专业八级复习资料考试时间：2012年3月3日听力部分（20%）：含10%迷你演讲+5%对话+5%新闻
阅读部分（20%）：四篇精读
人文知识部分（10%）：含10道选择题
改错部分（10%）：含10道改错题
翻译部分（20%）：含10%中译英+10%英译中
写作部分（20%）：一篇文章
八级词汇 (1)
容易混淆的单词 (6)
常见新闻缩写词 (9)
短句翻译 (10)
长句翻译 (13)
英美文学 (17)
写作 (21)
人文知识选择 (30)
2010年2011年真题 (50)
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2010) -GRADE EIGHT- (50)
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2011) (62)
ANSWER SHEET ONE (71)
八级词汇
abolition n. 废除，革除
abstract adj.抽象的；深奥的academic a.学院的；学术的accumulate vt.积累 vi.堆积accuracy n.准确(性)；准确度acknowledgment n. 承认,承认书,感谢acquisition n. (有价值的)获得
adapt vt.使适应；改编
adaptation n. 适应
adequate a.足够的；可以胜任的adhere vi.粘附；追随；坚持adjective n.形容词 a.形容词的adjustment n. 调节
admirer n. 钦佩者,仰慕者,求爱者ado n. 忙乱，骚扰
adult n.成年人 a.成年的
adviser n. 顾问,指导教授,劝告者ailment n. （不严重的）疾病
alert a.警惕的；活跃的
allay vt. 使镇静,使缓和
allot vt. 分配,分摊指定
allurement n. 诱惑物
ally n.同盟国；同盟者
almanac n. 年鉴,历书
alongside prep.在…旁边
alphabet n.字母表
alpine a. 高山的,极高的
ambush n./v. 埋伏，伏击
analysis n.分析，分解，解析ancestral a. 祖先的
angelic a. 天使的,似天使的
annals n. 纪年表,年鉴,年报
anthem n. 圣歌，赞美歌
anther n. 雄蕊的花粉囊,花药antitoxin n. 抗毒素anxiety n.焦虑，忧虑；渴望
apace ad. 快速地,急速地
aperture n. 孔隙，窄的缺口
appendix n.附录，附属物；阑尾
appreciation n.欣赏；鉴别；感激
appropriation n. 拨款，挪用公款
arbitrary a.随心所欲的；专断的
archbishop n. 大教主
archer n.（运动或战争中的）弓箭手，
射手
ardent adj. 热心的，热烈的
aristocrat n. 贵族
aromatic adj. 芳香的
arrogance n. 傲慢，自大
arrogant adj. 傲慢的，自大的
artful a. 巧妙的,狡滑的
articulate v. 清楚说话，接合
ascent n. 上升攀登
Asiatic adj. 亚洲的; 亚洲人的
asparagus n. 芦笋（可作蔬菜）
asphalt n. 沥青
aspiration n. 渴望，热望
assertion n. 断言,主张
assimilate v. 同化，吸收
assumption n. 假设
astound vt. 使惊骇,使大吃一惊
astray adj. 迷路的，误入歧途的
astronaut n.宇宙航行员
astronomer n. 天文学家
atom n.原子
attachment n.连接物，附件；爱慕
audacity n. 大胆，鲁莽
audible a. 听得见的
austere adj. 朴素的，(人)正经的
available a.可利用的；通用的
avert v. 避免,避开
background n.背景，后景，经历
bail n. 保释,把手,栅栏,桶箍
bale n. 大包裹，灾祸，不幸
balloon n.气球
ballot n. 投票,投票用纸,抽签
bandage n.绷带，包带
bankrupt a.破产的 vt.使破产
Baptist n. 施洗者约翰,施洗者,浸信会
教友
baptize vt. 施洗礼,提炼,命名
bawl v. 大叫，大喊
bearing n.支承；忍受；方位
beastly a. 如兽的,残忍的,令人不快的
beautify vt. 美化,变美,修饰
beaver n. 海狸
bedtime n.就寝时间
befit vt. 适合,适宜,合适
befriend vt. 待人如友,帮助
believer n. 信徒
beneficial a.有利的，有益的
betimes ad. 早,及时,及早
bier n. 棺材
bin n. 箱柜
bituminous a. (含)沥青的
bland adj. （人）情绪平稳的，（食物）
无味的
blaspheme vt.vi. 亵渎
blink vi. 眨眼睛
blunder vi.犯大错 n.大错
boom n. 兴旺
bout n. 一回合，一阵
brag n. 吹牛
brandish vt. 挥,挥舞
brandy n.白兰地酒
brittle a.脆的；易损坏的
broth n. 肉汤
budget n.预算，预算案
bully v. 欺负，威协
buoy n. 浮标，救生圈，v. 支持，鼓励buoyant adj. 易浮的，快乐的. burgher n. 公民,市民
burglar n.夜盗，窃贼
burner n.灯头，煤气头
burnish v. 擦亮，磨光
butler n. 仆役长
cackle n. 咯咯声,高笑声,饶舌,闲谈calcium n. 钙
calico n. 印花棉布,白洋布
camera n.照相机
Canadian n.加拿大人
canary n. 金丝雀，女歌星
cancel vt.取消，撤消；删去
canker n. 溃疡，弊害
canton n. 州,行政区
capillary n. 毛细管
carbon n.碳
carcass n. 尸体
carcase n. 尸体,架子
carelessness n.粗心，大意
carrot n.胡罗卜
casket n. 首饰盒,小箱,匣子,棺材catastrophe n. 大灾难,大祸
cereal n.谷类，五谷，禾谷
certainty n.必然；肯定
charcoal n.炭；木炭
chasm n. 深渊，大差别，代沟chastise v. 严厉惩罚，遣责
chauffeur n. 司机
chemical adj.化学的
chemise n. 紧身衣一种,衬裙
chemist n.化学家；药剂师
chilly a. 寒冷的
cholera n. 霍乱
churchgoer n. 经常去做礼拜的人circulate vt.使循环 vi.循环circumference n.圆周，周长，圆周线clamorous adj. 吵闹的，喧哗的cleaner n. 清洁工人,清洁剂
clergy n. (总称)教牧人员；神职人员climax n.(兴趣的)顶点
clumsy adj.笨拙的；不灵活的
coax v. 哄诱，巧言诱哄
cobweb n. 蜘蛛网,蛛丝,混乱
code n.准则；法典；代码
coinage n. 造币
collapse vi.倒坍；崩溃，瓦解colleague n.同事，同僚
comeliness n. 清秀,美丽,合宜commendation n. 赞赏,嘉奖,推荐companionship n. 交谊,友谊,陪伴compassionate adj. 有同情心的compensation n.补偿，赔偿，赔偿费compete vi.比赛；竞争；对抗competitor n.竞争者，敌手complicate vt.使复杂；使陷入composure n. 镇静，沉着，自若comprehensive a.广泛的；理解的
compress vt.压紧，压缩
compulsory a.强迫的，义务的
compute vt.&vi.计算
concentration n.集中；专注；浓缩
condemnation n. 谴责，定罪
confiscate v. 没收，充公
conform vt.使遵守 vi.一致
conformity n. 一致
congregate v. 聚集，集合
conjunction n.接合，连接；连接词
conserve n. 蜜饯,果酱
considerably ad. 十分地；相当地
consistent a.前后一致的，连贯的
console n.悬臂，肘托；控制台
consonant n. 辅音
constancy n. 坚定不移,恒久不变
constellation n. 星座，星群
constitutional a. 宪法的；章程的
consummate adj. 完全的，完美的，v.
完成
contagious adj. 传染的，有感染力的
contaminate vt. 弄污,弄脏,毒害,传染,
染污
contentment n. 满足
continental a.大陆的，大陆性的
continuation n. 继续,续集,延长
contraction n. 收缩
contradict vt.反驳，否认
contradiction n.矛盾，不一致；否认
contrivance n. 发明,发明的才能,想出
的办法,
conversion n.转变，转化；改变
convex adj. 凸出的
coolness n. 冷,凉爽,冷静
cooperation n. 合作
copse n. 小灌木材,杂树林
coronation n. 加冕，加冕礼
correspondent n.通信者；通讯员
counselor n. 顾问,辅导员,律师
counselor n. 顾问,参事,法律顾问
counteract v. 消除，抵消
covetous adj. 贪婪的，贪心的
cowslip n. 西洋樱草,猿猴草的一种
crafty adj. 狡诈的
cramp n. 铁箍，夹子
crank n.曲柄 vi.转动曲柄
credulous adj. 轻信的，易信的
creed n. 信条，教义
crevice n. 缺口，裂缝
crisis n.危机；存亡之际
critical a.决定性的；批评的
criticize vt.&vi.批评；责备
crusade n. 为维护理想，原则而进行
的运动或斗争
cucumber n.黄瓜
cull vt. 采,摘,拣
cultivator n. 耕者,栽培者,耕田机
cymbal n. 铙钹,高音音栓之一
Dane n. 丹麦人
Danish n. 丹麦文
daunt v. 使胆怯，使畏缩
dauntless adj. 勇敢的，无畏的
daybreak n. 黎明,拂晓
daze vt. 使茫然,发昏,使眼花缭乱
dearth n. 缺乏,粮食不足,饥谨
decidedly ad.明确地，坚决地
decisive a.决定性的；果断的
decompose vt.&vi.腐败；分解
degradation n.降级；退化；衰变
deliberation n. 熟虑,熟思,协议
deliverer n. 救助者,引渡人,交付者
delusion n. 欺骗，幻想
democratic a.民主的，民主政体的
dentist n.牙科医生
dependence n. 依赖,依存,信赖
depict vt. 描写
deportment n.（尤指少女的）风度,举
止
deride v. 嘲弄，愚弄
designate vt.指出，指示；指定
despot n. 专制君主,暴君
detachment n. 分离、超然、公平
devilish adj. 如恶魔的
devise vt.设计，发明
dexterity n. 纯熟、灵巧
diadem n. 王冠,带状头饰,王权
diagram n.图解，图表，简图
diameter n.直径
diary n.日记，日记簿
digestive a. 消化的,助消化的
diminutive adj. 小巧可爱的
dirge n. 哀歌、凄凉之曲调
disapproval n.不赞成；不满意
disciple n. 信徒、弟子
disfigure vt. 毁损…的外观,使…变
丑; 破坏…的
displace vt.移置；取代；置换
dissolution n. 分解,溶解,解散,结束
distrust n. 不信任
diverse a.不一样的，相异的
doe n. 母鹿,雌兔等
dogged a. 顽固的,顽强的
dole n. 施舍品,失业救济金,悲哀
doleful adj. 忧愁的，消沉的
dolphin n.海豚
domain n. 领土，领域
downfall n. 衰败,大雨
drainage n.排水；下水道
dramatic a.引人注目的，戏剧的
drape vi. 呈褶状垂下
drench vt. 使湿透,使充满
drought n.旱灾，干旱
druggist n. 药商,药材商,药剂师
duel n. 决斗
dump vt.倾卸，倾倒；倾销
duplicate n.复制品 vt.复制
eagerness n. 热心
earthen a. 土制的,陶制的
earthworm n. 蚯蚓
ebony n. 黑檀树,乌木
eccentric adj. 古怪的，反常的
economical a.节约的；经济学的
economist n. 经济学者,经济家
edible a. 可以吃的
edify v. 陶冶，启发
editor n.编辑，编者，校订者editorial n.社论，期刊的社论educational a. 教育的,教育性的effeminate adj. 柔弱的，缺乏勇气的efficacy n. 功效,效力
efficient a.效率高的，有能力的elapse vi.(时间)过去，消逝
elector n. 有选举权的人,选举人electronic a.电子的
ember n. 灰烬,余烬
eminence n. 卓越、杰出emphasize vt.强调，着重
empower vt. 授予权力,允许,使能够emulation n. 竞争，仿效
encircle vt. 环绕
encouragement n. 鼓励,激励,奖励encyclopedia n.百科全书
endear vt. 使受喜爱
endurance n.耐久力，持久力energetic a.积极的；精力旺盛的entreaty n. 恳求，哀求
entrust v. 委托，付托
intrust vt. 信赖,信托,交托enumerate v. 列举 枚举
epidemic adj. 传染性的，流行性的epistle n. (长而重要的)书信equation n.方程(式)；等式
era n.时代，年代；纪元erroneous a. 错误的,不正确的
espy v. (从远处等)突然看到estimation n. 判断,值计,尊重evaporate vt.使脱水vi.发散蒸气evaporation n. 蒸发
eventual a. 最后的,终于的,可能的excommunicate vt. 逐出教会executor n. 遗嘱执行人
exert vt.发挥(威力)，施加
exertion n. 努力，用力
exhale v. 呼出(气)
exhortation n. 劝告，规劝
exit n.出口；退场 vi.退出expectant n. 预期者,期待者
expend v. 花费，用光
expenditure n.(时间等)支出，消费explode vt.使爆炸 vi.爆炸explosion n.爆炸，爆发，炸裂explosive n.炸药 a.爆炸的exposition n.说明，解释；陈列exposure n.暴露；揭露；曝光external a.外部的，外面的exultation n. 狂喜,大悦,欢欣fabulous adj. 难以置信的，寓言里的famish v. 使饥饿
farmhouse n.农舍
fatten vi. 养肥
federation n. 联邦,联合,联盟
fen n. 沼泽,沼池
ferment n./v. 使发酵，骚动fermentation n. 发酵
fertility n. 肥沃，丰饶fervent adj. 热的，热烈的
fervor n. 热诚，热心
feud n. 宿怨，不和
feudal a. 封建制度的,封地的,领地的
feverish adj.发烧的
filament n.细丝；长丝；灯丝
filial n. 孝心
firmness n.坚固，坚定，稳固
fitness n.适当，恰当；健康
flare vi.闪耀 vt.使闪亮
flicker v. 闪烁，摇曳
floss n. 丝棉,乱丝
flush n.兴奋，脸红；发烧
foggy adj.多雾的；模糊的
forage n. （牛马的）饲料，粮草v. 搜
寻，翻寻
foresight n. 远见
formula n.公式，式
fortitude n. 坚毅，坚忍不拨
foxglove n. 指顶花
fragile a.脆的；体质弱的
frantic adj. 疯狂的，狂乱的
fraternity n. 同行，友爱
frivolous adj. 轻泛的，轻佻的
frugal a. 节俭的,朴素的
fungus n. 真菌
galley n. 船上的厨房
gamble n.赌博 vt.冒…的险
garb n. 装束
garret n. 阁楼，顶楼
gaseous a.气体的，气态的
gauze n. 沙布，薄纱
generate vt.发生；引起；生殖
genteel a. 有教养的,上流的,优雅的
gentile n. 非犹太人,异邦人,异教徒
gentry n. 贵族们
geographical a.地理的；地区(性)的
geranium n. 天竺葵
gig n. 旋转物,轻便双轮马车,赛艇,
gilt n. 镀金,表面的装饰,小母猪
gipsy vi. 流浪
gypsy n. 吉布赛人,吉布赛语,
gloss n. 光泽，注解
glossy adj. 光泽的，光滑的
goldsmith n.金匠
golf n.高尔夫球
grab vt.&vi.急抓；抢
graft v. 嫁接，移植，n. 贪污
grandeur n. 壮丽，伟大
grotesque adj. 怪诞的，古怪的
grub n. 幼虫,穷文人
grunt vi.作呼噜声；咕哝
guise n. 外观,伪装
habitual a.习惯性的，惯常的
haggard adj. 憔悴的，消瘦的
hairy adj. 毛发的，多毛的
hammock n. 吊床,小丘
handicap vt.妨碍，使不利
harass v. 烦扰
hardness n. 坚硬,困难,严厉,勇气
hawthorn n. 山楂
hearing n.听；听力
heedless a. 不注意的,不留心的,不谨
慎的
heighten vt.加高，提高；增加
hemlock n. 铁杉；常青树
herdsman n. 牧人
hereditary a. 世袭的,遗传的
heresy n. 异端邪说
heretic n. 异教徒
herring n. 青鱼,鲱
hitch v. 搭便车，套住
honeysuckle n. 忍冬,金银花
hostess n.女主人；空姐
hostility n. 敌对状态，敌意
hull n.外壳，豆荚；薄膜
hundredth a. 第一百的
Hungarian adj.匈牙利的
huntsman n. 猎人,管猎犬者
hurricane n.飓风，十二级风
hybrid n. 杂种，混血人
hygiene n. 卫生学，卫生的
identify vt.认出，识别，鉴定
idolatry n. 偶像崇拜,邪神崇拜,盲目
的崇拜
imitation n.仿制品，伪制物
imminent adj. 即将发生的，逼近的
impatience n. 性急,难耐,渴望,急躁,焦
急
impeach v. 指摘，弹劾
impend vi. 迫近,逼迫,悬挂
imperious adj. 傲慢的，专横的
impetuous adj. 冲动的，鲁莽的
imply vt.暗示，意指
impressive a.给人印象深刻的
improper a.不适当的；不合理的
inasmuch ad.因为，由于
incapable a.无能力的；无资格的
incorporate vt.结合，合并，收编
incurable adj. 无可救药的
indefinite a.无限期的
indent v. 切割成锯齿状
indicative a.指示的；陈述的
indispensable a.必不可少的，必需的
inert adj. 惰性的，行动迟钝的
inexorable adj. 不为所动的，坚决不
变的
infection n. 传染,影响,传染病
infer vt.推论，推断；猜想
infest v. 骚扰，扰乱
influenza n. 流行性感冒
informal非正式的,不拘礼的,通俗的
ingratitude n. 忘恩负义
initiative a.创始的 n.第一步
inject vt.注射；注满；喷射
injunction n. 命令，强制令
input vt.输入 n.输入
inquisitive adj. 过份好问的，好奇的
insane adj. 疯狂的
inscribe vt. 登记,铭记于,题写,雕刻
insolent adj. 粗野的，无礼的
installment n. 就职,装设,分期付款
instantly ad.立即，即刻
instructor n.指导者，教员
intellect n.理智，智力，才智
inter v. 埋葬
intercept v. 中途拦截，截取international a.国际的，世界(性)的intervene vi.干涉，干预；播进intimacy n. 亲密，亲密的言行intolerable a. 无法忍受的,难耐的intruder n. 侵入者,干扰者,妨碍者intrusion n. 私闯，干扰
invader n. 侵略者
irresistible adj. 无法抗拒的，无法抵抗的irrigate vt.灌溉 vi.进行灌溉
jam n.堵塞 vt.使…堵塞
jeer v. 嘲笑
jingle vt.&vi.(使)丁当响
judicious adj. 有判断力的，明智的juggle vt. 变戏法
juicy a. 多汁液的,生动的,多水分的
keel n. 龙骨,平底船
kennel n. 狗舍，狗窝
knead vt. 揉,按摩,捏制
laboratory n.实验室
labyrinth n. 迷宫
lair n. 野兽的巢穴，躲藏处lamentable adj. 令人惋惜的，悔恨的landlord n.地主；房东，店主
landmark n. 风景点；里程碑
languid adj. 没精打采的，怠倦的
latent a.存在但看不见的
lavender n. 薰衣草adj. 淡紫色的layman n. 普通信徒，门外汉
leafy a. 叶茂盛的,多叶的,叶状的
leech n. 水蛭,吸血鬼
legacy n. 遗产，遗留之物
legitimate adj. 合法的，正当的
leopard n.豹
liberate vt.解放
limitation n.限制；限度，局限
limited a.有限的
linseed n. 亚麻子
loath a. 不情愿的,勉强的
lobby n.前厅，(剧院的)门廊
loft n. 阁楼，顶楼
loophole n. 枪眼,小窗,换气孔
lullaby n. 摇篮曲
lunatic n. 疯子，adj. 极蠢的
luxuriant adj. 繁茂的，肥沃的
mace n. 权杖
maggot n. 狂想，空想，怪念头magician n.魔法师；变戏法的人magnetic a.磁的，有吸引力的mainland n.大陆
maintenance n.扶养；坚持
malady n. 病,疾病,弊病
malaria n. 疟疾,瘴气
mamma n.哺乳动物
mangle v. 撕成碎片，压碎
manual a.体力的 n.手册
marigold n. 金盏草属植物
maritime a.海的,海上的,海员的,沿海的Mars n.火星；战争
martyrdom n. 殉教,殉难,殉节massacre n.大屠杀，残杀
maternal a. 母亲的,母系的,母方的
mechanism n.机械装置；机制
memorable a. 值得纪念的,难忘的
menace vt.&vi.&n.(进行)威胁
mercenary adj. 唯利是图的n. 雇佣兵
mesh n.网眼，筛孔，网络
metallic a.金属的 n.金属粒子
metamorphosis n. 变形，变态
microscopic a.显微镜的，微观的
midday n.正午，中午
mildew n. 霉（因温湿而生）
miniature n.缩影 a.缩小的
minimum n.最小量 a.最小的
minor a.较小的；较次要的
minority n.少数；少数民族
miraculous adj.奇迹般的
mislead vt.使误入岐途
misuse n. 误用,滥用
moat n. 壕沟，护城河
molasses n. (单复数同)糖蜜
monotonous adj. 单调的，无聊的
monumental a. 纪念碑的,,不朽的
morality n.道德，美德，品行
mortar n. 小臼，乳钵，迫击炮
mortify v. 使屈辱，使痛心
mosquito n.蚊子
mountaineer n. 登山家,山地人
muffle v. 使声音降低，裹住
mumble n. 喃喃而语,咕哝
murderous a. 凶狠的,杀人的,致命的
mushroom n.蘑菇，菌类植物
musket n. 步枪
mystic a. 神秘的,奥秘的
narcotic n. 催眠药adj. 催眠的
nationality n.国籍；民族，族
nativity n. 出生，诞生
naturalist n.博物学家
navigator n. 航海家
necessitate vt. 迫使,使成为必需,需要
needlework n. 刺绣,缝纫
needy a. 贫穷的,贫困的,生活艰苦的
negotiate vi.谈判，交涉，议定
nettle n. 荨麻，v. 烦忧，激恼
network n.网状物；网络
neutral a.中立的；中性的
neutralize v. 使无效，中和
newcomer n. 新来者
nineteenth a. 第十九,十九分之一
nominate vt.提名，推荐；任命
Norman n.诺曼第人
northwestern a. 在西北部的,西北方
的,来自西北的
notch n. V字形刻痕，山间窄路
noticeable a.显而易见的；重要的
novice n. 生手，新手
nowadays ad.现今，现在
nuisance n.讨厌的东西
numberless a. 无数的,无号数的
numeral n. 数字,数
nutrition n. 营养
oaken a. 橡木制的
oblivion n. 遗忘
observer n.观察员，观测者
obstinacy n. 倔强,顽固,固执
obstruct v. 阻塞，截断
obviously adv.显而易见地
occupant n. 占有者,居住者,占领者
ode n. 长诗，颂歌
omen n. 征兆、预兆
ominous adj. 预兆的、不祥的
operator n.操作人员，接线员
oppressor n. 压迫者,压制者,暴君
oral a.口头的；口的
orbit n.运行轨道 vt.环绕
originate vi.发源 vt.首创
ornamental a.装饰的 n.装饰品
outbreak n.(战争、愤怒等)爆发
outcry n. 呼叫；呐喊
outlive vt. 生存得比…更久; 比…更
经久
output n.产量；输出量；输出
outrageous adj. 粗暴的，无礼的
overland a. 陆路的,,陆上的
oxygen n.氧，氧气
pagan n. 没有宗教信仰的人，异教徒
palmer n. 朝圣者,游方僧,毛虫
pamphlet n.小册子
panel n.专门小组；面，板
paralyze vt.使麻痹，使瘫痪
partisan n.游击队员
passive a.被动的；消极的
pastry n. 糕点，点心
pathetic a.哀婉动人的；可怜的
patronage n. 赞助，惠顾
peculiarity n.特性，独特性；怪癖
pedestal n. （柱石或雕像的）基座
pelt n. 毛皮. v. 投掷，（雨）猛降
perception n.感觉；概念；理解力
pernicious adj. 有害的，致命的
perpendicular a.垂直的 n.垂直(线)
perplexity n. 困惑，茫然
persistent adj. 固执的，坚持的
persuasive adj. 能劝说的,善于游说的
pervade v. 弥漫，普及
pervert v. 使堕落，滥用
pew n. 长凳,座位
Pharaoh n. 法老王
phosphoric adj. 『化学』(五价) 磷
的,含有磷的
pigment n. 天然色素，干粉颜料
pinion v. 绑住，束缚
pinnacle n. 尖塔，山峰
pique n./v. （因自尊心受伤害而导致
的)不悦、愤怒
pistil n. 雌蕊
pith n. 精髓，要点
pivot n. 枢轴，中心v.旋转
plaintive adj. 可怜的，伤心的
plebeian n./adj. 平民，平民的
plus prep.加
poke vt.戳，刺；伸(头等)
politician n.政治家；政客
pollution n.污染
popularity n.通俗性；普及，流行populous adj. 人口稠密的，人民多的poster n.海报，招贴
posture n. 姿势,态度,情形,形势
potter n. 陶工,陶器匠,陶艺家
precarious adj. 危险的
precaution n.预防；警惕
precision n.精确，精密，精密度prediction n.预言，预告；预报
preface n.序言，前言，引语
prerogative n. 特权
presentation n.介绍；赠送；呈现preservation n.保存，储藏；保持presidential a. 总统的,首长的,支配的,统辖的,
presumption n. 假定，冒昧
prevention n.预防，阻止，妨碍
primrose n. 报春花,樱草花,樱草色princely adj. 王子的，慷慨的principality n.公国,领地,封邑
probability n.可能性；概率
prodigal adj. 挥霍的，n. 挥霍者productive a.生产的；丰饶的
proffer v. 献出，赠送，n. 提议，建议profuse adj. 很多的，浪费的
progeny n. 后代，子女
projection n. 突出物
prolific adj. 多产的，多结果的protoplasm n. 原形质
Prussia n. 普鲁士
pry v. 刺探，打听，撬开
pupa n. 蛹
Quaker n. 教友派信徒
qualification n.资格；限制条件quarrelsome a. 喜欢吵架的,好争论的,怒气冲冲的
questionnaire n. 调查表,问卷,调查表quinine n. 奎宁
rabble n. 乌合之众，暴民，下等人radiance n. 发光，喜悦
radius n.半径距离；界限
raft n. 木排；木筏
raid n.袭击；突然搜查
rally n.&vt.&vi.(重新)集合
ramble vi.闲逛，漫步；聊天
ratify vt. 认可；批准
ravage n. 破坏,蹂躏
reaper n. 收割者
reappear vi. 再出现
reassure v. 使安心，安慰
rebuff v. 断然拒绝
reckless a.粗心大意的；鲁莽的recognition n.认出，识别；重视recovery n.重获；痊愈，恢复rectangular a. 矩形的，长方形的reformation n. 改革,改正,改善
refusal n.拒绝
regent n. 摄政者（代国王统治者）reinforce vt.增援，支援；加强
reiterate v. 重申，反复地说
relationship n.关系，联系
remodel v. 重建，改变形状removal n.移动；迁移；除掉
repast n. 餐,食量,就餐
reptile n.爬行动物；两栖动物
repulse v./n. 驱逐，击退，厌恶
resemblance n.相似，相似性
resentment n. 憎恨
reservoir n. 水库
resignation n.听从，屈从，顺从
responsibility n.责任，责任心；职责
restriction n.限制，限定，约束
retirement n.退休，引退；退隐
revelry n. 狂欢
revert vi. 恢复,复归,回复
rhetoric n. 修辞学，浮夸的言语
rhinoceros n. 犀牛
rightful a. 合法的,正直的,当然的
rind n. （西瓜等）外皮
rivet n. 铆钉v. 吸引（注意力）
routine n.例行公事 a.日常的
rudiment n. 基本原理
runaway n. 逃走的人,逃亡,亡命者
russet a. 枯叶色的,红褐色的,手织的
ruthless a.无情的，冷酷的
safeguard n.保护措施；护照
sagacity n. 聪慧，洞察力
salamander n. 火蜥蜴,火怪,耐火的人
saliva n. 唾液，口水
sanctity n. 神圣,尊严,圣洁
sandstone n. 沙岩
sane adj. 神志清楚的，明智的
sanguine adj. 充满希望的，乐观的
sanitation n. （公共）卫生
sapling n. 树苗，年轻人
satyr n. 好色之徒,森林之神
Saxon n. 撒克逊人
scald v. 烫，用沸水消毒n. 烫伤
scarcity n.缺乏，不足，萧条
scoundrel n. 恶棍
scowl n. 皱眉，怒视，愁容
screech vi.发尖叫声
sculptor n. 雕刻家
scuttle v. 急赶、疾走，逃辟
scythe n. 大镰刀
seaman n.海员，水手；水兵
seashore n. 海岸,海滨
seaside n.海滨(胜地)；海边
seaward n. 朝海的方向
secrecy n. 保密
secretion n. 分泌,分泌物,分泌液
secular adj. 世俗的、尘世的
sedge n. 蓑衣草
seedling n. 幼苗
seer n. 预言者,先知,幻想家
seethe v. 沸腾，汹涌
seller n.卖者；行销货
sentimental a. 多愁善感的
sequence n.连续，继续；次序
serf n.农奴
serge n. 斜纹哔叽布料
sergeant n.警士；军士
sexual a. 性的,性别的
sheer a.纯粹的；全然的
shingle n. 木瓦，屋顶板
shoal n. 浅滩、浅水处，一群（鱼）
short cut n.捷径
shred v. 切成细条，撕成碎片
shrew n. 泼妇,一种似鼠的动物名
shrug vt.&vi.耸(肩) n.耸肩
shuffle v. 拖步走，支吾，洗牌
signet n. 印,图章
significant n.有意义的；重要的
simile n. 直喻，明喻
siren n.汽笛，警报器
sitting-room n.起居室
sixpence n. 六便士银币,六便士
sixteenth num. 第十六,十六分之一
slash vt.vi. 猛砍,乱砍
Slav Adj.斯拉夫人的
sleeper n. 睡眠者,枕木,卧铺
slime n. 黏液
sloth n. 懒惰，树懒（一种动物）
smear n. 油渍，污点v. 弄脏，玷污
sneak v. 鬼鬼祟祟而行，偷窃
software n.(计算机的)软件
solicitor n. 初级律师
soluble a.可溶的；可以解决的
somehow ad.由于某种原因
sorcerer n. 男巫士,魔术师
sorcery n. 巫术，魔法
sordid adj. 卑鄙的，肮脏的
specialize vi.成为…专家；专攻
speculation n. 思索，推测，投机
speculative a. 投机的
speechless adj. 不会说话的
spinal a. 针的,尖刺的,尖刺状突起的,
spine n. 脊椎
spontaneous a.自发的；本能的
squash vt.压碎 n.鲜果汁
stability n.稳定，稳定性，巩固
staid adj. 稳重的，沉着的
starch n. 淀粉,浆糊,刻板
starvation n. 饥饿,饿死
staunch adj. 坚定的，忠诚的v. 止血
steadily ad.稳定地，不变地
stealth n. 秘密行动,秘密,鬼祟
stereo n.立体声 a.立体声的
sterling n. 英国货币,标准纯银
stiffen vt.使硬；使僵硬
stigma n. 耻辱,污名,烙印
stile n. 墙两边的阶梯
stimulus n. 刺激，激励（复：stimuli）
storehouse n. 宝库，见识广博之人
stud n. 图钉,装饰钮扣,种马,领扣,大
头钉
stun v. 使昏迷，使发愣
stupendous adj.巨大的，大得惊人的
subjection n. 征服，服从，隶属
subscriber n. 签署者,捐献者,订户
subside v. （建筑物等）下陷，（天气
等）平息，平静
subsist vt. 供给食物,供养
subtlety n. 狡猾，微妙（的感情）
suburban adj. 郊外的，市郊的
suckle vt. 哺乳,养育,吮吸
sultan n. 回教君主,苏丹,土耳其皇帝sundry 各式各样，各种的supersonic a.超声的，超声速的supplant v. 排挤，取代supplication n. 恳求,哀求,祈愿supporter n. 支持者,后盾,伴随者surgery n.外科，外科手术
surmise n./v. 推测，猜测surroundings n.周围的事物，环境susceptible adj.易受影响的，多情的sweeper n. 清扫夫
sycamore n. 小无花果树,枫树的一种sympathetic a.同情的；和谐的symptomatic a. 具有征候的,症状的tallow n. 牛脂,动物脂
tangle vt.使缠结，使纠缠
tanker n.油船；空中加油飞机target n.靶，标的；目标
tawny a. 黄褐色的,茶色的telescope n.望远镜
telex n.电传，用户电报
temporal adj. 时间的，世俗的termination n. 结束；中止
terrorist n.恐怖分子
thatch n. 茅草屋顶，茅草
theology n. 神学，宗教
thereafter ad.此后，以后
thirtieth num. 第三十,三十分之一thorny a. 有刺的
tinge v. 给……染色
tingle vi. 兴奋,激动,感到刺痛,抖动tissue n.薄绢；薄纸；组织tolerable a. 可容忍的,可以的
torrid adj. 酷热的
tourist n.旅游者，观光者
township n. 镇区
transact vt. 办理,处理,执行transformation n.变化；改造；转变transit n. 经过,通行,转变,运输translation n.翻译；译文，译本treatise n. 论文
treble n. 最高音部,三倍
tribunal n. 法庭，裁判所
trickle vi.滴，淌 n.滴；细流
triple n. 三倍之数,三个一组
triumphal a. 胜利的,凯旋的
trustee n. 受托人,理事
tuna n.金枪鱼
tweed n. 斜纹软呢,斜纹软呢服
unbroken adj. 未破的,完整的,完好的
uncommon a.不寻常的,不凡的
unconcerned a. 不关心的
underestimate vt.低估，看轻
undoubted a. 无疑的,确实的
undress vt.使脱衣服vi.脱衣服
uneasiness n. 不舒适,不安,局促
unfinished a. 未完成的
unguarded adj. 不留神的，没防备的
unison n. 调和,和谐,齐奏,齐唱,一致
unlimited a.无限的；不定的
unload vt.从...卸下货物
unmoved a. 不动摇的,坚决的,冷静的
unprofitable a. 无利益的,不赚钱的,不
上算的
unruly adj. 粗野的，无法无天的
unsafe a. 不安全的,不安稳的,危险的
untimely a. 过时的
unwholesome a. 不适合健康的,有害
身体的,腐败的
upland n. 丘陵地,高地,丘阜
usage n.使用，对待；惯用法
utilize vt.利用
vagabond n. 浪荡子，流浪者，adj. 流
浪的
vane n. 风向标,风信旗,变化不定的事
物
vantage n. 优势,有利情况
variable a.易变的 n.变量
vaunt v. 吹嘘，炫耀
vehement adj. 猛烈的，强烈的
venom n. 毒液，恶毒，痛恨
ventilation n. 通风孔；出口
verdict n. 判决，决定
verdure n. 翠绿,新绿,新鲜,精力旺盛
verify vt.证实，查证；证明
vestige n. 退化器官；痕迹,残余,遗迹
vibrate vt.使颤动 vi.颤动
vicissitude n. 变化,变迁,荣枯,盛衰
villager n.村子里的居民
villainy n. 坏事,恶行,罪恶
volley n. 群射,齐发,迸发
vomit vt. 吐出,呕吐
wafer n. 晶片,圆片,薄饼,干胶片
wallow n./v. （猪等）在泥水中打滚，
沉溺于
wanderer n. 流浪者,徘徊者
wary a. 小心的,机警的,周到的,唯恐
的
waterproof a.不透水的，防水的
wean n. 断奶，戒掉
weird adj. 古怪的，荒唐的
weld vt.&n.焊接，熔接
wharf n.码头，停泊所
whichever a.无论哪个，无论哪些
whisker n.髯，连鬓胡子
widen vt.加宽 vi.变宽
wile n. 诡计，花言巧语
wince v. 避开，畏缩
wiry a. 金属线制的,铁丝似的,瘦长结
实的
wistful a. 渴望的,想望的
wrangle v. 争论，激辩，吵架
wretchedness n.可怜，不幸，潦倒
xerography n. 静电印刷法
Xerox vt.&vi.用静电复印
yelp vi. 狺吠；叫喊
yore n.从前,往昔
zenith n. 天顶，极点
zodiac n. 十二宫图,黄道带
容易混淆的单词
在英语中，有些单词的拼法很相似，容易混淆，下面笔者总结了这类的词。
1) quite 相当 quiet 安静地
2) affect v 影响, 假装 effect n 结果, 影响
3) adapt 适应adopt 采用 adept 内行
4) angel 天使 angle 角度
5) dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记
6) contend 奋斗, 斗争 content 内容, 满足的context 上下文 contest 竞争, 比赛
7) principal 校长, 主要的 principle 原则
8) implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的
9) dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放弃 dissert 写论文
10) pat 轻拍 tap 轻打 slap 掌击 rap 敲，打
11) decent 正经的 descent n 向下, 血统descend v 向下
12) sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水13) later 后来 latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv 最近
14) costume 服装 custom 习惯
15) extensive 广泛的 intensive 深刻的
16) aural 耳的 oral 口头的
17) abroad 国外 aboard 上（船，飞机）
18) altar 祭坛 alter 改变
19) assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音
20) champion 冠军 champagne 香槟酒campaign 战役
21) baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古仓
22) beam 梁，光束 bean 豆
23) precede 领先 proceed 进行，继续
24) pray 祈祷 prey 猎物
25) chicken 鸡 kitchen 厨房
26) monkey 猴子 donkey 驴
27) chore 家务活 chord 和弦 cord 细绳
28) cite 引用 site 场所 sight 视觉
29) clash（金属）撞击声crash碰幢，坠落crush 压坏
30) compliment 赞美 complement 附加物
31) confirm 确认 conform 使顺从
32) contact 接触 contract 合同 contrast 对照
33) council 议会 counsel 忠告 consul 领事
34) crow 乌鸦 crown 王冠 clown 小丑cow 牛
35) dose 一剂药 doze 打盹
36) drawn draw 过去分词 drown 溺水
37) emigrant 移民到国外 immigrant 从某国来的移民
38) excess n 超过 exceed v超过 excel 擅长
39) hotel 青年旅社 hostel 旅店
40) latitude 纬度 altitude 高度 gratitude 感激
41) immoral 不道德的 immortal 不朽的
42) lone 孤独的 alone 单独的 lonely 寂寞的
43) mortal 不死的 metal 金属 mental 神经的medal 勋章 model 模特meddle 玩弄
44) scare 惊吓 scarce 缺乏的
45) drought 天旱 draught 通风, 拖拉 draughts (英)国际跳棋
47) assure 保证 ensure 使确定 insure 保险
48) except 除外 expect 期望 accept 接受excerpt 选录 exempt 免除
49) floor 地板 flour 面粉
50) incident 事件 accident 意外
51) inspiration 灵感 aspiration 渴望
52) march 三月, 前进 match 比赛
53) patent 专利 potent 有力的 potential 潜在的
54) police 警察 policy 政策 politics 政治
55) protest 抗议 protect 保护
56) require需要inquire询enquir询acquire 获得
67) revenge 报仇 avenge 为...报仇
68) story 故事 storey 楼层 store 商店
69) strike 打 stick 坚持 strict 严格的
70) expand 扩张 expend 花费 extend 延长
71) commerce 商业 commence 开始
72) through 通过 thorough 彻底的 (al)though 尽管 thought think 过去分词
73) purpose 目的 suppose 假设 propose 建议
74) expect 期望 respect 尊敬 aspect 方面inspect 视察 suspect 怀疑
75) glide 滑翔 slide 使滑行 slip 跌落
76) steal 偷 steel 钢
77) strive 努力 stride 大步走
78) allusion 暗示 illusion 幻觉 delusion 错觉elusion 逃避
79) prospect 前景 perspective 透视法
80) stationery 文具 stationary 固定的
81) loose 松的 lose 丢失 loss n 损失 lost迷路82) amend 改正, 修正 emend 校正
83) amoral unmoral immoral 同义不道德的
84) capitol 大厦 capital 首都
85) casual 随便的 causal 表原因的
86) extend 延伸 extent 长度 extant 现存的
87) inability 没能力 disability 残疾
88) personnel 人事 personal 个人的
89) statue 塑像 statute 法令 stature 身长 status 地位
90) widow 寡妇 window 窗户
91) socks 短袜 stockings 长筒袜
92) tax 税 taxi 出租
93) definite 不定的 infinite 无限的
94) grim 严酷的 grime 污点
95) crayon 蜡笔 canyon 山谷
96) recent 最近 resent 生气
97) phrase 短语 phase 阶段
98) mission 使emission 散发, 发mansion 大厦
99) vision 视觉 version 译本
100) gasp 上气不接下气 grasp 抓住
101) delicate 微妙的 dedicate 献身
101) idle 空闲的 idol 偶像
102) induce 促使,劝诱 deduce 推测 reduce 减少 seduce 诱使
103) lapse 流逝 elapse 消逝 eclipse 日食104) rude 粗鲁的 crude 天然的
105) source 水源 sauce 酱油 saucer 茶托resource 资源 recourse 求援
106) sled (儿童)雪橇 sledge 雪橇
107) stripe 条纹 strip 条 trip 旅行
108) vocation 职业 vacation 假期 evocation 召集 revocation 撤回
109) ardor 热情 adore 崇拜 adorn 装饰
110) area 区域 era 时代
111) resemble 象... assemble v 集合,装配assembly n 集合, 装配
112) assume 假定 resume 恢复
113) attain 达到 obtain 获得 abstain 放弃114) award 授予 reward 奖赏
115) baggage (American English) luggage 行李116) badge 徽章 bandage 绷带
117) blade 刀刃 bald 秃的 bold 大胆
118) bloom 开花 blossom 开花(结果实) bosom 胸口
119)blush 脸红 flush 发红(脸)
120) bride 新娘 bribe 贿赂
121) growl 咆哮 howl 狼叫
122) depress 使沮suppress 镇压 oppress 压迫123) dime 一角 dim 暗淡的
124) dizzy 眼花缭乱 dazzle 使眼花
125) brown 褐色 brow 眼眉 blow 打击
126) bullet 子弹 bulletin 公告
127) carton 纸板盒 cartoon 动画
128) chivalry 骑士精神 cavalry 骑兵队
129) collar 领子 cellar 地窖 color 颜色
130) vanish 消失 evanish 使消失
131) intrude 入侵 extrude 逐出 detrude 推下132) contort 扭弯 distort 弄弯 retort 反驳133) eminent 杰出的 imminent 逼近的
134) decline 下降 recline 放置 incline 倾斜135) exclaim 呼喊 proclaim 宣布 acclaim 欢呼declaim 朗诵
136) edict 法令 indict 控告
137) perfuse 泼洒 profuse 浪费的
138) reject 拒eject逐出inject注射deject 使沮丧139) literacy 识字 literary 文学的 literature 文学 literal 文字的
140) median 中央的,中线的 medium 媒体141) expel 驱逐 repel 反击 impel 推动 dispel 驱散
142) rip 撕 ripe 熟的
143) wench 绞车 wrench 扭伤
144) confidant 知己 confident 有信心的
145) dine 吃饭 diner 吃饭人 dinning n 吃饭dinner 晚饭
146) dreg 渣滓 drag 拖拉
147) faint 失去知觉 feint 佯攻
148) imprudence 轻率 impudence 无耻
149) specie 硬币 species 种类
150) hanger 钩子 hangar 棚厂 hunger 饥饿151) suite 一(套,批) suit一套衣服
常见新闻缩写词
■组织机构等专有名称
UNESCO=United Nations Educational，Scientific And Cultural Organization 联合国教科文组织IMF=International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织
ASEAN=Association Of Southeast Asian Nations 东南亚国家联盟；“东盟”
GATT=General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade 关贸总协定
WTO=World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织
OPE=Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织；“欧佩克”
PLO=Palestine Liberation Organization 巴勒斯坦解放组织；“巴解”
IOC=International Olympic Committee 国际奥林匹克委员会
NASA=National Aeronautics And Space Administration 美国国家宇航局
WHO=World Health Organization 世界卫生组织
NASA= National Aeronautics and Space Administration美国国家航空航天局
■常见事物的名称
UFO=Unidentified Flying Object 不明飞行物；“飞碟”
DJI=Dow-Jones Index 道?琼斯指数
PC=Personal Computer 个人电脑
ABM=Anti-Ballistic Missile 反弹道导弹
PT=Public Relations 公共关系
SALT=Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 限制战略武器会谈
SDI=Strategic Defence Initiative 战略防御措施
■表示人们的职业、职务或职称的名词
PM=Prime Minister 总理；首相
GM=General Manager 总经理
VIP=Very Important Person 贵宾；要人TP=Traffic Policeman 交通警察PA=Personal Assistant 私人助理
经济类
financial crisis金融危机Federal Reserve 美联储
real estate 房地产
share 股票
stock market 股市shareholder 股东macroeconomic 宏观经济
go under\bankrupt 破产pension fund 养老基金government bond 政府债券budget 预算
deficit 赤字
intellectual property 知识产权opportunistic practice 投机行为entrepreneur 企业家cook the book 做假帐fluctuate 波动
merger 并购
pickup in price 物价上涨monetary policy 货币政策foreign exchange 外汇quote 报价
contract 合同
floating rate 浮动利率venture capital 风险资本global corporation 跨国公司consolidation 兼并
take over 收购
on the hook 被套住
军事战争
military option军事解决途径动用武力escalating tension逐步升级的局势military coupe军事政变
forced from office被赶下台step down / aside下台
on the brink of war处于战争边缘heavy fighting激战
genocide种族灭绝
relief effort救济工作humanitarian aid人道主义援助end the bloodshed结束流血事件special envoy特使
peace-keeping forces维和部队guerrilla war游击战争
border dispute边境争端
armed conflict武装冲突reconciliation调解
civil war内战
cruise missile 巡航导弹
come to a conclusion达成一致coalition forces联合军队
on high alert 处于高级戒备状态rebellion叛乱
rebel forces叛军sensitive，hostage，kidnapped French nationals被绑架的法国人
rescue，release invade，US-led invasion美国领导的入侵
right-wing extremists右翼极端分子
warring factions交战各方
topple the government推翻政府
suicide bombing自杀性袭击事件
suspend停止
resume继续
coalition party联合政党
post-war reconstruction战后重建
pre-war intelligence战前情报
radar，espionage谍报
spying activity间谍行为
electronic warfare电子战争
国际事务
negotiations / delegate / delegation / summit n. 峰会
charter n. 特许状，执照，宪章
promote peace促进和平
boost economic co-op加强经济合作
make concession / compromise作出妥协
pass a resolution通过决议
veto a bill否决议案
break the deadlock打破僵局
a scientific breakthrough科学突破
an unexpected outcome出乎意料的结果diplomatically isolated country在外交上被孤立的国家
diplomatic solutions外交解决方案
hot spot热点
take hostilities toward对……采取敌对态度ethnic cleansing种族排斥
refugee，illegal aliens非法移民
mediator调解员
national convention国民大会
fight corruption反腐败
corrupted election腐败的选举
peace process和平进程
give a boost to. . . 促进
booming economy促进经济发展
mutual benefits / interests双赢
impose / break a deadline规定 / 打破最后期限retaliate报复
banking reform金融改革
commissioner代表
go bankrupt破产file for bankruptcy提出破产
deputy代表
external forces外部力量
disarmament agreement裁军协议
to lift a boycott取消禁令
dismantle销毁
the implementation of an accord执行决议
to ease the ban on ivory trade缓解对象牙贸易的禁令
animal conservation动物保护
threatened / endangered species濒危物种
illegal poaching非法捕猎
face extinction濒临灭亡
stand trial受审
put. . . on trial审判某人
radioactive放射性
radiation辐射
uranium enrichment program铀浓缩计划
nuke nonproliferation核部扩散
suspect，arrest，detain，in custody被囚禁
on human rights abuse charges反人权罪名
HIV positive HIV阳性
illegal drug trafficking毒品贩运
pirated products盗版产品
fake goods假货
notorious臭名昭著
bloody tyrant血腥独裁者
execute / execution处决
death penalty死刑
my predecessor / successor我的前任/后任
短句翻译1、Kirk never has words with his neighbours.
2、We wont to smoke cigarettes before sleep.
3、Why is Victor walking on air?
4、A：He drugged David's tea.
B：You don't say(so)!
5、You bet I'll go to see the show tomorrow.
6、A:Thank you very much.
B You bet !
7、How will you handle official business next century?
8、His secretary is a yes-man.
9、Bert has a yellow streak in him
10、The employer has made a yellow -dog contract with David.
11、She has a yellow boy.
12Arlene seems to take after her grandmother more than her mother.
13、Jimmy always loves to pull Bert's leg.
14、Harry is too yellow to arrest the escaped prisoner.
15、Lumbermen fell trees year-round.
16、Rene was wronged.
17、Won't you sit down.
18、Logan would sooner die than take drugs!
19、Lily is a woman of the world.
20、Why is Victor walking on air?
21. Most people abhor cruelty to animals.
22. The pain-killer abated his splitting headache.
23. The mountain village is adjacent to a highway.
24. A good student does not need to be admonished about being absent too much.
25. People are much better informed since the advent of television.
26. A good friend will not desert you in time of adversity.
27. The French and Italian languages have many affinities with each other.
28. The young man spends money like water in that he comes from an affluent family.
29. She didn’t mention Mr. Smith by name, but it was clear she was alluding to him.
30. The little restaurant has a pleasant ambience.
31. Kate Chopin, a great American writer, maintains an ambivalent attitude towards mother-women in her fiction.
32. Parks and a theater are just some of the town’s local amenities.
33. Her whole being was filled with a vague anguish, which was like a shadow, like a mist passing across her soul’s summer day.
34. The army annihilated the enemy.
35. The people of that tribe are dressed in strange apparel.
36. The aroma of lilacs lingers about the garden.
37. He finds it very difficult to articulate his distress.
38. The police are trying to ascertain exactly who was at the party.
39. The luxurious furniture attests to the family’s wealth.
40. His audacious action turned out to be a disaster.
41. He received an avalanche of thank letters.
42. Hester Prynne wears a letter A on her bosom that serves as a badge of shame.
43. Christians believe that God is benevolent.
44. The exotic bazaar seems quite bizarre to me.
45. Brevity is the soul of writing.
46. The drowsing boy didn’t even browse the book.
47. The husband failed to catch his wife’s capricious mind.
48. The First World War served as a catalyst for major social changes in Europe.
49. Nuclear explosion can be a fatal catastrophe that will cause heavy loss of life.
50. Professor Smith possesses a charisma. That’s why he is so popular with his students.
51. The project is not compatible with the company’s long-term plans.
52. The two judges concurred with each other on the ruling.
53. His military service was deferred until he finished college.
54. It’s hard to cope with that old cranky/eccentric old man.
55. Overeating has made him corpulent/obese.
56. A series of hard experiences has made the diffident man become confident again.
57. He narrated in his book about his doleful experiences in war.
58. Marriage rolled on and their love gradually dwindled away.
59. Overhearing is quite different from eavesdropping.
60. He heard an eerie sound while crossing a dark wood at night.
61. His large hear melted their enmity and hatred.
62. It’s an erudite book on the history of the Roman Empire.
63. It’s advisable that you eschew bad company and alcoholic drinks.
64. The girl was extremely exasperated at her boyfriend’s forgetting her birthday.
65. I could not understand her evasive answer.
66. As she had forgotten her keys, she got into the house by the simple expedient of climbing through a window.
67. He flunked the exam again.
68. His fallacious arguments cannot hold water.
69. Her merits are extolled in the newspaper.
70. Peter handled the meeting with great finesse.
长句翻译
1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.
6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children
to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.
10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.
11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.
12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.
13. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
14. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.
15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.
16. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces
a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows.
17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.
19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.
20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
22. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.
24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.
25. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology；the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.
26. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist".
27. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea".
28. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.
29. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
30. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.
31. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.
32. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.
33. There are, of course, exceptions. Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
34. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
35. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
36. "Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?"
37. "The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column’, "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be..."
38. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society’s ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.
39. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a touch on the brakes" , makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.
40. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack.
41. The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
42. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
43. New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training,
44. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.
45. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason" , held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information, which assembled
last June near Buffalo.
46. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
47. The ’true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
48. This development--and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.
49. Often they choose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog. crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
50. As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970’s, to 18.5 percent--little more than two thirds the 1960’s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.
英美文学
An Outline of British Literary History
Early and Medieval English Literature
1. Beowulf, epic in old Briton
2. Romance
3. Ballads
4. Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder of English poetry, “The Canterbury Tales”
The English Renaissance (16th—first half of 17th)
1. Characteristic of Renaissance: 1) a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature; 2) keen interest in the activities of humanity (humanism)
2. Thomas More, the greatest of the English humanists, “Utopia”
3. Poets in this period: (The sonnet, an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed, was introduced to England from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard)
①Sir Philip Sidney (1554-86), love sonnets: “Astrophel and Stella”
② Walter Raleigh (1552-1618), “Discovery of Guiana”
③Edmund Spenser (1552-99), “The Shepherd’s Calendar”(a pastoral poem in 12 books); “The Faerie Queene”(his masterpiece dedicated to Queen Elizabeth). He is the first master to make Modern English the natural music of his poetic effusions.
④John Lyly (1554-1606), a romance writer for the gentle reader, “Euphues”
4. Prose Writer: Francis Bacon (1561-1626), “Essays” (58 ones). It covers a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death, and many others. They have won popularity for their precision, clearness, brevity and force.
5. Drama (the highest glory of English Renaissance)
①university wits: Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash. They made rapid progress in dramatic technique because they had a close contact with the actors and audience.
②Christopher Marlowe (1564-93): 1) Tamburlaine; 2) The Jew of Malta; 3) Doctor Faustus
③Ben Jonson (1572-1637): 1) Every man in His Humor; 2) V olpone, or the Fox”; 3) The Alchemist;
④ William Shakespeare
Four Tragedies: 1) Hamlet 2) Othello 3) King Lear 4) Macbeth
Celebrated comedies: 1) The Merchant of Venice 2) The Taming of the Shrew 3) A Midsummer Night’s Dream 4) All’s Well That Ends Well other celebrated ones: 1) Titus Andronicus 2) Romeo and Juliet 3) Henry V 4) Twelfth Night 5) Julius Caesar 6) Timon of Athens 7) The Tempest 8) Antony and Cleopatra
The Neoclassical Period
1. John Milton (1608-1674): 1) Paradise Lost 2) Paradise Regained 3) Samson Agonistes
2. John Bunyan (1628-1688): The Pilgrim’s Progress
3. Metaphysical Poets (mysticism in content and fantasticality in form): 1) John Donne (1572-1631), the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry. 2) George Herbert (1593-1633), “the saint of the Metaphysical school”, sings the glory of God 3) Andrew Maevell, a Puritan
4. John Dryen (1631-1700): 1) All for Love (a tragedy) 2) An Essay of dramatic Poesy (It established his position as the leading critic of the day.)
5. Richard Steele (1672-1729), a representative of the Enlightenment in English literature, the founder of “The Tatler” (a newspaper)
6. Joseph Addison (1672-1719), another representative of the Enlightenment in English literature, the founder of “The Spectator” (a daily paper)
7. Alexander Pope (1688-1744), the most important poet and classicist in the first half of the 18th century.
1) Essay on Criticism (didactic poem in heroic couplets) 2) The Rape of the Lock 3) Pope’s Homer (his translation of “Illiad” and half of “Odyssey” in heroic couplets)
8. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745): Gulliver’s Travels
9. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731): 1) Robinson Crusoe 2) Captain Singleton 3) Moll Flanders 4) Colonel Jacque
10. Samuel Richardson (1680-1761): Pamela, or, Virtue Rewarded
11. Henry Fielding (1707-1754): 1) Tom Jones 2) Joseph Andrews
12. Tobias Smollett (1721-1771): Roderick Random
13. Laurence Sterne (1713-1768): 1) Tristram Shandy 2) A Sentimental Journey
14. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816), a playwright: The School for Scandal
15. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), a lexicographer critic and poet: Dictionary
16. Oliver Goldsmith (1730-1774): The Vicar of Wakefield
17. Edward Gibbon, historian: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Appendix:
Classicism: it is a literary trend that dominated French literature in the 17th and 18th centuries, with a significant influence on English writing, especially from 1660 to 1780. The classicists modeled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works.
Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry
Sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite Romanticism in English poetry. Dissatisfied with reason, which classicists appealed to, sentimentalism appealed to sentiment, “to the human heart”. Sentimentalism turned to the countryside for its material, and so is in striking contrast to classicism, which had confined itself to the clubs and drawing-rooms, and to the social and political life of London.
1. Thomas Gray (1716-1771): Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
2. William Cowper (1731-1800): The Task (a long poem)
Pre-Romanticism:
1. William Blake (1757-1827): 1) Songs of Innocence 2) Songs of Experience
2. Robert Burns (1759-1796): 1) The Scots Musical Museum 2) Selected Collection of Original Scottish Airs
3.
Romanticism in British Literature
1. William Wordsworth (1770-1850), pilot and leader of Romanticism in England: Lyrical Ballads (the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry)
2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834): 1) The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 2) Kubla Khan 3) Christabel. Coleridge is also the first critic of the Romantic school.
3. George Gordon Byron (1788-1822): 1) Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 2) Don Juan (masterpiece)
4. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822): 1) Queen Mab 2) The Revolt of Islam 3)Prometheus Unbound 4) Lyrics: ①Ode to the West Wind ②To a Skylark ③ Love’s Philosophy etc. 5) A Defence of Poetry ( literary criticism on poetry)
5. John Keats (1795-1821): long poems: ① Isabella ② Endymion ③The Eve of St. Agnes ODES:
①Ode to Melancholy ②Ode on a Grecian Urn ③Ode to a Nightingale ④ Ode to Autumn
6. Charles Lamb (1775-1834), an essayist: 1) The Essays of Elia 2) Tales from Shakespeare
7. Walter Scott (1771-1832), founder of historical novel: 1) Ivanhoe 2) Woodstock etc.
8. Jane Austen (1775-1817): 1) Pride and Prejudice 2) Sense and Sensibility 3) Northanger Abbey 4) Emma 5) Mansfield park
The Victorian Period (roughly realism)
1. Charles Dickens (1812-1870): 1) the Pickwick papers 2) Oliver Twist 3) Nicholas Nickleby 4) The Old Curiosity Shop 5) American Notes 6) Dombey and Son 7) David Copperfield 8) Hard Times 9) A Tale of Two Cities 10) Great Expectations
2. Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855): Jane Eyre
3. Emily Bronte (1818-1848): Wuthering Heights
4. Anne Bronte (1820-1849): The Tenant of Wildfell Hall
5. William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863): Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero
6. Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (1810-1865): Mary Barton, a Tale of Manchester Life
7. George Eliot (1819-1880): 1) Silas Marner 2) Adam Bede 3) The Mill on the Floss
8. Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881), a prose writer: 1) The French Revolution 2) Hero and Hero-Worship
9. Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800-1859): History of England
10. Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892), poet: 1) In Memoriam 2) The Idylls of the King
11. Robert Browning (1812-1889), introducing to English poetry the dramatic monologue: 1) The Ring and the Book 2) short lyrics such as “the pied Piper of Hamelin”; “Home-thoughts, from Abroad” Literary Trends at the Turn of the 19th-20th Century
1. George Gissing (1857-1903), under the influence of naturalism: New Grub Street
2. Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894): 1) Treasure Island 2) Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde etc.
3. Aestheticism: “art for art’s sake”----representatives: 1) Walter Pater 2) Oscar Wilde
4. Oscar Wilde (1856-1900): 1) The Picture of Dorian Gray (novel) 2) A Woman of No Importance 3) Lady Windermere’s Fan 4) An Ideal Husband 5) The Importance of Being Earnest 6) Salome (tragedy)
English Literature in the 20th Century
Realists
1. Henry James (1843-1916): 1) The Portrait of a Lady 2) The Ambassadors 3) The Golden Bowl
2. Herbert George Wells (1866-1946): 1) The Time Machine 2) The Island of Dr. Moreau 3) Tono Bungay (social satire)
3. John Galsworthy (1867-1933): The Forsyte Saga 2) A Modern Comedy
4. William Somerset Maugham (1874-1965): 1) Of Human Bondage 2) The Moon and Sixpence
5. Jeseph Conrad (1857-1924): 1) The Nigger of the Narcissus 2) Lord Jim 3) Heart of Darkness
6. E. M. Forster (1879-1970): 1) Howards End 2) A Passage to India
7. David Herbert Lawrence (1885-1930): 1) The White Peacock 2) Sons and Lovers 3) The Rainbow 4) Women in Love 5) Lady Chatterley’s Lover
8. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950): 1) Mrs. Warren’s Profession 2) Major Barbara 3) Heartbreak House
Modernism
Stream of consciousness
1. James Joyce (1882-1941): 1) Dubliners 2) A Portrait of the Artists as a Young Man 3) Ulysses 4) Finnegan’s Wake
2. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941): 1) Mrs. Dalloway 2) To the Lighthouse 3) The Waves
Imagism
1. William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), Irish poet and dramatist, Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1923
2. T. S. Eliot (1888-1965): 1) Four Quartets 2) The Waste Land
Outline of American Literary History
(1) colonial period (early 17th—late 18th)
① American Puritanism
②Jonathan Edwards, (both represent American Puritanism)
③Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography; Poor Richard’s Almanac
(2)Romantic period (first half of 19th)
① background (political independence; hopes everywhere; ideals of democracy, equality; industrialization; westward expansion; variety of foreign influence etc.)
② Washington Irving—“The Sketch Book” (Rip Van Winkle)
③James Fenimore Cooper—“Leatherstocking Tales”
④ 1840s’, new England Transcendentalism (Ralph Waldo Emerson: ①“Nature”;②The Poet③The American Scholar; Henry David Thoreau and “Waldon”
⑤ Walt Whitman—“Leaves of Grass”
⑥ Emily Dickinson
⑦ Edgar Allan Poe—Israfel; Annabel Lee; his horror stories
⑧ Nathaniel Hawthorne—“Scarlet Letter”, The House of the Seven Gables, his short stories
⑨ Herman Melville—“Moby Dick”
⑩ New England Poets—Wadsworth Longfellow
?
(3) Realism (after 1865, against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism)
① William Dean Howells—The Rise of Silas Lapham
② Mark Twain—Local Colorism; The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; Life on the Mississippi; The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
③ Henry James—Portrait of a Lady; Ambassador (international theme; psychological realism); Golden Bowl
(4) Naturalism (last decade of 19th century; seeing helpless and hopeless of the world)
① Stephen Crane—1)Maggie, a Girl of the Streets 2) The Red Badge of Courage
② Frank Norris—The Octopus
③ Theodore Dreiser—Sister Carrie; An American Tragedy
④ Sherwood Anderson—Winsberg, Ohio (①The Triumph of the Egg②Horses and Men③Death in the Woods)
⑤ O. Henry—“20 Years”; “Gift of Magi”; “The Last Leave”
⑥ Jack London—Sea Wolf; Martin Eden
⑦Upton Sinclair---- Muckraking Movement; The Jungle; The Slaughterhouse
(5) Imagism (after 1st World War)—Economy of expression; use of a dominant image
① Ezra Pound—1) Cantos; 2) The River Merchant’s Wife: A Letter 3) The Station of the Metro
The apparition of these faces in the crowd
Petals on a wet, black bough
②Williams Carlos Williams; e. e. cummings; Carl Sanburg; Hart Crane (The Bridge); Wallace Stevens
③T. S. Eliot—Waste Land; The Sacred Wood
④ Robert Frost
Fiction writing on the postwar scene
①Sinclair Lewis----(first American Nobel winner for literature) ①Main Street; ②Babbitt ③Arrowsmith ④Dodsworth
②Willa Cather---- (hanging onto the traditional values)①My Antonia ②The Song of the Lark ③The Professor’s House
③ Thomas Wolfe----①Look Homeward, Angel ②Of Time and the River ③You Can’t Go Home Again
(6) Lost Generation (the 1920s)
① Ernest Hemingway—The Sun also Rises; Farewell to Arms; For Whom the Bell Tolls
② F. Scott Fitzgerald—The Great Gatsby
③ William Faulkner—As I lay Dying; Light in August; Go Down, Moses; Absolom, Absolom;
(7) the 1930s—socialist-oriented; new naturalism
①John Dos Passos—U. S. A
② John Steinbeck—The Grapes of Wrath