5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.
1 accurate and true (definite)
2 continuing all the time (perpetual)
3 to spin quickly in circles (whirl)
4 to shine very brightly (blaze)
5 to laugh in a nervous, excited or silly way that is difficult to control (giggle)
6 to encourage someone to speak or continue speaking (prompt)
7 to fall to the ground (tumble)
6 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 5. Plath never needed to be (1) prompted to talk about her childhood memories. They were very (2) definite
and still real to her as an adult. She imagined she could fly and (3) whirl through the air like Superman.
Coming from the highways around Boston was the (4) perpetual sound of traffic. In the distance a plane
was taking off, its lights (5) blazing into the night sky. She remembered the sound of (6) giggling which
came from the group of girls. Sadly in her later life it seemed as if Superman had (7) tumbled to earth.
7．(blinked) (barren) (tag) (torture) (resemblance) (napkin)
8．
a, a, b, a, a, b, a, a, a, b, b
Cultural childhoods
Culture / Ethnic group Characteristics of childhood
1 American colonial expected to be good and industrious
2 Inuit develop a process of acquiring thought, reason and understanding
3 Tonga
regularly beaten and told off by parents and older siblings, seen as being very naughty, until they develop social competence
4 Beng
treated with great care and reverence, believed that they are in contact with the
spirit world
5 Western world today
seen as incompetent and irresponsible; playing not working, going to schools not
labouring, consumption instead of production
6 Fulani competent and responsible; expected to work
7 Yanamam?
competent and responsible; girls expected to work from a young age, married and have children at 12 or 13; boys having fewer responsibilities and getting married 4 Choose the best way to complete the sentences.
1 The characteristics of childhood a hundred years ago (d) .
(a) would have interfered in their education
(b) are similar to those of today
Unit 2 Childhood memories
50
(c) would be illegal today
(d) meant that children were treated more like adults
2 The idea that childhood is a social construction suggests that (a) .
(a) children experience childhood in different ways according to the society in which they live
(b) enormous transformations have taken place within a relatively short time
(c) children in the past worked harder
(d) all children are different from adults
3 Both Inuit and Tongan parents understand that (b) .
(a) their children need to be treated in a way which would be considered harsh by outsiders
(b) their children don’t yet possess certain prized qualities, such as reasoning and social competence
(c) growing up is a process of acquiring thought, not social skills
(d) bringing up their children requires tolerance and discipline
4 Parents of Beng children treat them with great care because they (d) .
(a) think children know all human languages and understand all cultures
(b) think life in the earthly world is unpleasant
(c) believe the children still live in a spirit world
(d) fear the children may choose to return to the spirit world where they lived before they were born
5 Western childcare practices (c) .
(a) include allowing eight-year-old girls to work and 12-year-old girls to marry
(b) treat the child in a bizarre and possibly harmful way
(c) see the child as being incompetent, dependent on the parents, and incapable of looking after other children
(d) are o nly similar to Yanamam? childcare practices in that girls help out at home, and boys are allowed
to play well into their teens
6 The main idea of the passage is that (c) .
(a) history shows us how our perception of childhood has changed
(b) childhood is vi ewed in different ways according to the child’s cultural and social upbringing
(c) both history and society can affect our perception of childhood
(d) Western notions of childhood are outdated and not informed
5 Read the passage again and find the words in the box. Choose the best definition in the context of the
passage.
1 consumption
(a) the process of buying or using goods
(b) the process of eating, drinking, or smoking something
2 colonial
(a) relating to a system or period in which one country rules another
(b) made in a style that was common in North America in the 18th century Childhood memories Unit 2
51
3 knit
(a) to make something such as a piece of clothing using wool and sticks called knitting needles
(b) to join together or work together as one group or unit
4 harsh
(a) unpleasant and difficult to live in
(b) strict, unkind, and often unfair
5 contact
(a) communication between people, countries, or organizations either by talking or writing
(b) a situation in which people or things touch each other
6 impose
(a) to force someone to have the same opinion, belief as you
(b) to cause extra work for someone by asking them to do something that may not be convenient for them
7 perspective
(a) a way of thinking about something
(b) a sensible way of judging how good, bad, important etc something is in comparison with other things
6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box.
Our (1) knowledge and understanding of childhood is undergoing a process of (2) nonstop change. In
the West we see children as being (3) in need of adult control. However, among other (4) socio-cultural
groups with similar traditions children are (5) mainly considered to be capable of assuming greater
responsibilities. So there is a (6) strong desire for (7) someone who does not belong to this group to
think that such practices might be odd or even harmful. But while most ethnic groups may at first show
(8) hesitation about integrating other traditions and customs with their own,
(9) outside pressures usually
make them change their traditional view of childhood.
Key: (1) notion (2) continual (3) dependent on (4) ethnic (5) largely
(6) temptation (7) outsiders (8) reluctance (9) external
7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.
1 Is prosecution likely to be (a) the act of accusing someone of a crime, or (b) the process of supervision
by the social services?
2 Is intricate likely to be (a) very basic, or (b) very detailed in design?
3 Is leniency likely to involve (a) kindness and understanding, or (b) strict discipline?
4 If someone tells you off, are they (a) criticizing, or (b) praising you?
5 Is a mischievous child likely to (a) be well behaved, or (b) enjoy having fun by causing trouble?
6 If a child is wilful, are they likely to cause damage or harm (a) deliberately, or (b) by mistake?
7 When a child is unsupervised, are they likely to be (a) looked after by adults, or (b) without an adult
looking after them?
8 Is something bizarre likely to be (a) strange and difficult to explain, or (b) very usual?
Language in use
3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of suitable expressions from the collocation box.
Sometimes more than one collocation is possible.
1 The Australian bush fires blazed for several days before they were brought under control.
2 As a child Ruth’s long dark hair tumbled down her back.
3 He comes from a very close-knit / tight-knit family with three brothers and two sisters.
4 I remember my father used to knit his brows / eyebrows together when he was thinking hard about
something.
5 It was extremely hot and the sun was blazing.
6 Did you knit that jumper / hat yourself? It’s really beautiful!
7 I’m watching the financial markets –I think the prices of stocks will tumble quite soon.
5 Translate the paragraphs into English.
1 在火车站上，有一位老人给我讲述了他参加解放战争的经历，那些战斗故事对我有着极大的吸引
力。后来他上了车，列车从我身边隆隆地开走了。可那些故事仍然是那么清晰可见，对于英雄们的
壮举，我钦佩不已。(fascination; roar; marvel at)
At the railway station, an old man told me his experience in the Liberation War, the fighting stories of
which were of great fascination to me. Then he got up on the train and it roared past me. But the stories
were so real and definite that I greatly marveled at the courageous deeds of those war heroes.
2 行之有效的环保政策不仅能创造良好的生态环境，还能大大降低能源消耗。回顾这个地区近年来的
发展情况，我们惊喜地发现地区政府强制实行的环保政策不但没有受到任何批评，还促使居民增强
了环保意识，尽其所能节约能源。(consumption; impose; take exception to; prompt)
Effective environmental policy might bring about a good environment, as well as reducing energy consumption. Looking back on the recent history of this region, we find, to our pleasant surprise, that
not much exception has been taken to the environmental policy of the local government, and the policy
has also raised the environmental awareness of the local residents and prompted them to save energy as
possible as they could.
Active reading (2)
不同文化的童年
当我回顾20 世纪七、八十年代我的童年时光，并将它与现在孩子的童年相比较时，就会想起一
句名言：“往昔是异国他乡，那里有不同的习俗”（见L.P. 哈特利的小说《传信人》）。甚至在相对短
暂的一段时间内，我也能够察觉到儿童的生活以及人们对待儿童的方式上所经历的巨大变化。
回顾更久远的岁月，我可以看到现在和古代童年生活的巨大差别。如今的儿童责任很少，他们生
活的主要内容是玩耍而非工作，上学而非劳动，在家里呆着而不是和外界交往，消费而非生产。这
种变化也是最近才显现出来的。一百年前，12 岁的孩子在工厂打工是完全可以接受的事情，而现在，
这会招来社会服务机构的介入，其父母和工厂主会被起诉。
有两位美国作家，芭芭拉·埃伦里奇和迪尔德丽·英格利希，简要地概括了过去和现在人们对
儿童的期待的差异。在比较美国现在的儿童和殖民地时期（1600—1776）的儿童时，他们写道：“今
天，如果一个四岁的孩子能自己绑鞋带就很了不起了。而在殖民地时期，四岁的女孩会织长筒袜和连
指手套了，能做复杂的刺绣，六岁就能纺毛线了。一个善良勤快的女孩被称为“夫人”而不是“小姐”，
这是为了表彰她对家庭经济的贡献，严格说来她不是一个孩子了。”
对儿童的看法不断变化着，这使得许多社会科学家宣称童年是一种“社会建构”。他们用这个术
语来说明不同的地区对童年的理解是不一样的，虽然所有社会都承认儿童与成年人有区别，至于他们
之间有何不同，人们对儿童又有何期待，不同的社会给出了不一样的答案。
社会人类学家在研究那些跟西方国家持有不同世界观的民族时也表明了这个观点。琼·布
里格
斯研究过加拿大北极地区的因纽特人，她描述了在这些社会群落中成长是怎样大体上被看成是一个获
得思想、理性和理解力（因纽特人称之为ihuma）的过程。小孩子不具备这些素质，所有才容易生气，
常常会哭，无法理解群落所面临的诸如食物短缺之类的外在困难。由于无法跟他们讲理，即便讲了他
们也不明白，父母对他们很宽容、很温和。一直要等到他们年龄大一点，并开始有自己的思想时，父
母才会尝试着去管教他们，约束他们。
相反，根据海伦·莫顿的研究，太平洋岛国汤加的儿童经常挨父母和哥哥姐姐的打。人们认为
儿童和成年人相比更像疯子，因为他们缺乏被大家看重的社会能力（汤加人称之为poto）。小孩子经
常因为笨手笨脚而挨骂，他们连摔跤都会被嘲笑、呵斥，甚至会挨打。人们认为儿童很顽皮，都是因
为淘气他们才哭闹，或者要东西吃。在大人看来，三岁至五岁的儿童尤其任性，因此这个年龄段的孩
子也被打得最狠。父母们相信，只有靠训导和体罚才能使孩子获得社会能力，所以他们用一种在外人
看来非常严厉的方式对待孩子。
在其他的例子中，有关儿童的观念则截然不同。例如，西非的一个叫孟加拉的很小的族群认为，
不管说什么、用什么语言说，小孩子都能听明白，并且能理解。另一位人类学家阿尔玛·戈特利布对孟加拉族进行了广泛的研究，孟加拉族人认为小孩子出生前居住在灵界，在那里他们通晓人类所有
的语言，能理解所有的文化。灵界的生活很惬意，小孩子在那里有很多朋友，他们通常极不愿意离开
那儿，来到地球上的家庭中（本?奥克雷的小说《饥饿之路》就描述了一个小孩在灵界和人世之间往
返的故事）。他们出生后仍然与那个世界保持长达数年的联系，如果没有得到良好的照顾，他们就可
能要返回灵界。因此，父母们悉心照料孩子，以免他们受到诱惑，回归灵界，而且对他们也有几分敬
畏，因为他们具备大人所不具备的通灵的本领。
在英国及其他西方国家，越来越多的人们认为儿童缺乏能力，依赖性强。但也不是全世界的人都
持这种看法。在很多社会里孩子从小就开始工作，寻找各种机会为家里挣钱。以看管孩子为例，在英
国，14 岁以下的儿童在没有成人监督的情况下照看其他孩子是非法的，因为人们认为他们缺少看孩
子的能力和责任心。而在其他文化里，情况并非如此。米歇尔·约翰逊曾写过西非的富拉尼族女孩
四岁就得照看年幼的弟弟妹妹，要打水、拾柴，六岁就得舂米、挤奶、做黄油，并和妈妈一
起到市场
上去贩卖这些东西。
另一位人类学家拿破仑·沙尼翁证实了在世界的另一头，地处亚马逊雨林的亚那马莫族孩子的
童年与西方孩子的童年有什么不同，以及那里的男孩女孩们跟世界其他地方的男孩女孩的成长方式的
差异。他写道说，亚那马莫族女孩很小就得帮妈妈做家务，到十岁就开始管家。到十二、三岁时可能
就结婚生子了。男孩的责任则要少得多，他们比女孩晚结婚，可以玩到十八、九岁。西方的童年观在
这里根本不适用，因为这里的人们对儿童的能力和责任有着完全不同的理解。
社会人类学家探寻的是在他们所研究的族群里人们是如何看待童年，以及儿童扮演的角色问题，
而不是研究那些地区的童年观是否符合西方的观念。他们这么做是为了避免把外界的观念强加给那些
持不同世界观的人身上，或者是为了避免对其他民族养育孩子的方式作价值观方面的判断。西方人可
能会反对八岁的女孩打工，反对12 岁的女孩结婚，但在他们自己的族群里，这些事情被视为童年生
活的一个积极的常态。的确，在非西方人看来，许多“正常的”西方育儿方式极其怪异，可能对孩子
是有害的。让孩子在自己的屋里呆着，想吃东西的时候不给他们吃，或者任由他们哭闹而不赶快去安
慰他们，这些在很多社会里都是不对的事情，会让人觉得西方人根本不懂得如何照看孩子。童年是一种处于变化之中的社会现象，具有持续的吸引力，并且不断受到关注。从跨文化角度来
看待这个问题能展示出世界上各种各样的童年生活，并警示我们不要随意干涉或指责那些生活方式及
世界观跟我们不一样的人。所有的社会都承认儿童和成年人是不同的，他们有自己独特的品性和需求；
人类学家和社会科学家感兴趣的是每个社会对儿童的天性都有什么样的看法，以及这些看法又如何影
响儿童的生活。__
Marrakech George Orwell As the corpse went past the flies left the resta urant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but t hey came back a few minutes later. The little crowd of mourners -- all men and boy s, no women--threaded their way across the market p lace between the piles of pomegranates and the taxi s and the camels, walling a short chant over an d over again. What really appeals to the flies i s that the corpses here are never put into coffin s, they are merely wrapped in a piece of rag an d carried on a rough wooden bier on the shoulder s of four friends. When the friends get to the bu rying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot or tw o deep, dump the body in it and fling over i t a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which i s like broken brick. No gravestone, no name, no id entifying mark of any kind. The burying-ground is m erely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derel
第二课 广岛——日本“最有活力”的城市 (节选) 雅各?丹瓦“广岛到了!大家请下车!”当世界上最快的高速列车减速驶进广岛车站并渐渐停稳时，那位身着日本火车站站长制服的男人口中喊出的一定是这样的话。我其实并没有听懂他在说些什么，一是因为他是用日语喊的，其次，则是因为我当时心情沉重，喉咙哽噎，忧思万缕，几乎顾不上去管那日本铁路官员说些什么。踏上这块土地，呼吸着广岛的空气，对我来说这行动本身已是一个令人激动的经历，其意义远远超过我以往所进行的任何一次旅行或采访活动。难道我不就是在犯罪现场吗? 这儿的日本人看来倒没有我这样的忧伤情绪。从车站外的人行道上看去，这儿的一切似乎都与日本其他城市没什么两样。身着和服的小姑娘和上了年纪的太太与西装打扮的少年和妇女摩肩接踵；神情严肃的男人们对周围的人群似乎视而不见，只顾着相互交淡，并不停地点头弯腰，互致问候：“多么阿里伽多戈扎伊马嘶。”还有人在使用杂货铺和烟草店门前挂着的小巧的红色电话通话。 “嗨!嗨!”出租汽车司机一看见旅客，就砰地打开车门，这样打着招呼。“嗨”，或者某个发音近似“嗨”的什么词，意思是“对”或“是”。“能送我到市政厅吗?”司机对着后视镜冲我一笑，又连声“嗨!”“嗨!”出租车穿过广岛市区狭窄的街巷全速奔驰，我们的身子随着司机手中方向盘的一次次急转而前俯后仰，东倒西歪。与此同时，这
座曾惨遭劫难的城市的高楼大厦则一座座地从我们身边飞掠而过。 正当我开始觉得路程太长时，汽车嘎地一声停了下来，司机下车去向警察问路。就像东京的情形一样，广岛的出租车司机对他们所在的城市往往不太熟悉，但因为怕在外国人面前丢脸，却又从不肯承认这一点。无论乘客指定的目的地在哪里，他们都毫不犹豫地应承下来，根本不考虑自己要花多长时间才能找到目的地。 这段小插曲后来终于结束了，我也就不知不觉地突然来到了宏伟的市政厅大楼前。当我出示了市长应我的采访要求而发送的请柬后，市政厅接待人员向我深深地鞠了一躬，然后声调悠扬地长叹了一口气。 “不是这儿，先生，”他用英语说道。“市长邀请您今天晚上同其他外宾一起在水上餐厅赴宴。您看，就是这儿。”他边说边为我在请柬背面勾划出了一张简略的示意图。 幸亏有了他画的图，我才找到一辆出租车把我直接送到了运河堤岸，那儿停泊着一艘顶篷颇像一般日本房屋屋顶的大游艇。由于地价过于昂贵，日本人便把传统日本式房屋建到了船上。漂浮在水面上的旧式日本小屋夹在一座座灰黄色摩天大楼之间，这一引人注目的景观正象征着和服与超短裙之间持续不断的斗争。 在水上餐厅的门口，一位身着和服、面色如玉、风姿绰约的迎宾女郎告诉我要脱鞋进屋。于是我便脱下鞋子，走进这座水上小屋里的一个低矮的房间，蹑手蹑脚地踏在柔软的榻榻米地席上，因想到要这样穿着袜子去见广岛市长而感到十分困窘不安。
Blackmail Arthur Hailey ○1The chief house officer, Ogilvie, who had declared he would appear at the Croydons suite an hour after his cryptic telephone call actually took twice that time. As a result the nerves of both the Duke and Duchess were excessively frayed when the muted buzzer of the outer door eventually sounded. ○2The Duchess went to the door herself. Earlier she had dispatched her maid on an invented errand and, cruelly, instructed the moon-faced male secretary –who was terrified of dogs –to exercise the Bedlington terriers. Her own tension was not lessened by the knowledge that both might return at any moment. ○3 A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Ogilvie in. When he had followed her to the living room, the Duchess looked pointedly at the half-burned cigar in the fat man’s mouth. “My husband and I find strong smoke offensive. Would you kindly put that out." ○4The house detective's piggy eyes surveyed her sardonically from his gross jowled face. His gaze moved on to sweep the spacious, well-appointed room, encompassing the Duke who faced them uncertainly, his back to a window. ○5"Pretty neat set-up you folks got.” Taking his time, Ogilvie removed the offending cigar, knocked off the ash and flipped the butt toward an ornamental fireplace on his right. He missed, and the butt fell upon the carpet where he ignored it. ○6The Duchess's lips tightened. She said sharply, imagine you did not come here to discuss décor ". ○7The obese body shook in an appreciative chuckle . "No, ma'am, can't say I did. I like nice things, though." He lowered the level of his incongruous falsetto voice." Like that car of yours. The one you keep here in the hotel. Jaguar, ain't it?"
高英翻译 第一课 1.动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。 2.闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜 负的。 3.或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。 4.我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒 馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 5.每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制。 6.词语本身并不是现实，它不过是用以表达现实的一种形式而已。标准英语就像诺曼底人 的盎格鲁法语一样，也是一个阶级用来表达现实的一种形式。 7.让人们学着去讲也许不错，但既不应当把它作为法令，也不应当使它完全不接受来自下 层的改变。 8.要是有谁闲聊时也像做文章一样句逗分明，或者像写一篇要发表的散文一样咬文嚼字的 话，那他讲起话来就一定会极为倒人胃口。 9.看到E·M·福斯特笔下写出“当今这个时代的阴森可怖的长廊”时，其用语之生动及 由其所产生的生动有力、甚至可怖的形象令我们拍案叫绝。 10.那天晚上，如果我们当场弄清了“标准英语”的意义，也就不可能再有那一场交谈论辩。第二课 1.当你徒步走过这样的城镇——在20万当地居民中，至少有2万人除了罩在身上的一身 破布之外，其他一无所有——当你看到这些人如何生存，又如何轻易地死去时，你永远难以相信自己是在人类当中穿行。 2.当你经过犹太人居住区时，你就可能会了解中世纪的犹太人区大概是个什么样子。 3.这儿的许多街道还不及六英尺宽；而房子则没有窗户；眼睛红肿的孩子成群结队，像一 群群的苍蝇，四处可见，多得令人难以置信。 4.甚至一位盲人也从铺子后面爬了出来，手在空中胡乱摸索着。 5.啊，那只不过是装装样子。他们其实都是放债的债主。 6.想想与这相同的一幕吧：好几百年前，常有些可怜的老妇人因为拥有巫术而被烧死，但 她们却甚至没办法利用自己的巫术让自己饱餐一顿。 7.人们可以看到干巴巴的土地、仙人掌、棕榈树，还有远处连绵的群山，唯独看不到在地 里耕作的农夫。 8.摩洛哥的大部分土地都荒无人烟，能够在这里侥幸存活的野生动物没有比野兔更大的。 9.除了罕见的暴风雨过后的一两天之外，其余时间这里都缺水。 10.在原始社会里，妇女们到达一定年龄后，身材通常都会缩成孩子般大小。 第三课 1.我们今天举行的不是一个政党的祝捷大会，而是一次自由的庆典。这是一个承先启后、 继往开来的大事件。 2.此时此地我谨向我们的朋友，同时也向我们的敌人宣告：火炬已传到我们新一代美国人
1. Argemtia Bay Gray peace pervaded the wilderness-ringed Argentia Bay in Newfoundland, where the American ships anchored to await the arrival of Winston Churchill. Haze and mist blended all into gray: gray water, gray sky, gray air, gray hills with a tint of green. Sailors and officers went about their chores as usual on these ships, amid pipings and loud-speaker squawks. But a primeval hush lay heavy in Argentia Bay, just outside the range of the normal ships’ noises. At nine o'clock, three gray destroyers steamed into view, ahead of a battleship camouflaged in swirls of color like snakeskin. This was H. M. S. Prince of Wales, bigger than any other ship in sight, bearing the guns that had hit the Bismarck. As it steamed past the Augusta, a brass band on its decks shattered the hush with "The Star-Spangled Banner ” Quiet fell. The band on the quarter -deck of the Augusta struck up "God Save the King. " Pug Henry stood near the President, under the awning rigged at number-one turret, with admirals, generals, and august civilians like Averell Harriman and Sumner Welles
高级英语第一册课文 The Middle Eastern Bazaar The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds --- even thousands --- of years. The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by a Gothic - arched gateway of aged brick and stone. You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavernwhich extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngsof people entering and leaving the bazaar. The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. The din of the stall-holder; crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy. Hiroshima -- the "Liveliest”City in Japan Jacques Danvoir "Those are my lucky birds. Each day that I escape death, each day of suffering that helps to free me From earthly cares, I make a new little paper bird, and add it to the others. This way I look at them and congratulate myself of the good fortune that my illness has brought me. Because, thanks to it, I have the opportunity to improve my character." Once again, outside in the open air, I tore into little pieces a small notebook with questions that I'd prepared in advance for inter views with the patients of the atomic ward. Among them was the question: Do you really think that Hiroshima is the liveliest city in Japan? I never asked it. But I could read the answer in every eye.
高英第一小组Presentation 准备过程报告 在做这次presentation前，我们做了一些文章分析，后又和老师进行交流，从文章的内容、文体、作者等方面讨论出了很多待选信息，例如作者的个人经历及作品介绍，摩洛哥和马拉喀什当地的地理位置，其文化历史背景和犹太人在当时所处的社会地位。而后每个人从当中选取了一点继续延展，但是在具体运作的过程中也出现了或多或少的问题。 1.作者的个人经历（负责人赵宁） 作者的个人经历可以说是非常丰富。他先后做过缅甸警察，参加过西班牙内战，后又遭到排挤流亡法国，二战中在BBC从事反法西斯的宣传工作。在课文详解和收集到的资料中都对作者进行了详细的介绍，因此在这一点并没有遇到很大困难。在制作课件时还介绍了作者的作品集，对其中两篇有代表性的著名小说《动物庄园》和《1984》做了简单介绍，最后由这两篇作品引入，简单介绍了作者的写作特点。 2. 马拉喀什概况（负责人刘宏伟） 在准备第二课马拉卡什的课件内容前我们首先和老师讨论了一下，明白了我们需要讲些什么，之后就是自己回来查找资料和整理，在这段时间里，碰到了许多之前没有想到的问题。 在和老师商讨完之后，我们清楚了目标，具体到我要讲的内容是马拉卡什概况。本来我想找一下马拉卡什的地理，殖民时期状况，还有一些人文知识，但是在找的过程中发现关于马拉卡什殖民状况内容很少，几乎是找不到，而这又是我想讲的很重要的一部分，所以选择了求助老师，但因为是网络资源有限，依然没有结果。后来就把内容改成了一些简单的关于摩洛哥的信息。最后把内容确定成了地理位置，国旗国徽内容，马拉卡什城市概况这几部分。 3.火一般的马拉喀什（负责人冯雪婷） 这次的presentation我选取的只是有关马拉喀什的一点内容，由于是小组合作，我前面的两位同学已经介绍了马拉喀什的背景，地理位置及其历史，所以我选取的内容就是当地的气候对建筑物的影响。 首先，了解马拉喀什当地的气候是什么样的气候类型，在网上搜寻相关的知识，并选取了当地建筑物的相关图片来证明气候对它的影响，因为我选取的小标题为“火一般的马拉喀什”，但单从一方面来解释我认为是不够的，所以我又找了一些资料，才知道那里的集市是非常热闹的而且也很有特色，只有去了那的集市才能真正的理解它的真正含义，通过和同学的讨论，共同搜寻材料才使得我在准备的过程中所遇到的问题得到解决。 4. 修辞（负责人丁鑫鑫） 为了讲修辞，熟读了文章，掌握文章大意、背景、作者的写作意图、表现手法等等，因为只有了解这些才能找出作者在文章中要表现主题时所运用的手法与修辞。 接下来就是ppt的制作。因为网上没有太多的相关资料，只能从找到的一份“英语中常用的修辞方法”中一个一个的对照文章内容，组后找出相应的修辞在文章中的相应位置，再整合做成ppt。为了引起同学们的学习兴趣，特地挑选了同学们喜欢的精美图片作为背景，变化动画方案，并在结尾加上优美的音乐，把
第二课 参考译文 马拉喀什随笔 乔治·奥威尔 1. 一具尸体抬过，成群的苍蝇从饭馆的餐桌上一哄而起，追逐而上，几分钟后又嗡嗡地飞了回来。 2. 一支人数不多的送葬队伍——无论成人或孩子全是男性，没有女性——沿着集贸市场，迂回穿行于一堆堆石榴摊子、出租车和骆驼之间，一边走着一边反复地哀号着一曲短促的悲歌。真正吸引苍蝇成群追逐的是：这里的尸体从来都不装进棺木，只是用一块破布裹着，放在一个粗糙的木制陈尸架上，由死者的四位朋友抬着送葬。抵达安葬地后，先在地上挖出一个一两英尺深的长方形坑，随即将尸体往坑里一倒，再扔上一些像碎砖头一样的干土块。既没有墓碑，也没有留名，更没有任何身份标识。安葬地不过是一片巨大的土丘林立的荒原，恰似一块废弃的建筑工地。一两个月之后，谁也说不准自己的亲人究竟葬在何处。 3. 当你徒步经过这样的城镇——20万当地居民当中，至少有两万人除了一身聊以蔽体的破衣烂裳外，一无所有——当你看到那些人何以生存，又何以轻易地死去时，你永远难以相信自己是在人类当中穿行。事实上，这是所有殖民帝国赖以建立的基础。这里的人都有一张褐色的脸——而且，他们人数众多！他们果真和你一样同属人类吗？他们也有名有姓吗？或许他们只是像一群群彼此之间难以区分的蜜蜂或珊瑚虫一样的东西。他们生于土地，受苦受累，忍饥挨饿地过上几年，然后就被埋到无名的小坟丘下。没有人会注意到他们的离去，甚至那些小坟丘本身也会很快地夷为平地。有时，当你外出散步，穿过仙人掌丛时，你会感觉到脚下特别的凸凹不平，只有那起伏凹凸的固定形状使你意识到脚下踩的正是死人的骷髅。 4. 我正在公园里给一只瞪羚喂食。 5. 瞪羚几乎是唯一一种在存活时看上去能让人食欲大开的动物。实际上，人们光看到它的两条后腿就会联想到薄荷酱。我正在喂着的这只瞪羚似乎已看出了我的心思，尽管它在吃我手上递出去的面包，但显然对我并没什么好感。它迅速地咬了一小口面包，然后低下头，试图用脑袋顶我，然后又咬一口面包，又顶了一次。它大概以为：如果把我赶走，面包仍能悬在半空当中。 6. 一个正在附近小道上干活的阿拉伯民工放下笨重的锄头，羞怯地侧着身子慢慢向我们走过来。他诧异地看看瞪羚，又看看面包，看看面包，又看看瞪羚，好像他从未见过这样的情景。最终，他怯生生地用法语说：“我能吃点那面包就好了。” 7. 我撕下一块面包给他，他充满感激地把它藏到破衣裳贴身的地方。这个人是市政当局的一名雇工。 8. 当你经过犹太人居住区时，你就会了解中世纪的犹大人区大概是什么样子。在摩尔人的统治下，犹太人只可以在几个规定的区域内拥有土地，而且经过几个世纪的如此待遇之后，犹太人已经不再为拥挤不堪烦扰了。这儿的许多街道远不足6英尺宽；房屋完全没有窗户；眼睛红肿的孩子成群结队，四处可见，多得像一群群的苍蝇，令入难以置信。沿着街心常常尿流成河。 9. 在集市里，一大家子的犹大人都身着黑色长袍，头戴黑色瓜皮帽，在看起来像洞穴一般暗淡、苍蝇麋集的货摊里干活。一个木工双腿交叉坐在一架最原始的车床旁，正以飞快的速度旋制着椅子腿。他右手握弓开动车床，左脚引动旋刀。由于一辈子都保持这样的坐姿，他的左腿已经弯曲变形。旁边坐着他年仅六岁的小孙子，竟已开始帮着做些简单的活计了。
Lesson One Rock Superstars摇滚乐 关于我们和我们的社会，他们告诉了我们些什么？ What Do They Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society? 摇滚乐是青少年叛逆的音乐。 ——摇滚乐评论家约相?罗克韦尔 Rock is the music of teenage rebellion. --- John Rockwell, rock music critic 知其崇拜何人便可知其人。 ——小说家罗伯特?佩恩?沃伦 By a man?s heroes ye shall know him. --- Robert Penn Warren, novelist 1972年6月的一天，芝加哥圆形剧场挤满了大汗淋漓、疯狂摇摆的人们。 It was mid-June, 1972, the Chicago Amphitheater was packed, sweltering, rocking. 滚石摇滚乐队的迈克?贾格尔正在台上演唱“午夜漫步人”。 Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones was singing “Midnight Rambler.” 演唱结束时评论家唐?赫克曼在现场。 Critic Don Heckman was there when the song ended. 他描述道：“贾格尔抓起一个半加仑的水罐沿舞台前沿边跑边把里面的水洒向前几排汗流浃背的听众。听众们蜂拥般跟随着他跑，急切地希望能沾上几滴洗礼的圣水。 “Jagger,” he said, “grabs a half-gallon jug of water and runs along the front platform, sprinkling its contents over the first few rows of sweltering listeners. They surge to follow him, eager to be touched by a few baptismal drops”. 1973年12月下旬的一天，约1.4万名歌迷在华盛顿市外的首都中心剧场尖叫着，乱哄哄地拥向台前。 It was late December, 1973, Some 14,000 screaming fans were crunching up to the front of the stage at Capital Center, outside Washington, D.C. 美国的恐怖歌星艾利丝?库珀的表演正接近尾声。 Alice Cooper, America?s singing ghoul, was ending his act. 他表演的最后一幕是假装在断头台上结束自己的生命。 He ends it by pretending to end his life – with a guillotine. 他的“头”落入一个草篮中。 His “head” drops into a straw basket. “哎呀！”一个黑衣女孩子惊呼道：“啊!真是了不起，不是吗？”。 “Ooh,” gasped a girl dressed in black. “Oh, isn?t that marvelous?” 当时，14岁的迈克珀力也在场，但他的父母不在那里。 Fourteen-year-old Mick Perlie was there too, but his parents weren?t. “他们觉得他恶心，恶心，恶心，”迈克说，“他们对我说，你怎么受得了那些？” “They think he?s sick, sick, sick,” Mike said. “They say to me, …How can you stand that stuff??” 1974年1月下旬的一天，在纽约州尤宁谷城拿骚体育场内，鲍勃?狄伦和“乐队”乐队正在为音乐会上要用的乐器调音。 It was late January, 1974. Inside the Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale, New York, Bob Dylan and