A business survives and thrives on information: information within the organization and information changed with suppliers, customers,and regulators. Moreover, the information needs to be consistent, accessible, and at the right location. We consider information in four forms-voice, data, image, and video-and the implications of distributed requirements.
The term voice communications refers primarily to telephone related communications. By far the most common form of communication in any organization and for most personnel is direct telephone conversation. The telephone has been a basic tool of business for decades. Telephone communications has recently been enhanced by a variety of computer-based services, including voice mail and computerized telephone exchange systems. V oice mail provides the ability to send, forward , and reply to voice messages nonsimultaneously , and it has become a cost-efficient tool even for many midsize organizations. It provides saving on answering machines and services as well as more responsive service to customers and suppliers. Advances have also been made in computerized telephone exchange systems, including in-house digital private branch exchanges(PBX) and Centrex systems provided by the local telephone company. These new systems provide a host of features, including call forwarding, call waiting, least-cost routing of long-distance calls, and a variety of accounting and auditing features.
The term data communications is sometimes used to refer to virtually any form of information transfer other than voice. It is sometimes convenient to limit this term to information in the form of text(such as reports, memos, and other documents) and numerical data(such as accounting files). The rapid changes in technology have created fresh challenges for management in making effective use of data communications. We will briefly outline the changes in technology in transmission, networks, and communications software that present the manager with new powerful business tools but also the necessity of making choices among complex alternatives.
一个企业生存和蓬勃发展的信息：在改变与供应商，客户和监管机构的组织和信息的信息。此外，对信息的需求是一致的，访问，并在合适的位置。我们认为，在四种形式的语音，数据，图像，视频和分布式需求的影响的信息。
长期的语音通信，主要是指以电话相关的通讯。迄今为止最常见的沟通形式中的任何组织和大多数工作人员是直接的电话交谈。电话已几十年来的基本的业务工具。电话通讯最近已加强各种以计算机为基础的服务，包括语音邮件和程控电话交换系统。语音信箱提供的能力，发送，转发和回复语音邮件nonsimultaneously，它已成为一个成本效益的工具，甚至许多中小型组织。提供节省答录机和服务，以及更快捷的服务客户和供应商。程控电话交换系统，包括内部数字专用分支交换机（PBX）和本地电话公司提供的Centrex系统也取得了进展。这些新系统提供主机的功能，包括呼叫转接，呼叫等待，长途电话的最低成本路由，各种会计和审计功能。
长期的数据通信有时被用来指几乎任何其他信息传输比语音形式。有时可以很方便限制这个术语在文本形式的信息（如报告，备忘录和其他文件）和数字数据（如会计档案）。已创建管理新的挑战，在有效地利用数据通信技术的迅速变化。我们将简要概述在传输技术的变化，网络和通信软件，经理提出新的强大的商业工具，但也使复杂的替代品之间的选择的必要性。
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 科技英语教学大纲 《科技英语》课程教学大纲课程编码：课程名称：学时：0110089 科技英语 36 选修机械设计制造及其自动化 7 英文名称：学分： English for science and technology 2 专业课基础英语、专业英语机电工程学院课程类型：适用专业：开课学期：课程性质：先修课程：开课院系：一、课程地位、目的和任务科技英语课程是在大学英语学习的基础上帮助学生完成从大学基础英语阅读阶段到专业英语阅读阶段的过渡。 科技英语具有丰富的词汇、独特的语法结构和专业上通用的表达方式，学习科技英语是对大学基础英语的补充和提高，也是学生开阔视野、直接了解世界范围内专业前沿知识和技术发展现状的必要途径。 通过本门课程的学习，了解科技英语的表达方式、方法在英语中的具体体现，为高年级阅读专业英语文献和英文原著打下良好基础。 同时，学生可以进一步提高阅读理解和综合分析能力(如记笔记、信息转换等)；习惯于阅读真实的语言素材；扩大科技词汇量，开阔科普视野和思路；进一步了解如何书写正式的英文书信、项目规划书，学会如何利用图表、表格等视觉信息，熟悉科技文体的写作规范；操练以不同语言结构、以语言功能为中心的写作练习和翻译练习；掌握《大学英语专业阅读阶段教学基本要求》所规定的学习技能、语言功能和基本词汇。 1/ 9
科技英语的教学任务是讲授科技英语的语法特点、文体结构以及科技英语文献的翻译方法和技巧，培养学生阅读英语科技资料的能力，使其能以英语为工具获取有关专业所需要的信息。 二、本课程与其它课程的联系科技英语是在基础英语和专业英语的基础上开设的一门专业基础课，是基础英语和专业英语的延伸和拓展。 阅读单元的课文内容涉及到科技发展的最新领域，包括环境、化学、生物和新材料等方面的最新发展。 三、课程教学内容及要求
1.This electron beam sweeps across each line at a uniform rate，then flies back to scan another line directly below the previous one and so on，until the horizontal lines into which it is desired to break or split the picture have been scanned in the desired sequence． 电子束以均匀的速率扫描每一行，然后飞速返回去扫描下一行，直到把被扫描的图像按所希望的顺序分割成行。 2.The technical possibilities could well exist，therefore，of nation-wide integrated transmission network of high capacity，controlled by computers，interconnected globally by satellite and submarine cable，providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the word 因此，在技术上完全可能实现全国性的集成发送网络。这种网络容量大，由计算机控制，并能通过卫星和海底电缆实现全球互联，提供世界范围的高速、可靠的通信。 3.Transit time is the primary factor which limits the ability of a transistor to operate at high frequency． 渡越时间是限制晶体管高频工作能力的主要因素 4.The intensity of sound is inversely proportional to the square of the distance measured from the source of the sound. 声强与到声源的距离的平方成反比。 5.The attenuation of the filter is nearly constant to within 0.5 dB over the entire frequency band． 该滤波器的衰减近于恒定, 整个频带内的变化在0.5 dB以内。 6.At present, the state of most semiconductor device technology is such that the device design and process technology must be supplemented by screening and inspection procedures, if ultimate device reliability is to be obtained and controlled． 目前, 大多数半导体器件的技术尚未十分完善, 以至若要获得并控制器件最终的可靠性, 就必须辅以筛选和检验, 以弥补设计和工艺技术之不足 7.Bandwidth of transistor amplifiers vary from about 250 MHz in the L band to 1000 MHz in the X band． 晶体管放大器的带宽在L波段约为250 MHz, 在X波段为1000 MHz。 8.The output of the differential amplifier is fed to the circuit’s output stage via an offset-compensation network, which causes the op-amp’s output to center at zero volts. The output stage takes the form of a complementary emitter follower, and provides a low-impedance output. 差动放大级的输出通过一个失调补偿网络与输出级相连, 目的是使运放的输出以0 V为中心。输出级采用互补的射极跟随器的形式以使输出阻抗很低 9.Because of the very high open-loop voltage gain of the op-amp, the output is driven into positive saturation (close to +V) when the sample voltage goes slightly above the reference voltage, and driven into negative saturation (close to-V) when the sample voltage goes slightly below the reference voltage. 由于运放的开环电压增益很高, 当取样电压略高于参考电压时, 输出趋向于正向饱和状态(接近+V)。当取样电压低于参考电压时, 输出趋向于负向饱和状态(接近-V)。 10.If the signal source were direct connected instead of capacitor coupled, there would be a low resistance path from the base to the negative supply line, and this would affect the circuit bias conditions. 如果信号源和电路不是用电容耦合而是直接相连，从基极到负电源线就会一个低阻通路，并且这将影响到电路偏置状态 11.The differential amplifier has a high-impedance (constant-current)“tail”to give it a high input impedance and a high degree of common-mode signal rejection. It also has a high-impedance collector (or drain) load, to give it a large amount of signal-voltage gain (typically about 100 dB). 差动放大极有一个高阻抗的“尾巴”（恒流源）以提供高输入阻抗和对共模信号的深度抑制，同时，它还具有一个高阻抗和集电极或漏极负载以提供高的信号电压增益（典型的数据是100dB). 12.On the other hand, a DC negative-logic system, as in Figure 3.6(b), is one which designates the more negative voltage state of the bit as the 1 level and the more positive as the 0 level. 另一方面, 如图3.6(b)所示, 把比特的较低的电压状态记为1电平, 较高的电压状态记为0电平, 这样的系统称为直流负逻辑系统。 13.For example, to represent the 10 numerals (0, 1, 2, …, 9) and the 26 letters of the English alphabet would require 36
通信一班序号：28 姓名：粟清明学号：14102301239 JXTA is a crystallization by Sun company's chief scientist Bill Joy's more than twenty years of brewing."JXTA technology is a platform for Network programming and calculation.To solve the modern distribution calculation especially peer-to-peer (Peer to Peer, P2P) in the calculation of the problem". [1] JXTA research project,which will provide a new framework that make the user more convenient to access to connect on the Internet's personal computer resources, thus further expand Internet 's space. At the same time JXTA is also the Sun's "ONE Internet" strategic continuance, and will take a more positive attitude to compete with the .net strategy of Microsoft and Hailstorm plan . JXTA agreement defines a set of six agreement based on XML, the organization of node into node group, release and found some resources, communication and mutual monitoring provides standardized method. (Endpoint Routing Protocol,ERP) is used for node found routing.To send a message to other nodes, and through the potential firewall and connection. (Rendezvous Protocol,RVP) s used for the nodes in the group to spread information.(Peer Resolver Protocol,PRP) is Used to one or more points to send general inquiries, and receive the response of inquiries. (Peer Discovery Protocol, PDP) is used to release and found advertising resources. (Peer Information Protocol, PIP) used to get other nodes state Information. (Peer Binding Protocol, PBP), can let a node with another node or between more nodes to set up virtual communication channel or pipeline. Compared to the nowadays general communication mode .P2P has many advantages, but it also has a lot of problems waiting to be solved.Firstly, each Peer in P2P is an active participant,in order to make the network performance increase, they need more Peer's participation, so that will result in the network's huge, manage this network will is a complex project; Secondly, P2P agreement compares with traditional
科技英语综合教程课后谜底及课文翻译[资料] 科技英语综合教程课后答案及课文翻译 科技英语综合教程课后答案及课文翻译 Unit 1 Translation Practice II. Words and Phrases Translation A. Translate the following expressions intoChinese: 1. mutual gain game and mutual harm game 互赢博弈和互败博弈 2. sequential-move game 连续策略博弈 3. simultaneous-move game 联立策略博弈 4. linear reasoning 直线推理 5. circular reasoning 循环推理 6. Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡 7. dominant strategy 支配性策略 8. optimal result 最优化结果 9. breakdown of cooperation 合作分裂 10. strategy of brinkmanship 边缘化策略 B. Translate the following expressions intoEnglish: 1. 完全博弈 pure conflict 2. 竞争与合作 competition and cooperation 3. 策略性相互作用 strategic interdependence 4. 囚徒困境prisoners’ dilemma 5. 长远性损失 long-run loss 6. 针锋相对策略 tit-for-tat strategy 7. 混合性策略mixing one’s moves 8. (网球)斜线球或底线球 hita passing shot cross-court or down the line 9. 垄断性市场 monopoly market
A business survives and thrives on information: information within the organization and information changed with suppliers, customers,and regulators. Moreover, the information needs to be consistent, accessible, and at the right location. We consider information in four forms-voice, data, image, and video-and the implications of distributed requirements. The term voice communications refers primarily to telephone related communications. By far the most common form of communication in any organization and for most personnel is direct telephone conversation. The telephone has been a basic tool of business for decades. Telephone communications has recently been enhanced by a variety of computer-based services, including voice mail and computerized telephone exchange systems. V oice mail provides the ability to send, forward , and reply to voice messages nonsimultaneously , and it has become a cost-efficient tool even for many midsize organizations. It provides saving on answering machines and services as well as more responsive service to customers and suppliers. Advances have also been made in computerized telephone exchange systems, including in-house digital private branch exchanges(PBX) and Centrex systems provided by the local telephone company. These new systems provide a host of features, including call forwarding, call waiting, least-cost routing of long-distance calls, and a variety of accounting and auditing features. The term data communications is sometimes used to refer to virtually any form of information transfer other than voice. It is sometimes convenient to limit this term to information in the form of text(such as reports, memos, and other documents) and numerical data(such as accounting files). The rapid changes in technology have created fresh challenges for management in making effective use of data communications. We will briefly outline the changes in technology in transmission, networks, and communications software that present the manager with new powerful business tools but also the necessity of making choices among complex alternatives. 一个企业生存和蓬勃发展的信息：在改变与供应商，客户和监管机构的组织和信息的信息。此外，对信息的需求是一致的，访问，并在合适的位置。我们认为，在四种形式的语音，数据，图像，视频和分布式需求的影响的信息。 长期的语音通信，主要是指以电话相关的通讯。迄今为止最常见的沟通形式中的任何组织和大多数工作人员是直接的电话交谈。电话已几十年来的基本的业务工具。电话通讯最近已加强各种以计算机为基础的服务，包括语音邮件和程控电话交换系统。语音信箱提供的能力，发送，转发和回复语音邮件nonsimultaneously，它已成为一个成本效益的工具，甚至许多中小型组织。提供节省答录机和服务，以及更快捷的服务客户和供应商。程控电话交换系统，包括内部数字专用分支交换机（PBX）和本地电话公司提供的Centrex系统也取得了进展。这些新系统提供主机的功能，包括呼叫转接，呼叫等待，长途电话的最低成本路由，各种会计和审计功能。 长期的数据通信有时被用来指几乎任何其他信息传输比语音形式。有时可以很方便限制这个术语在文本形式的信息（如报告，备忘录和其他文件）和数字数据（如会计档案）。已创建管理新的挑战，在有效地利用数据通信技术的迅速变化。我们将简要概述在传输技术的变化，网络和通信软件，经理提出新的强大的商业工具，但也使复杂的替代品之间的选择的必要性。
第一单元环境 大规模研究发现：地球的“健康”每况愈下有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析表明，地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。 由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出，由于不可持续的使用，地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统已经遭到破坏，其中包括干净的水源、纯净的空气，以及稳定的气候。 以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。据报告分析，随着人类对食物、淡水、木材、纤维以及燃料等资源的需求日趋激增，环境发生了极大的变化，引发了诸如滥伐森林、化学污染等问题。因此，该报告的作者警告说，照此下去，本已岌岌可危的生态环境将会在21世纪的上半叶急剧恶化。 这项历史性的研究由来自世界95个国家的政府部门以及民间组织的1,300多位科学家共同完成。四年来，他们考察了地球上许多生物的生长环境、物种以及将他们联系起来的生态体系。联合国环境规划署对该报告进行了编辑整理并于昨天在中国北京公布了研究结果。 在公布该报告的新闻发布会上，联合国秘书长科菲·安南指出：“只有了解环境及其运作过程，我们才能制定出必要的决策加以保护。”他还说，“只有珍惜所有宝贵的自然资源和人类资源，我们才有希望去建设一个可持续发展的未来。” 对社会经济的影响 该报告对自然界的大部分生物多样性持悲观态度，地球上可能有10%—30%的哺乳动物，鸟类以及两栖动物濒临灭绝。 这次大规模生态调查是根据安南的《千年发展目标》展开的，该发展目标是由联合国发起的，旨在2015年之前大幅度缓解饥饿与极度贫困等社会经济问题。 总部位于内罗毕的联合国环境规划署执行主席克劳斯·托普弗说：“从某些方面来说，《千年生态系统评估综合报告》让我们首次认识到生态系统服务功能的经济价值，并使我们对尊重和保护地球生命维护系统有了新的见解。” 目前由于人类社会对地球环境的开发利用，食物供应不断增加，然而增长的速度仍然太慢，难以完成联合国制定的在2015年前消除全球一半饥饿的目标。 报告还说，过度使用生态系统的负面影响还包括渔业的衰退，含有大量沉积物的河口周围近海“死亡区”的出现，水质的变化以及不可预测的区域性气候等。 此外，森林的滥伐和其他生态系统的巨大改变也加剧了诸如疟疾、霍乱等疾病的传播，并使已有传染病分化出新的类别。 根据该报告，水资源体系的变化会增加毁灭性洪灾的爆发频率和程度。在20世纪90年代，洪灾造成的死亡人数超过10万，损失约2,430亿美元。
信号系统和信号处理 陈武0830010209 信号与系统的概念出现在广阔的范围内，在科学技术的不同领域，如通信、航空航天、电路设计、声学、地震学、生物医学工程、发电和输电系统，化学过程控制和语音处理中都离不开这个概念的思想与技术。它在科学技术中发挥了重要作用。在这篇文章，我们简单地介绍连续、离散的信号和系统的数学表示，和信号能量和功率的概念。 1.时间连续和时间离散信号 信号可以描述广泛的无理现象，尽管信号可以用很多方法表示，但在所有的方法中，信号中的信息都包含在一组不同形式的变量中，例如，假设图3-1是一个简单的电路，这是，时域上的电源和电容电压。Vs和Vc就是信号的例子。 在数学上，信号是一个或多个自变量的函数。例如，语音在数学上可以表示成声音压力关于时间的函数；一张图可以表示成亮度关于两个空间变量的函数。尽管在一些特殊的运用中不是描述时间的，为了方便起见，我们一般用时间作变量；例如，在地理学，是用信号描述变量为物理特征程度来研究地球结构，如米芾、多孔性、和电阻性。同样地，在气象调查中，知道空气压力、湿度和海拔风速的变量是极其重要的。图3-2描绘一个典型的年度平均纵向风剖面关于高度的函数。海拔风速这个测量变量是用来核对天气类型的，同时，风状态可能影响直升机的最终到达和降落。 在这篇稳重，我们将要考虑两种不同类型的信号：时间连续信号和时间离散信号。时间连续的信号，自变量是连续的，因此这些信号被定义成值为连续的自变量。相反地，离散时间信号被定义成离散，因此，对这些信号来说，自变量智能取一系列离散的值。关于时间和气压，光宇海拔的函数——语音信号，就是时间连续信号的例子。图3-3所描述的道琼斯的周股票市场索引就是时间离散信号的例子。 为了区别时间连续和时间离散信号，我们一般符号t来表示时间连续的自变量，用n来表示时间离散的自变量。另外，对于时间连续信号，我们用圆括号（·）来围住自变量；然而，对离散信号，我们是用方括号[·]来围住自变量。在很多场合，用图像表示变量也是很有用的。在图3-4展示了连续信号和离散信号的图像表示法。很有必要注意的是，离散信号的自变量智能定义整数值。 2.时间连续和时间离散系统 物理系统最直观的感觉就是，元器件、设备和子系统的互连。在信号处理和通信，机电马达，电动车，化学加工厂中，系统可以视为一个处理，在这里，以某种方法，信号会被系统传输或引起系统相应，从而产生其他信号作为输出。例如，一个高保真系统记录音频信号并重放这信号。如果这高保真系统有音调控制，我们可以改变所播放的声音的质量。同样地，图3-1可以视为一个带输入电压Vs（t）和输出电压Vc（t）的系统。一个图像增强系统将输入图像转化成所期望的输出图像，例如增强对比度。 一个时间连续系统是输入连续信号得到连续输出信号的系统。例如图3-5a所描绘的，在这里，x(t)是输入，y(t)是输出，h(t)是系统脉冲相应。同样地，时间离散系统是一个输入离散，得到离散输出的系统，如图3-5b所描绘的，在这里，x(n)是输入，y(n)是输出，h(n)是系统单位抽样相应。 我们可以通过抽样定理使时间连续和时间离散系统相结合。我们可以开发时间离散系统来处理已被抽样的时间连续信号。目前，很多数字信号处理方法已用在科学和技术领域。所以，我们取数字信号系统为例，它的一些系统特性将在下一部分描述。 3.一些数字信号系统的特性 一般来说，一个系统通过转化函数讲输入信号x(n)映射成Y(n)这个系统定义是
1 While some studies have suggested that frequent use of cell phones causes increased risk of brain and mouth cancers, others have found no such links. But since cell phones are relatively new and brain cancers grow slowly, many experts are now recommending taking steps to reduce exposure. by bruce stutz 一些研究显示，经常使用手机会增加得脑部和口腔癌症的几率。有的研究却没发现两者之间有什么联系。但是，手机算是个新兴事物，而脑癌发展也缓慢，许多专家还是建议减少使用手机。 2 Does your cell phone increase your risk of brain cancer? Does it affect your skin or your sperm viability? Is it safe for pregnant women or children? Should you keep it in your bag, on your belt, in your pants or shirt pocket? Should you use a hands-free headset? Are present cell phone safety standards strict enough? 手机会增加得脑癌的几率吗？会不会影响皮肤或者精子活性？使用手机对孕妇或孩子安全吗？应该把手机放在哪，包里、衣服口袋，还是挂在腰带上？打电话的时候要用耳机吗？现在的手机安全标准够不够严？ 3 You don’t know? You’re not alone. 你不知道？这很正常。 4 With some 4 to 5 billion cell phones now in use worldwide and hundreds of studies seeking evidence of their health effects published in peer-reviewed journals over the last 10 years, there’s precious little scientific certainty over whether cell phones pose any danger to those using them. For nearly every study that reports an effect, another, just as carefully conducted, finds none. All of which leaves journalists, consumer advocates, regulatory agencies, politicians, industry spokespersons, and cell phone users able to choose and interpret the results they prefer, or ignore the ones they don’t. 如今，全世界共有40-50亿手机正在使用。过去十年里，成百上千的研究也在致力于寻找手机影响健康的证据，并在相关刊物上发表论文。但还没有确凿的证据能证明，使用手机损害健康。几乎没有研究发现手机对健康有不良影响。但这还是没影响到政治家、新闻记者、管理机构、产业发言人、消费者保护团体，还有消费者自己，选择他们喜好的结果去理解，忽略不喜欢的那些。 5 Do you, for instance, cite the studies that report adverse effects on sperm viability and motility, due to exposure to cell phone radiation or the studies that showed no —or mixed —results? 6 Do you cite the 2001 study that found increased incidence of uveal melanoma (a cancer of the eye) among frequent cell phone users, or the 2009 study by the same authors that, in reassessing their data, found no increase? 2001年的研究显示，常用手机的人患葡萄膜黑色素瘤（一种眼内癌症）几率会增大。2009年这些研究员又发表报告称，他们再分析当年的数据时，又不能确
Fiber to the Home(光纤到家) 光纤到家（FTTH）是一个住宅的通信基础设施，光纤电缆运行所有的方式向用户。经过多年的期待，各种部署光纤到户是最后出现在美国各地的社区虽然光纤到户是一种技术，它为本地接入市场的竞争动态有趣的影响。光纤到户网络可以提供的带宽比目前现有的宽带技术的许多倍。今天似乎每个人都想要的高速数据，可靠的语音服务，高质量的视频。无论这些服务是由数字用户线（DSL）交付，电缆调制解调器或无线架构是微不足道的，只要服务是快速和可靠的。 FTTH使运营商能够提供多种通信和娱乐服务，包括高速互联网接入，广播，有线电视，直播卫星（DBS）电视，互动的双向视频服务。此外，一个FTTH解决方案基于波分复用（WDM），允许更多的灵活性和适应性，进一步支持服务。 进一步支持服务的适应性。在FTTH系统，在前端设备或是连接到公共交换电话网络（PSTN）唱DS-1和连接到ATM、以太网接口。视频服务从有线电视（CATV）进入系统的头端或来至卫星饲料。 所有这些信号，然后合并成采用WDM技术单光纤传输通过无源光分路器的最终用户。分路器通常放在离中心局（CO）约3000英尺。分流比的范围可以从2到32的用户并没有在网络中使用任何活性成分。然后将信号送到3个000英尺的 家在一个单一的纤维。一个理想的FTTH系统必须提供的所有服务用户的能力支付，如电路交换电话，视频服务、高速数据广播。 在家里，光信号转换成电信号的光电转换器（OEC）。OEC把信号分成由最终 用户所需的服务。理想情况下，其将有标准的用户界面，提供所需的服务不集LLD盒。这些接口包括电话RJ11插孔，RJ45接口的高速数据，和75欧姆同轴电缆端口的有线电视和卫星直播业务。 有关联的FTTH的几个优点，如下： 这是一个被动网络，因此从有限无活性成分对最终用户这大大减少网络维护的成本和需求以及消除直流电源网络的需要。 它是一个单一的光纤到终端用户，提供各种服务与行业标准的用户界面，包括语音，高速数据，模拟或数字有线电视，星展，ANL视频。 FTTH以当地备用电池和低功率消耗。 FTTH是可靠的，可扩展的，安全的。 FTTH网络是一个夹具的证据体系。 为最终用户提供这些服务的最终解决方案。双绞线,同轴电缆一种混合光纤／同轴（HFC）网络不健全或未来作为FTTH架构和持续建筑.成本光学设备，光纤到
Directorate-General for Translation European Commission
HOW TO WRITE CLEARLY This booklet is intended for all writers of English at the European Commission. Whether your job is drafting or translating, here are some hints – not rules – that will help you to write clearly and make sure your message ends up in your readers’ brains, not in their bins. Put the reader first page 2 Use verbs, not nouns page 3 page 4 abstract not Concrete, passive 5 page not Active, Whodunnit? Name the agent page 6 Making sense – managing stress page 7 KISS: Keep It Short…. page 8 page Simple 9 … and False friends … page 10 pitfalls page 11 other and … References page 12
Put the reader first There are three groups of people likely to read Commission documents: 1. EU insiders (colleagues in the Commission or other institutions) 2. outside specialists 3. the general public. The third group is by far the largest and most important. As more Commission documents are made accessible to the general public, criticism of FOG will increase. Always bear in mind the people you're writing for: not your committee, your boss, or the reviser of your translations, but the end users. They are in a hurry. Don't overestimate their knowledge, interest or patience. Whatever the type of document - legislation, a technical report, minutes, a press release or speech - you can enhance its impact by writing clearly. Try to see your subject matter from your readers' point of view; try to involve them ("you" is an under-used word in Commission documents); and try not to bore them. You can avoid irritating half your readers by replacing gender-specific words (replace "layman" by "lay person"; "salesgirl" by "sales assistant"; "workman" by "worker"). Avoid "he, she/ his, her" by using "they/ their" instead.
Why We're Fat 1 So why is obesity happening? The obvious, clichéd-but-true answer is that we eat too much high-calorie food and don't burn it off with enough exercise. If only we had more willpower, the problem would go away. But it isn't that easy. 为什么会有肥胖症？一个明显、老生常谈但又真实的答案就是我们吃太多高热量食物并且没有进行足够的运动消耗它。要是我们的意志力更强大，这个问题便迎刃而解了。但是，问题并不是那么简单。 2 When warned about the dangers of overeating, we get briefly spooked and try to do better. Then we're offered a plateful of pancakes smothered in maple syrup, our appetite overpowers our reason, and before we know it, we're at it again. Just why is appetite such a powerful driver of behavior, and, more important, how can we tame it? 当我们被警告说吃得太多的时候，一时总会被吓倒并努力做好一些。然后一碟涂满槭糖浆的煎饼摆在面前，我们的食欲战胜了我们的理智，等到我们意识到它的时候，我们又重蹈覆辙了。到底为什么食欲具有如此强大的推动力？更重要的是，我们怎么才能够控制它？ 3 Within the past few years, science has linked our ravenous appetites to genes and hormones. Among the hormones that fuel these urges are ghrelin and leptin, known as the "hunger hormones." Ghrelin is produced mostly by cells in the stomach lining. Its job is to make you feel hungry by affecting the hypothalamus, which governs metabolism. Ghrelin levels rise in dieters who lose weight and then try to keep it off. It's almost as if their bodies are trying to regain the lost fat. This is one reason why it's hard to lose weight and maintain the loss. 近几年来，科学将我们迫不及待要吃的食欲跟基因和激素联系起来。激起这些强烈的欲望的激素有胃促生长素和消瘦素，也被称作“饥饿激素”。胃促生长素主要由胃保护层的细胞产生。它的职责是影响控制新陈代谢的下丘脑，让你感到饥饿。当节食者减肥并且努力维持减肥效果，他的胃促生长素水平就会升高。就像他们的身体要试图恢复失去的脂肪。这是为什么很难减肥并维持减肥效果的原因之一。 4 Leptin turns your appetite off and is made by fat cells. Low leptin levels increase your appetite and signal your body to store more fat. High leptin levels relay the opposite signal. Many obese people have developed a resistance to the appetite-suppressing effects of leptin and never feel satisfied, no matter how much they eat. Basically, your body uses these hormones to help you stay at your weight and keep you from losing fat —which is another reason why dieting can be so difficult. 消瘦素消除你的食欲，它来自脂肪细胞。低消瘦素水平增加你的食欲并通知你的身体储存更多的脂肪。高消瘦素水平传递相反的信号。很多肥胖的人已经形成了一种对消瘦素抑制食欲效应的抵抗，不管他们吃多少也从不感到满足。从根本上说，你的身体利用这些激素帮助你保持现在的体重，不让你的脂肪流走——这是节食如此之难的另外一个原因。