罗斯《公司理财》第9版精要版英文原书课后部分章节答案详细? 1 / 17 CH5 11，13，18，19，20 11. To find the PV of a lump sum, we use: PV = FV / (1 + r) t PV = $1,000,000 / (1.10) 80 = $488.19 13. To answer this question, we can use either the FV or the PV formula. Both will give the same answer since they are the inverse of each other. We will use the FV formula, that is: FV = PV(1 + r) t Solving for r, we get: r = (FV / PV) 1 / t –1 r = ($1,260,000 / $150) 1/11 2 – 1 = .0840 or 8.40% To find the FV of the first prize, we use: FV = PV(1 + r) t FV = $1,260,000(1.0840) 3 3 = $18,056,409.9 4 18. To find the FV of a lump sum, we use: FV = PV(1 + r) t FV = $4,000(1.11) 4 5 = $438,120.97 FV = $4,000(1.11) 35 = $154,299.40 Better start early! 19. We need to find the FV of a lump sum. However, the money will only be invested for six years, so the number of periods is six. FV = PV(1 + r) t FV = $20,000(1.084) 6 = $32,449.33 20. To answer this question, we can use either the FV or the PV formula. Both will give the same answer since they are the inverse of each other. We will use the FV formula, that is: FV = PV(1 + r) t Solving for t, we get: t = ln(FV / PV) / ln(1 + r) t = ln($75,000 / $10,000) / ln(1.11) = 19.31 So, the money must be invested for 19.31 years. However, you will not receive the money for another two years. From now, you’ll wait: 2 years + 19.31 years = 21.31 years CH6 16，24，27，42，58 16. For this problem, we simply need to find the FV of a lump sum using the equation: FV = PV(1 + r) t 2 / 1 7 It is important to note that compounding occurs semiannually. To account for this, we will divide the interest rate by two (the number of compounding periods in a year), and multiply the number of periods by two. Doing so, we get: FV = $2,100[1 + (.084/2)] 34 = $8,505.93 24. This problem requires us to find the FVA. The equation to find the FVA is: FV A = C{[(1 + r) t – 1] / r} FV A = $300[{[1 + (.10/12) ] 360 – 1} / (.10/12)] = $678,146.3 8 27. The cash flows are annual and the compounding period is quarterly, so we need to calculate the EAR to make the interest rate comparable with the timing of the cash flows. Using the equation for the EAR, we get: EAR = [1 + (APR / m)] m – 1 EAR = [1 + (.11/4)] 4 – 1 = .1146 or 11.46% And now we use the EAR to find the PV of each cash flow as a lump sum and add them together: PV = $725 / 1.1146 + $980 / 1.1146 2 + $1,360 / 1.1146 4 = $2,320.36 42. The amount of principal paid on the loan is the PV of the monthly payments you make. So, the present value of the $1,150 monthly payments is: PVA = $1,150[(1 – {1 / [1 + (.0635/12)]} 360 ) / (.0635/12)] = $184,817.42 The monthly payments of $1,150 will amount to a principal payment of $184,817.42. The amount of principal you will still owe is: $240,000 – 184,817.42 = $55,182.58 This remaining principal amount will increase at the interest rate on the loan until the end of the loan period. So the balloon payment in 30 years, which is the FV of the remaining principal will be: Balloon payment = $55,182.58[1 + (.0635/12)] 360 = $368,936.54 58. To answer this question, we should find the PV of both options, and compare them. Since we are purchasing the car, the lowest PV is the best option. The PV of the leasing is simply the PV of the lease payments, plus the $99. The interest rate we would use for the leasing option is the same as the interest rate of the loan. The PV of leasing is: PV = $9 9 + $450{1 –[1 / (1 + .07/12) 12(3) ]} / (.07/12) = $14,672.91 The PV of purchasing the car is the current price of the car minus the PV of the resale price. The PV of the resale price is : PV = $23,000 / [1 + (.07/12)] 12(3) = $18,654.82 The PV of the decision to purchase is: $32,000 – 18,654.82 = $13,345.18 3 / 17 In this case, it is cheaper to buy the car than leasing it since the PV of the purchase cash flows is lower. To find the breakeven resale price, we need to find the resale price that makes the PV of the two options the same. In other words, the PV of the decision to buy should be: $32,000 – PV of resale price = $14,672.91 PV of resale price = $17,327.09 The resale price that would make the PV of the lease versus buy decision is the FV of
The present value of the four new outlets is only $954,316.78. The outlets are worth less than they cost. The Trojan Pizza Company should not make the investment because the NPV is –$45,683.22. If the Trojan Pizza Company requires a 15 percent rate of return, the new outlets are not a good investment. SPREADSHEET APPLICATIONS How to Calculate Present Values with Multiple Future Cash Flows Using a Spreadsheet We can set up a basic spreadsheet to calculate the present values of the individual cash flows as follows. Notice that we have simply calculated the present values one at a time and added them up: Summary and Conclusions 1. Two basic concepts, future value and present value, were introduced in the beginning of this chapter. With a 10 percent interest rate, an investor with $1 today can generate a future value of $1.10 in a year, $1.21 [=$1 × (1.10)2] in two years, and so on. Conversely, present value analysis places a current value on a future cash flow. With the same 10 percent interest rate, a dollar to be received in one year has a present value of $.909 (=$1/1.10) in year 0. A dollar to be received in two years has a present value of $.826 [=$1/(1.10)2]. 2. We commonly express an interest rate as, say, 12 percent per year. However, we can speak of the interest rate as 3 percent per quarter. Although the stated annual interest rate remains 12 percent (=3 percent × 4), the effective annual interest rate is 12.55 percent [=(1.03)4 – 1]. In other words, the compounding process increases the future value of an investment. The limiting case is continuous compounding, where funds are assumed to be reinvested every infinitesimal instant.
罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频详解] 第13章风险、资本成本和资本预算[视频讲解] 13.1复习笔记 运用净现值法，按无风险利率对现金流量折现，可以准确评价无风险现金流量。然而，现实中的绝大多数未来现金流是有风险的，这就要求有一种能对有风险现金流进行折现的方法。确定风险项目净现值所用的折现率可根据资本资产定价模型CAPM（或套利模型APT）来计算。如果某无负债企业要评价一个有风险项目，可以运用证券市场线SML来确定项目所要求的收益率r s，r s也称为权益资本成本。 当企业既有债务融资又有权益融资时，所用的折现率应是项目的综合资本成本，即债务资本成本和权益资本成本的加权平均。 联系企业的风险贴现率与资本市场要求的收益率的原理在于如下一个简单资本预算原则：企业多余的现金，可以立即派发股利，投资者收到股利自己进行投资，也可以用于投资项目产生未来的现金流发放股利。从股东利益出发，股东会在自己投资和企业投资中选择期望收益率较高的一个。只有当项目的期望收益率大于风险水平相当的金融资产的期望收益率时，项目才可行。因此项目的折现率应该等于同样风险水平的金融资产的期望收益率。这也说明了资本市场价格信号作用。 1．权益资本成本 从企业的角度来看，权益资本成本就是其期望收益率，若用CAPM模型，股票的期望收益率为：
其中，R F是无风险利率，是市场组合的期望收益率与无风险利率之差，也称为期望超额市场收益率或市场风险溢价。 要估计企业权益资本成本，需要知道以下三个变量：①无风险利率；②市场风险溢价； ③公司的贝塔系数。 根据权益资本成本计算企业项目的贴现率需要有两个重要假设：①新项目的贝塔风险与企业风险相同；②企业无债务融资。 2．贝塔的估计 估算公司贝塔值的基本方法是利用T个观测值按照如下公式估计： 估算贝塔值可能存在以下问题：①贝塔可能随时间的推移而发生变化；②样本容量可能太小；③贝塔受财务杠杆和经营风险变化的影响。 可以通过如下途径解决上述问题：①第1个和第2个问题可通过采用更加复杂的统计技术加以解决；②根据财务风险和经营风险的变化对贝塔作相应的调整，有助于解决第3个问题；③注意同行业类似企业的平均β估计值。 根据企业自身历史数据来估算企业贝塔系数是一种常用方法，也有人认为运用整个行业的贝塔系数可以更好地估算企业的贝塔系数。有时两者计算的结果差异很大。总的来说，可以遵循下列原则：如果认为企业的经营与所在行业其他企业的经营十分类似，用行业贝塔降低估计误差。如果认为企业的经营与行业内其他企业的经营有着根本性差别，则应选择企业的贝塔。 3．贝塔的确定 前面介绍的回归分析方法估算贝塔并未阐明贝塔是由哪些因素决定的。主要存在以下三个因素：收入的周期性、经营杠杆和财务杠杆。
第十章：风险与收益：市场历史的启示 1. 因为公司的表现具有不可预见性。 2. 投资者很容易看到最坏的投资结果，但是确很难预测到。 3. 不是，股票具有更高的风险，一些投资者属于风险规避者，他们认为这点额外的报酬率还不至于吸引他们付出更高风险的代价。 4. 股票市场与赌博是不同的，它实际是个零和市场，所有人都可能赢。而且投机者带给市场更高的流动性，有利于市场效率。 5. 在80 年代初是最高的，因为伴随着高通胀和费雪效应。 6. 有可能，当投资风险资产报酬非常低，而无风险资产报酬非常高，或者同时出现这两种现象时就会发生这样的情况。 7. 相同，假设两公司2 年前股票价格都为P0，则两年后G 公司股票价格为 1.1*0.9* P0，而S 公司股票价格为0.9*1.1 P0，所以两个公司两年后的股价是一样的。 8. 不相同，Lake Minerals 2年后股票价格= 100(1.10)(1.10) = $121.00 而SmallTown Furniture 2年后股票价格= 100(1.25)(.95) = $118.75 9. 算数平均收益率仅仅是对所有收益率简单加总平均，它没有考虑到所有收益率组合的效果，而几何平均收益率考虑到了收益率组合的效果，所以后者比较重要。 10. 不管是否考虑通货膨胀因素，其风险溢价没有变化，因为风险溢价是风险资产收益率与无风险资产收益率的差额，若这两者都考虑到通货膨胀的因素，其差额仍然是相互抵消的。而在考虑税收后收益率就会降低，因为税后收益会降低。 11. R = [($104 – 92) + 1.45] / $92 = .1462 or 14.62% 12. Dividend yield = $1.45 / $92 = .0158 or 1.58% Capital gains yield = ($104 – 92) / $92 = .1304 or 13.04% 13. R = [($81 – 92) + 1.45] / $92 = –.1038 or –10.38% Dividend yield = $1.45 / $92 = .0158 or 1.58% Capital gains yield = ($81 – 92) / $92 = –.1196 or –11.96% 14.
第一章导论 1. 公司目标：为所有者创造价值公司价值在于其产生现金流能力。 2. 财务管理的目标：最大化现有股票的每股现值。 3. 公司理财可以看做对一下几个问题进行研究： 1. 资本预算：公司应该投资什么样的长期资产。 2. 资本结构：公司如何筹集所需要的资金。 3. 净运营资本管理：如何管理短期经营活动产生的现金流。 4. 公司制度的优点：有限责任，易于转让所有权，永续经营。缺点：公司税对股东的双重课税。 第二章会计报表与现金流量 资产 = 负债 + 所有者权益（非现金项目有折旧、递延税款） EBIT（经营性净利润） = 净销售额 - 产品成本 - 折旧EBITDA = EBIT + 折旧及摊销 现金流量总额CF(A) = 经营性现金流量 - 资本性支出 - 净运营资本增加额 = CF(B) + CF(S) 经营性现金流量OCF = 息税前利润 + 折旧 - 税 资本性输出 = 固定资产增加额 + 折旧 净运营资本 = 流动资产 - 流动负债 第三章财务报表分析与财务模型 1. 短期偿债能力指标（流动性指标） 流动比率 = 流动资产/流动负债（一般情况大于一） 速动比率 = (流动资产 - 存货)/流动负债（酸性实验比率） 现金比率 = 现金/流动负债 流动性比率是短期债权人关心的，越高越好；但对公司而言，高流动性比率意味着流动性好，或者现金等短期资产运用效率低下。对于一家拥有强大借款能力的公司，看似较低的流动性比率可能并非坏的信号 2. 长期偿债能力指标（财务杠杆指标） 负债比率 = (总资产 - 总权益)/总资产 or (长期负债 + 流动负债)/总资产 权益乘数 = 总资产/总权益 = 1 + 负债权益比 利息倍数 = EBIT/利息 现金对利息的保障倍数(Cash coverage radio) = EBITDA/利息 3. 资产管理或资金周转指标 存货周转率 = 产品销售成本/存货存货周转天数= 365天/存货周转率 应收账款周转率 = （赊）销售额/应收账款 总资产周转率 = 销售额/总资产 = 1/资本密集度 4. 盈利性指标 销售利润率 = 净利润/销售额 资产收益率ROA = 净利润/总资产 权益收益率ROE = 净利润/总权益 5. 市场价值度量指标 市盈率 = 每股价格/每股收益EPS 其中EPS = 净利润/发行股票数 市值面值比 = 每股市场价值/每股账面价值 企业价值EV = 公司市值 + 有息负债市值 - 现金EV乘数 = EV/EBITDA 6. 杜邦恒等式 ROE = 销售利润率（经营效率）x总资产周转率（资产运用效率）x权益乘数（财杠） ROA = 销售利润率x总资产周转率 7. 销售百分比法 假设项目随销售额变动而成比例变动，目的在于提出一个生成预测财务报表的快速实用方法。是根据资金各个项目与销售收入总额的依存关系，按照计划销售额的增长情况预测需要相应追加多少资金的方法。 d = 股利支付率 = 现金股利/净利润（b + d = 1） b = 留存比率 = 留存收益增加额/净利润 T = 资本密集率 L = 权益负债比 PM = 净利润率 外部融资需要量EFN（对应不同增长率） = ?销售额 销售额 ×（资产?自发增长负债） ?PM×预计销售额×（1?d） 8. 融资政策与增长 内部增长率：在没有任何外部融资的情况下公司能实 现的最大增长率ROA×b 1?ROA×b 可持续增长率：不改变财务杠杆的情况下，仅利用内 部股权融资所..率ROE×b 1?ROE×b 即无外部股权融资且L不变 P×b×（L+1） T?P×b×（L+1） 可持续增长率取决于一下四个因素： 1. 销售利润率：其增加提高公司内部生成资金能力，提高可持续增长率。 2. 股利政策：降低股利支付率即提高留存比，增加内部股权资金，提高..。 3. 融资政策：提高权益负债比即提高财务杠杆，获得额外债务融资，提高..。 4. 总资产周转率：提高即使每单位资产带来更多销售额，同时降低新资产的需求.. 结论：若不打算出售新权益，且上述四因素不变，该
1、FV=PV*(1+R)^T，PV= FV/(1+R)^T，所以时间长度增加时，终值会 增加，现值会减少。 2、FV=PV*(1+R)^T，PV= FV/(1+R)^T，利率增加时，年金的终值会增 加，现值会减少。 3、第一种情况：PV=C*{[1-1/(1+r)^T]/r}=1000*{[1-1/(1+r)^10]/r} 第二种情况：PV=C*{[1-(1+g)^T/(1+r)^T]/(r-g)}= 1000*{[1-(1+5%)^10/(1+r)^10]/(r-5%)} 1000*{[1-1/(1+r)^10]/r}>1000*{[1-(1+5%)^10/(1+r)^10]/(r-5%)} 所以第一种情况分十次等分支付更好。 4、是，因为名义利率通常不提供相关利率。唯一的优势就是方便 计算，但是随着现在计算机设备的发展，这种优势已经不明显。 5、新生将收到更多的津贴。因为新生到偿还贷款的时间较长。 6、因为货币具有时间价值。GMAC当期获得五百美元的使用权， 如果投资得当，三十年后的收益将会高于一千美元。 7、除非出现通货紧缩，资金成本成为负值，否则GMAC有权利在 任意时候以10000美元的价格赎回该债券，都会增加投资者的持有该债券的意愿。 8、我不愿意今天支付五百美元来换取三十年后的一万美元。关键 因素：一是同类投资相比的回报率是否较高，二是投资的回报率和风险是否相匹配。回答取决于承诺偿还人，因为必须评估其三十年后存续的风险。 9、财政部的债券价格应该更高，因为财政部发行债券是以国家信
用为担保，违约风险最小，基本可视为无风险债券。 10、应该超过。因为货币具有时间价值，债券的价格会随着时间的 发展逐渐上升，最终达到一万美元。所以2010年，债券的价格 应该会更高。但是这具有很大的不确定性，因为宏观经济环境 和公司微观环境会发生变化，都有可能造成债券价格发生变化。 11、 a 1000*（1+6%）^10=1791美元 b 1000*（1+9%）^10=1967美元 c 1000*（1+6%）^20=3207美元 d 因为在按照复利计算时，不仅本金会产生利息，本金的利息 也会产生利息。 12、PV=FV/（1+r）^t=7.5/(1+8.2%)^20=1.55亿美元 13、PV=C/r=120/5.7%=2105美元 14、FV=C*e^（rT） a FV=1900*e^（12%*5）=1900*1.8221=3462美元 b FV=1900*e^（10%*3）=1900*1.3499=2565美元 c FV=1900*e^（5%*10）=1900*1.6487=3133美元 d FV=1900*e^（7%*8）=1900*1.7507=3326美元 15、有限年限支付下PV= C*{[1-1/(1+r)^T]/r} 当T=15时， PV=4300*{[1-1/(1+9%)^15]/9%}=4300*8.0607=34661美元 当T=40时， PV=4300*{[1-1/(1+9%)^40]/9%}=4300*10.7574=46257美元
Chapter 2: Accounting Statements and Cash Flow 2.1 Assets Current assets Cash $ 4,000 Accounts receivable 8,000 Total current assets $ 12,000 Fixed assets Machinery $ 34,000 Patents 82,000 Total fixed assets $116,000 Total assets $128,000 Liabilities and equity Current liabilities Accounts payable $ 6,000 Taxes payable 2,000 Total current liabilities $ 8,000 Long-term liabilities Bonds payable $7,000 Stockholders equity Common stock ($100 par) $ 88,000 Capital surplus 19,000 Retained earnings 6,000 Total stockholders equity $113,000 Total liabilities and equity $128,000 2.2 One year ago Today Long-term debt $50,000,000 $50,000,000 Preferred stock 30,000,000 30,000,000 Common stock 100,000,000 110,000,000 Retained earnings 20,000,000 22,000,000 Total $200,000,000 $212,000,000 2.3 Income Statement $500,000 Less: Cost of goods sold $200,000 Administrative expenses 100,000 300,000 Earnings before interest and taxes $200,000 Less: Interest expense 50,000 Earnings before Taxes $150,000 Taxes 51,000 Net income $99,000
to abandon, and timing options. 4. Decision trees represent an approach for valuing projects with these hidden, or real, options. Concept Questions 1. Forecasting Risk What is forecasting risk? In general, would the degree of forecasting risk be greater for a new product or a cost-cutting proposal? Why? 2. Sensitivity Analysis and Scenario Analysis What is the essential difference between sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis? 3. Marginal Cash Flows A coworker claims that looking at all this marginal this and incremental that is just a bunch of nonsense, and states, “Listen, if our average revenue doesn’t exceed our average cost, then we will have a negative cash flow, and we will go broke!” How do you respond? 4. Break-Even Point As a shareholder of a firm that is contemplating a new project, would you be more concerned with the accounting break-even point, the cash break-even point (the point at which operating cash flow is zero), or the financial break-even point? Why? 5. Break-Even Point Assume a firm is considering a new project that requires an initial investment and has equal sales and costs over its life. Will the project reach the accounting, cash, or financial break-even point first? Which will it reach next? Last? Will this order always apply? 6. Real Options Why does traditional NPV analysis tend to underestimate the true value of a capital budgeting project? 7. Real Options The Mango Republic has just liberalized its markets and is now permitting foreign investors. Tesla Manufacturing has analyzed starting a project in the country and has determined that the project has a negative NPV. Why might the company go ahead with the project? What type of option is most likely to add value to this project? 8. Sensitivity Analysis and Breakeven How does sensitivity analysis interact with break-even analysis? 9. Option to Wait An option can often have more than one source of value. Consider a logging company. The company can log the timber today or wait another year (or more) to log the timber. What advantages would waiting one year potentially have? 10. Project Analysis You are discussing a project analysis with a coworker. The project involves real options, such as expanding the project if successful, or abandoning the project if it fails. Your coworker makes the following statement: “This analysis is ridiculous. We looked at expanding or abandoning the project in two years, but there are many other options we should consider. For example, we could expand in one year, and expand further in two years. Or we could expand in one year, and abandon the project in two years. There are too many options for us to examine. Because of this, anything this analysis would give us is worthless.” How would you evaluate this statement? Considering that with any capital budgeting project there are an infinite number of real options, when do you stop the option analysis on an individual project? Questions and Problems: connect? BASIC (Questions 1–10) 1. Sensitivity Analysis and Break-Even Point We are evaluating a project that costs $724,000, has an eight-year life, and has no salvage value. Assume that depreciation is straight-line to zero over the life of the project. Sales are projected at 75,000 units per year. Price per unit is $39, variable cost per unit is $23, and fixed costs are $850,000 per year. The tax rate is 35 percent, and we require a 15 percent return on this project. 1. Calculate the accounting break-even point.
Chapter 20 Issuing Securities to the Public Multiple Choice Questions 1. An equity issue sold directly to the public is called: A. a rights offer. B. a general cash offer. C. a restricted placement. D. a fully funded sales. E. a standard call issue. 2. An equity issue sold to the firm's existing stockholders is called: A. a rights offer. B. a general cash offer. C. a private placement. D. an underpriced issue. E. an investment banker's issue. 3. Management's first step in any issue of securities to the public is: A. to file a registration form with the SEC. B. to distribute copies of the preliminary prospectus. C. to distribute copies of the final prospectus. D. to obtain approval from the board of directors. E. to prepare the tombstone advertisement. 4. A rights offering is: A. the issuing of options on shares to the general public to acquire stock. B. the issuing of an option directly to the existing shareholders to acquire stock. C. the issuing of proxies which are used by shareholders to exercise their voting rights. D. strictly a public market claim on the company which can be traded on an exchange. E. the awarding of special perquisites to management.
第六章：投资决策 1.机会成本是指进行一项投资时放弃另一项投资所承担的成本。选择投资和放弃投资之间的收益差是可能获取收益的成本。 2. （1）新的投资项目所来的公司其他产品的销售下滑属于副效应中的侵蚀效应，应被归为增量现金流。 （2）投入建造的机器和厂房属于新生产线的成本，应被归为增量现金流。（3）过去3 年发生的和新项目相关的研发费用属于沉没成本，不应被归为增量现金流。 （4）尽管折旧不是现金支出，对现金流量产生直接影响，但它会减少公司的净收入，并且减低公司的税收，因此应被归为增量现金流。 （5）公司发不发放股利与投不投资某一项目的决定无关，因此不应被归为增量现金流。 （6）厂房和机器设备的销售收入是一笔现金流入，因此应被归为增量现金流。（7）需要支付的员工薪水与医疗保险费用应被包括在项目成本里，因此应被归为增量现金流。 3. 第一项因为会产生机会成本，所以会产生增量现金流；第二项因为会产生副效应中的侵蚀效应，所以会会产生增量现金流；第三项属于沉没成本，不会 产生增量现金流。 4. 为了避免税收，公司可能会选择MACRS，因为该折旧法在早期有更大的折旧额，这样可以减免赋税，并且没有任何现金流方面的影响。但需要注意的是直线折旧法与MACRS 的选择只是时间价值的问题，两者的折旧是相等的，只是时间不同。 5. 这只是一个简单的假设。因为流动负债可以全部付清，流动资产却不可能全部以现金支付，存货也不可能全部售完。 6. 这个说法是可以接受的。因为某一个项目可以用权益来融资，另一个项目可以用债务来融资，而公司的总资本结构不会发生变化。根据MM 定理，融资成本与项目的增量现金流量分析无关。 7. ECA 方法在分析具有不同生命周期的互斥项目的情况下比较适应，这是因为ECA 方法可以使得互斥项目具有相同的生命周期，这样就可以进行比较。ECA 方法在假设项目现金流相同这一点与现实生活不符，它忽略了通货膨胀率以及不断变更的经济环境。 8. 折旧是非付现费用，但它可以在收入项目中减免赋税，这样折旧将使得实际现金流出的赋税减少一定额度，并以此影响项目现金流，因此，折旧减免赋税的效应应该被归为总的增量税后现金流。 9. 应考虑两个方面：第一个是侵蚀效应，新书是否会使得现有的教材销售额下降？第二个是竞争，是否其他出版商会进入市场并出版类似书籍？如果是的话，侵蚀效应将会降低。出版商的主要需要考虑出版新书带来的协同效应是否大于侵蚀效应，如果大于，则应该出版新书，反之，则放弃。 10. 当然应该考虑，是否会对保时捷的品牌效应产生破坏是公司应该考虑到的。如果品牌效应被破坏，汽车销量将受到一定影响。 11. 保时捷可能有更低的边际成本或是好的市场营销。当然，也有可能是一个决策失误。 12. 保时捷将会意识到随着越来越多产品投入市场，竞争越来越激烈，过高的利润会减少。
罗斯公司理财（财务管理）公式大合集 1、单利：I=P*i*n 2、单利终值：F=P（1+i*n） 3、单利现值：P=F/（1+i*n） 4、复利终值：F=P（1+i）^n或：P（F/P，i，n） 5、复利现值：P=F/（1+i）^n或：F（P/F，i，n） 6、普通年金终值：F=A{（1+i）^n-1]/i或：A（F/A，i，n） 7、年偿债基金：A=F*i/[（1+i）^n-1]或：F（A/F，i，n） 8、普通年金现值：P=A{[1-（1+i）^-n]/i}或：A（P/A，i，n） 9、年资本回收额：A=P{i/[1-（1+i）^-n]}或：P（A/P，i，n） 10、即付年金的终值：F=A{（1+i）^（n+1）-1]/i或：A[（F/A，i，n+1）-1] 11、即付年金的现值：P=A{[1-（1+i）^-（n+1）]/i+1}或：A[（P/A，i，n-1）+1] 12、递延年金现值： 第一种方法：P=A{[1-（1+i）^-n]/i-[1-（1+i）^-s]/i} 或：A[（P/A，i，n）-（P/A，i，s）] 第二种方法：P=A{[1-（1+i）^-（n-s）]/i*[（1+i）^-s]} 或：A[（P/A，i，n-s）*（P/F，i，s）] 13、永续年金现值：P=A/i 14、折现率： i=[（F/p）^1/n]-1（一次收付款项） i=A/P（永续年金） 普通年金折现率先计算年金现值系数或年金终值系数再查有关的系数表求i，不能直接求得的通过内插法计算。 15、名义利率与实际利率的换算：i=（1+r/m）^m-1 式中：r为名义利率；m为年复利次数 16、期望投资报酬率=资金时间价值（或无风险报酬率）+风险报酬率 17、期望值：（P43） 18、方差：（P44）