作。他们结合了双极型晶体管（高电压和电流）的优势，金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管（MOSFET ）的电源（低功耗和高开关）。IGBT是半导体，结合高电压和高电流双极型晶体管（双极晶体管）的低功耗和快速开关的MOSFET 。因此，IGBT提供更快的速度和更好的驱动
器和输出特性比功率晶体管，并提供更高的电流能力比同等高功率晶体管。
图6.IGBT开启时提升了电流
散热，包括考虑空气温度和空气流通，是必不可少的正常运作的任何固态继电器。有必要提供一种有效的手段，消除热的IGBT 。必要时，使用适当的散热片也不过分，因为它直接影响最大可用负载电流和最高允许环境温度。高达百分之九十的问题晶体管是直接相关的热量。没有注意这个细节可能会导致不适当的开关（锁定），甚至完全破坏IGBT 。如果该设备以往的内部温度达到105摄氏度，这将是永久摧毁。一个韦尔北美公司遇到的问题，那是程序温度在降低由于过度的热量。当电流减少到不能控制驱动器，它将会停止对软件的限制。晶体管开发热而导致的正向压降通过路口的IGBT。除了这一点，将导致热量减少（软件削减）的负载电流可处理。如果需求过大，该计划旨在关闭。
图7.IGBT关闭时电机电流在继续提升
当安装固态继电器（序列）在一个封闭的地区时，应当十分小心。只要有可能，固态继电器应安装在单独的散热片上。序列不应该没有适当的操作或散热自由空气，因为它们将在这个负荷下自毁。一个简单的方法来监测温度就是将在热电偶下安装螺钉。如果基温度不超过45摄氏度，是操作系统的SSR 在其最佳水平。请记住，移除SSR 的热量和转让热空气中的电器附件。反过来，这必须空气流通和转让其热量到外面。喷口和强制通风良好这一途径来实现这个目标。
图8. IGBT 和元件安装在散热片上 图9.在IGBT 的外部安装风扇散热
半导体引信是唯一可靠的方式来保护序列。他们也被称为限流熔断器，提供极快的开放，同时限制让通过远低于目前的故障电流，可以摧毁半导体。这种类型的导火索往往是昂贵的，但比较便宜的损害可能发生，提供了一个手段，充分保护序列对高电流超载。一个T I 2保险丝评价是有用的帮助在适当的设计，SSR 的能力是处理短路输出条件。设备，如断路器和熔断器缓慢打击不能作出迅速反应，足以保护SSR 在短路条件和不推荐。每一个SSR 有一个T I 2类别。这样做是为了选择一个引信匹配的能力，固态继电器的同一时间。
电机开关和动态载荷，如汽车和螺线管，可以建立特殊问题的序列。要注意高初始浪涌电流，因为它的启动阻抗通常很低。作为电机转动时，它开发了一个反电动势（ CEMF ）来抵制流动的电流。这CEMF 也可以添加到线电压的应用，并创造过电压条件在关闭和再生次。应当指出的是，过电压引起的感应电压一倍或CEMF 从电机不能得到有效处理，增加电压瞬态抑制器。抑制器，如金属氧化物变阻器（ MOVs ）通常是专为简短的高电压尖峰，并可能被摧毁的持续高能量传导。电压转储电阻可能需要在
极端的情况下，应设计，以满足系统的需求。因此，重要的是序列中选出能承受的最高预期持续的电压。
图10.面板风扇散去内部热量积聚图11.安森美半导体提供最好的熔
断器保护固态继电器遇到的问题，同时运行的200马力的双驱动器很少，但值得一提。该计划允许设置许多变量（即，速度，电流，制动初始电压）。大多数这些不利于驱动器或电机如果设置不正确。虽然留在驱动器的规格是安全的，这可能不会产生预期的行动。环境温度也必须加以考虑，因为最有用的应用是近高温度区。以下是几个问题（和解决方案）观察在安装过程中和试验：
(1)第一个问题出现当提出过度制动初始电流。接触了方向闪现和进站。此外，紧急制动接触出现高热量。减少制动初始电流和功率上的时间更短的时间解决了这个问题。
(2)霍尔效应晶体管和IGBT被认为是错误的部分和/或线路系统，但这无法复制的。许多人怀疑部分取代，但它的内部面板确定，环境温度是这个问题。这是解决散热风扇的入口和IGBT的散热片的方法。
(3)温度削减通常导致错误。结果发现，一个新的起重机操作员不喜欢经营提升全速。长远来说，时间和更高的IGBT周期中造成不必要的加热板。减少外地当前设置来缓解这一问题。这增加了降低速度，但大大降低了IGBT的电压下降，反过来又减少其散热。冷却风扇来消除这个问题。
(4)一切功能必须同线路分开，因为所有线路由一个共同的电容过滤系统提供。这意味着，典型的方式“拉电机断开和运行控制只有”排查不工作。该小组的诊断和故障排除提供的信息是非常有帮助的。
(5)缺乏电子知识的电工是一个关切的问题。当生产停工是至关重要的，解决的时间是一个高价位的商品。这最终对电工造成压力，造成挫折。该解决方案是确保工作人员是参与项目的设计和安装的工作中。培训是至关重要的。如果维修人员不是提高维修技术的速度，失败是有可能的。两个所有电气团队成员的培训班被成立了。
一年后，维修的实际材料和劳动力节省了计算，回收期为6.2个月。节约成本和提高效率大于预期。这导致了下一个驱动器转换，这是定于2006年。与合作努力的销售商，制造商，工程师和终端用户，韦尔北美公司那大大改善其竞争能力为竞争成功。
致谢
作者要感谢前总务主管弗雷德施瓦兹和韦尔北美公司全体工作人员的努力。没有他们的帮助，该项目可能永远不会走到这么远的地步。
参考资料
1 克里奇，河，“节能---直流数字和直流接触器提升机控制系统，”钢铁学院，
2005年5月，225-228页。
2 https://www.doczj.com/doc/081235610.html,/modval/database/contents/reports/igbt.html
3 https://www.doczj.com/doc/081235610.html,/computing/unix/software/matlab/toolbox/powersys/igbt.html
4 https://www.doczj.com/doc/081235610.html,/old_pdf/app_notes/r_ipm.pdf
5 https://www.doczj.com/doc/081235610.html,/access/helpdesk_r13/help/toolbox/physmod/powersys/igbt.html
红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique, drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos
etc. characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage. Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish customer’s operation demand. Keywords: Infrared dray；Code；Decoding；LM386；Red outside transceiver 1 Introduction 1.1 research the background and significance Infrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported. Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.
通信工程专业英语翻译 JXTA is a crystallization by Sun company's chief scientist Bill Joy's more than twenty years of brewing."JXTA technology is a platform for Network programming and calculation.To solve the modern distribution calculation especially peer-to-peer (Peer to Peer, P2P) in the calculation of the problem".[1] JXTA research project,which will provide a new framework that make the user more convenient to access to connect on the Internet's personal computer resources, thus further expand Internet 's space. At the same time JXTA is also the Sun's "ONE Internet" strategic continuance, and will take a more positive attitude to compete with the .net strategy of Microsoft and Hailstorm plan . JXTA agreement defines a set of six agreement based on XML, the organization of node into node group, release and found some resources, communication and mutual monitoring provides standardized method.(Endpoint Routing Protocol,ERP) is used for node found routing.To send a message to other nodes, and through the potential firewall and connection.(Rendezvous Protocol,RVP) s used for the nodes in the group to spread information.(Peer Resolver Protocol,PRP) is Used to one or more points to send general inquiries, and receive the response of inquiries.
机械设计 摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。 一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要
用于多跳认知无线电网络的分布式网络编码控制信道 Alfred Asterjadhi等著 1 前言 大多数电磁频谱由政府机构长期指定给公司或机构专门用于区域或国家地区。由于这种资源的静态分配，许可频谱的许多部分在许多时间和/或位置未使用或未被充分利用。另一方面，几种最近的无线技术在诸如IEEE802.11，蓝牙，Zigbee之类的非许可频段中运行，并且在一定程度上对WiMAX进行操作;这些技术已经看到这样的成功和扩散，他们正在访问的频谱- 主要是2.4 GHz ISM频段- 已经过度拥挤。为了为这些现有技术提供更多的频谱资源，并且允许替代和创新技术的潜在开发，最近已经提出允许被许可的设备（称为次要用户）访问那些许可的频谱资源，主要用户未被使用或零星地使用。这种方法通常被称为动态频谱接入（DSA），无线电设备发现和机会性利用未使用或未充分利用的频谱带的能力通常称为认知无线电（CR）技术。 DSA和CR最近都引起了无线通信和网络界的极大关注。通常设想两种主要应用。第一个是认知无线接入（CW A），根据该认知接入点，认知接入点负责识别未使用的许可频谱，并使用它来提供对次用户的接入。第二个应用是我们在这个技术中研究的应用，它是认知自组织网络（CAN），也就是使用 用于二级用户本身之间通信的无许可频谱，用于诸如点对点内容分发，环境监控，安全性等目的，灾难恢复情景通信，军事通信等等。 设计CAN系统比CW A有更多困难，主要有两个原因。第一是识别未使用的频谱。在CW A中，接入点的作用是连接到互联网，因此可以使用简单的策略来推断频谱可用性，例如查询频谱调节器在其地理位置的频谱可用性或直接与主用户协商频谱可用性或一些中间频谱经纪人另一方面，在CAN中，与频谱调节器或主要用户的缺乏直接通信需要二级用户能够使用检测技术自己识别未使用的频谱。第二个困难是辅助用户协调媒体访问目的。在CW A中存在接入点和通常所有二级用户直接与之通信（即，网络是单跳）的事实使得直接使用集中式媒体接入控制（MAC）解决方案，如时分多址（TDMA）或正交频分多址（OFDMA）。相反，预计CAN将跨越多跳，缺少集中控制器;而对于传统的单通道多跳自组织网络而言，这个问题的几个解决方案是已知的，因为假设我们处理允许设备访问的具有成
外文资料翻译译文 塔式起重机 动臂装在高耸塔身上部的旋转起重机。作业空间大，主要用于房屋建筑施工中物料的垂直和水平输送及建筑构件的安装。由金属结构、工作机构和电气系统三部分组成。金属结构包括塔身、动臂和底座等。工作机构有起升、变幅、回转和行走四部分。电气系统包括电动机、控制器、配电柜、连接线路、信号及照明装置等。 塔式起重机简称塔机，亦称塔吊，起源于西欧。据记载，第一项有关建筑用塔机专利颁发于1900 年。1905 年出现了塔身固定的装有臂架的起重机，1923 年制成了近代塔机的原型样机，同年出现第一台比较完整的近代塔机。1930 年当时德国已开始批量生产塔机，并用于建筑施工。1941 年，有关塔机的德国工业标准DIN8770 公布。该标准规定以吊载(t)和幅度(m)的乘积(tm)一起以重力矩表示塔机的起重能力。 我国的塔机行业于20 世纪50 年代开始起步,相对于中西欧国家由于建筑业疲软造成的塔机业的不景气, 上海波赫驱动系统有限公司我国的塔机业正处于一个迅速的发展时期。 从塔机的技术发展方面来看，虽然新的产品层出不穷，新产品在生产效能、操作简便、保养容易和运行可靠方面均有提高，但是塔机的技术并无根本性的改变。塔机的研究正向着组合式发展。所谓的组合式，就是以塔身结构为核心，按结构和功能特点，将塔身分解成若干部分，并依据系列化和通用化要求，遵循模数制原理再将各部分划分成若干模块。根据参数要求，选用适当模块分别组成具有不同技术性能特征的塔机，以满足施工的具体需求。推行组合式的塔机有助于加快塔机产吕开发进度，节省产品开发费用，并能更好的为客户服务。 塔机分为上回转塔机和下回转塔机两大类。其中前者的承载力要高于后者，在许多的施工现场我们所见到的就是上回转式上顶升加节接高的塔机。按能否移动又分为：走行式和固定式。固定式塔机塔身固定不转，安装在整块混凝土基础上，或装设在条形式X 形混凝土基础上。在房屋的施工中一般采用的是固定式的。 设备特点和安全装置 塔式起重机的动臂形式分水平式和压杆式两种。动臂为水平式时，载重小车沿水平动臂运行变幅，变幅运动平衡，其动臂较长，但动臂自重较大。动臂为压杆式时，变幅机构曳引动臂仰俯变幅，变幅运动不如水平式平稳，但其自重较小。 为了确保安全，塔式起重机具有良好的安全装置，如起重量、幅度、高度和载荷力矩等限制装置，以及行程限位开关、塔顶信号灯、测风仪、防风夹轨器、爬梯护身圈、走道护栏等。司机室要求舒适、操作方便、视野好和有完善的通讯设备。 塔式起重机的检验产要点 1) 检查金属结构情况特别是高强度的螺栓，它的连接表面应清除灰尘、油漆、没迹和锈蚀，并且使用力矩手或专用扳手，按装配技术要求拧紧。 2) 检查各机构传动系统，包括各工作传动机构的轴承间隙是否合适，齿轮啮合是不是良好及制动器是否灵敏。 3) 检查钢丝绳及滑轮的磨损情况，固定是否可靠。 4) 检查电气元件是否良好，名接触点的闭合程度，接续是否正确和可靠。 5) 检查行走轮与轨道接触是否良好，夹轨钳是否可靠。装设附着装置、内爬装置时，各连接螺栓及夹块是否牢固可靠。
A controller enabling precise positioning and sway reduction in bridge and gantry cranes Khalid L. Sorensen, William Singhose, Stephen Dickerson The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 813 Ferst Dr., MARC 257, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USA Received 28 September 2005; accepted 30 March 2006 Available online 5 June 2006 一个控制器使门式起重机和减摇桥精确定位 Khalid L. Sorensen, William Singhose, Stephen Dickerson, 乔治亚机械工程学院，乔治亚技术学院， Ferst博士813，MARC 257 ,亚特兰大，GA 30332-0405,美国，2005年9月28日收到，2006年3月30日接受，2006年6月5日可在线使用.
一个控制器使门式起重机和减摇桥精确定位 摘要 起重机是很难精确操纵载荷的。振荡,可以诱导成大桥或手推车的阻尼系统轻度运动,并且还对环境造成滋扰. 为解决上述两种振荡的来源,结合反馈和输入整形控制器的发展。该控制器是由三个不同的模块组成，反馈模块的检测和定位误差补偿; 第二反馈模块侦测并拒绝振动; 使用塑料造填充的第三个模块,以减轻振荡。一个使用精确的模型矢量驱动的交流感应马达，为典型的大型起重机, 用同一个褶分析技术,将非线性动力学起重机器分为对照设计。在佐治亚技术学院实验10吨桥式起重机控制器。该控制器具有良好的定位精度和性能以减少摆动.。 关键词:输入整形；指挥整形；起重机控制；振动控制；防摇；桥式起重机；龙门吊床 1. 绪论 桥、门式起重机在工业生产中占据了关键地位。它们被使用在世界各地数以千计的船场、建筑工地、钢铁厂、仓库、核电厂及废料储存设施，以及其他工业园区。这种操纵系统的及时性和有效性为工业生产力起了重要贡献。因此，可以提高企业经济效益的起重机是极其宝贵的。这些结构，见图一。1.被给予高度评价的压电性质.、抗外部干扰，如风力或气压 (例如桥梁或小车) 能造成载荷振动。在许多实际生产中，这些振动产生了不良后果。摇动使得有效载荷或钩的精确定位在一人操作的时候费时费力；此外，当载荷或周边障碍有是一个危险和脆弱的时候，振荡可能存在安全风险。广泛使用的桥、门式起重机，再加上要控制不必要的振荡，使得大量的研究与控制这些结构有了干劲。工程师们正试图改善其易用性，以增加经济效益，并减轻安全上的顾虑，起重机系统的三个主要要解决的方面: (1)运动诱发的振荡；(2)扰动诱发的振荡；(3)定位能力。一个15吨的桥式起重机采用鲁棒输入整形技术来减少运动诱发的振荡(Singer,Singhose, & Kriikku,1997)。莱利建议控制小车位置和振荡通过比例-微分( PD )控制，在这之间的耦合电缆角和运动的小车将被增加(Fang,Dixon, Dawson, & Zergeroglu, 2001)。Piazzi提出了动态基于逆控制以降低瞬态和残余运动诱发振荡(Piazzi & Visioli, 2002)。金大中推行了极点配置策略,对一个真正的集装箱起重机运动控制和振荡以及定位(Kim, Hong, & Sul, 2004) 。 Moustafa今日发达非线性控制载荷轨迹律跟踪基于Lyapunov的稳定性分析((Moustafa, 2001) 。奥康纳制定了控
5G无线通信网络中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
翻译： 5G无线通信网络的蜂窝结构和关键技术 摘要 第四代无线通信系统已经或者即将在许多国家部署。然而，随着无线移动设备和服务的激增，仍然有一些挑战尤其是4G所不能容纳的，例如像频谱危机和高能量消耗。无线系统设计师们面临着满足新型无线应用对高数据速率和机动性要求的持续性增长的需求，因此他们已经开始研究被期望于2020年后就能部署的第五代无线系统。在这篇文章里面，我们提出一个有内门和外门情景之分的潜在的蜂窝结构，并且讨论了多种可行性关于5G无线通信系统的技术，比如大量的MIMO技术，节能通信，认知的广播网络和可见光通信。面临潜在技术的未知挑战也被讨论了。 介绍 信息通信技术（ICT）创新合理的使用对世界经济的提高变得越来越重要。无线通信网络在全球ICT战略中也许是最挑剔的元素，并且支撑着很多其他的行业，它是世界上成长最快最有活力的行业之一。欧洲移动天文台（EMO）报道2010年移动通信业总计税收1740亿欧元,从而超过了航空航天业和制药业。无线技术的发展大大提高了人们在商业运作和社交功能方面通信和生活的能力无线移动通信的显著成就表现在技术创新的快速步伐。从1991年二代移动通信系统(2G)的初次登场到2001年三代系统（3G）的首次起飞，无线移动网络已经实现了从一个纯粹的技术系统到一个能承载大量多媒体内容网络的转变。4G无线系统被设计出来用来满足IMT-A技术使用IP面向所有服务的需求。在4G系统中，先进的无线接口被用于正交频分复用技术（OFDM），多输入多输出系统（MIMO）和链路自适应技术。4G无线网络可支持数据速率可达1Gb/s的低流度，比如流动局域无线访问，还有速率高达100M/s的高流速，例如像移动访问。LTE系统和它的延伸系统LTE-A，作为实用的4G系统已经在全球于最近期或不久的将来部署。 然而，每年仍然有戏剧性增长数量的用户支持移动宽频带系统。越来越多的
附录A Portal power China’s rapid economic growth in the past decade has resulted in a big increase in freight traffic through the country’s seaports . Old ports are being expanded and new ports built to handle the large growth in container and bulk cargo traffic all along the Chinese coastline. China’s port expansion programme has provided a strong boost to the domestic port equipment industry, which has enjoyed a strong increase in demand for port cranes of various types, including container cranes and portal cranes along with bulk cargo handling equipment. State-run China Harbour Engineering (group) Corporation Ltd, established under the ruling State Council, is China’s largest supplier of port cranes and bulk cargo handling equipment. The organization controls both Shanghai Zhenhua Port Machinery Co Ltd (ZPMC),the world’s largest manufacturer of quayside container cranes, and Shanghai Port Machinery Plant (SPMP), which specializes in the manufacturer of portal cranes and other cranes used in ports along with dry bulk cargo handling equipment. SPMP’s main market is China, although the company is looking to expand its overseas sales. Although less well known than its associate ZPMC, SPMP also operates large manufacturing facilities, and is due to move part of its production shortly to Changxing Island near Shanghai where ZPMC already operates a large container crane fabrication plant. Portal and other harbour cranes are SPMP’s major production item. During the past two years, the corporation has won contracts for 145 portal cranes from port authorities throughout China, both from new ports under construction and ports undergoing expansion. In recent years, SPMP has also supplied portal cranes to the United States, Iraq,and Myanmar.The port Rangoon of Myanmar in has purchased a 47m,40t portal crane while BIW of the United States has purchased three cranes-15t,150t, and 300t portal
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系（院）：电子与电气工程学院 专业：电气工程及其自动化 姓名： 学号： 外文出处： (用外文写)Baidu library 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基础防雷 简介 闪电是一个反复无常，随机和不可预测的事件。它的物理特征包括：电流超过400 kA；温度超过50000华氏度，速度接近或超过三分之一的光速。自2000年以来持续雷击地球约100次每秒。美国保险公司的资料显示每57索赔有一次是因为雷击损坏。这些数据还不包括商业，政府和工业雷电造成的损失。在美国每年因雷电造成的火灾超过26000起，财产损失在5-6亿美元。 地球上的雷击现象，按目前的技术角度来看，遵循一个近似的规律： 1。从顶层雷云朝地球的向下脉冲，寻求电气地面目标。 2。地基对象（围栏，树木，草叶，建筑，避雷针，等等）对此事件发出不同程度的电力活动。从这些地基对象向上发送电力波动，在离地面几十米的位置，会出现一个“聚集区”加剧当地的电场。 3。当带有异种电荷的雷云相遇，相当于电路“开关”被关闭，于是有电流流过。我们就会看到闪电。 闪电效果可以直接也可能是间接的。直接影响是有电阻发热，出现电弧并可能燃烧起来。间接影响是，多数时候对电容，电感出现电磁影响。在绝对意义上实现闪电的防护是不可能的，只能使其产生的影响减少，可以由一个整体性，系统性的风险缓解办法来实现保护。下面对通用条款进行描述。 避雷针 从富兰克林研究雷电开始，就使用避雷针进行建筑物防雷并引流接地。避雷针，是现在最常用的防雷装置，根据建筑物不同的地点，高度和形状，使用合适类型的避雷针来达到设计要求。一些公共事业如架空线、变电所喜欢屏蔽电线。在某些情况下，没有任何避雷装置的使用是最适当的。 高空避雷装置的使用可能会改变闪电的动作。在等效电力场所，钝尖杆被看作是一种有效的避雷针类型。高空防雷装置的设计和性能是一个有争议的并尚未解决
中英文翻译 附件1：外文资料翻译译文 通用移动通信系统的回顾 1.1 UMTS网络架构 欧洲/日本的3G标准，被称为UMTS。 UMTS是一个在IMT-2000保护伞下的ITU-T 批准的许多标准之一。随着美国的CDMA2000标准的发展，它是目前占主导地位的标准，特别是运营商将cdmaOne部署为他们的2G技术。在写这本书时，日本是在3G 网络部署方面最先进的。三名现任运营商已经实施了三个不同的技术：J - PHONE 使用UMTS，KDDI拥有CDMA2000网络，最大的运营商NTT DoCoMo正在使用品牌的FOMA（自由多媒体接入）系统。 FOMA是基于原来的UMTS协议，而且更加的协调和标准化。 UMTS标准被定义为一个通过通用分组无线系统（GPRS）和全球演进的增强数据
技术（EDGE）从第二代GSM标准到UNTS的迁移，如图。这是一个广泛应用的基本原理，因为自2003年4月起，全球有超过847万GSM用户，占全球的移动用户数字的68％。重点是在保持尽可能多的GSM网络与新系统的操作。 我们现在在第三代（3G）的发展道路上，其中网络将支持所有类型的流量：语音，视频和数据，我们应该看到一个最终的爆炸在移动设备上的可用服务。此驱动技术是IP协议。现在，许多移动运营商在简称为2.5G的位置，伴随GPRS的部署，即将IP骨干网引入到移动核心网。在下图中，图2显示了一个在GPRS网络中的关键部件的概述，以及它是如何适应现有的GSM基础设施。 SGSN和GGSN之间的接口被称为Gn接口和使用GPRS隧道协议（GTP的，稍后讨论）。引进这种基础设施的首要原因是提供连接到外部分组网络如，Internet或企业Intranet。这使IP协议作为SGSN和GGSN之间的运输工具应用到网络。这使得数据服务，如移动设备上的电子邮件或浏览网页，用户被起诉基于数据流量，而不是时间连接基础上的数据量。3G网络和服务交付的主要标准是通用移动通信系统，或UMTS。首次部署的UMTS是发行'99架构，在下面的图3所示。 在这个网络中，主要的变化是在无线接入网络（RAN的）CDMA空中接口技术的引进，和在传输部分异步传输模式作为一种传输方式。这些变化已经引入，主要是为了支持在同一网络上的语音，视频和数据服务的运输。核心网络保持相对不变，主要是软件升级。然而，随着目前无线网络控制器使用IP与3G的GPRS业务支持节点进行通信，IP协议进一步应用到网络。 未来的进化步骤是第4版架构，如图4。在这里，GSM的核心被以语音IP技术为基础的IP网络基础设施取代。 海安的发展分为两个独立部分：媒体网关（MGW）和MSC服务器（MSS）的。这基本上是打破外连接的作用和连接控制。一个MSS可以处理多个MGW，使网络更具有扩展性。 因为现在有一些在3G网络的IP云，合并这些到一个IP或IP/ ATM骨干网是很有意义的（它很可能会提供两种选择运营商）。这使IP权利拓展到整个网络，一直到BTS(基站收发信台)。这被称为全IP网络，或推出五架构，如图五所示。在HLR/ VLR/VLR/EIR被推广和称为HLR的子系统（HSS）。 现在传统的电信交换的最后残余被删除，留下完全基于IP协议的网络运营，并
编号： 毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 （译文） 学院：信息与通信学院 专业：通信工程 学生姓名： 学号： 指导教师单位：信息与通信学院 姓名： 职称： 2014年 2 月9 日 Radio network planning process and methods for WCDMA Abstract This paper describes the system dimensioning and the radio network planning methodology for a third generation WCDMA system. The applicability of each method is demonstrated using examples of likely system scenarios. The challenges of
modeling the multiservice environment are described and the implications to the system performance simulations are introduced. Keywords: Telecommunication network planning, Mobile radio- communication, Code division multiple access, Wide band transmission, Multiple service network, Dimensioning, Simulator, Static model, Dynamic model, Cellular network. Resume(?) Contents I.Introduction II. Initial planning, system dimensioning III. Detailed planning process IV. Example dimensioning case and verification of dimensioning with static simulations V. Comparison of a static to a dynamic network simulator VI. Conclusion INTRODUCTION As the launch of third generation technology approaches, operators are forming strategies for the deployment of their networks. These strategies must be supported by realistic business plans both in terms of future service demand estimates and the requirement for investment in network infrastructure. Evaluating the requirement for network infrastructure can be achieved using system dimensioning tools capable of assessing both the radio access and the core network components. Having found an attractive business opportunity, system deployment must be preceded by careful network planning. The network planning tool must be capable of accurately modeling the system behaviour when loaded with the expected traffic profile. The third generation cellular systems will offer services well beyond the capabilities of today's networks. The traffic profile, as well as the radio access technology itself form the two most significant challenges when dimensioning and planning a WCDMA based third generation system. The traffic profile describes the mixture of services being used by the population of users. There are also specific system functionalities which must be modelled including fast power control and soft handover. In order to accurately predict the radio coverage the system eatures associated with WCDMA must be taken into account in the network modeling process. Especially the channel characterization, and interference control mechanisms in the case of any CDMA system must be considered. In WCDMA network multiple services co-exist. Different services (voice, data) have different processing gains, Eb/N0 performance and thus different receiver SNR requirements. In addition to those the WCDMA coverage depends on the load characterization, hand over parameterization, and power control effects. In current second generation systems' coverage planning processes the base station sensitivity is constant and the coverage threshold is the same for each base station. In the case of WCDMA the coverage threshold is dependent on the number of users and used bit rates in all cells, thus it
毕业设计论文外文资料翻译 附件1：外文资料翻译译文 起重机的工作需要更多的科学技术 起重机的出现大大提高了人们的劳动效率，以前需要许多人花长时间才能搬动的大型物件现在用起重机就能轻易达到效果，尤其是在小范围的搬动过程中起重机的作用是相当明显的。 战后的前几年，世界性的工业诞生了，起重机行业几乎完全停止。然而到这个年代末，起重机的建造变得多元化并传播到世界各地，它的前所未有的蓬勃发展似乎整个工业注入了新能源。轻型起重机投入到工作地点并准备作为主要机械，因为人们意识到了在工作间不用拆除他们的的优点。这些新的设计也不再需要其他起重设备协助操纵——相比以前在安装前要进行繁琐的设计。但是，在这一切之前发生了恐怖的第二次世界大战。到1940年，欧洲完全陷入了战争中。到战争结束后的几十年来，欧洲和世界其他地区发生了巨大的政治，经济和社会变化，将影响整个社会结构，包括建造业和起重机行业。在美国，蒸汽机已开始改为柴油机——到1953年超过百分之五十的机车将使用柴油机。战争期间，挖掘机，铲运机和起重机的大规模生产在继续。例如1940年，看到Thew推出新的'Lorain Motocrane'系列。这其中包括三种起重机，是历史上首次自身安装了底盘的起重机。最小的MC - 2 ，起重量达7.6吨，MC – 2起重量为9.9吨，MC – 3起重量为13.5吨。这些起重机许多被用于军队，有的还安装在港口用作港湾式起重机（在MC - 4型）。当然，这场战争已经削弱了能在起重机行业工作的健壮的男人的数量，并且优秀的起重机司
机严重短缺。在Thew ，一位毕业于美国海军学院的经验丰富的技工A C Burch和L K Jenkins进行了为期两天的起重机业务课程的教授。这两位绅士好比是我们今天所知的―经营者培训‖的创始人。他们实际上已设计了动力起重机，都深深地了解起重机，并很高兴传授这方面的知识。 当日本国家铁路公司致力于采购一种旨在搬动钢轨扣板的原型机，潮流逆转。该设备工作极为出色。iVlasuo Tadano环游日本，用35毫米的电影展示该设备的强大用途。沿路上，他获取了大量订单。同时，他好像成为当今市场营销专家所宠爱的公司影像传播的先驱！ 其他国家也在大力发展起重机。特别是意大利，逐渐发展成为该行业的创新基地。1948年Carlo Raimodi在米兰附近的Legnano，首次建造了回转塔式起重机，一种经典的顶端回转起重机。公司最初成立于1863年，在生产起重机之前，是一间铸造厂并为技工和其他行业生产机械设备。当时全球建筑业空前繁荣，吸引了专业设备制造商的注意。其中许多公司在推广起重机后，推出了混凝土搅拌设备。提供了多种不同组合，例如，Reich， Ibag和Liebherr设计开发了起重机与混凝土搅拌设备一起使用的组合。 桥式起重机小车运行机构设计主要包括起升机构、小车架、小车运行机构、吊具等部分。其中的小车运行机构主要由减速器、主动轮组、从动轮组、传动轴和一些连接件组成。桥式起重机是水电站桥式起重机，安装于丰满水电站扩建工程厂房内，用于水轮发电机组及其附属设备的安装和检修工作。水电站内设备一般都是大中型设备，对桥式起重机的载荷要求较高，所以对减速器性能要求较高。 桥式抓斗起重机是桥架在高架轨道上运行，由起重小车带动抓斗抓取物料的一种桥架型起重机。桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行，起重小车沿铺设在桥架上的轨道横向运行，构成矩形的工作范围，就可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料，不受地面设备的阻碍。桥式抓斗起重机广泛应用于电厂、煤厂等需要散料装卸的场合，由于该设备笨重，运输安装困难，对其产品质量检测一般需要在现场进行。所以要求控制设备接线方便，体积小便于携带。又由于使用现场条件不动，还要求检测设备有随机手动控制功能，以保证运行时的安全。随着对起重运输机械控制要求的不断提高,控制手段也越来越先进。目前国内的桥式起重机控制系统都需要人在现场进行控制，控制方式都比较落后。在中小型起重机中, 大都采用控制器直接控制大、小车运行, 主、副钩提升、下降重物及调速。
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：码分多址 文献、资料英文题目：Code division multiple access 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期：2017.02.14
外文原文 Code division multiple access Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne, CDMA2000 (the 3G evolution of cdmaOne) and WCDMA (the 3G standard used by GSM carriers), which are often referred to as simply CDMA, and use CDMA as an underlying channel access method. One of the concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). This concept is called multiple access. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signalling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated. Steps in CDMA Modulation Each user in a CDMA system uses a different code to modulate their signal. Choosing the codes used to modulate the signal is very important in the performance of CDMA systems. The best performance will occur when there is good separation between the signal of a desired user and the signals of other users. The separation of the signals is made by correlating the received signal with the locally generated code of the desired user. If the signal matches the desired user's code then the correlation function will be high and the system can extract that signal. If the desired user's code has nothing in common with the signal the correlation should be as close to zero as