英语词汇学复习题(五)
I. Some of the following statements are true, and the others false. Mark your answer by writing T or F on your answer sheet. (10%)
1.The great majority of the basic word stock of the English language are native
words, that is, words of Anglo-Saxon origin.
2.Suffixation is different from conversion in that it does not change the word-class
of the base.
3.Words of a semantic field are synonymous.
4.Clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word, which is
also available in its full form.
5.Content words have lexical meaning but no grammatical meaning.
6. A particular characteristic of componential analysis is that it attempts to treat
components in terms of binary opposites.
7. A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word.
8.Many English words cannot be analyzed in terms of semantic features.
9.All words have antonyms.
10.The impact of context on meaning differs from one word to another and from one
instance or passage to another.
II. The following are multiple-choice questions. Mark your answer by writing A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet. (20%)
11.The English language from ______ to the present is called Modern English.
(A) 450 (B) 1100
(C) 1500 (D) 1800
12.The sentence “John was fired for petty thieving.” Is stylistically ________.
(A) literal (B) colloquial
(C) archaic (D) neutral
13.Of the following words, _____ is an acronym.
(A) OPEC (B) CIA
(C) stylistic (D) affective
14.The definition of a word given in the dictionary is called its _____ meaning.
(A) connotative (B) denotative
(C) stylistic (D) affective
15.In terms of oppositeness of meaning, ________ is a pair of conversives.
(A)“deep” and “shallow”
(B)“present” and “absent”
(C)“love” and “hate”
(D)“above” and “below”
16.In the group of words “ride, run, walk, go, fly”, “go” is a ________.
(A) superordinate term (B) hyponym
(C) subordinate term (D) hyponymy
17. The word “success” used to mean “result, outcome”, now it means “a favorable
outcome or result”. This is an example of __________ of meaning.
(A) elevation (B) degeneration
(C) extension (D) restriction
18. The language the early immigrants brought them to America was different
from present English; the greatest difference lies in ________.
(A) spelling (B) pronunciation
(C) grammar (D) vocabulary
19. _________ serves as a typical example of euphemism.
(A) “Pious” meaning “hypocritically virtuous”
(B) “A mental hospital” referring to “a madhouse”
(C) “A landscape architect” meaning “a gardener”
(D) “Slow learners” referring to “underachievers”
1.Oxford English Dictionary is a ___________ dictionary.
(A) pocket (B) medium-size
(C) descriptive (D) prescriptive
III. Decide whether each of the following words is a A) simple word, B) compound word, C) derived word or D) shortened form. Mark your answer on the answer sheet. (10%)
21. acidhead 26. fashion
22. formal 27. recycle
23. preplant 28. honesty
24. lab 29. phone
25. ready 30. ashtray
IV. Explain the following terms with appropriate examples. Do it on the answer sheet. (10%)
31. back-formation
32. polysemy
V. Give a short answer to the following questions. Do it on the answer sheet. (30%)
33. What is the difference between a morpheme and a syllable? Illustrate your
points with examples.
34. Explain conventionality and motivation. Give examples.
VI. Give a longer answer (150-200 words) to the following question. Do it on the answer sheet. (20%)
35. Context is very important for the understanding of word meaning. How is
context classified?
英语词汇学参考答案(五)
I. Some of the following statements are true, and the others false. Mark your answer by writing T or F on your answer sheet. (10%)1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. T 9.
F 10. TII. The following are multiple-choice questions. Mark your answer by writing A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet. (20%)11. C 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D16. A 17. D
18. D 19.B 20. CIII. Decide whether each of the following words is a A) simple word,
B) compound word, C) derived word or D) shortened form. Mark your answer on the answer sheet. (10%)21. B 26. A22. C 27. C23. C 28. C24. D 29. D25. A 30. BIV. Explain the following terms with appropriate examples. Do it on the answer sheet. (10%)31. Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language. For example, the verb “resurrect” was formed from the noun “resurrection” by removing the supposed derivative suffix “-ion”. 32. Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. There are words that have two or three senses, and the most commonly used ones can have as many as over a hundred. However, when a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings, the result is polysemy. For example, the word “fair” has various meanings; (of results) average, quite good”; (of attitude, behaviour) just and honest; impartial”; (of the weather) clear and sunny”; (of amount) satisfactory, abundant”, etc. V. Give a short answer to the following questions. Do it on the answer sheet. (30%)33. What is the difference between a morpheme and a syllable? Illustrate your points with examples.A morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of a language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.A morpheme is not identical with a syllable, since the latter had nothing to do with meaning. A morpheme may be represented by one syllable, like boy and child, or by two or more syllables, as in la·dy, croc·o·dile, and sal·a·man·der. Often the syllabic structure of a word and its morphemic structure do not correspond, as shown in the above examples where a morpheme is represented by more than one syllable. Another good example is the word disagreeable, which consists of five syllables as against three morphemes(dis+agree+able).34. Explain conventionality and motivation. Give examples.Most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic relation between the sound symbol and its sense. E.g. the thing called “house” in English, is called maison in French, 房子(fang zi) in Chinese, dom in Russian, and casa in Spanish. A more convincing evidence of conventional and arbitrary nature of the connection between sound symbol and meaning can be illustrated by a set of homophones, write, right and rite. They are pronounced the same but convey entirely different meanings.Motivation refers to the connection between word symbol and its sense. The great majority of English words are nonmotivated, since they are conventional, arbitrary symbols. However, there is a small group of words that can be described as motivated.Motivation can arise in three major ways: 1. Phonetic motivation: words phonetically motivated are called echoic or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning. E.g. woof of a dog, miaow of a cat; 2.
Morphological motivation: A word is morphologically motivated when a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning. E.g. readable means “that can be read”, modernize means “ to make sth modern”; 3. Se mantic motivation: refers to motivation based on semantic factors, it is a kind of mental association. E.g. a stony heart, the leg of a table, etc.VI. Give a longer answer (150-200 words) to the following question. Do it on the answer sheet. (20%) Context is very important for the understanding of word meaning. How is context classified?Context can be classified into two major types: linguistic context and extra-linguistic context/context of situation.A. Linguistic context, which can further be divided into three types:1) Lexical context: lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word. For instance, the verb make can be used in many different senses when it is combined with different lexical items, e.g.:The regulations were made (enacted) to protect children.We made (had) a good lunch before leaving.The train was making(traveling at a speed of) 70 miles an hour.2) Grammatical context: In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word. Take the verb get for example; its meaning varies in different syntactical structures:get+n.(meaning “to receive”): I got a letter today.Get+adj. (meaning “to become”): He’s getting better.Get+infinitive(meaning “to succeed in doing”): If I get to see him, I’ll tell him.3) Verbal context in its broad sense: the verbal context, in its braodest sense, may cover an entire passage, or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting. B. Extra-linguistic context/Context of situationBesides linguistic context, extra-linguistic context or context of situation also exerts a considerable influence on word meaning. It includes:1) The actual speech situation in which a word (or an utterance, or a speech event) occurs. E.g. the word operation may mean “a surgical operation” in the situation of a hospital, a strategic movement in the situation of military actions, or the way a machine works when related to mechanics.2) The entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event has to be set. E.g. the word peasant means totally different ideas in the western and Chinese cultures.
英语词汇学复习题（A） （2012-05-29） Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. 1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（） A．meaning B．sound C．combination of sounds D．group 2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（） A．more slowly than B．as quickly as C．more rapidly than D．not so quickly as 3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound 4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle 5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （） A．form B．meaning C．look D．pronunciation 6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（） A．four B．fell C．for D．autumn 7．The plural morpheme “-s”is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______. （） A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/ 8．There are ______ free morphemic words in the following: bird, man, red, collection.（）A．one B．two C．three D．four 9．The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.（） A．works B．prewar
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
英语词汇学 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ] A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ] A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ] A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ] A. clear grammar codes B. language notes
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 English Lexicology(英语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。 2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。 2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系” 3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。 （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。 （3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary最后借词来了，这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。 （5）printing印刷已经变得非常普及。它有助于固定单词的拼写、standardization标准化使得拼写不容改变。、dictionary字典在拼写终结中得到好处。 —Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语 —The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表 4.What is vocabulary？ （1）Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合 （2）Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词 （3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，a discipline...某个方言，书籍，学科中的所有单词 5.Classification of English Words：英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。它们可以根据不同的标 准或者不同的目的进行分类。 By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary根据使用频率，单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。 By notion:content words&functional words可以根据概念分成实词和虚词
1、选择题（2 ×15=30） 2、填空题（2×5=10 ） 3、搭配题(1×10=10) 4、名词解释题(4×5=20) 5、问题回答(5×3=15) 6、论述题(第39题7分，第40题8分) 选择题： 1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN 2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful . 3．Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. 4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes. 5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning. 6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy. 7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes. 8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs. https://www.doczj.com/doc/0711169133.html,ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西
全国高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（） A．meaning B．Sound C．combination of sounds D．Group 2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（） A．more slowly than B．As quickly as C．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as 3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound 4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle 5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （）A．form B．meaning C．look D．pronunciation 6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（） A．four B．fell C．for D．autumn 7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______. （）A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/ 英语词汇学试卷第 1 页共9 页
《英语词汇学》课程习题集 一、单选题 1. The word “humorousness” has _______ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four 2. The word “nationalize” has _______ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four 3. The word “decoding” has _______ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four 4. Which of the following forms is not an allomorph of the morpheme “in-”? A. ig- B. ir- C. il- D. im- 5. Which of the following forms does not contain an allomorph of the inflectional morpheme of plurality? A. books B. pigs C. horses D. expense 6. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense. A. naturalists B. anthropologists C. linguists D. conventionalists 7. According to ______ , there is not a logical connection between sound and sense. A. naturalists B. anthropologists C. linguists D. conventionalists 8. Most English words are _________ symbols. A. definite B. arbitrary C. infinite D. hereditary 9. From the point of view of ________, a direct connection between the symbol and its sense can be readily observed in a small group of words. A. nationalism B. anthropology C. linguistics D. motivation 10. Words motivated phonetically are called _________ words. A. onomatopoeic B. similar C. natural D. symbolic 11. In the sentence “John was asked to spy the enemy”, “spy” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym 12. In the sentence “John was doctored by Mr. Smith in the hospital”, “doctor” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym 13.In the sentence “John was asked to get into the office after a two-hour wait”, “wait”is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym 14. In the sentence “John decided to nurse his sister himself”, “nurse” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
Introduction 绪论 0.1 The nature and Domain of English lexicology 英语词汇学的定义及研究范围 Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. 词汇学是语言学的一个分支，研究词汇的起源和意义。 English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 英语词汇学研究英语词汇的形态结构、词的对应及其语义结构、词义关系、词的历史演变、词的构成及词的用法等。 English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. 英语词汇学是一门理论性课程。 It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. 该课程主要论述词汇学的基本理论，特别是英语词汇的理论知识。 However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. 但是，英语词汇学也是一门实践性课程，在该书的论述中，我们将遇到大量的词汇和习语，学习大量词汇用法实例。 Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved. 当然，同时还要接触到大量的词汇练习。 0.2 Its Relation to Other Disciplines 英语词汇学与其它学科的关系 English lexicology itself is a subbranch of linguistics. 英语词汇学是语言学的一个分支。 But it embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography. 但它却与其他学科相关，如形态学、语义学、词源学、文体学和词典学等。 Each of them has been established as a discipline in its own right. 而这些学科都各成一门学科。 Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct. 形态学是语法学的一个分支，主要通过运用词素（形位）结构研究词的结构或形式。 This is one of the major concerns of lexicology, for we shall discuss the inflections of words and word-formation and examine how morphemes are combined to form words and words to form sentences. 这是词汇学研究的主要内容之一，因为研究词汇就必需讨论的屈折变化和构词法，考察词素如何构成词、词如何构成句子。 Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. 词源学研究词的形式和意义的起源及其历史变化。 Modern English is derived from the languages of early Germanic tribes with a fairly small vocabulary. 现代英语源于词汇量颇小的古日尔曼语。 We shall study how this small vocabulary has grown into a huge modern English vocabulary and explain the changes that have taken place in the forms and meanings of words. 我们将研究这门词汇量很小的语言是如何发展成为词汇量庞大的现代英语，并解释英语词汇的形式和意义是如何变化的。 Stylistics is the study of style. 文体学研究文体。 It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. 主要对语用者在特定语境中如何选择语言要素（即如何选择用词、句型等）以达到特定的表达效果进行观察研究。 Among the areas of study: lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology, we shall concentrate on lexis, exploring the stylistic values of words. 在文体学所研究的词汇、音系学、句法学和书写法范围中，我们主要研究词汇，探讨词汇的文体价值。Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a pragmatic difference. 词典学和词汇学探讨同样的问题：词汇的形式、意义、词汇的起源及用法，但两者在语用上还有差异。 A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use. 词典学家的任务是实录词汇的用法并把词汇用法的真实情形呈现给读者，为其提供权威性的参考；而词汇学家则是研究词汇的知识和信息，以增强读者对词汇的了解和语言的使用能力。 Though English lexicology has a wide coverage of academic areas, our task is definite and consistent. 英语词汇学的研究范围很大，但我们的任务是明确而系统的。 That is to study English words in different aspects and from different angles. 即从不同角度研究英语词汇的各个方面。0.3 Method of Study 英语词汇学的研究方法 There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. 一般来说，词汇研究有两种