国际贸易实务(英文版) International Trade Practice
周瑞琪王小欧徐月芳编著
Chapter two
IV. Short questions
1. Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB?
答：Seller.
2. Who pays for unloading under CIF?
答：Buyer.
3. Compare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?
答：Similarities: a. Seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods pass
the ship’s rail. b. Seller is responsible for export customs formalities while buyer is responsible for import customs formalities. c. Buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination. d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation. Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF require s the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer’s risk.
4. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?
答：Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms
seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive the destination.
5. What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?
答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.
Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the firstcarrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.
6. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?
答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.
Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. c. Seller must obtain insurance against buyer’s risk. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed ov er to the first carrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.
7. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt? What should you do?
答：No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use,
especially among the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.
8. What are the most commonly used trade terms?
答：FOB,CFR& CIF.
9. Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?
答：Seller. According to Incoterms 2000, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all
the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while buyer the import customs formalities.
10. If a Chinese trader signs a FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing? 答：Importing. FOB should be used with a ―named port of shipment‖, if Hamburg is
the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader’s perspective, he is importing.
V．Case Studies
1. An FOB contract stipulated, "The shipment will be effected in March 2008. If the
vessel fails to arrive at the port of shipment on time, the seller agrees to set aside the goods for additional 27 days, and the buyer will bear all costs of delay." it turned out that under the seller's repeated requests, the vessel named by the buyer finally arrived at the port of shipment on May 1. As a result, the seller refused to make the shipment.
(1) Was the seller entitled to compensation for the warehouse rent, insurance and
interest due to the delay?
(2) If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on April 25, should the buyer
pay for the delay?
(3) If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on May 1 with a better price,
was he entitled to any compensation?
析：a案例中提到―shipment will be effected in March 2008‖,这种确定装运时间的
方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。也即是说，装运的最后期限为08年3月31日。b文中提到的―additional 27days‖,根据合同卖方同意在买方船期延误的情况下为其将货物保留到4月27日。
（1）答案：Yes。
答题切入点：a FOB术语关于双方费用划分的规定；b 合同本身的条款规定。
（2）答案：No。
答题切入点：合同本身的条款规定。
（3）这题与第一题相比，不同的一点在于―with a better price‖。解答时应对这一点进行分析：在卖方卖出货物获得更高利润的情况下，他是否还应获得相关赔偿？
答案：Yes。
答题切入点：合同本身的条款规定。
2. A contract to sell grain used a CFR term. The grain was officially certified as
Grade One at the time of being delivered on board at the port of shipment. After making the shipment, the seller gave the buyer timely notice. However, due to the long voyage, some grain went bad. At the destination, the grain could only be sold as "Grade 3". Consequently, the buyer claimed compensation for the damage. Should the seller pay?
析：a 货物在装运港已经―officially certified as Grade One‖，这就说明货物的质量是合格的，而且是经官方确认的。b 文中提到―due to long voyage‖这说明货物变质的原因是由于运输时间长。
答案：No。
答题切入点：a 货物变质的原因；b CFR术语下风险转移的情况。
3. Under a CIF contract, the goods had been loaded on board the vessel according to
the terms of the contract. Then the vessel departed. An hour later, the vessel struck a rock and sunk. The next day the seller's bank presented the shipping documents, insurance policy and invoices to the buyer, and demanded payment.
(1) Should the buyer pay?
(2) Which party would have to take the loss?
析：本题的关键疑问在于买方明知货物已全部损失，不可能再收到货物，是否还
应支付货款。这是考察对―symbolic delivery‖这个概念的理解。在CIF术语下，卖方交货时买方并没有真正收到货物，卖方的交货是通过货交承运人并获得相关单据（尤其是物权凭证）来实现的。而相应的，买方必须接受交货，也就是买方必须接受卖方提供的相应单据并履行相关支付的义务。
（1）答案：Yes.
答题切入点：a 卖方履行其义务的情况；b CIF术语对双方交货、领受货物的规定；c 解释―symbolic delivery‖在这里的应用。
（2）答案：Buyer。
答题切入点：CIF术语下风险转移的情况。由于本章主要讨论贸易术语的应用，关注的主要是买、卖双方。如果答案是保险公司，则要求说明损失的风险首先是由买方承担的，在风险属于保险公司承保范围内的情况下，保险公司会对买方进行部分或全部的赔偿。
4. A Shanghai company signed a CIF contract to sell Christmas goods to a British
company. The $1 million contract stipulated, "The seller guarantees that the goods arrive at the port of destination by December 1, 2008. If the carriage is late, the buyer can cancel the purchase, and get the refund for the payment." So the shipment was made. Unfortunately, due to mechanical problems, the vessel arrived at the destination a few hours late. The buyer refused to accept the goods. As a result, the goods had to be sold on the spot, and the seller lost $700,000.
(1) Was the "arrival date" clause consistent with CIF term under Incoterms
2000?
(2) What trade term is proper for the obligation concerning arrival time?
析：卖方受损的原因是货物达到目的港的时间晚于合同规定的时间，因此买方
拒收货物。从表面上看，似乎问题就是出在卖方违约上，但如果仔细分析就会发现，该合同本身的内容就存在自相矛盾的问题。合同用的是CIF术语，卖方在货过船舷时风险就转移。卖方既不承担运输途中的风险，也不保证货物是否能抵达目的港。CIF合同本质上是一个―shipment contract‖。但加
上一条保证到岸时间的条款后，合同的性质发生了变化：它变成了一个―arrival contract‖。也就是说，在货物按时抵达目的港之前的一切风险都由卖方承担，否则卖方就是违约。
（1）答案：No.
答题切入点：a CIF术语对双方风险及义务的划分，点出―shipment contract‖这一概念；b 解释―arrival date‖ clause对合同性质的改变。
（2）答案：DES。
答题切入点：对比两个术语在义务、费用划分上的相似程度。
5. A Chinese company finalized a transaction with a German company under CIF price and L/C payment. Both sales contract and L/C received stipulated that transshipment was not allowed. The Chinese company made the shipment on a direct vessel within the validity period of the L/C and negotiated the payment with a direct Bill of Lading successfully. After departing from the Chinese port, in order to take another shipment, the shipping company unloaded the goods from the original vessel and reloaded them onto another one. Due to the delay and the poor condition of the second vessel, the goods arrived 2 months later than the expected time. The German company suffered and claimed compensation from the Chinese company with the reason that the Chinese side cheated them with a direct B/L. The Chinese company believed that since they signed the contract under a ―到岸价格‖ and they booked the shipping company, they would be responsible for what happened. As a result the Chinese side compensated. Comment on this case.
案例要点解析：a 卖方按照合同规定履行了各项义务，造成货物到港延误的原因是船公司擅自改变运输安排，卖方对此并不知情。 b 卖方把CIF理解成―到岸价格‖存在错误，混淆了承担风险与承担费用的区别。如果把CIF理解成―到岸价格‖，那么CIF就变成了一个到岸合同术语（arrival contract term）了，而实际上它应该是个装运合同术语(shipment contract term)。c 因此，卖方在此情况下不应进行赔偿，而是应该协助买方向船方进行索赔。
Chapter three
V．Case Studies
1. BB Company signed a contract to export clothing. Its export costs totaled RMB800,000, and export revenue totaled USD100,000. If the exchange rate was USD 1 = RMB8.2, Calculate:
1) Its export cost for foreign exchange;
A: Export cost for foreign exchange
= Export cost in CNY / Ex port revenue in Foreign curry
= 800,000 / 100,000 = 8
2) Its export profit/loss rate.
A: The Export cost for foreign exchange is less than the exchange rate (8<8.2), so this transaction is profitable.
Export profit margin
= [(foreign exchange rate – export cost for foreign exchange) / export cost for
foreign exchange] x 100%
= [(8.2- 8) / 8 ] x 100% = 2.5%
2. The price quoted by a Shanghai exporter was "USD1200 per M/T CFR Liverpool". The buyer requested a revised FOB price including 2% commission. The freight for Shanghai-Liverpool was USD200 per M/T. To keep the export revenue constant, what would be FOBC2% price?
A: FOB = CFR – F = USD1200 - USD200 = USD1000
FOBC2 = FOB / (1- C%) = USD1000 / (1- 2%) = USD1020.4
The FOBC2% price for this transaction is USD1020.4 per M/T.
3. AC Company offered to sell goods at "USD100 per case CIF New York". The importer requested a revised quote for CFRC5%. The premium rate for insurance was 1.05% and mark-up for insurance was 10%. To get the same export revenue, what would be AC's new offer?
A: CFR = CIF x ( 1- U x R) = USD100 x (1-110% x 1.05%) = USD98.845
CRFC5 = CFR / (1- C%) = USD98.845 / (1-5%) = USD104.047
AC’s new offer would be ―USD 104.047 per case CFRC5% New York‖.
4. DD Company offered to sell goods at "USD2000 per M/T CIF Toronto with 'all risks' and 'war risk' for 110% of the value". The importer requested a revised quote for FOB Guangzhou. The freight for Guangzhou-Toronto was USD50 per M/T, and the premium rates for "all risks" and "war risk" were 1% and 0.2% respectively. To get the same export revenue, what FOB price should the exporter offer?
A: I = CIF x U x R = USD2000 x 110% x (1% + 0.2%) = USD26.4
FOB = CIF – F – I = 2000 – 50 –26.4 = USD1923.6
The exporter’s new offer should be ―USD1923.6 per M/T FOB Guangzhou‖.
5. The price quoted by an exporter was "USD450 per case FOB Shanghai". The importer requested a revised quote for CIF Auckland. If the freight was USD50 per case, 110% of the value was to be insured, and the premium rate for insurance was 0.8%, what would be the new price?
A: CFR = FOB + F = 450 + 50 = USD500
CIF = CFR/(1- U x R) = 500/(1- 110% x 0.8%) = 500 / 0.9912 = USD504.44 The new offer would be
―USD504.44 per case CIF Auckland‖.
7. On Nov. 20th, Lee Co. offered to sell goods to Dee Inc. at USD500 per case CIF London, ―Offer valid if reply here 11/27.‖ On Nov. 22nd Dee cabled back, ―Offer accepted if USD480 per case.‖ As Lee was considering the bid, the market price went over USD500. On Nov. 25th, Dee cabled an unconditional acceptance of Lee’s initial offer. Could Lee reject Dee’s acceptance?
析：a. 11月22日Dee Inc.的回复对价格进行了更改, 这是一个还盘.当Dee Inc.对报盘进行还盘, 原来的报盘就自动中止了.在这个前提下，Lee Co.可以采取任何行动而不须顾虑先前的报价. b. 尽管Dee Inc.在原报盘的有效期内又发出了一个无条件接受报盘的回复,但由于之前他们已经进行了还盘,所以此时的接受无效。
答案：Yes。
答题切入点：a 还盘的定义；b 报盘中止的因素。
8. X offered to sell goods to Y, ―Shipment within 2 months after receipt of L/C, offer valid if reply here 5 days.‖ Two days later, Y cabled back, ―Accept your offer shipment immediately.‖ X didn’t reply. Two more days later, X received Y’s L/C requiring immediate shipment. At this time, the market price of the goods went up by 20%. What options did X have to deal with Y?
析：a. Y在两天后的回复中虽然声明接受报盘，但同时要求＂shipment immediately‖, 这是对原报盘的船期―shipment within 2 months‖进行了修改，因此构成了一个还盘．原报盘则被中止．b.在这个前提下，再来考虑X都有哪些选择以及哪个是最可能或最好的。
答题切入点：a．还盘的定义；b．报盘中止的因素；c．X可能有的各项选择；d. X最可能选择的做法及原因。
Chapter four
VI. Case Studies
1. Y Company signed a contract to export red dates. The contract specified that the dates should be
―Grade 3‖. But at the time of shipment, there were not enough third-grade dates on hand for delivery. As a result, dates of higher quality, Grade 2, were used as substitutes. The seller proudly marked the invoice,
―Dates of Grade 2 sold at the price of Grade 3‖.
(1) Could the buyer refuse to accept the goods? Why or why not?
(2) Would you do differently if you were the seller? How?
析：本题的解题要点：a. 联合国国际货物销售合同公约第三十五条（１）卖方
交付的货物必须与合同所规定的数量、质量和规格相符，并须按照合同所规定的方式装箱或包装。
b. 合同本身的品质规定是―Grade 3‖
c. 实际所交货物的品质是―Grade 2‖。
（1）答案：Yes, 买方可以拒收货物。不论品质比规定的好或差，只要实际所交货物的品质是与合同本身的品质规定不同，就是不符。在此情况下，买方有权利拒收货物。
答题切入点：品质不符的理解。
（2）答案：Yes, 如果我是卖方，我会与买方磋商，寻求买卖双方都能接受的处理方法。
答题切入点：与买方磋商解决。
2. ABX Company sent a sample of exporting goods to a German buyer during negotiation. Later, a contract was signed, and the p rovision of the goods was, ―Moisture: 14%; Impurity: 4%.‖ Before shipment, the seller again cabled the buyer, ―Quality as per sample‖. After taking the delivery, the buyer had the goods inspected. Although the quality conformed to the terms of the contract, it was lower than that of the sample by 7%. As a result, the buyer filed a claim for compensation. Did the seller make any mistake? Why or why not?
析：答案是Yes. 买方可以向卖方提出索赔, 因为卖方交付的货物的品质与样品
不符；在这笔交易中，卖方犯了起码两个错误：
错误(1)：品质条款没有品质机动
某些产品（如农副产品等）的质量具一定的不稳定性，为了交易的顺利
进行，在规定其品质指标的同时，应制定一定的品质机动幅度，允许卖方所交的货物的品质指标在一定的幅度内有灵活性。否则单一的品质指标难以达到，往往给卖方履行合同带来困难。
答题的切入点：品质机动条款
错误(2)：品质规定用了双重标准，既凭合同规格买卖，又凭样品买卖。
表示品质的方法很多，品质条款应视商品的特性而定，采取合理的品质规定。凡是能用一种方法表示某种品质的，一般就不宜用两种或两种以上的方法来表示。根据联合国国际货物销售合同公约，
如同时采用既凭样品又凭规格买卖，则要求卖方交付的货物的品质必须既与样品一致，又要符合合同所规定规格，要做到两全其美，难以办得到，往往给卖方履行合同带来困难。
答题的切入点：品质规定的双重标准，既凭合同规格又凭样品买卖
3. X Company signed a contract to export rice. The quantity was 10,000 tons. After taking the delivery, the foreign buyer demanded an additional 160 metric tons of rice. What went wrong?
析：本题的解题要点：合约中的数量为―吨‖，是不明确的规定。―吨‖，在实
行公制的国家一般理解为公吨，每吨为1000公斤；在实行英制的国家一般理解为长吨，每吨为1016公斤；在实行美制的国家一般理解为短吨，每吨为907公斤。所以，当卖方理解为公吨，每吨为1000公斤；而买方理解为长吨，每吨为1016公斤是，这份合约下卖方实际交货的数量与买方预期收货数量的差别为160 公吨[（1016 kg – 1000 kg ）X 10,0000 = 160 000kg = 160 metric tons]。
答案：是买卖双方对合约数量规定的―吨‖有不同的理解。
答题的切入点：a. 数量规定不明确；b. 不同度量衡制度下的―吨‖表示的实际数量不同。
4. A Beijing company signed a contract to import wool from Australia. The quantity was specified as
―20 M/T‖. When the wool was delivered, it had a r egain of 33%.
(1) What is a regain?
(2) Why did the buyer get a bad deal?
(3) If the standard regain is 10%, and actual regain is 33%, what is the conditioned
weight?
析：本题的解题要点：a. 文中提到合同约定的数量是―20MT‖，应理解为净重。
因为计算重量的方法有毛重，净重，公量等，而根据联合国国际货物销售合同公约第五十六条，如果价格是按货物的重量规定的，如有疑问，应按净重确定。b. 合同商品的羊毛，具有较强的吸湿性，其所含的水分受客观环境的影响较大，故其重量很不稳定。为了准确计算这类商品的重量，国际贸易中买卖双方通常会约定标准（公定）回潮率，采用按公量计算的办法。
(1) 答案：回潮是指货物（纤维材料）在环境温度下吸湿含水的现象。回
潮率则是指货物（纤维材料）含水重量占货物（纤维材料）干重的百分比答题的切入点：回潮（率）的概念
(2) 答案：买方这笔交易不划算。因为合同中没有明确规定计算重量的方法，只能按净重计算。因此当卖方实际交货的羊毛，因具有较强的吸湿性而其所含的水分高达33%是，买方也别无他法，只得按净重（连带33%的水分）计算付款。
∵Conditioned Weight = Dried Net Weight x(1+ Standard Regain)
= Net Weight x 1+ Standard Regain 1+ Actual Regain
∴Dried Net Weight = Net Weight / (1+ Actual Regain)
= 20 / (1+33%) = 15.04 M/T
Moisture content = Actual Weight – Dried Net Weight
= 20 – 15.04 = 4.96 M/T
or ∵Regain = (moisture content / oven dried weight) x 100%
= (moisture content / actual weight –moisture content) x 100% ∴Moisture content = (regain x actual weight)/(1+regain)
= (33% x 20)/(1+33%) = 4.96 M/T
Dried net weight = actual weight –moisture content
= 20 – 4.96 = 15.04 M/T
答题的切入点：合同约定计算重量的方法不明确
(3) 答案：如按公量计算，这批货只有16.54 公吨。
计算：
Conditioned Weight = Net Weight x
1+ Standard Regain 1+ Actual Regain = 20 x [(1+ 10%)/(1+33%)] = 16.54 M/T
答题的切入点：公量的计算
Chapter five
VI. Case Studies
1. ABC co. signed a contract to export 200 M/T of beans. The letter of credit
stipulated, ―Partial shipment not allowed‖. When the shipment was being made, the exporter loaded 100 M/T each on board the same vessel for the same voyage at the port of Shanghai and the port of Dalian. The shipment document was clearly marked with the ports of shipment and the dates of shipment. Did the exporter violate the terms of the L/C?
析：本题的解题要点：UCP600第三十一条：b.表明使用同一运输工具并经由同
次航程运输的数套运输单据在同一次提交时，只要显示相同目的地，将不视为部分发运，即使运输单据上表明的发运日期不同或装货港、接管地或发运地点不同。案例虽然没有说明货物是否在同一目的港卸货，但如果没有强调说明，一般认为是同一个目的地。
答案：No, 卖方没有违反信用证―不允许装船‖ 的规定。
答题切入点：对转船的定义和相关规定的理解。
3. A Chinese exporter signed a CIF contract with a foreign importer. Payment was
to be made by irrevocable sight L/C. Both the contract and the L/C prohibited transshipment. Within the validity of the Credit, the exporter shipped the cargo on board a liner sailing direct to the port of destination, and presented the direct B/L for negotiation. Later the foreign issuing bank also made payment against the direct B/L forwarded by the negotiation bank. However, in order to collect some other cargos, the carrying vessel unloaded the cargo at an intermediate port without authorization. The cargo was instead reloaded on to an old vessel, and thus arrived at the destination two months late. As a result, the buyer lodged a claim against the Chinese side for fraud, since the cargo was actually transshipped even though the direct B/L was issued. Finally the exporter accepted the claim and made compensation as requested, as he thought that he, as the person booking the vessel, should be liable for the carrier's unauthorized transshipment.
(1) Do you think the settlement of this case appropriate?
(2) Who should bear the loss? Why?
(3) Who should be liable for the damage? Why?
(4) What should the seller do?
析：本题的解题要点：a. 信用证规定不允许转船； b. 卖方与承运人签订的运输
合同是要求直达船运输的，有直达提单为证； c. 承运人中途卸货转船是其单方面的违约行为。
（1）答案：No。卖方不应赔偿买方的损失。
答题切入点： a. CIF的性质和卖方的责任 b. 中途卸货转船的责任人。
（2）答案：买方自己而不应由卖方承担损失。
答题切入点：贸易术语CIF风险的转移。
（3）答案：承运人应对货损负责。
答题切入点：a. Direct B/L的含义 b. 造成货损的直接原因及其责任方。
（4）答案：卖方可建议并协助买方直接向承运人交涉并索赔。答题切入点：卖方不是货损的责任人。
acceptance承兑factoring保理业；actualtotalloss实际全损forfe；advalorem从价运费fortuitousa；additional附属费franchise免赔；advancedB/L预签提单freightra；airtransportation空运freig；airwaybill 空运单generalaver；ante-acceptance 承兑factoring 保理业务
actual total loss 实际全损forfeiting 包买票据
ad valorem 从价运费fortuitous accidents 意外事故
additional 附属费franchise 免赔率
advanced B/L 预签提单freight rates 运费率
air transportation 空运freight ton 运费吨
air waybill 空运单general average 共同海损
ante-dated B/L 倒签提单general risks 一般外来风险
anticipatory credit 预支信用证indemnity 赔偿
back-to-back credit 背对背信用证insurable interest 可保利益
basic freight 基本运费insurance certificate 保险凭证
beneficiary 受益人insurance claim 保险索赔
bill of exchange 汇票insurance cover(age) 保险险别
charter party 租船契约insurance policy 保险单
charter transportation 租船运输insurance premium 保险费
charter(tramp) 不定期货船insurance rate 保险费率
check 支票irrevocable L/C 不可撤销信用证
claimant 索赔人lay day 装卸天数
clean B/L 清洁提单liner/gross terms 班轮条件
clean bill 光票liners transportation 班轮运输
clean collection 光票托收measurement ton 尺码吨
clean credit 光票信用证natural calamity 自然灾害
combined certificate 联合凭证open policy 预约保单
confirmed L/C 保兑信用证optional port 选择港
constructive total loss 推定全损order B/L 指示提单
containerization 集装箱运输partial loss 部分损失
contribution 分摊partial shipments 分批装运
deferred payment 延期付款particular average 单独海损
demurrage 滞期费paying instrument 支付工具
discount 折扣，贴现payment by installments 分期付
documentary bill 跟单汇票款
documentary letter of credit 跟单payment in advance 预付
信用证payment term 支付方式
endorsement 背书perils of the sea 海上风险
exclusions 除外责任port of destination 目的港
external risks 外来风险port of shipment 装运港
extraneous risks 外来风险presentation 提示
CFS (Container Freight Station) 集装箱货运站
CIC (China Insurance Clauses) 中国保险条例
CP (Charter Party) 租船契约
CY (Container Yard) 集装箱堆场
D/A (documents against acceptance) 承兑交单
D/D (demand draft) 即期汇票
D/P (documents against payment) 付款交单
DR to DR (Door to Door) 门到门运输
F. I. (Free In) 船方管卸不管装
F. I. O. (Free In and Out) 船方不管装卸
F. I. O. S. T. (Free In and Out, Stowed ＆Trimmed) 船方不管装卸，理舱和平舱F. O. (Free Out) 船方管装不管卸
FCI (Factors Chain International) 国际保理联合会
FCL (Full Container Load) 整装箱
FPA (Free from Particular Average) 平安险
GA (General Contribution) 共同分摊
ICC (Institute Cargo Clause) 协会货物运输保险条款
IMT (International Multimodal Transportation) 国际多式联运
IOP (irrespective of percentage) 不计免赔率presenting bank 代收行promissory note 本票proximate cause 近因原则rail(way) transportation 铁路运输reciprocal credit 对开信用证red clause credit 红条款信用证remittance 汇付revocable L/C 可撤销信用证revolving credit 循环信用证road transportation 公路运输sea transportation 海运sea waybill 海运单sight draft 即期汇票sight L/C即期信用证special risks 特殊外来风险stale B/L 过期提单standby L/C 备用信用证straight B/L 记名提单subject matter 保险标的subrogation 代位求偿权sum insured 保险金额surcharge 附加费tenor 汇票期限the insured/insurant 被保险人the insurer 承保人，保险公司time charter 期租船time of delivery 交货期time/usance draft 远期汇票total loss 全部损失transferable L/C 可转让信用证transshipment 转船underwriter 承保人unexpected accidents 意外事故utmost good faith 最大诚信原则voyage charter 程租船weight ton 重量吨
L/C (letter of credit) 信用证
L/G (letter of guarantee) 保函
LCL (Less than Container Load) 拼装箱
M (Measurement) 尺码
M/T (mail transfer) 信汇
MTO (Multimodal Transportation Operator) 多式联运经营人
PICC (the People’s Insurance Company of China) 中国人民保险公司
SRCC (strikes, riots and civil commotions) 罢工，暴动，民变脸
T/T (telegraphic transfer) 电汇
TPND (theft, pilferage and non-delivery) 偷窃提货不着险
UCP 600 (Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit 600) 跟单信用证统一惯例600 URC 522 (Uniform Rules for Collection 522) 托收统一规则
W (Weight) 重量
W/W Clause (Warehouse to Warehouse Clause) 仓至仓条款
WPA (With Particular Average) 水渍险
Short Questions
Chapter 5
1. Under what circumstances does the time of shipment equal to the time of delivery?
Time of shipment refers to the time limit for loading the goods on board the vessel at the port of shipment while time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place.
For all shipment contracts, time of shipment equals to time of delivery, and according to Incoterms 2010, contracts concluded on the basis terms like FOB, CFR, CIF, FCA, CPT, CIP are shipment contracts.
Under the shipment contract, the seller fulfills his obligation of delivery when the goods are shipped on board the vessel or delivered to the carrier and the seller only bears all risks prior to shipment.
2. What are the functions of a bill of a lading?
A cargo receipt, evidence of a contract of carriage, a document of title to the goods.
3. What are the main types of bills of lading?
·According to whether the goods have been loaded on board the carrying vessel: Shipped B/L and received for shipment B/L
·According to the apparent condition of the received cargo: Clean B/L and Unclean B/L,
·According to the address of the consignee: Straight B/L, Order B/L and Bear B/L,
·According to whether transshipment is involved in transit: Direct B/L and Transshipment
B/L, ·According to the perplexity or simplicity of the bill content: Long term B/L and Short term
B/L, ·According to the payment condition of freight: Freight prepaid B/L and Freight to be Collected
B/L ·According to the validity: Original B/L and Copy B/L
·Other forms of bill of lading also exist according to different circumstances: Stale B/L, Ante-dated B/L, Advanced B/L, On-deck B/L.
4. What are the ways of dividing charges of loading and unloading in a charter party? ·Liner Terms/ Gross Terms or In and out: The ship-owner bears loading and unloading cost. ·Free in: The ship-owner is only responsible for unloading cost.
·Free out: The ship-owner is only responsible for loading cost.
·Free in and out: The ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost. OR F. I. O. S. T.: The
ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost, not even bear the expenses of stowing and trimming.
5. What factors are to be concerned in stipulating clause of delivery in a contract?
Time of delivery(time of shipment), port (place) of shipment and port (place) of destination, partial shipment, transshipment, or lay days, demurrage and dispatch money.
Chapter 6
1. What are the differences between general average and particular average?
Although both general average and particular average belong to the category of partial loss, there is still some differences between them:
·Causes: Particular average is a kind of cargo loss usually caused directly by sea perils, while general average is caused by intentional measures taken to save the common interest.
·Indemnification: Particular average is often borne by the party whose cargo is damaged, while general average should be proportionally contributed among all parties benefited from the intentional measures.
2. What are the conditions for general average?
·The danger that threatens the common safety of cargo and/or vessel shall be materially existent and is not foreseen.
·The measures taken by the master shall be aimed to remove the common danger of both vessel and cargo and shall be undertaken deliberately and reasonably for common safety.
·The sacrifice shall be specialized and not caused by perils directly and the expense incurred shall be additional expense which is not within the operation budget.
·The actions of the ship’s master shall be successful i n saving the voyage
3. What are the differences between the scope of ICC(B) and ICC(C)?
The scope of ICC(C) covers loss of damage to the cargo attributable to fire or explosion, vessel of craft being stranded, grounded, sunk or capsized, overturning or derailment of land conveyance, collision or contract of vessel, craft or conveyance with any external object other than water, or discharge of cargo at a port of distress, general average sacrifice, or jettison.
Apart from those covered under ICC(C), the scope of ICC(B) also covers loss of or damage to the subject matter insured attributable to earthquake, volcanic eruption or conveyance, container, liftvan or place of storage, or total loss of any package lost overboard or dropped whilst loading onto or unloading form, vessel or craft.
4. What are the risks that are known as general additional coverage
1)T.P.N.D(Theft, Pilferage and Non-delivery), 2)Fresh Water Rain Damage, 3)Risk of Shortage,
4)Risk of Inter Mixture and Contamination, 5)Risk of Leakage, 6)Risk of Clash and Breakage,
7)Risk of Odor, 8)Heating and Sweating Risk, 9)Hook Damage, 10)Risk of Rust, 11)Breakage of Packing Damage
5. What are the main expenses involved in ocean marine insurance? How to define them? Marine cargo insurance also covers the expenses incurred to avoid or reduce the damage to or loss of the subject matter insured. There are mainly two types of expenses. One is Sue and labor expense, the other is salvage charges.
Sue and labor expense are extraordinary expenses made in a time of peril by the insured to act to avert, or minimize any loss of or damage to the subject matter insured. Salvage charges are
expenses resulting from measures properly taken by a third party other than the insured, his agent, or any person employed by them to preserve maritime property from peril at sea.
6. What documents are needed when an insurance claim is made?
·Original insurance policy or insurance certificate
·Originalbillofladingoro；·Commercialinvoice；·Packinglist；·CertificateofLoss(Surve；·Thelanding accountorweig；·Anycorrespondencewithth；·Master’sprotest.；Chapter7；1.AfterBankXadvisedex ·Original bill of lading or other transport document
·Commercial invoice
·Packing list
·Certificate of Loss(Survey)
·The landing account or weight notes(notes on weight) at destination
·Any correspondence with the carrier or any other party who could be responsible for the loss or damage
Master’s protest.
Chapter 7
1. After Bank X advised exporter Y of the L/C, the shipment was made. When the cargo was on the way, the importer filed for bankruptcy. Is Y out luck of collecting the payment? Can the opening bank refuse to make reimbursement to the negotiating bank? Why or why not? No, exporter Y does not need to worry about the payment. Because the payment is by L/C, the issuing bank is responsible for making payment regardless of the importer’s situation. But the condition is that exporter Y can fulfill all the requirements listed on the L/C. According to UCP600, a credit constitutes a definite undertaking of the opening bank to pay or to pay at maturity in case of acceptance. Therefore once the stipulated documents are presented to the opening bank and the terms and conditions of the credit are complied with, the opening bank cannot refuse to make reimbursement to the negotiating bank.
2. An L/C does not indicate whether it is revocable or not. Is it revocable? Can a revocable credit be transferable?
According to UCP600, if an L/C does not indicate whether it is irrevocable or not, it will be
considered as irrevocable. And a transferable L/C must be irrevocable.
3. After a gullible importer paid Bank C against the seemingly correct shipping documents, he went to take the delivery, but found out that the goods were inferior counterfeits. Is Bank C liable under UCP600? Can the importer do anything in order to recover the loss?
Bank C is not liable in this case because UCP600 stipulates that in credit operations all parties concerned deal with documents, and not with goods, services and/or other performances to which the documents may relate. In order to recover the loss, the importer should rely on the sales contract and seek for solution.
4. An exporter, Wu Co., received an L/C issued by Bank B and confirmed by Bank K. After Wu shipped the goods, Bank B declared bankruptcy. Will Wu have sleepless nights?
No, Wu Co. Does not need to worry about the payment. When the L/C is confirmed, the confirming bank holds the same definite undertaking as the issuing bank to pay or to pay at maturity in case of acceptance.
5. Does a payment credit differ from a sight credit?
A payment credit could be settled by sight payment or deferred payment. In both cases, a draft drawn on the issuing bank may not be necessary. While when a sight credit is used, payment would be made immediately against a sight draft and required commercial documents.
6. Are the following credits transferable? (A)This L/C assignable; (B)This L/C is transmissible;
(C)This L/C is fractionable; (D)This L/C is divisible.
According to UCP600, a credit can be transferred only if it is expressly designated as
―transferable‖ by the issuing bank. Terms such as ―divisible‖, ―fractionable‖, ―assignable‖, and
―transmissible‖ do not render the Credit transferable.
7. Under an anticipatory credit, the exporter made an advance, but disappeared without presenting the documents as required. Who is liable for repayment of the advance?
The special clause is required by the applicant, as a result he has to make repayment of the advances if the beneficiary fails to present documents for settlement.
8. Why a back-to-back credit is needed? Give an example.
A back-to-back credit is normally used by middleperson for the protection of his interest. For
example, agent A received a documentary credit from the end buyer B, A can use this credit as a backup to apply for the opening of a new credit in favor of the end supplier C. By doing so A can be sure that neither B nor C would know each other, therefore well protecting A’s business
confidentiality.
9. What is the difference between a back-to-back credit and a transferable credit?
When a back-to-back credit is used, there actually involve two credits. When a transferable credit is used, operation is based on only one credit.
Calculation
Chapter 5
1. The price quoted by an exporter was ―USD38 per case FOB Liverpool‖. The importer requested a revised CFR Liverpool price. If the size of each case was 50cm*40cm*30cm, gross weight per case was
40kg, freight basis was W/M and the quotation for London is USD100 per ton of carriage, plus 20% bunker adjustment factor (BAF) and 10% currency adjustment factor (CAF), what would be the CFR price?
W=40kg=0.04M/T M=50cm*40cm*30cm=0.5*0.4*0.3=0.06cm3 M>W
M will be used as freight basis for freight calculation.
Freight per case=M*basic freight*( 1+BAF rate)=0.06*100*(1+20%)=USD 7.2
Total freight per case=7.2*(1+10%)=USD 7.92
CFR=FOB+Freight=38+7.92=USD 45.92
The CFR price would be USD 45.92 per case CFR Liverpool
2. There is one consignment of 10 cartons of leather shoes, measurement of each carton is 50*50*50cm, gross weight of each is 15KG. The air freight are quoted for the flight required is USD1.3KG. How much air freight should be paid to the carrier?
W=15kg M= (50*50*50)/6000=20.83kg M>W
Freight=USD 1.3/kg*20.83*10 cartons=USD 270.79
The air freight is USD 270.79
3. Suppose: Company A exports 1000 cases of Commodity Y to London. The volume per case is 40cm x 30cm x 20cm, and the gross weight is 30kg per case. For Commodity Y, the freight rate basis is W/M, and the Freight Tariff (China —London) is USD230, with a 10% port surcharge. How much is the total freight?
Total weight: 0.03 M/T*1000 cases=30M/T Total measurement: 0.4x0.3x0.2*1000
cases=24M3
W > M, ―W‖ is the freight basis
Total Freight=Total weight× Basic Freight Rate×(1+ Surcharge)=30×230×(1+10%)= USD 7590 The total freight cost is USD7590.
4. Company A wants to send one consignment to Sydney, Australia. The goods are packed in 50 cartons, each weighing 15kgs, with measurement as 50 x 40 x 30cm. The air freight rate is quoted at
USD2.00/KG (W/M). How much would the total air freight cost?
W: 15 kg M: (50x40x30)/6000=10kg W> M, so W will be adopted for the calculation of air
freight
Air freight=Total Quantity× Basic Freight Rate=50 cartons×15kg×USD2.00/kg =USD 1500
The total air freight cost is USD 1500.
5. Suppose the working period at Port X is 8 hours a day and 7 days in a week. If there are four rainy hours unable for loading and unloading in a week, how many standard days are there under the above three methods of stipulation for lay time respectively?
Days or Running Days or Consecutive Days=7 days 1 Weather Working Days of 24 Hours=8*7-
4(rainy hours)=52 hours=2 days 6
5 Weather Working Days of 24 Consecutive Hours=7*24-4=164 hours=
6 days 6
Chapter 6
11. A Chinese company offered to a British counterpart at USD500 per case FOB Shanghai. The British importer asked the exporter to offer a CIF price. Suppose the freight is USD 50 per case and premium rate is 0.6%, what would the new offer be?
CIF=(FOB+F)/(1-110%*R)=(500+50)/(1-110%*0.5%)=USD 533
The new offer is USD 533 per case CIF Shanghai.
12. Company A transacted with Company B, exporting frozen food under CIF. The total amount of the invoice value was USD 10 000. The premium rate was 0.4% and the goods were insured for FPA with a markup of 10%. Please calculate the insurance amount and insurance premium respectively?
Insurance amount=CIF*(1+markup rate)=10 000*110%=USD 1100
Insurance premium=CIF insurance amount*insurance rate=1100*0.4%=USD 44
The insurance amount and insurance premium are USD 1100 and USD 44 respectively.
13. Our exporting company offered light industrial products to a British importer at GBP10 000 per metric ton CIF London (insurance for All Risks with 10% markup and 1% premium rate). However, the importer intended to effect insurance by himself, as a result, he count-offered CFR price. What is the CFR price? How much premium should the exporter need to deduct from the CIF price?
CFR=CIF*(1-110%*R)=10 000*(1-110%*1%)=GBP 9890
Insurance premium=CIF-CFR=10 000-9890=GBP 110
The CFR price is GBP 9890 per metric ton CFR London and the exporter need to deduct
GBP 110 from the CIF price as the premium.
14. Suppose a cargo vessel loaded with cargo of Party A and Party B stranded in transit. To save the vessel as well as the goods on it, the master ordered to throw 1000 cases of goods to the sea. The value of the goods thrown overboard for Party A is 20% of his goods (the total value of his goods is CNY20000) and that for Party B is 10% of his goods (the total value of his goods is CNY60000). Extra wages for the seamen to perform the act amounted to CNY5000. The value of the vessel is about CNY5000000. Based on the information above what is the G.A. contribution for each party involved?
Total GA loss=20000x20%+60000x10%+5000=CNY 15000
Total GA contributory value=20 000x 80%+ 60 000x90%+5 000 000+15 000= CNY 5 080
000
GA percentage = (Total GA loss / GA Total Benefit) x 100%=(15 000/5 080
000)x100%=0.295%
GA Contribution by Party A=20 000 x 0.295% = CNY 59
GA Contribution by Party B=60 000 x 0.295% = CNY 177
GA Contribution by the Carrier=5 000 000x0.295% =CNY 14750
15. Suppose the CIF invoice value is USD50 000 and goods are insured against All Risks and War Risks with premium rate to be 0.5% and 0.05% respectively. If markup rate is 10%, the insurance premium will be:
Insurance Premium (I)=50 000*(1+10%)*(0.5%+0.05%)=55 000*0.0055=USD 302.5
Case
Chapter 5
1. ABC Co. signed a contract to export 200 M/T of beans. The letter of credit stipulated, ―Partial shipment not allowed‖. When the shipment was being made, the exporter loaded 100 M/T each on board the same vessel for the same voyage at the port of Shanghai and the port of Dalian. The shipment document was clearly marked with the ports of shipment and the dates of shipment. Did the exporter violate the terms of the L/C?
析:No, 卖方没有违反信用证―不允许装船‖ 的规定。答题切入点：对转船的定义和相关规定的理解。UCP600 Article 31, ―…transportation documents, which appear on their face to indicate that shipment commencing on the same means of conveyance and for the same journey, provided they indicate the same destination, will not be regarded as covering a partial shipment, even if they indicate different dates of shipment or different ports of loading, places of taking in charge or dispatch.‖
2. Dee co. signed a large export contract stipulating, ―shipment will be made during August of 2008‖. But due to the problems with the vessel, the shipment was not made until September
13. Upon Dee?s request, the carrier ante-dated the B/L to August 31.
(1) What could be the consequence of ante-dating?
(2) What would be the right thing to do in case of a possible shipment delay?
析:(1)倒签提单是一种严重的合谋欺诈行为，托运人和承运人都可能被追究法律责任，如使收货人蒙受损失，还会被追讨赔偿。Changing the date of shipment on B/L is a forgery. Both the seller and carrier are liable. In the worst case, the vessel and goods could be impounded. Because
according to UCP 600, the B/L shall be presented within 21 days after issuance, unless otherwise stipulated in the credit.
(2)与买方磋商，寻求双方都能接受的解决办法。1）延期信用证的有效期和船期，2）买方同意向银行（开证行）和卖方开出保函，保证接受签发日期迟于信用证规定日期的提单。Honesty is the best policy. The seller should contact the buyer immediately about remedy measures. Even if the buyer does not cooperate, the penalty for the shipment delay is not likely to be largely.
3. A Chinese exporter signed a CIF contract with a foreign importer. Payment was to be made by irrevocable sight L/C. ……Finally the exporter accepted the claim and made compensation as requested, as he thought that he, as the person booking the vessel, should be liable for the carrier?s unauthorized transshipment.
(1) Do you think the settlement of this case appropriate?
(2) Who should bear the loss? Why?
(3) Who should be liable for the damage? Why?
(4) What should the seller do?
析:本题的解题要点：a. 信用证规定不允许转船； b. 卖方与承运人签订的运输合同是要求直达
船运输的，有直达提单为证； c. 承运人中途卸货转船是其单方面的违约行为。
（1）答案：No。卖方不应赔偿买方的损失。
答题切入点： a. CIF的性质和卖方的责任 b. 中途卸货转船的责任人。
（2）答案：买方自己而不应由卖方承担损失。
答题切入点：贸易术语CIF风险的转移。
（3）答案：承运人应对货损负责。
答题切入点：a. Direct B/L的含义 b. 造成货损的直接原因及其责任方。
（4）答案：卖方可建议并协助买方直接向承运人交涉并索赔。
答题切入点：卖方不是货损的责任人。
Chapter 6
1. X Company signed a CIF contract to export candies. The cargo was insured for ―all risks‖. Due to
the long voyage, candies absorbedsweating in the ship?s hold, and thus softened and degraded. Was the insurance company liable for the damage? Why or why not?
析:NO. ―due to … Degraded‖,这说明candies变软的原因在于长时间海上运输，吸收了船舱的热气所
致。保险公司不应给予赔偿的原因有三：a. 在货物运输保险中没有‖长时间运输‖这一风险。b. Candy变软是由于其本身的货物特性决定的，糖果即使在常温下摆放一段时间都会变软，因此可认为是糖果的内在瑕疵(inherent vice)所导致的。c.虽然一般附加险中包含了‖heating and sweating‖这一险种，但此险种是指由于某种意外的原因（如船上的制冷设备坏了）导致船舱内温度、湿度突然变化，造成货物品质变化的情况下，本案例不属于此情况。This is inherent vice, is exclusions of the insurance company. Heating and Sweating Risk: Under this coverage is the risk of loss of or damage to the goods by sweating and heating as a result of the sudden change of temperature or the ventilation on the vessel being
out of order. All Risks shall in no case be deemed to extend to cover loss, damage or expense caused by heating and sweating.
2. A cargo was insured for ―all risks‖. On a night voyage, the ship had to sail without lights due to air attacks. As a result, it collided with another ship and sank. Was the loss covered by the insurance policy? Why or why not?
析:YES. 货物损失的是船只相撞造成的，失事船只只在夜间熄灯航线是为了躲避空袭，但空袭对船只并
没有造成事实上的损失，因此不能在近因原则框架内分析。本批货物只投保了AllRisks, 其中包
括了船只相撞(collision)这种风险，因此，保险公司应该赔付。This belongs to fortuitous accident, so it belongs to FPA. All Risks means that the insurer shall undertake the liabilities under FPA and WPA.
3. An exporter signed an FOB contract with a French company and a CIF contract with a British Company. Both cargoes were insured for marine cargo insurance. But in transit from the exporter?s factory to the port of shipment, the goods were damaged. Under each deal, who should obtain insurance? Who should take the loss?
析:1）FOB下，进口商法国公司投保，CIF下出口商投保。因为FOB下，风险在船舷转移，买方承担
主要航程的风险，因此通常是买方去投保，但在CIF下，卖方有购买保险的责任，卖方是投保人。
2）FOB下，出口商承担损失，CIF下出口商承担损失，但如果风险在承保范围内，出口商可以向保险公司索赔。两种术语下，风险转移都是在船舷，受损发生在之前，卖方是受损方，因此卖方提起索赔，但索赔要满足三个条件：如果投保人或受益人投了保，且风险在承保范围内，又对受损货物有可保利益the Interest Principle，同时又能满足仓至仓条款W/W Clause，索赔人就可以向保险公司索赔。
4. On a voyage the cargo ship had an accidental fire. To save the ship, the captain ordered to have water poured into the compartment. The fire was put out.
7. For party X,…10% of USD 0.5 million cargo.
8. For party Y,…20% of USD 1 million cargo.
9. For the carrier,…10% of USD 50 million ship
10. Extra wages for the seamen totaled USD50 000.
Based on the information above, indicate
1) Which is PA?
2) Which is GA?
3) What is the GA contribution for each party?
析:1) party X, Carrier. 2) party Y, Extra wages.
3) Total GA loss=1*20%+0.05=0.25 million
Total GA contributory value=1+0.5*90%+ 50*90%=46.45 million
GA percentage=(0.25/46.45)*100%=0.54%
GA contributory by party X=0.5*90%*0.54%=USD 2430
GA contributory by party Y=1 000 000*0.54%=USD 5400
GA contributory by carrier=50*90%*0.54%=USD 243 000
11. An importer signed an FOB contract with an Australian company, importing a batch of woolen blanket.…WPA and War Risks…4 cm in diameter…Comment on this case and work out the solution.
析:1）卖方的损失？本案例中卖方已经按合同和术语要求完成了交货，货物受损是在风险转移之后，因此损失应该有买方负责。2）保险公司负责理赔？案例中‖the exporter s uggested the importer lodge a claim against the insurer for compensation‖一说不正确。进口商虽然投保了WPA和战争险，但损失是由于集装箱的问题造成的，属于第三方的责任，买方没有理由向保险公司索赔。3）谁是第三责任方？
货物受损是由于承运人提供的集装箱出问题而导致的，因此承运人应该负担责任，买方应该向承运人索赔。
Chapter 7
6. On September 1, X Company signed a contract to export goods to the US. On September 30, City Bank sent an irrevocable L/C with an amount of USD30,000. The L/C stipulated shipment during October, and Bank of Tokyo to be the reimbursing bank. On October 2, Bank of China advised X of the L/C. But ten days later, X learnt that the import was near bankruptcy. How should X deal with the situation?
析: a案例中X公司收到的是一份不可撤销的信用证（an irrevocable L／C），说明X 公司在满足信用证所列条件的情况下，可以直接从开证行或开证行指定银行获得货款，而不需考虑进口商的状况。
b在这种情况下，X公司在做决策时，需要考虑的一是；答题切入点：a信用证支付情况下各方的关系；bX公；7.F,astate-ownedenterpri；InApril5,…OnApril14,thei；document‖，这里说明开证行尽管知道货不对；(a)答案：Yes；答题切入点：UCP600对开证行责任的规定；(b)答题切入点：在分析所吸取教训的时候，要分b在这种情况下，X 公司在做决策时，需要考虑的一是自身完成信用证所列条件的能力，二是与进口商的合作问题。
答题切入点：a信用证支付情况下各方的关系；b X 公司可选择的做法及注意事项。
7. F, a state-owned enterprise, signed a contract to import 1000 M/T of galvanized steel sheets from a
H.K. company. On March 1, a Shanghai bank issued the L/C for USD200,000. On March 24,…On March 25…On March 26…On March 30…The issuing bank was immediately notified of the fraud,…
In April 5,…On April 14, the issuing bank requested the HK bank to exercise the right of recourse.(a) Would there be any problem with the recourse? (b) What were the lessons? 析:A.在3月30日进口方发现货不对板，通知开证行时开证行―could not refuse to take up the
document‖，这里说明开证行尽管知道货不对板，但如果它认为议付行所提交的单证与信用证相符，开证行必须依照信用证规定的义务行事，即对议付行进行偿付。因为，在信用证的运作下，各方只凭单据操作，而不涉及实际的货物。 B.4月5日进口商发现单据有不符点，可以想象的结果就是进口商拒绝赎单付款。此时开证行已向议付行支付了货款，而又遭到进口商以正当理由拒绝赎单付款，它是遭受损失的一方，因此会向议付行提出行使追索权。C 但根据UCP600 开证行进行的议付是―无追索权的议付‖。
(a)答案：Yes。
答题切入点：UCP600 对开证行责任的规定。
(b)答题切入点：在分析所吸取教训的时候，要分步进行。a首先要分析在这起事件中哪几方遭受损
失；b然后进一步说明各方遭受损失的原因；c最后提出预防类似情况出现的方法。
8. FF Company signed a contract to export goods to AA company in Africa. In September FF was notified of the L/C, but the money of account was different from that required by the sales contract.…The next day, AA cabled back, ―L/C amended.‖…At this time, AA requested DP-TR. Should FF accept it? Is there any lesson to be learnt from this case?
析:案例中AA 公司要求的DP-TR 是指付款交单凭信托收据接单的做法。这种支付方式是对过去的远
期付款交单的一种折中办法。过去有贸易商采用远期付款交单，但这种方法并不能够给进口商提供所需的融资时间，因为在等待远期汇票到期的这段时间，进口商不能把单据从银行拿出来，以便销
《国际贸易实务》教学大纲 课程编号： ZH045402 课程名称：国际贸易实务 总学时数：72 实验或上机学时： 一、说明 （一）《国际贸易实务》的课程性质： 本门课程在涉外经济专业中作为专业主干课，旨在让学生了解和掌握对外贸易所必须的 技能与操作，为其他专业课的学习打下坚实的基础。 （二）教材及授课对象： 授课对象：国际经济与贸易专业本科生 使用教材：《国际贸易实务》，对外经贸大学出版社，2011年第5版 （三）《国际贸易实务》的课程目标（教学目标）： 基础知识要求：通过本门课程的教学应当使同学们能够熟悉国际贸易的各项流程，了解 并掌握对货物数量，质量，包装，贸易术语及出口价格核算，际贸易中相关的各种条约惯例 与习惯做法相关知识。 素质要求：掌握国际贸易过程中的主要操作技能与操作方法，能够独立处理业务中所涉 及的问题。 实践操作要求：熟练掌握集装箱转装运计算，唛头的书写，包装条款，租船订舱的基本 程序，运价表运费计算，处理各种海运单据。 （四）《国际贸易实务》课程授课计划（包括学时分配） 章次内容讲授实验 第0章绪论 1 第一章贸易术语与国际贸易惯例 1 第二章适用于各种运输方式的贸易术语8 第三章适用于水上运输方式的贸易术语8 第四章合同的主体与标的 6 第五章国际货物运输 6 第六章国际货物运输保险 2 第七章进出口商品的价格8 第八章国际货款的收付8 第九章进出口商品的检验 2 第十章争议的预防与处理 2 第十二章国际货物买卖合同的订立 4 第十三章进出口合同的履行 4 第十四章违约及其法律救济方法 2 第十五章国际贸易方式 1
实验课实验课程（一）至（九）9 总学时72 （五）考核要求：本课程的考核分为平时考核与期末考核；平时考核占总成绩的30％，期末考核占70％。平时主要考核到课率、课堂表现、作业和笔记等；期末考核形式为闭卷、笔试。 二、教学内容 绪论 主要教学目标：掌握国际贸易的特点，了解国际贸易适用的法律与惯例，了解国际贸易遵循的原则，掌握货物贸易的基本做法。 教学方法及教学手段：教师讲授 教学重点和难点：重点是国际贸易的特点，难点是国际货物贸易的基本做法。 一、国际贸易的特点 二、国际货物贸易适用的法律与惯例 三、国际贸易遵循的准则 四、国际货物贸易的基本做法 五、本课程的研究对象与学习方法 第一章贸易术语与国际贸易惯例 主要教学目标：掌握贸易术语的概念及其发展,深刻理解贸易术语在国际贸易中的重要作用和意义。了解国际贸易术语的三种国际贸易惯例，充分理解《INCOTERMS 2010》的特点。 教学方法及教学手段：教师讲授 教学重点和难点：重点是贸易术语，难点是三种主要国际贸易惯例。 第一节贸易术语的含义及其产生与发展 一、贸易术语的含义及作用 二、贸易术语的产生与发展 第二节国际贸易惯例及其性质和作用 一、关于贸易术语的国际贸易惯例 二、国际贸易惯例的性质和作用 第二章适用于各种运输方式的贸易术语 主要教学目标：熟练掌握适用于各种运输方式的七种贸易术语的含义、关于买卖双方的主要规定，熟悉使用各种贸易术语时需要注意的问题。 教学方法及教学手段：教师讲授 教学重点和难点：重点是七种贸易术语，难点是FCA、CPT、CIP贸易术语之间的异同。
国际贸易实务练习题 第一 一、单项选择题（在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项的字母填在题干中的括号内。） 1、按《2000年通则》，以CIF贸易术语成交的合同一般应由（ A ）办理投保手续。 A、卖方 B、买方 C、承运人 D、保险人 2、一切险与水渍险各项保险责任的不同之处在于（C）的赔偿。 A、自然灾害所造成的单独海损 B、意外事故所造成的全部或部分损失 C、一般外来原因所造成的损失 D、特殊外来原因所造成的损失 3、若汇票的抬头作成（B），该汇票只有经过背书后方可转让。 A、“仅付××公司” B、“付××公司或其指定人” C、“付给来人” D、“付给持票人” 4、使用班轮运输贵重物品，其基本运费通常是按货物的（C）计收。 A、毛重 B、体积 C、FOB总值的一定百分比 D、重量或尺码从高 5、在工业制成品的交易中，为顺利履行合同，通常在合同中订上（B） A.品质机动幅度条款 B.品质公差条款 C.数量增减价条款 D.品质增减价条款 6.下列包装标志中，要在货运单据上表示的是（A）。 A. 运输标志 B. 指示性标志 C. 警告性标志 D. 条形码标志
7.下列说法，哪种是正确的（C）。 A. 保险单的出单期可以晚于已装船提单的出单期 B. 共同海损是自然灾害和/或意外事故对船/货造成的全部损失 C. FAS与FOB的相同点在于都由卖方负责办理出口清关手续 D. 卖空是在价格看跌时，在商品交易所卖出期货合同 8.信用证规定到期日为1997年5月15日，最迟装运日为1997年4月30日。如果提单出单日为1997年4月10日，则受益人最迟交单日应为（D）。 A. 4月30日 B. 4月10日 C. 5月15日 D. 5月1日 9.下列表示船方负担装运费的是（C） A.FREE IN AND OUT B.FREE IN C.FREE OUT D.GROSS TREAM 10.根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》，合同成立的必要程序是（D ）。 A. 询盘、发盘、还盘和接受 B. 询盘、发盘、还盘、接受和签约 C. 发盘接受和签约 D. 发盘和接受 二、判断题 1.在出口贸易中，我们要尽量选择我方责任、费用和风险比较小的贸易术语。（错） 2.如果在国际买卖合同中作了与国际贸易惯例不同的规定，在处理合同争议时，应以国际贸易惯例为准。错 3.仲裁地点最好选择在我国，这种认识是正确的。（对） 4.托运出口玻璃制品时，被保险人在投保一切险之后，还应加保破碎险。（错） 5.如果信用证规定在指定时期内分批装运，若其中某一期未按规定装运，则信用证对该期即告失效，对其余各期仍有效。（错） 6.保兑行与开证行都是信用证的首要付款人。（对） 7.我方与外商以CIF价达成一笔出口合同，制作海运提单时，运费一栏应填写“Freight to collect”。（错）
国际贸易实务试题及答案 Modified by JEEP on December 26th, 2020.
一、单项选择题(在每小题的备选答案中选出一个正确的答案，并将正确答案的号码填在题干的括号内。每小题1 分，共15分) 二、1．在国际贸易中，买卖商品是按重量计价的，若合同未明确规定计算重量的办法时，按惯例，应按( )。 三、A．净重计 四、B．毛重计 五、C．皮重计 六、D．重量计 七、 八、2．按照现行的国际贸易惯例解释，若以C F R条件成交，买卖双方风险划分是以()。 九、A．货物交给承运人保管为界 十、B．货物交给第一承运人保管为界十一、C．货物在目的港越过船舷为界十二、D．货物在装运港越过船舷为界 十三、 十四、3．《I N C O T E R M S2000》C组贸易术语与其它组贸易术语的重要区别之一是()。十五、A．交货地点不同
十六、B．风险划分地点不同十七、C．风险划分地点与费用划分地点不同十八、D．费用划分地点不同 十九、 二十、4．按照国际贸易有关惯例，卖方必须在运输单据上表明()。二十一、A．包装标志二十二、B．警告性标志二十三、C．指示性标志二十四、D．运输标志 二十五、 二十六、5．按F O B条件达成的合同，凡需租船运输大宗货物，应在合同中具体订明()。二十七、A．装船费用由谁负担二十八、B．卸船费用由谁负担二十九、C．保险费用由谁负担三十、D．运费由谁负担 三十一、
三十二、6．在国际贸易中，海运提单的签发日期是表示()。三十三、A．货物开始装船的日期三十四、B．装载船只到达装运港口的日期三十五、C．货物已经装船完毕的日期三十六、D．装载船只到达目的港口的日期 三十七、 三十八、7．海运货物中的班轮运输，其班轮运费应该()。三十九、A．包括装卸费，但不计滞期、速退费四十、B．包括装卸费，同时计滞期、速遣费四十一、C．包括卸货费，应计滞期费，不计速遣费四十二、D．包括装货费，应计速遣费，不计滞期费 四十三、 四十四、8．必须经过背书才能进行转让的提单是()。四十五、A．记名提单四十六、B．不记名提单四十七、C．指示提单
国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英） What’s International Trade? The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. EXPORTING Exporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells. EXW EXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle. FAS Free alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment. FOB Free on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export. CFR Cost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipment CIF CIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium. FCA, Free carrier (…Named place) It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, according to commercial practices, the seller’s assistance is required in making the contract with the carrie r, the seller may act at the buyer’s risk and expenses.
国际贸易实务练习题 第一章导论 选择题： 1、国际货物买卖合同的主体是（A ） A、货物 B、买方和卖方 C、双方的权利与义务 D、中间商 2、以下（C ）具有订约能力 A、未成年人 B、精神病人 C、法人代表 D、酗酒者 3、合同的权利与义务不包括（D ） A、合同的标的 B、货物买卖的价格 C、买卖双方的义务 D、合同的有效性 4、我国法律认可的进出口贸易合同形式是（Ｂ）。 Ａ、口头形式合同Ｂ、书面形式合同 Ｃ、行为形式合同Ｄ、其他形式合同 5、在进出口贸易实际中，对当事人行为无强制性约束的规范是（Ｃ）。 Ａ、国内法Ｂ、国际法 Ｃ、国际贸易惯例Ｄ、合同公约 第二章货物的质量
选择题 1．对一些质量不稳定的初级产品，在规定品质条款时，其灵活制定品质指标常用（A ） A．品质机动幅度B．品质公差 C．交货品质与样品大体相等D．规定一个约量 2．对工业制成品交易，一般在品质条款中灵活制定品质指标，通常使用（A ） A．品质公差B．品质机动幅度 C．交货品质与样品大体相等D．规定一个约量 3、凡凭样品买卖，如合同中无其他规定，则卖方所交的货物（ C ）。 A. 可以与样品大致相同 B. 许可合理的公差 C. 必须与样品一致 D. 可以与样品不同 4、卖方根据买方来样复制样品，寄送买方并经其确认的样品，被称为（B E ）。 A、复样 B、回样 C、原样 D、确认样 E、对等样品 5、在国际贸易中，质量稳定、容易掌握的产品适合于（A ） A、凭样品买卖 B、凭规格买卖 C、凭等级买卖 D、凭产地名称买卖 6、若合同规定有质量公差条款，则在公差范围内，买方（A ） A、不得拒收货物 B、可以拒收货物 C、可以要求调整价格 D、可以拒收货物也可以要求调整价格 7.凡货、样不能做到完全一致的商品，一般都不适宜凭（D ）买卖。 A.规格 B. C.标准 D.样品 8、凭说明书和图样买卖，一般适用于（C ） A、一些品质稳定的产品 B、经过科学加工的初级产品
2014年单证员考试《国际贸易实务》试题及答案 一、单项选择题(每题1分，共15分) 1、在按FOB吊钩下交货的术语成交时，其货物风险转移是( )。 A.以装运港船舷为界 B.以装运港吊钩下为界 C.以装运港船上为界 D.以卸下吊钩时为界 2、FOB/CFR术语下，办理租船、订舱者应为( )。 A.买方/卖方 B.买方/买方 C.卖方/买方 D.卖方/卖方 3、按CFR London 贸易术语成交，卖方完成交货任务是在( )。 A.装运港 B.目的港 C. London港 D. Shanghai港 4、珠宝、首饰等商品具有独特性质，在出口确定其品质时( )。 A.最好用样品磋商 B.最好用文字说明 C.最好看货成交 D.最好用品牌买卖 5、按CIF术语成交的合同，货物在运输途中因火灾被焚，应由( )。 A.卖方负担货物损失 B.卖方负责请求保险公司赔偿 C.买方负责请求保险公司赔偿 D.船方负责请求保险公司赔偿 6、出口羊毛计算重量，通常使用的方法是( )。 A.毛重 B.净重 C.公量 D.实际重量 7、( )是信用证议付行收到出口企业的出口单据后，经审查无误，将单据寄交国外付款行索取货款的结汇做法。 A.收妥结汇 B.押汇 C.定期结汇 D.承兑交单 8、必须经过背书才能转让的提单是( )。 A.记名提单 B.不记名提单 C.指示提单 D.清洁提单 9、某公司按CIF条件出口呸布1000包，货在途中因货舱淡水管道滴漏，致使该批布中的150包遭水渍，保险公司对投保下列哪种险别负责投保()。 A.平安险 B.水渍险 C.一切险 D.渗漏险 10、采用班轮运输，其运费应包括( )。
国际贸易实务 第一章贸易术语与国际贸易惯例 1.国际贸易惯例含义：国际贸易实践中逐渐形成的一般习惯做法制定成文的规则。 2.国贸惯例与习惯的区别与联系： 联系：国贸惯例是在国贸习惯做法的基础上产生的。 区别：国际贸易惯例层次高于贸易习惯；惯例被编撰成文的规则，未成文的习惯不是惯例；国贸惯例必须是国际上普遍接受和广为使用的规则。 3.国贸惯例的作用、性质和法律地位： 性质：具有国际社会民间性质的行为规范 地位：不是法律，不具有强制性；不可随意修改；一写进合同就具有法律效力，强制性。 作用：减少贸易争端；提高效率；弥补法律的不足；规范贸易行为。 4.国贸遵循准则：（密切联系和特征履行) 恪守合同；缔约自由；诚实信用；当事人法律地位平等；遵守法律；公平交易 5.贸易术语 （1）概念：长期国贸实践中产生的，表明商品价格构成，交接过程中有关责任风险和费用划分问题的专门用语。 （2）作用：简化交易手续，缩短时间，节约费用开支；有利妥善解决贸易争端。有利交易双方进行比价和加强成本核算。 6.国际贸易惯例及其性质和作用： 惯例：（1）《1932年华沙—牛津规则》，国际法协会专门为解释CIF合同而制定。 （2）《1990年美国对外贸易定义修订本》，EXW/FOB/FAS/CFR/CIF/DEQ （3）《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》扩大适用范围 （注：2010通则对2000的变化：术语删改；改变分类标准；使用说明；排列方法调整） 第二章适用于各种运输方式的贸易术语 第三章适用于水上运输的贸易术语 *选用贸易术语应该考虑的因素：运输条件、货源、运费、风险、结关手续。 第四章合同的主体与标的 1.约定合同当事人条款注意事项：合同当事人具有缔约能力；名称表述准确；地址正确详细。 2.品名条款主要内容：无统一格式，名称、商标、规格、等级、型号。 3.约定品名条款注意事项：需妙用处 根据需要约定商品名称；合理描述商品；正确使用成交商品名称；内容具体清楚明确。 4.关于产品的质量体系评审和认证制度： （1）ISO9000系列标准：国际标准化组织为适应国贸发展制定的品质管理和品质保证标准。 （3）CCC认证：国际通行，一种对产品是否符合国家强制标准技术法规的合格评定制度。 （4）ISO14000环境管理系列标准：减少企业生产对环境的破坏，符合即为绿色企业。 5.表示商品进出口质量的方法： （1）凭实货表示成交商品的质量 *看货成交：情况较少；适用于寄售，展卖和拍卖业务。 *凭样品成交：卖方样品、买方样品、对等样品。 （2）凭说明表示成交商品的质量 规格、等级、标准、凭说明书和图样、凭商标和品牌、凭产地名称。 6.品质条款的主要内容： *一般内容：规格、等级、标准、凭说明书和图样、凭商标和品牌、凭产地名称。
第一章国际贸易术语 一、名词解释 1.Trade Terms （贸易术语） 2.Delivery Terms （交货条件） 3.《INCOTERMS 2000》（2000年通则） 4.《Warsaw –Oxford Rules1932》（1932年华沙—牛津规则） 二、单项选择题 1.《国际贸易术语解释通则》是由（）制定的。 A. 国际法协会 B. 国际商会 C. 联合国贸发会 D. 联合国国际法委员会 2.专门解释CIF合同的国际贸易惯例是（）。 A. 《华沙—牛津规则》 B. 《美国对外贸易定义》 C. 《国际贸易术语解释通则》 D .《国际货物销售合同公约》 3.在有关贸易术语的国际贸易惯例中，包括术语最多、应用范围最广的是（）。 A. 《海牙规则》 B. 《华沙—牛津规则》 C. 《美国对外贸易定义》 D. 《国际贸易术语解释通则》 4.《2000通则》中包括的贸易术语有（）。 A. 10种 B. 12种 C. 13种 D. 15种 5. 《2000通则》将所涉及的贸易术语分为（）。 A. 二组 B. 三组 C. 四组 D. 五组 6、下列有关国际贸易惯例的论述中，错误的是（）。 A、惯例不同于法律，它对合同的当事人不具有任何的约束力 B、当事人可以明确的合同条款，使惯例对当事人产生约束力 C、当事人可以明确的合同条款，排除惯例对当事人的约束力 D、根据有关法律，司法部门处理争议时要参照国际贸易惯例 三、多项选择题 1. 在国际贸易中使用贸易术语是为了确定（）问题。 A. 交货条件 B. 支付手段 C. 价格构成 D. 争端解决 2. 有关贸易术语的国际惯例有（）。
国际贸易实务习题及答案-免费
国际贸易实务习题及答案 选择/判断 合同的商定与履行： 一、判断以下说法正确与否： 1. 在国际贸易中，达成一项交易的两个必不可少的环节是发盘和接受。（）√ 2. 发盘必须明确规定有效期限，未规定有效期的发盘无效。（）× 3. 一项有效的发盘，一旦被受盘人无条件地全部接受，合同即告成立。（）√ 4. 在交易磋商过程中，发盘是卖方作出的行为，接受是由买方作出的行为。（）× 5. 按《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》规定，一项发盘发出后，发盘人可以随时将其撤销。（）× 6. 还盘是对发盘的拒绝，还盘一经作出，原发盘即失去效力，发盘人不再受其约束。（）√ 7. 一项接受，可以由受盘人作出，也可由发盘人作出。（）√ 8. 国际货物买卖交易磋商中的接受，应以声明或行动表示，但在特定条件下，缄默也可以构成接受。（√）9. 逾期送达发盘人的接受，只要发盘人默认，合同即成立。（）× 10. 因传递原因造成逾期接受，如发盘人未及时表示同意
间为（）。BD A.发盘发出后 B.发盘生效前 C.发盘生效后 D.发盘到达受盘人的同时 E.受盘人表示接受前 6.根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的规定，受盘人对以下哪些内容提出添加或更改，均视为实质性变更发盘条件（）。ABCD A.价格 B.付款 C.品质 D.交货时间与地点 E.不可抗力 贸易术语价格 判断以下说法正确与否： 1.按CIF贸易术语成交，卖方的责任应在目的港交货。× 2.我国按CIF条件出口某项商品，合同规定按信用证付款方式成交，买方在约定时间内未开来信用证，但约定的装运期已到，为了重合同和守信用，我方仍应按期发运货物，以免影响我国对外信誉。× 3.我国从日本进口货物，如按FOB条件成交，需由我方派船到日本口岸接运货物；如按CIF条件成交，则由日方租船舶将货物运往中国港口。可见，我方按FOB进口承担的货物运输风险，比按CIF进口承担的风险大。× 4. 按DES 术语成交，卖方是否投保，由其自便，按CIF 术语成交，卖方则必须投保。√
国际贸易实务(英文版) International Trade Practice 周瑞琪王小欧徐月芳编著 Chapter two IV. Short questions 1.Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB? 答：Seller. 2.Who pays for unloading under CIF? 答：Buyer. https://www.doczj.com/doc/0b2208823.html,pare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF? 答：Similarities: a. Sel ler’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods pass the ship’s rail. b. Seller is responsible for export customs formalities while buyer is responsible for import customs formalities. c. Buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination. d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation. Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer’s risk. 4.What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks? 答：Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms s eller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive the destination. 5.What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR? 答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mod e while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first
厦门大学网络教育2011-2012学年第一学期 《国际贸易实务》复习题 一、填空题 1.交易磋商的一般程序是____询盘____ 、__发盘______ 、___还盘_____ 和_____接受___ 四个环节；其中___发盘____和____接受___是达成交易、合同成立的不可缺少的两个基本环 节和必经的法律步骤 2._重合同守信用______是我国开展对外贸易与经济合作的重要原则，也是履行国际货物买卖合同时必须遵守的一项原则。 3.在国际货物买卖中，商品的作价方法多种多样，常见的有____固定价格___、__非固定价格_____和___价格调整条款____三种。 二、单项选择题 1.期货交易( B ) A.可以在任何时间，任何地点进行 B.必须在期货交易所内按交易所规定的开市时间交易 C.必须在期货交易所进行但没有时间规定 D.必须在交易所规定的时间进行，但交易不限于交易所内 2、FOB、CIF、CFR与其他贸易术语的重要区别是( A) A．以装运港船舷作为划分风险的界限B．象征性交货 C．卖方办理保险 D．买方负责安排运输工具 3．销售包装的作用是(C) A．防止出现货损货差B．保护商品 C．促销 D．B和C 4、按《公约》的解释，如违约的情况尚未达到根本性违反合同的程度，则受害的一方（C）。 A.只可宣告合同无效，不能要求赔偿损失 B.只能提出损害赔偿的要求，不能宣告合同无效 C.不但有权向违约方提出损害赔偿的要求，而且可宣告合同无效 D.可根据违约情况选择以上答案 5、相对卖方而言，（A ）术语的货价高些。 A. CIF B. FCA C. FOB D.EXW 6.独家代理和包销两种贸易方式，( A ) A.前者是委托代理关系，后者是买卖关系 B.前者是买卖关系，后者是委托代理关系 C.都是委托代理关系 D.都是买卖关系 7.汇票根据( A )不同，分为银行汇票和商业汇票。 A.出票人 B.付款人 C.受款人 D.承兑人 8．L／C与托收相结合的支付方式，其全套货运单据应（B ） A．随信用证项下的汇票B．随托收项下的汇票
２015学年第二学期期末考试 《国际贸易实务》试卷A 班级：学号：姓名：评分： 一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共２0分） 1、常见得面积单位有（）. A 、平方米 B 、公升 C 、立方米 D 、斤２、如果物价下降，固定价格对( ）有利. Ａ、卖方Ｂ、双方 C 、买方 D 、船方 3、在信用证付款得情况下,发票抬头应填（）. A 、开证申请人 B 、受益人 C 、出口商 D 、保险商 4、下列关于销售代理人说法正确得就是（ )。 A、代理人取得商品所有权 B、代理人没有取得商品所有权 Ｃ、代理人可能取得商品所有权 D、代理人主要通过货物买卖价差来获利５、下列哪种术语经常被我国进口商采用( )。 A、EXＷ B、DDＰ C、FＯＢ D、DＤU 6、本票有( )个当事人. Ａ、２ B、３ C、4 Ｄ、5 7、我国合同法规定:收取定金得一方不履行约定债务，应当（ )倍返还定金。 A、1 B、2 C、3 D、４ 8、“我方购大米10０0吨,如降价5％”。这就是（）. Ａ、发盘 B 、还盘Ｃ、邀请发盘Ｄ、承诺 9、常见得集合运输包装有( ）。 A 、集装箱Ｂ条 C 、箱Ｄ、捆
10 、对于接受生效，英美法采取( )原则。 A、到达生效 B 、自然生效 C 、投邮生效 D 、中途生效 二、多项选择题（每小题3分, 共15分） 1、在ＦOB术语下,下列属于卖方义务得就是（）。 Ａ、出口报关 B 、保险Ｃ、国内运费 D 、国外运费 2 、下列哪些贸易术语较常用（ )。 A 、CIＦ B 、DDP C 、EXW D 、CFR 3、下列属于以说明表示品质得就是（）。 Ａ、凭规格 B 凭样品Ｃ、凭标准 D 、瞧货买卖 4 、一切险不承保以下风险( ）。 Ａ、战争 B 、罢工 C 、海啸Ｄ、台风 5、《公约》将违约分为（）违约。 Ａ、根本性 B 、违反担保Ｃ、违反要件 D非根本性 三、名词解释(每小题5分，共25分） １、汇票 ２、CＦR Ｅx Ship’s Hoｌｄ 3 、出口收汇核销 4 、卖期保值 5 、仓至仓条款 四、简答题（每小题5分,共1０分） 1 、什么就是违反要件、违反担保？其法律后果就是什么? 2 、构成实盘得基本条件. 五、计算题(30题8分，３1题7分,共15分） 1 、有1００0吨货物出口到美国，2立方米每吨，5００００元每吨. 船公司运价表:10０元／运费吨,30元/1０000元货物，W／M or Ａd、V
一、单项选择题(在每小题的备选答案中选出一个正确的答案，并将正确答案的号码填在题干的括号内。每小题1分，共15 分) 1．在国际贸易中，买卖商品是按重量计价的，若合同未明确规定计算重量的办法时，按惯例，应按( )。 A．净重计 B．毛重计 C．皮重计 D．重量计 2．按照现行的国际贸易惯例解释，若以CFR条件成交，买卖双方风险划分是以( )。 A．货物交给承运人保管为界 B．货物交给第一承运人保管为界 C．货物在目的港越过船舷为界 D．货物在装运港越过船舷为界 3．《INCOTERMS 2000》C组贸易术语与其它组贸易术语的重要区别之一是( )。 A．交货地点不同 B．风险划分地点不同 C．风险划分地点与费用划分地点不同 D．费用划分地点不同 4．按照国际贸易有关惯例，卖方必须在运输单据上表明( )。 A．包装标志 B．警告性标志 C．指示性标志 D．运输标志 5．按FOB条件达成的合同，凡需租船运输大宗货物，应在合同中具体订明( )。 A．装船费用由谁负担 B．卸船费用由谁负担 C．保险费用由谁负担 D．运费由谁负担 6．在国际贸易中，海运提单的签发日期是表示( )。 A．货物开始装船的日期 B．装载船只到达装运港口的日期 C．货物已经装船完毕的日期 D．装载船只到达目的港口的日期 7．海运货物中的班轮运输，其班轮运费应该( )。 A．包括装卸费，但不计滞期、速退费 B．包括装卸费，同时计滞期、速遣费 C．包括卸货费，应计滞期费，不计速遣费 D．包括装货费，应计速遣费，不计滞期费 8．必须经过背书才能进行转让的提单是( )。 A．记名提单 B．不记名提单
C．指示提单 D．备运提单 9．在海洋运输货物保险业务中，共同海损( )。 A．是部分损失的一种 B．是全部损失的一种 C．有时是全部损失，有时是部分损失 D．既是部分损失，又是全部损失 10．在国际贸易运输保险业务中，仓至仓条款是( )。 A．承运人负责运输责任起讫的条件 B．保险人负责保险责任起讫的条款 C．出口人负责交货责任起讫的条款 D．进口人负责接货责任起讫的条款 11．按中国人民保险公司海洋货物运输保险条款规定，三种基本险别就保险公司承担的风险责任范围的大小而言，下列四种排列顺序正确的是( )。 A．最大的是平安险，其次为一切险，再其次为水渍险 B．最大的是水渍险，其次为一切险，再其次为平安险 C．最大的是一切险，其次为水渍险，再其次为平安险 D．最大的是一切险，其次为平安险，再其次为水渍险 12．在进出口贸易中，代理人或经纪人为委托人服务而收取的报酬叫做( )。 A．酬金B．回扣 C．折扣D．佣金 13．信用证的基础是国际货物销售合同，而且又是开证行对出口人的有条件的付款承诺，所以，当信用证条款与销售合同规定不一致时，受益人可以要求( )。 A．开证行修改B．开证人修改 C．通知行修改D．议付行修改 14．汇票有即期和远期之分，在承兑交单(D／A)业务中，( )。 A．只使用远期汇票，不使用即期汇票 B．只使用即期汇票，不使用远期汇票 C．既使用即期汇票，也使用远期汇票 D．即期汇票和远期汇票同时使用 15．卖方发盘限15日复到有效，14日下午收到买方复电要求减价3％并修改交货期，正研究如何答复时，次日上午又收到买方来电接受发盘，( )。 A．于是，合同按卖方发盘条件达成 B．于是，合同按买方提出条件达成 C．于是，合同按买方还实盘条件达成 D．此时，合同尚未达成 二、多项选择题(在每小题的备选答案中选出二个或二个以上正确的答案，并将正确答案的号码填在题干的括号内。正确答案未选全或有选错的，该小题无分。每小题2分，共10分) 16．为防止运输途中货物被窃，应该( )。
《国际贸易实务》 期末考试模拟试题及答案 参考答案： 一、是非判断题（正确用“√”表示，错误用“X”表示。每题1分，共20分） 1．按照INCOTERMS2000的规定，卖方在CIF术语下承担的风险、责任和费用要比FOB术语下的大。（X ）2．按照INCOTERMS2000的规定，在所有的贸易术语下，出口强制检验的费用都由卖方承担。（X ）3．按照INCOTERMS2000的规定，按CIF术语成交，海运途中的风险由买方承担，卖方对货物的延误或灭失不承担责任，因此，合同中如果作出相反的规定是无效的。（X ） 4．按照FOB Under Tackle的规定，卖方的交货地点是买方指定船舶的吊钩所及之处。（X ） 5．在品质公差范围内的货物，买方不得要求调整价格。（√ ） 6．某商品每箱体积为30cm×40cm×50cm，毛重为62kgs，净重为59kgs，如果班轮运费计收标准为W/M，则船公司应按尺码吨计收运费。（X ） 7．海运货物保险中的战争险责任起讫不是采用“仓至仓”，而是仅限于“水面危险”。（√ ） 8．ICC恶意损害险不承保出于政治动机的人的行动所造成的货物的灭失和损害。（√ ） 9．不清洁提单是指带有宣称货物及/或包装有缺陷状况的条款或批注的提单。如，提单上批注“货物由旧麻袋包装”。（X ） 10．航空运单和海运单都不是物权凭证，收货人都是凭到货通知提货。（√ ） 11．UCP500规定，信用证修改通知书有多项内容时，只能全部接受或全部拒绝，不能只接受其中一部分而拒绝另一部分。（√ ） 12．UCP500规定，在分期装运中任何一期未按规定装运，则本期及以后各期均告失效。（√ ） 13．在国际贸易中，如果买方没有利用合理的机会对所收到的货物进行检验，就是放弃了检验权，也就丧失了拒收货物的权利。（√ ） 14．在国际货物买卖中，如果交易双方愿意将履约中的争议提交仲裁机构裁决，则必须在买卖合同中订立仲裁条款，否则仲裁机构将不予受理。（X ） 15．按《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的规定，发盘可以撤回，其条件是发盘人的撤回通知必须在受盘人发出接受通知前传达到受盘人。（X ） 16．在票汇业务中，收款人是持以银行为受票人的银行汇票办理提款手续，所以，票汇业务属于银行信用。（X ） 17．光票托收是指金融单据不附有商业单据的托收，而跟单托收是指金融单据附有商业单据的托收。（X ）18．银行汇票的付款人是银行，而商业汇票的付款人可以是银行，也可以是商号、个人。（√ ） 19．按国际招标惯例，如招标人在评标过程中认为所有的投标均不理想从而不想选定中标人，也可宣布招标失败，拒绝全部投标。（√ ） 20．卖期保值是指从事现货交易的商人为避免现货市场价格变动的风险，在买进现货的同时，在期货市场上卖出同等金额、同一交货期的期货，然后再以多头进行平仓的做法。（X ） 二、选择题（答案可能为一个或多个选项，每题2分，共20分） 1．以下贸易术语中，（BC ）只适用于水上运输。 A．DEQ B．FOB C．FAS D．DDU 2．在国际贸易中，如果卖方交货数量多于合同规定的数量，根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的解释，买方可以（ACD ）。 A．接受全部货物B．拒绝全部货物C．只接受合同规定货物而拒绝多交部分D．接受合同规定数量及多交部分中的一部分
国际贸易实务（答案) 第一章案例分析题： 某年3月，A公司与B公司按照CIF条件签定了一份出口某种日用品的合同。由于考虑到该商品的季节性很强，买方要求在合同中规定货物必须在4月底之前运达目的港，以保证5月初投入市场，过期买方不再接受货物。卖方为了卖得好价钱，同意了买方的条件，并在合同中作出了明确的规定。卖方在合同规定的装运期内发运了货物，然而载货船只在途中发生故障，修船延误了时间，结果货到目的港已是五月中旬。买方拒绝接受货物，并提出索赔，双方为此发生了争执。卖方认为，合同是按照CIF条件成交的，根据《INCOTERMS 2010》的解释，CIF是在装运港交货，买卖双方承担的风险是以装运港船上为界划分，也就是说卖方只承担货物装上船之前的风险，而在运输途中发生的货物损坏，灭失以及延误的风险均由买方承担。但买方则认为，双方在订立合同时已明确规定了期限到达，这是买方接受货物的前提条件。现在货物抵达目的港的时间超过了规定的最后期限，买方自然有权要求解除合同。你认为卖方主张有理，还是买方主张有理？ 答：我认为是买方的主张有理。 理由：虽然根据《INCOTERMS 2010》的解释，CIF是在装运港交货，买卖双方承担的风险是以装运港船上为界划分也就是卖方只承担货物装上船之前的风险，而在之后的风险由买方承担。在一般情况下卖方不承担因为装船之后的由于运输公司逾期到达目的港的风险责任。 但是，由于在合同中有一条对于卖方极其不理的条款：“保证在4月底之前到达目的港，过期买方不接受货物”，买方也同意签署了合同，那么就应当根据合同中的条款履行，买方可以拒绝接受逾期货物。 第二章思考题： 1、EXW买卖双方的基本义务 卖方基本义务： （1）在合同规定的时间、地点，将合同约定的货物置于买方的处置之下（2）承担将货物交给买方处置之前的一切费用和风险。 （3）提交商业发票或有同等作用的电子讯息，以及合同可能要求的，证明货物符合合同规定的其他任何凭证。 买方基本义务： （1）在合同规定的时间、地点，受领卖方提交的货物，并按照合同规定支付货款。 （2）承担受领货物之后的一切费用和风险。 （3）自担风险和费用，取得任何出口和进口许可证或者其他官方许可，在需要办理海关手续时，并办理货物出口的一切海关手续。 2、比较FCA、CPT和CIP的异同点。 相同点： 第一、适用于任何运输方式，包括多式联运，也包括海运。 第二、卖方在规定的日期或期间内在出口国的内地或港口把货物交给承运人或第一承运人照管。 第三、卖方自行负担风险和费用，取得出口许可证或其它官方批准证件，并办理货物出口所必须的一切海关手续；买方自负风险和费用，取得进口许可证或其它官方批准文件，并办理货物进口以及必要时经由另一国家过境运输所需的一
第三章 1、从合同成立的角度来看，（）是达成一笔交易不可缺少的两个环节。 A. 发盘和接受 B. 发盘和还盘 C. 询盘和接受 D. 还盘和接受 2、国际贸易谈判中，一方对另一方询盘的接受，对（）。 A. 双方均有约束力 B. 双方均无约束力 C.接受的一方有约束力D在一定条件下有约束力 3、在实际业务中，发盘（）。 A. 是由卖方发出 B. 是由买方发出 C. 是由卖方或买方发出 D. 不是由买方发出 4、下列关于发盘终止情况的表述不正确的是（）。 A. 受盘人不理会发盘的条件 B. 受盘人表示拒绝或发出还盘 C. 发盘人对发盘的有效撤回 D. 发盘人对发盘的有效撤销 5、发盘的撤回可以（）。 A在发盘生效之前B在发盘生效之后C在受盘人发出接受通知之后D在受盘人发出接受通知之前 6、公约规定，接受通知于（）生效。 A. 发出时 B. 送达时 C. 一段合理的时间内 D.发盘人确认后 7、根据公约，迟到的接受是否有效，主要取决于（）。 A.传递情况 B. 发盘人 C. 受盘人 D. 接受通知的正常传递 8、接受通知发出以后，受盘人在接受生效之前（）。 A. 不能将其撤销和撤回 B.可以撤销 C. 可以撤回 D. 既可撤回也可撤销 9、接受的具备的条件不应该包括（） A. 接受必须由受盘人作出 B. 接受必须明确表示出来 C. 受盘人在作出接受时不能提出某些希望和建议 D. 接受通知要在有效期内送达发盘人 10、一项发盘，经过还盘后，则该项发盘（） A. 失效 B. 对原发盘人有约束力 C. 对还盘人有约束力 D. 在有效期内有效 答案：1A 2B 3A 4A 5A 6B 7C 8C 9C 10A 第4章： 1 某公司与国外一家公司以EXW条件成交了一笔买卖，在这种情况下，其交货地点是在（）：A 出口国港口 B 进口国港口C 出口商工厂 D 从工厂到装运港间的约定地２、按照2000通则，在CFR价格术语中，风险转移的界限是（）： A 在装运港货物越过船舷时 B 装运港船舱 C 目的港船上 D 货交承运人 ３、代表边境交货的贸易术语（）：A FAS B DAF C CPT D FOB 4 按CFR贸易术语成交的合同中，不计入货物价格的是（）： A 货物成本 B 运费 C 保险费 D 生产成本 5 在使用贸易术语进行交易时，卖方及时向买方发出“已装船通知”至关重要，因为它将直接影响买卖双方对运输途中的风险承担。A CIP B FCA C CFR D CPT 6 根据《INCOTERMS 2000》的解释，以CIF汉堡成交，卖方对货物所承担的风险界限是： A 货物在装运港越过船舷以前 B 货物在装运港卸下卖方车辆以前 C 货物在目的港卸货越过船舷以前 D 货物在装运港交给承运人之前 7 在CIP和CPT贸易术语中，租船订舱责任承担方分别为。 A 卖方/卖方； B 卖方/买方； C 买方/买方； D 买方/卖方 8 根据《INCOTERMS 2010》，F组术语的共同点是。 A 卖方办理保险手续； B 卖方订立运输合同；