Botany 植物学
Cell theory细胞学说cell membrane细胞膜nucleus细胞核
Organelle细胞器cell wall细胞壁cytoplasm细胞质protoplast原生质体cell cycle细胞周期mitochondrion线粒体photosynthesis 光合作用unit membrane单位膜chloroplast叶绿体chlorophyll叶绿素xanthophyll 叶黄素carotene胡萝卜素golgiosome高尔基体ribosome核糖体lysosome溶酶体microfilament 微丝nuclear fission核分裂reproduction繁殖primary wall初生壁secondary wall次生壁plasmodesma胞间连丝mitosis 有丝分裂amitosis无丝分裂meiosis减数分裂cytokinesis胞质分裂interphase间期prophase前期metaphase中期anaphase后期telophase末期
tissue 组织pistil雌蕊stamen 雄蕊
ovary 子房pollination传粉pollen tube花粉管porogamy珠孔受精chalazogamy合点受精mesogamy中部受精apomixis无融合生殖apogamy无配子生殖patrogenesis孤雄生殖parthenogensis 孤雌生殖apospory无孢子生殖pericarp果皮
life history生活史root system根系main root主根
lateral root侧根taproot system直根系fibrous root system须根系cortex 皮层vascular cylinder维管柱pericycle 中柱鞘
xylem ray木射线vascular ray维管射线phloem ray韧皮射线
root cap根冠Casparian strip凯氏带primary xylem初生木质部primary phloem 初生韧皮部vascular ray维管射线xylem ray木射线phelloderm栓内层phloem ray韧皮射线embryo胚
homologous organ同源器官analogous organ 同功器官endosperm胚乳
seed coat种皮radicle 胚根plumule 胚芽
hypocotyl下胚轴cotyledon子叶dormancy 休眠
seed germination种子萌发eukaryote真核生物prokaryote原核生物algae 藻类blue-green algae 蓝藻trichogyne受精丝
mucopolysaccharide 黏多糖gelatinous sheath 胶质鞘exospore外生孢子heterosexual cell异性细胞green algae绿藻isogamy同配生殖anisogamy 异配生殖anisogamy卵式生殖zygogamy接合生殖haploid 单倍体diploid 二倍体polyploid多倍体carposporophyte孢子体brown algae褐藻sea-tangle海带
agar 琼脂fungi 菌类parasitism寄生saprophytic腐生的lichen 地衣archegonium颈卵器antheridium精子器antiphyte孢子体gametophyte配子体protonema原丝体bryophyta苔藓植物cruciferae十字花科vascular plants 微管植物aquatic plant 水生植物salicaceae杨柳科angiosperm被子植物endoplasmic reticulum内质网vegetative reproduction营养繁殖intercellular layer 胞间层
phellogen& cork cambium木栓形成层asexual reproduction无性繁殖sexual propagation有性繁殖tetradynamous stamen四强雄蕊didynamous stamen二强雄蕊monodelphous stamen单体雄蕊diadelphous stamen二体雄蕊triadelphous stamen三体雄蕊polyadelphous stamens多体雄蕊synantherous stamen聚药雄蕊primary wall cells初生壁细胞vegetative cell营养细胞
male sterility雄性不育filiform apparatus 丝状器
meristem zone分生区elongation zone伸长区
maturation zone成熟区embryophyte 有胚植物
specific parasitism专性寄生specific saprophyte 专性腐生facultative parasitism兼性寄生facultative saprophyte兼性腐生sexual generation有性世代asexual generation 无性世代
Zoology 动物学
cell细胞prokaryotic cell原核细胞eukaryotic cell真核细胞protein蛋白质nucleic acid核酸carbohydrate糖
lipid 脂质protoplasm原生质inclusion内含物
cell cycle细胞周期pulmonary alveolus肺泡flagellum鞭毛
food vacuole食物泡pinocytosis胞饮作用fission裂体生殖microgamete小配子zygote 合子microtubule微管contraction silk收缩丝merogenesis卵裂blastocoele囊胚腔complete cleavage 完全卵裂layering分层cynapse突触myoneme肌丝myocyte肌细胞mesoglea 中胶层monoecism雌雄同体dioecism雌雄异体velum 缘膜
radial symmetry辐射对称nerve net神经网planula浮浪幼虫bilateral symmetry 两侧对称mesoderm中胚层tubule cell管细胞osmoregulation渗透调节acetabulum腹吸盘oral sucker口吸盘metacercaria囊蚴pseudocoel假体腔cuticle 角质膜
cloacal pore泄殖孔renette腺肾细emunctory排泄管resting egg休眠卵metamere体节metamerism分节现象sense organ感觉器periostracum壳皮层prismatic layer壳层nacreous layer珍珠层veliger面盘幼虫glochidium钩介幼虫adductor闭壳肌segmentation异律分节linear animal线形动物pericardial cavity围心腔cervical vertebra颈椎sacral vertebra荐椎pulmonary vein肺静脉precaval vein前腔静脉bladder气囊
middle ear 中耳tympanum cavity中耳腔amnion羊膜neopallium新皮层lagena瓶状囊wishbone 叉骨postcaval vein 后腔静脉glandular stomach腺胃air sac气囊
salt gland盐腺sclerotic ring巩膜骨viviparity 胎生placenta胎盘allantois尿囊rumen 瘤胃
bursa of fabricius腔上囊masticatory stomach 肌胃reticulum网胃omasum瓣胃abomasum皱胃cochlea耳蜗earthworm 蚯蚓internal naris内鼻孔amniota羊膜动物arthropod节肢动物coelenterate腔肠动物annelid 环节动物
cell membrane&plasma membrane细胞膜epithelial tissue上皮组织connective tissue结缔组织cartilage tissue软骨组织osseous tissue骨组织muscular tissue肌肉组织cardiac muscle心肌intercalated disc闰盘
Nissl's body 尼氏小体colony &group群体meroblastic cleavage不完全卵裂colonial theory群体说gastrovascular cavity消化循环腔muscle system肌肉体系excretory system排泄系统reproductive system 生殖系统digestive system消化系统archinephric duct原肾管
basal lamina & basal membrane基膜cross-fertilization异体受精self-fertilization自体受精final host 终寄主
first intermidate host第一中间寄主semicircular canal半规管second intermediate host 第二中间寄主
Genetics遗传学
heredity遗传variation 变异gene 基因
pisum sativum豌豆segregation 分离gamete生殖细胞zygote合子allele等位基因genotype基因型phenotype 表现型test cross测交oryza sativa水稻diploid二倍体haploid单倍体centromere着丝粒satellite随体linker 连丝mitosis 有丝分裂mesoblast 中胚层spindle纺锤体interphase 间期spindle fiber纺锤丝vicia faba蚕豆nucleoplasm核质spermatogenous精原细胞oogonium卵原细胞spermatid精细胞Phenocopy拟表型epistasis上位效应mutant突变型gametic lethal配子致死zygotic lethal合子致死autosome 常染色体dominant lethal显性致死carrier携带者homozygote纯合体heterozygote杂合体genotype基因型phenotype表现型
linkage group连锁群interference干涉coincidence 并发率genetic map遗传学图wild type野生型mutation突变heterokaryon异核体auxotroph营养缺陷型strain菌株recipient受体donor 供体fragment 片段induction诱导prophage原噬菌体transduction 转导Mendel ’ s laws 孟德尔定律law of segregation分离定律
first filial generation子一代parental generation亲代dominant character显性性状recessive character隐性性状hereditary determinant遗传因子parental combination亲组合recombination重组合punnett square 棋盘法
Mendelian character孟德尔性状primary constriction初级缢痕secondary constriction次级缢痕nucleolar organizer核仁形成区first polar body第一极体second polar body第二极体sister chromatids姐妹染色单体female gametic nucleus卵核multiple alleles复等位基因sex-chromosome性染色体
sex-linked inheritance伴性遗传primary constriction初级缢痕secondary constriction次级缢痕complementary gene互补基因homologous chromosome同源染色体sister chromatids姐妹染色单体secondary oocyte次级卵母细胞three-point testcross三点测交primary spermatocyte初级精母细胞
secondary spermatocyte次级精母细胞
first division segregation第一次分裂分离
second division segregation第二次分裂分离
law of independent assortment自由组合定律
Biochemistry生物化学
essential element必需元素trace elements微量元素proteoglycan蛋白聚糖amino acid氨基酸primary structure一级结构random coil无规卷曲structural domain结构域subunit亚基degeneration变性adenine腺嘌呤guanine鸟嘌呤cytosine胞嘧啶
thymine胸腺嘧啶uracil 尿嘧啶nucleoside核苷nucleotide核苷酸base pairing碱基配对base pair碱基对数base 碱基数gyrase 旋转酶nucleosome核小体complementary DNA互补 DNA plasmid质粒transposons转座子repetitive sequence重复序列exon 外显子intron 内含子
variable loop 可变环ribonuclease核糖核酸酶renaturation复性hyperchromic effect增色效应base stacking force碱基堆积力annealing退火melting-out temperature 熔解温度hypochromic effect 减色效应maltose 麦芽糖sucrose蔗糖lactose 乳糖starch淀粉glycogen糖原cellulose 纤维素cellulase纤维素酶selectivity选择性substrate 底物holoenzyme全酶cofactor辅因子coenzyme 辅酶oxidase 氧化酶metabolism新陈代谢assimilation同化作用catabolism异化作用metabolite代谢产物biological oxidation生物氧化cytochrome细胞色素rotenone鱼藤酮amytal 阿密妥antimycin A抗霉素 A cyanide氰化物glycolysis 糖酵解ethanol乙醇
citrate 柠檬酸cis-aconitate顺乌头酸succinic acid琥珀酸oxaloacetic acid草酰乙酸acetyl-coenzyme乙酰辅酶fumarate延胡索酸glyoxylate cycle乙醛酸循环malate 苹果酸fatty acid脂肪酸carbon unit一碳单位replicon 复制子core enzyme核心酶primosome引发体Okazaki fragment冈崎片段leading chain前导链lagging strand后随链terminator 终止子telomere 端粒telomerase端粒酶replication fork 复制叉vector 载体
promoter启动子terminator 终止子operon操纵子
codon 密码子degeneracy简并性hormone 激素
citric acid cycle柠檬酸循环deamination 脱氨基作用urea cycle尿素循环euchromatin 常染色质messenger RNA信使RNA
transfer RNA转移 RNA ribosome RNA核糖体 RNA metabolic regulation代谢调节feedback regulation反馈调节structural gene结构基因promoter gene启动基因
operator gene操纵基因regulator gene调节基因
termination factor 终止因子triplet code 三联体密码
initiator codon起始密码termination codon终止密码semiconservative replication半保留复制ornithine cycle 鸟氨酸循环
ketogenic amino acid生酮氨基酸glucogenic amino acid生糖氨基酸oxidative deamination氧化脱氨作用transamination转氨基作用
reverse transcription逆转录decarboxylation脱羧作用semidiscontinuous replication半不连续复制reverse transcriptase逆转录酶missense mutation错义突变synonymous mutation同义突变neutral mutation中性突变nonsense mutation无义突变phosphatidic acid磷脂酸essential amino acids必需氨基酸dihydrouracil loop二氢尿嘧啶环anticodon loop 反密码子环
double-strand circular DNA双链环形 DNA superhelical DNA超螺旋 DNA open circular DNA开环 DNA linear DNA线形 DNA
base stacking force碱基堆积力secondary structure二级结构
super-secondary structure超二级结构tertiary structure三级结构quaternary structure四级结构negative supercoil DNA负超螺旋 DNA positive supercoil DNA正超螺旋 DNA
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate甘油醛-3-二磷酸
glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid生糖兼生酮氨基酸
restriction endonuclease限制性内切酶
polymerase chain reaction聚合酶链反应
Microbiology微生物学
living creatures 生物culture medium培养基lawn菌苔
culture plate培养平板bacteria细菌archaea古生菌eukaryote真核生物prokaryote原核生物protozoan原生动物hypha 菌丝mycoplasma支原体yeast酵母菌plasmolysis质壁分离Escherichia Coli大肠杆菌murein 胞壁质peptidoglycan肽聚糖mucopeptide黏肽outer membrane 外膜chromosome染色体nucleolus核仁nucleoid拟核chromatin染色质centromere着丝粒telomere端粒protoplast原生质体mycoplasma支原体glycoprotein糖蛋白mesosome间体cytoplasm细胞质megnetosome磁小体nucleoid拟核glycocalyx糖被capsule荚膜flagellum鞭毛lysosome溶酶体chloroplast 叶绿体thylakoid类囊体inorganic salt无机盐peptone蛋白胨sulfur bacteria硫细菌beef extract 牛肉膏vitamin维生素inclusion body内含物lithotroph无机营养型medium培养基agar 琼脂organotroph有机营养型antiport 逆向运输active transport 主动运输pinocytosis胞饮作用catabolism 分解代谢passive transport被动运输uniport单向运输anabolism合成代谢fermentation发酵batch culture分批培养log phase对数生长期stationary phase稳定生长期lag phase迟缓期decline phase衰亡期aerobe好氧菌antibiotic抗生素antigenome反基因组transformation转化genome基因组plasmid质粒transforming factor转化因子diploid二倍体haploid单倍体transposable element转座因子conjugation接合作用transposon 转座子phenotype表型genotype基因型auxotroph营养缺陷型wild-type野生型transition转换transversion颠换spontaneous mutation自发突变reverse mutation回复突变sexduction性导transduction转导promoter启动子operon操纵子
recombination repair重组修复repressor 阻遏蛋白corepressor辅阻遏物clone 克隆denaturation变性annealing退火extension延伸cloning vector克隆载体replicon复制子telomere端粒cohesive end黏性末端promoter启动子terminator终止子gene therapy基因治疗phylogeny系统发育ammonification氨化作用nitrification 硝化作用denitrification反硝化作用expression vector表达载体
aerobic respiration有氧呼吸anaerobic respiration无氧呼吸origin of replication复制起始点incompatibility不亲和性gene mutation基因突变synonymous mutation同义突变chromosomal aberration染色体畸变missense mutation错义突变frame-shift mutation移码突变lactose operon乳糖操纵子negative transcription control负转录调控tryptophan operon色氨酸操纵子cytoplasmic inheritance细胞质遗传genetic engineering基因工程recombinant DNA technology重组 DNA 技术palindromic structure回文结构spread plate method涂布平板法pour plate method倾注培养法streak plate method平板划线法shake tube method稀释摇管法continuous culture连续培养