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初一英语语法(苏教版)

初一英语语法(苏教版)
初一英语语法(苏教版)

现在完成时中―since‖和―for‖的区别

1)since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,last month,half past six)。

I have been here since 1989.

2)since +一段时间+ ago

I have been here since five months ago.

3)since +从句

Great changes have taken place since you left.

Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.

4)It is +一段时间+ since从句

It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.

Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。

I have lived here for more than twenty years.

I have lived here since I was born..

My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.

Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.

I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.

My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.

I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。

I worked here for more than twenty years.

(我现在已不在这里工作。)

I have worked here for many years.

(现在我仍在这里工作。)

小窍门:当现在完成时+一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。

1)(对)Tom has studied Russian for three years.

= Tom began to study Russian three years ago,and is still studying it now.

2)(错)Harry has got married for six years.

= Harry began to get married six years ago,and is still getting married now.

显然,第二句不对,它应改为Harry got married six years ago.或Harry has been married for six years.

声音:sound,noise 与voice的区别

sound表示听起来像……和like连用,如:

It`s sounds like a bird.听起来像鸟在叫。

voice表示嗓音,说他的嗓音很动听,用his voice was good.

noise是杂音,响动的意思。如:我听到有动静。I heard a noise .

这是一组与―声音‖有关的名词,在使用上有区别。

sound泛指自然界各种各样的声音,不论其高低、是否悦耳等。

如:I heard the sound of running water. 我听见流水声。

Light travels faster than sound. 光比声音传播得快。

noise表示―噪音、喧闹‖,指的是人们不愿听到的声音或嘈杂声。它可以作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词。如:

I heard some strange noises last night. 昨夜我听见一些奇怪的响声。

There's a lot of noise here. 这个地方人声嘈杂。

voice用于人时,指说话、歌唱或发笑的声音,也可指发言权。用于其它方面时,常含悦耳之声,如鸟鸣声,乐器声音等。如:

Please speak in a louder voice. 请大声说。

说:tell,speak,say,talk的区别

tell 意为―告诉、讲述‖,指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或讲述一件事。tell sb sth 意为―告知某人某事‖。tell sb to do sth 意为―告诉某人去做某事‖。

speak 意为―说话、讲话‖,后面主要接语言。speak to 意为―和.....讲话、谈话‖。speak of 意为―提到、说起‖。speak to sb about sth

talk 意为―谈话、讲话‖,如果只有一方对另一方说话时,一般用talk to;如果双方或多方交谈,多用with。talk about 意为―谈论......‖。have a talk with 意为―与......交谈‖。

say 意为―说‖。say sth to sb 意为―对......说‖。It is said that... 意为―据说‖。首先是say:之后要有说的内容,如He said nothing.

▲ say一般作及物动词用,着重说话的内容,它的宾语可以是名词,代词或宾语从句。

eg: He can say his name. 他会说他的名字。

Please say it in English. 请用英语用。

She`s saying ,Don`t draw on the wall.她在说―别在墙上画‖。

▲ speak强调说的动作,不强调所说的内容。作及物动词时,常以某种语言作宾语。作不及物动词时,常见的搭配形式有:

speak of something/somebody谈到某事(某人)speak to sb 跟某

人讲话,此外speak还可用于在较为正式的场合了表演讲或演说。

Can you speak Japanese? 你会说日语吗?

She is speaking to her teacher. 她正在跟她的老师说话。

He spoke at the meeting yesterday. 他昨天在会上讲了话。

▲ talk 一般为不及物动词,意思是―交谈,谈话,着重强调两具之间的相互说话。

eg: She is talking with Lucy in English.

她正在和露茜用英语交谈。

What are you talking about? 你们在谈论什么?

The teacher is talking to him. 老师正在和他谈话。

▲ tell常作及物动词,意为―讲述,告诉,动词常跟双宾语。

tell sb sth=tell sth to sb告诉某人某事。

eg: He is telling the children a story.

他正在给孩子们讲一个故事。

Did you tell her the news?=Did you tell the news to her?

你把这个消息告诉她了吗?

used to 与be used to

(1)used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。

Mother used not to be so forgetful.

Scarf used to take a walk. (过去常常散步)

(2)be used to + doing:对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。

He is used to a vegetarian diet.

Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)

将要:be to和be going to

be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。

be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。

I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)

I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)

twice、two times

关于A runs twice faster than B 这个的翻译,现在都还存在争议。有的人认为是A的速度是B的2倍,有人认为是A比B快2倍=A是B的3倍。

―A + be + 倍数+ as + 计量形容词原级+ as + B‖。表示A是B的N倍。

1.This tree is three times as tall as that one.这棵树是那棵树的三倍高。

2.His father is twice as old as he.他父亲的年纪有他两倍大。

两倍用twice,不用two times.

注意:两倍一般都用twice,不用two times

例如:This tree is twice higher than that one.

=This tree is twice as high as that one.

=This tree is twice the height of that one.

倍数+比较级+ than ...= 倍数+ as + 形容词原形+as ...= 倍数+the +形容词所对应的名词+ of ...

other、another、others、the other

(1)other后既可接可数名词复数形式又可接不可数名词,如:可数,other pencils 其它的铅笔,other students 其他的学生。不可数other tea 别的/其它的茶,other information 别的/其它消息。

any other其他一切的什么……

(2)the other 定指其它的……,其后可接可数名词和单数,如:

the other book 另外的一本书,

the other map 另一张地图,

其后也可跟可数名词的复数形式,如:

the other flowers 其他的花朵,the other teachers 其它的老师们,还可以接不可数名词,如:the other water 剩下的水,the other beer 别的啤酒

other 表―另外的‖接复数名词,如与具体数词连用,则置于数词之后,如:two other boys;但与定冠词the连用时,other要放在数词前。如:the other two boys

Tony is going camping with _C__boys next Sunday.托尼将于下周日与另外两个男孩一起去野营。

A.little two other B.two little other

C.two other little D.little other two

Mr Smith asked me to fetch three other recorders.史密斯先生让我再拿三台录音机来。

(3)others 其用法相当于复数名词,此词不能用作定语,表示的意思是―不具体的某些东西‖,如:

This chemical is poisonous . Others are poisonous ,too . (others = other chemicals )但是如果others前用了the ,则表示具体的别的东西。如:

I don’t want these books . Please give me the others .(the others = the other books

(4)another,作形容词时,是指在原有的基础上再加一(些),表示―再一(些)‖或―另外一个(些)‖的意思。another还可作代词,意思与作形容词时一样。

another+数词=数词+more

eg:another one = one more

I want another apple

I want one more apple

★习惯用法:one another

from one…to another

the other day = a few days ago

every other day/ week/year

some…,others…

如:I met Mr. Smith in the park the other day.

前几天我在公园里碰见了Smith先生。

While at the university,he went to the library every other day.

在大学时他每隔一天去图书馆一次。

Some people like football,others like volleyball.

有些人喜欢足球,有些人喜欢排球。

They are very different from one another.

他们互相之间差别很大。

When Americans moved from one place to another,they took their dialects with them.

当美国人从一个地方迁移到另一个地方时,

花费:pay、spend、cost、take

Sb pay some money for sth.(人做主语,结构是pay….for)

Sb spent some money on sth 或sb spend some money (in)doing sth

(人做主语,结构为spend on/spend in dong)

Sth cost sb some money.(物做主语)

It takes sb some time/money to do sth(形式主语it)

Eg:我花了五元钱买这本书.(注意时态用过去时)

I paid five yuan for the book. The book cost me five yuan.

I spent fiveyuan on the book=I spent five yuan (in)buying the book.

It took me five yuan to buy the book

cross、across、crossing、through、over

cross是动词

across是介词

crossing是名词

across 指在物体的表面穿过

through指在物体的空间穿过

over指崇山峻岭上穿过

在……前面:in front of 、in the front of

in front of 没有范围限制,在整体外部的前面

in the front of 有一定的范围限制,在整体内部的前面

Eg:He sat in the front of the bus. (The bus 形成一定的范围)

He sat in front of me.(无范围)

遗忘,忘记:leave 与forget

leave+物+地点。leave表示―遗忘‖,通常只用来表示―把某物忘在某地‖。例如:Could I use your English-Chinese dictionary? I left mine at home.

我可以借用一下你的英汉词典吗?我的忘在家里了。

When I went to school, I left my books at home.

当我去上学时,我把我的书忘在家了。

I left my book on the table. Don't leave me behind!

forget+物,不能加地点。forget的意思是―忘记;忘却‖,忘记某事或忘记做某事。例如:

I forgot mailing the letter. 我忘记了寄过这封信。(信已寄出)

I forgot to mail the letter. 我忘记寄这封信了。(信未寄出)

漂亮的:beautiful、handsome

beautiful指女性

handsome指男性

in hospital in the hostipal (在医院)这类词有很多,加the不加the不一样

in hospital 指生病住院

in the hospital指在医院工作或去探视

at table (在吃饭=having meals) at the table 在座子旁边仅指位置

携带,带:bring、take、carry、fetch

bring指带来

take指带走

fetch指去取回来

carry指搬运重物

some 肯定句already肯定句and肯定句too肯定/疑问句

any 否定/疑问句yet否定/疑问句or否定/疑问句either否定句

good well 都有―好‖之意 good是形容词well 是副词

many much 都是―大量的‖many+可数名词复数much+不可数名词

too many、too much、much too大量的,没有many too词组

too many+可数名词复数

too much+不可数名词

much too+形容词、副词

每一个的:each、every

each 可以和of连用

every指三者以上的每一个,不能和of连用

both指两者都

all大于等于三者

eithe指两者中的任意一个

neither指两者中的一个也没有

none指三者中的一个也没有

find 找的结果see看的结果hear听的结果

look for 找的动作

look at看的动作

listen to听的动作

和:and、with

And是连词,能做并列主语

with是介词,不能做并列主语,谓语跟with修饰的主语保持一致。希望:hope—wish

hope不能加人在加to do,而wish可以.

hope to do=wish to do hope +that从句=wish+that从句

因为:because、because of

because+句子because of+短语

到达:arrive、get to、reach

arrive 不及物,到达某地要加介词in/at in+大地方at+小地方Stop to do –stop doing 停止做某事(类似的词也很多)

stop to do 指停止一件事情去做另一件事情

stop doing指停止正在做的事情

put on—wear—in—dress

put on 指穿的动作wear指穿的状态in是介词in+颜色dress+人从前:ago-before

ago是过去时的标志

before是完成时的标志

few—little—a few—a little

Few 表示否定+可数名词复数 a few表示肯定+可数名词复数

Little表示否定+不可数名词复数 a little表示肯定+不可数名词复数

整个的:whole、all

whole用在the之后all用在the之前

借:borrow-lend

borrow指借入,规则动词,过去式,过去分词:borrowed,borrowed,常用于borrow sth from sb

lend是借出,不规则动词,过去式,过去分词:lent,lent;常用短语:lend sth to sb lend sb sth(通常跟双宾)

单独的:alone、lonely

alone单独并不孤独,主要强调目前是一个人的状况,没有同伴。

lonely单独还有情感上的孤独,主要强调孤独、寂寞的感觉。

I'm alone. 表示我现在是一个人,但是不一定觉得孤独,可能我在看电视或者什么的,觉得很不错。

I'm lonely. 表示我很孤独,也许身边有不少朋友,但是没有人理解我,所以还是会觉得孤独。

所以你可以说I live alone,but i dont feel lonely! “我独自住着,但并不感到孤独!”

如此:such、so

①so+形+a/an+名= such+a/an+形+名。即:such+名词so+形容词/副词。

so副词,意思是―如此、这样‖,后面常接形容词或副词;such形容词,意思是―如此、这样‖,修饰名词,即可接可数名词,也可以接不可数名词。

例如:It’s such a fine day.

It’s so fine a day.

②so+many/much/few/little+形+名。

如果复数名词前有few,many等形容词;不可数名词前有little,much等形容词,就必须用so,而不能用such,例如:

The camel had such a long neck. 骆驼长着那样长的脖子。

Don’t make so much noise! 别那么大声嚷嚷。

③such+形+不可数名词/可数名词复数

除了,除…之外:except、beside

except 指在整体中除去一部分

beside指除…之外还有……

真实的:true、real

true指正确与错误;real指真假

be made of、be made from、be made in、be made by

be made up of 由……构成,由……组成

be made of由….构成能看出原材料来(衣服类的全部用be made of)

be made from由….构成看不出原材料be made into被制成…..

be made in+地点

be made by+人

in the way、on the way、by the way

in the way挡道,妨碍

on the way在…的路上

by theway顺便问一下

be good for、be good at

be good for对……有益

be good at 擅长…=do well in

some time、some times、sometime、sometimes

some time 将来的某段时间,将来的某一天。或者是,一些时间的意思,给我一些时间……一段时间。提问:When will you.....

some times 许多次,是once twice的累加。提问:How many times do you......

sometime a. 以前的,某一时间;ad. 改天,来日。提问:When did you....

sometimes ad. 有时=at times,是一般现在时的标识。提问用How often do you.....

例句与用法:

After the explosion it was some time before the town resumed its everyday routines.

爆炸后经过相当一段时间,这个城镇才恢复了正常的生活秩序。

After we had haggled for some time,we decided to the bargain,and Jones bought the cloth for50 pence per yard.

我们在价钱上争论了半天,终于决定,琼斯以每码50便士买下了这批布。

I'm sorry to trouble you,but I wondered if we could have a word some time.

很遗憾要打扰你一下,我想问问我们什么时候能聊聊。

Everyone should invest some time in community service.

每个人都应该花些时间在社区服务上。

It took me some time to digest what I had heard.

我花了一些时间才把听到的东西弄明白。

These ideas have been in circulation for some time.

这些想法已经流行了一段时间。

He is my sometime boss.

他是我从前的上司。

I hope to see you again sometime next year.

我希望明年某一时候再见到你。

Let's get together sometime.

有时间我们聚一下吧。

Sometimes the patient cried for the pain.

有时这个病人疼得哭起来。

Sometimes I go by car.

有时我坐汽车去.

Sometimes we went to the beach and at other times we sunbathed on the patio.

我们有时去海滩,有时在院子里做日光浴.

更远的:farther—further

farther指距离上的远近further指程度上的

更年长的:older—elder

older 纯指年龄上大小

elder含指长幼辈份关系

a number of,the number of

a number of 许多,谓语动词用复数

the number of ……的总数,……的数目,谓语动词用单数

none,no one,nothing

none(强调有多少)与all是反义词,用how many提问

nothing与no one强调没有

nothing指物,用what提问;

no one指人,用who提问

快的:fast与quick

fast指速度快,形副同形

quick指时间上快副词是quickly

参加:join join in、take part in

join sb,join in+党派,团体

take part in+大型的活动,运动

famous的用法

be famous as 作为……而出名a writer

be famous for 因为...而著名her beauty

be famous to在...的人群中著名sb.

work的用法

work on sth.就有―直接平面接触‖地作用于宾语,具体地改变宾语的状态的意思;

work at sth.就没有那么具体直接,它只表示―点存在‖,

work at 从事,致力于……

work for 为……做事,为……尽力,被……雇佣者

work out 可以解决,设计出,算出,计算出,消耗完,挤出去

work in 引进,配合

work as 作为....的工作

英语中介词的用法

⑴时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别:表示时间时,in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后),on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等,at 表示在某个时刻或者瞬间;表示地点时,in表示在某个范围之内,on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如:He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7:00 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七点钟起床)/ His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在电影院)

⑵after与in表示时间的用法区别:―after+(具体时刻/从句)‖表示―在…时刻之后‖常用于一般时态;―in+(一段时间)‖表示―在(多久)之后‖,常用于将来时态。如:He said that he would be here after 6:00.(他说他六点钟之后会来这儿)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来)

⑶since与for表示时间的用法区别:―since+(具体时刻/that-从句)‖表示―自从…起一直到现在‖,―for +(一段斶间)‖表示―总共有…之久‖,都常用于完成时态;如:Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自从1970年起就在这家工厂工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在这家工厂已经工作了30多年)

⑷ by、in与with表示方式的用法区别:都可以表示―工具、手段‖,但是by主要表示―乘坐‖某个交通工具或―以……方式‖,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者;in表示―使用‖某种语言/文字,with表示―使用‖某个具体的工具、手段。如:We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)/ Please write that article(文章)in English.(请你用英语写那篇文章)/ Let’s go to the zoo by taxi.(我们打的去动物园吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍写的)

⑸about与on的用法区别:都可以表示―有关…‖,但是about的意义比较广,而on主要表示―有关…(专题/课程)‖。如:Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.(汤姆要作一个美国历史的报告)/ They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他们兴致勃勃地谈论着即将来到的野外旅游)

⑹ through与across、over的用法区别:through指―穿过…(门洞/人群/树林)‖;across 和over可以指―跨越…(街道/河流)‖,可互换,但是表示―翻过…‖时只能用over. 如:Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那时一只老鼠跑过路面)/ There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座桥)/ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.(他们翻过大山提前到达了那里)/ The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(参观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个公园)

(7)as与like的区别:两个词都表示―像……‖,但是as译为―作为……‖,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实,而like译为―像……一样‖,表示外表,不是事实。如:Let me speak to you as a father.(我以父亲的身份和你讲话。)(说话者是听者的父亲)/ Let me speak to you like a father.(让我像一位父亲一样和你讲话)(说话者不是听者的父亲)

(8)at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end的用法区别:at the end of…既可以表示时间也可以表示地点,译为―在…末;在…尽头‖,常与过去时连用;by the end of…只能表示时间,译为―在…前;到…为止‖,常用于过去完成时;in the end与at last基本等

义,表示―终于、最后‖,通常用于过去时;to the end译为―到…的终点为止‖,前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。如:By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.(到上学期期末我们已经学习了第三册16个单元)/ At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.(在路的尽头你能找到一幢有棕色窗户的白房子)/ They left for Beijing at the end of last week.(上周末他们动身去了北京)/ In the end he succeeded in the final exams.(他最终在期末考试中考及格了)/ We should go on with the work to the end.(我们应该把工作干到底)/ Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿这条路走到底就能看见一家邮电局)

(9)for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment的区别:for a moment―一会儿、片刻‖(=for a while),常与持续性动词连用;for the moment―暂时、目前‖,常用于现在时;in a moment―一会儿、立即、马上‖(=soon; in a few minutes),一般用于将来时;at the moment―此刻,眼下‖(=now),用于现在进行时。如:Please wait for a moment.(请稍等)/ Let’s leave things as they are for the moment.(暂时就维持现状吧!)/ I’ll come back in a moment.(我过会儿回来)/ I am very busy at the moment.(眼下我很忙)

(10)but的问题:用介词but引出另一个动词时,要注意:如果前面有do,后面就用原形动词,前面没有do时,后面的动词要加to。如:I could do nothing but wait.(我什么也做不了只能等)/ They had no choice(选择)but to fight.(他们没有选择只有战斗)

(11)in front of 与in the front of:in front of―在…的前面‖,与in the front of―在…的前部‖。如:A car was parking in front of the hall.(大厅跟前停着一辆汽车)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.(大厅前部立着一个大讲台)

(12)except (for)与besides的区别:except―除了‖,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides―除了‖则表示包含,即―不仅……又……‖。如:Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了故宫博物院)(Tom没有去故宫)/ Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects.(除了汉语之外,他还学其他许多功课)(―汉语‖也是他学的功课之一)

other than 除了......之外...... There 're nobody here other than me 与.....不同..... 与.....不同方式.....we can't get there other than by swimming.

Apart from : with the exception of ...; besides... Apart form a few scratches,the car was undamaged

瞬间动词

瞬间动词,也叫终止性动词、结束性动词、非延续性动词。这类动词所表示的动作在瞬间就可以完成,不能延续下去,即动作从开始到结束所持续的时间极短。瞬间动词往往表示动作的结果,或表示短暂性、一次性的动作。一般不能同表示一段时间的状语连用。

(一)这类动词常见的有:arrive,become,begin,buy,catch(感染,染上,如:catch a cold),close,come,fall,fall ill,find,get to(know),go,hear,hear from,join,kill,land(着陆),leave(离开),lose,see,等。

例如:

1. He has joined the club for a long time. (错)

2. He has been a member of the club for a long time . (对)

3. His grandfather has died for over 30 years. (错)

4. His grandfather has been dead for over 30 years . (对)

【注意】

之所以将这些动词称为瞬间动词,是因为这些动词在眨眼之间发生并终结。故不能与表达―段‖的长时间状语连用,不论是在进行时还是现在完成时中。

下面的例句是正确的:

1. He is dying.

2. He has died.

一个生物体是死是活,界与其终结生命的前与后的一霎那,如果上述例句加上了表达段的时间状语,试请问:该人是死是活?

(二)但是,有几个表示去向的非延续性动词如go,come,start,leave 等,可以同表示时间段的状语for 短语连用。但要注意,这种用法的for 短语表示的不是句中谓语动词延续的时间,而是该动词动作完成后再做某事所需要的时间。

例如:

1. She has gone to Nanjing for three days. (= She’s come here,intending to stay for three days.)

2. Alice has left for Paris for three months . (= Alice has left for Paris ,intending to stay there for three months.)

3. We are starting for Shanghai for two weeks. (= We are going to Shanghai ,and we are planning to stay there for two weeks.)

【注意】

如果遇到与第一点所不符的情况,如本点所讲述,不要轻易下结论为―错题‖,应该认真分析后再做结论。比如我们学过了这样的结构:

make somebody do something;

而我们常可见到这样的句子:

He made a candle to give light.

在这个句子中的宾语后面明显带了to ,与短语所表达的不符,但我们不要忘了:make 的基本意思为―制造‖,并且,不定式结构在短语中充当宾语补足语,而在例句中充当状语。

(三)非延续性谓语动词后有非谓语动词时,可与表示一段时间的状语连用,这时,时间状语所修饰的不是句中的谓语动词,而是非谓语动词。

如:1. She went to work for two weeks . (for two weeks 修饰to work)

2. He began to read English for over an hour. (for over an hour 修饰to read.)

【注意】

了解了上述第二点,这一点要好理解的多:一般情况下,这些状语都会放在所修饰的动词或短语附近,稍加分析则不会产生误解。

(四)如果非延续性谓语动词是否定完成时时,表示的是一种状态,故可同表示一段时间的状语连用;如果非延续性谓语动词的完成时表示经常重复的行为,可同表示时段的时间状语连用,但应慎用。

例如:

1. She hasn’t taken part in labor for weeks .

2. I have often gone to Beijing since 1985 .

【注意】这一点的关键是:完成时表达的是―状态‖,而后面表达段的时间是:―这种状态持续了如此长的时间‖。

(五)在不同的语言环境中,有些动词可以作延续性动词或非延续性动词,如:sit,walk,move,run,feel 等。

例如:1. He sat in the grass,watching the sun rising. (延续性动词)

2. He sat in the grass and began to read. (非延续性动词)

【注意】

这种用法较为灵活。所以也应灵活分析。从上面的两个句子中我们可以看到:不在具体的句子中,我们无法分清哪个是非延续动词,哪个是延续性动词。只有根据上下文的意思,才好决定。

(六)误区

[一]瞬间动词的完成时误区一:现在完成时表达的是―从前发生的动作‖,―延续到现在‖。而瞬间动词一瞬间便完成了从发生到结束的全过程,能有完成时吗?现在完成时虽然动作―发生在过去‖但其―影响‖持续到现在。因整个存在的时间短,所以其完成时不与表达―段‖的时间连用。

[二]瞬间动词的进行时误区二:leave,come 等终结性动词,没有进行时的形式。例如come 这一个词,不与表达段的时间状语连用。比如我们不说:He has come for days. 而要说:He came days ago. 或:It’s days since he came. 常说的He is coming. /He is leaving./ He is dying 等,并不是表示动作―正在进行‖,而是表示―动作即将发生‖。

所以,有些语法家认为:瞬间动词的进行时,是将来时的表达法之一。

(七)非延续性动词转换为相应的延续性动词:

leave→be away离开

borrow→keep借

buy→have买

begin/start→be on开始

die→be dead死

move to→live in搬家,搬到

finish→be over完成

join→be in/be a member of参加,加入

open sth.→keep sth. open打开某物

fall ill→be ill生病

get up→be up起床

catch a cold(fever……)→have a cold(fever……)感冒(发烧……)

名词变形容词的方法

英语中,有时在名词之前或末尾加上不同的前缀或后缀就可以变为形容词。如:sleep (睡觉)→asleep (睡着的)→sleepy (瞌睡的,困乏的),help(帮助)→helpful (有帮助的)等。本文拟就名词变为形容词的构成方法归纳如下:

一、名词加-y构成形容词。如:

rain (雨水)→rainy (多雨的)

wind (风)→windy (多风的,风大的)

cloud (云)→cloudy (多云的,阴天的)

snow (雪)→ snowy (多雪的)

sun (太阳)→ sunny (多阳光的,明朗的)[特别提醒:别忘了双写n]

luck (运气)→ lucky (幸运的)

noise (嘈杂声)→noisy (嘈杂的,喧闹的)[特别提醒:别忘了去掉e]

health (健康)→healthy (健康的)

二、名词加-ful构成形容词,表示肯定。如:

use (使用)→useful (有用的,有益的)

help (帮助)→helpful (有帮助的,有益的)

harm (伤害,损害)→harmful (有害的)

forget (忘记)→forgetful (健忘的)

beauty (美丽)→beautiful (美丽的)[特别提醒:别忘了把-y变成-i,再加-ful] care (关心,小心)→careful (小心的,仔细的)

pain (疼痛)→painful (疼痛的)

wonder (惊奇,感到奇怪)→wonderful (极好的)

color (颜色)→colorful (彩色的;色彩艳丽的)

thank (感谢)→thankful (感激的,欣赏的)

三、名词加-less构成形容词,表示否定。如:

use (用处)→useless (无用的)

care (关心,小心)→careless (粗心的)

harm (伤害,损害)→ harmless (无害的)

help (帮助)→helpless (无能的,无用的)

四、名词加-ly构成形容词。如:

friend (朋友)→friendly (友好的)

love (爱)→lovely (可爱的)

month (月份)→monthly (每月的)

live (生活,居住)→lively (充满生气的)

day (天)→daily (每日的)

五、在有些国名后加上-ese构成形容词,表示―……国的‖。如:

China (中国)→Chinese (中国的)

Japan (日本)→Japanese (日本的)

六、在某些以元音结尾的名词后加-n构成形容词。例如:

Asia(亚洲)→Asian (亚洲的)

America (美国)→American (美国的)

Australia (澳大利亚)→Australian (澳大利亚的)

七、在某些名词后加-ous构成形容词。如:

danger (危险)→dangerous (危险的)

fame (名声,名望)→famous (著名的)

[特别提醒:别忘了去掉e]

八、名词加-en构成形容词。如:

wool (羊毛)→woolen (羊毛的)

wood (木头)→wooden (木制的)

gold (金子)→golden (金子般的)

九、在某些以元音结尾的名词后加-an构成形容词。如:

Europe(欧洲)→European (欧洲的)

十、在某些名词后加-ish构成形容词。如:

fool(傻瓜)→ foolish(愚蠢的)

Spain(西班牙)→ Spanish(西班牙的)

动词用法

一、常跟动名词做宾语的动词。

结构:动词+doing

admit,stand(忍受,容忍),appreciate,avoid,complete,consider,enjoy,escape,excuse(原谅),fancy(imagine),finish,forgive,keep(continue),mind,miss(错过),pardon,practice,prevent,risk,suggest,advise,allow,permit,acknowledge,require,tolerate(容忍,忍受),favor(喜欢),involve,guarantee,approve(同意),encourage,ban(禁止),predict

其中advise,allow,permit后提到相关人,用to do此时不定式做宾补。

二、常跟不定式做宾语的动词。

结构:动词+ to do sth

agree,refuse,offer,promise,choose,decide,determine,attempt,intend,manage,fail,ask,hope,want,expect,long,wish,seek,plan,prepare,learn,mean,volunteer,pretend,dare,afford,beg,demand,dislike,fear

三、常跟不定式做宾补的动词。

结构:动词+sb/sth+to do sth

admit(承认),advise(建议),allow(允许),ask(请求),beg(请求),bribe (行贿),cause(导致),compel(迫使),command(命令),encourage(鼓励),expect (期望),forbid(禁止),force(迫使),get(使得),hate(憎恨),help(帮助),implore(恳求),induce(劝说),instruct(吩咐),invite(邀请),like(喜欢),oblige (强迫),order(命令),permit(允许),persuade(说服),remind(提醒),report (报告),request(要求),show(表现),teach(教),tell(告诉),tempt(诱惑),urge(敦促),want(想要),warn(警告),wish(希望)

例:He advised me to buy a computer. 他建议我买台电脑。

We expected him to arrive in time. 我们希望他及时到。

I usually help Mum do the housework on Saturdays. 星期六,我通常帮助妈妈做家务。

Please tell her not to make so much noise. 请告诉她别弄出那么多的响声。

四、跟不带to的动词不定式做宾补的动词

使役动词let,make,have和感官动词see,hear,feel,smell,listen to,notice,watch以及find等,后接不带to的不定式作宾补。

五、既能跟动名词又能跟不定式做宾语的动词。

结构:动词+doing sth或动词+to do sth。

remember to do记得去做某事

remember doing记得做过某事

forget to do 忘记去做某事

forget doing 忘记做应做的事

stop to do 停下来去做某事

stop doing 停止做某事

try to do 努力做某事

try doing 试着去做某事

regret to do 对要做的事表示遗憾

regret doing 对已做过的事表示遗憾

mean to do 打算去做某事

mean doing 意味着做某事或意思是做某事

can't help doing 禁不住……

can't help to do不能帮助干……

go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事

go on doing 继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续

leave off to do 离开某地去干什么(目的状语)

leave off doing停下某事

六、感官动词的宾补

感官动词既可+不带to的动词不定式做宾补;也可+doing做宾补。这类动词有:see,watch,observe,notice,look at,hear,listen to,smell,taste,feel 。

+ do 表示动作的完整性,真实性;

+doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)

I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)

昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

典型例题

1)They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.

A. grow

B. grew

C. was growing

D. to grow

答案:A。因题意为,他们看着她长大,因此强调的是成长的过程,而非正在长的动作,因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.

A. playing

B. to be playing

C. play

D. to play

答案A. 本题强调其动作,正在河边玩,应此用see sb. doing sth句型。

有时hear等感官动词后加doing 表示正在听

形容词、副词最高级的构成及用法

(一)形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成

2. 其他双音节词或多音节词,在该词前面加-more/most

beautiful—more beautiful—(the)most beautiful

3. 由形容词加ly构成的双音节词和多音节词,都是在该词前加-more/most.

quickly—more quickly—(the)most quickly

difficultly—more difficultly—(the)most difficultly

(二)形容词比较级和最高级的用法:

1. 原级的用法:

用于两者之间对比,意思为―……和……相同‖

A+v.+as….+形容词原级as B

Tom is as honest as Jack.

Her skin is as white as snow.

My dog is as old as that one.

He is not as (=so)tall as I.

The weather here is not as(=so)cool as the weather in Harbin.

2. 比较级的用法:

1)A+形容词比较级+than+ B

Susan is happier than Jane.

His brother is younger than me.

Beijing is more beautiful than Osaka.

形容词比较级前还可以用much,even,still, a little来修饰。

2)数字+形容词比较级+than

I’m two years older than you.

She is a head taller than me.

3)比较级+and+比较级,表示―越来越……‖

The earth is getting warmer and warmer.

China becomes more and more stronger.

4)the +比较级,the +比较级结构,表示―越……就越……‖

The more I study it,the more I like it.

5)which/who +is +比较级

Which city is bigger,Beijing or Tianjin?

Who is happier,you or me?

3. 最高级用法:

用于三者及以上的人或事物的比较,最高级前加the,最高级前有物主代词,序数词和名词所有格时,不加定冠词,后面跟带in或of表范围的短语。

1)one of the +最高级

Shanghai is one of the most beautiful cities in China.

Our city is one of the safest cities in the world.

Most people like apples.

Most of the boys are good.

It is our nearest neighbor in space.

(三)副词比较级和最高级的用法:

1. 原级主要的句型:

1)as+副词原级+as

Tom runs as fast as Jones.

not as/so+副词原级+as

He didn’t come as/so early as Li Lei.

2)too+副词原级+to do sth.

Jean rides too slowly to catch up with me.

3)so +副词原级+ that

Jean rides so slowly that she can’t catch up with me.

4)副词原级+enough to do sth.

Jean doesn’t ride fast enough to catch up with me.

2. 比较级的用法:

1)比较级+than。当前后使用的动词相同时,通常用助动词来代替后面的动词,该动词或助动词可以省略。

Lily run faster than Mary(did).

2)比较级+and +比较级

The days are getting longer and longer in summer.

3)the more…the more…

The harder you work,the better you will learn.

3. 最高级的用法:

副词最高级前一般有the,也可省略。

He works (the)hardest of all the students in the class.

(四)课堂练习:

单选:

1. The air in Beijing is getting much now than a few years ago.

A. clean

B. cleaner

C. cleanest

D. the cleanest

2. —is your grandpa,Emma?

—He’s watering the flowers in the garden.

A. When

B. What

C. Where

D. How

3. Nowadays science fiction isn’t as as cartoons among teenagers.

A. popular

B. more popular

C. less popular

D. the most popular

4. We are glad to see that Shanghai is developing these years than ever before.

A. quickly

B. less quickly

C. more quickly

D. the most quickly

5. The cheese cake tasted so that the kids asked for more.

A. delicious

B. well

C. bad

D. badly

6. She looks very . I think she needs to have a rest.

A. tired

B. hard

C. well

D. hardly

7. —do you play computer games?

—Once a week.

A. How soon

B. How often

C. How long

D. How many

8. The population of Tianjin is than that of Shanghai.

A. larger

B. less

C. smaller

D. fewer

9. It’s raining . We have to stay at home instead of going fishing.

A. badly

B. hardly

C. heavily

D. strongly

10. —Can you give a hand with this table? I want to move it.

—Sure. are you going to put it?

A. Why

B. How

C. Where

D. When

11. Guo Yue did quite at the World Table Tennis Championship,but Zhang Yining did even .

A. better,well

B. well,well

C. well,better

D. better,better

12. —Tom is six and he is his sister Jane. How old is Jane?

—Three.

A. twice as old as

B. two years older than

C. three years younger than

D. as old as

13. —Remember,boys and girls. you work,result you will get.

—We know,Miss Gao.

A. The better,the harder

B. The harder,the better

C. The hard,the better

D. The harder,the good

14. Jack has three friends. Mike is the of the four.

A. most cleverest

B. more clever

C. cleverest

D. clever

15. —In our English study reading is more important than speaking. I think.

—I don’t agree,speaking is than reading.

A. as important as

B. so important as

C. the most important

D. the same as

【模拟试题】(答题时间:25分钟)

I. 用Of,than,in,as填空。

1. This table is as big that one.

2. The yellow book is bigger the blue one.

3. Tom is the best student the class.

4. This lesson is more interesting that one.

5. This apple is the largest all the apples.

II. 单选。

1. John is my friend of all the classmates.

A. good

B. better

C. best

D. the best

2. E-mailing is much than long-distance calling.

A. cheap

B. cheaper

C. cheapest

D. the cheapest

3. Beijing is one of cities in China.

A. very beautiful

B. much beautiful

C. more beautiful

D. the most beautiful

4. The Yellow River isn’t so as the Changjiang River.

A. long

B. longest

C. longer

D. the longest

完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结

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初一英语语法及主要知 识点归纳总结 Pleasure Group Office【T985AB-B866SYT-B182C-BS682T-STT18】

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