在一些地方省市的公务员考试言语理解与表达部分，常常会考查一种题型，即歧义句辨析题。
歧义句是在理解上会产生两种可能的句子,换句话说,就是可以这样理解也可以那样理解的句子。歧义句不同于病句，句子本身不存在意义和语法上的错误，由于在不同的语境下，具有不同的含义，容易使人误解。所以要判断出歧义句，必须结合一定语境。下面我们从语法结构看如何对歧义句进行分析和判断。
1. 组合层次不同造成歧义
“这份报告，我写不好”，可理解为“这份报告，我/写不好(能力有限)”，也可理解为“这份报告，我写/不好(可能由于身份等因素)”。
【例题】(2007年浙江)
下列句子中没有歧义的一项是( )。
A. 需要相信自己的人
B. 他们谁也没有干涉我的权利
C. 任何事都要从头做起
D. 他理解小张有困难
【解析】A项可以理解为需要相信“自己人”，也可以理解为需要一个相信“我”的人。B项可以理解为我的权利没有被他们干涉，还可以理解为他们没有权利干涉我。D项可以理解为他知道小张有困难，也可以理解为他不能理解小张。所以正确答案为C选项。
2. 结构关系不同造成歧义
【例如】“进口彩电”，可理解为动宾关系，也可理解为偏正关系。
【例题】(2009年安徽)
下列句子中，没有歧义的一句是( )。
A.他先后将该公司的6辆车分别送给副市长和其他领导干部的子女长期使用。
B.那天下午，数十位死难者的亲属聚集在矿主的家门口，要求讨个说法。
C.本人已八十高龄，体弱多病，目前头脑尚清醒，决定辞世后X楼X室产权归义女李小玲继承，特立此遗嘱。
D.奇瑞汽车、江淮汽车的升级换代产品在本届车博会上受到专家的一致好评。
【解析】本题的各选项歧义部分，都出现偏正结构上，即定语和其修饰的中心语。A项“副市长和其他领导干部的子女”存在歧义，“子女”所属不明确，是“副市长和其他领导干部”的“子女”，还是只是“其他领导干部”的“子女”难以判断。B项“数十位”是指“死难者”还是指“家属”，难以区分，存在歧义。D项和A项错误一样，“升级换代产品”指代不明，是“江淮汽车”独有的，还是“奇瑞汽车、江淮汽车”都有的，不很明确。所以正确答案为C。
3. 词性不同造成歧义
【例如】“我要炒肉丝”，“炒”可理解为动词或形容词。这句的含义可以理解为我想要吃“炒肉丝”，或者是我要去把“肉丝”炒一下。
四六级考试常考英语语法 一．定语从句 引导定语从句的有关系代词as，who，whom，whom，which，that和关系副词when，where，why等。 1.as引导定语从句 （1）as引导定语从句，相当于which。 如I am from shanghai，as/which you know。 但as引导的定语从句可以放在句首，而which不能； 例：As you know，I am from shanghai。 } （2）as可作为关系代词来引导定语从句，既可以单独引导从句，又可以与主句中的the same 或such 相呼应，从句中的谓语动词常省略。 2.关系代词that与which用法区别： （1）which可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，that则不能； （2）which之前可以有介词，that之前则不能； （3）只能用that，而不能用which的主要情形： ——当先行词是all，anything，few，little，much，none，nothing，something 等不定代词时； ——当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时； ——当先行词被the very，the only等词修饰时。 ; 例：Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems to which they have not found solutions so far。 二．状语从句 1. 让步状语从句
（1）由no matter + wh-疑问词【no matter what】和wh-疑问词+ever 【whatever】。但wh-疑问词+ever【whatever】引导的名词从句则不能用no matter替换。 Take the coat ，no matter what coat it is / whatever coat it is . （2）No matter whether…or…结构中可将no matter省略，形成whether…or…或whether…or not 引导选择条件句。 例；The substance does not dissolve in water whether {it is}heated or not。 2．条件状语从句 】 翻译条件状语从句时，要注意时态的选择。 例；Please come here at ten tomorrow morning if it is convenient for you。条件状语从句，用if引导；主句是祈使句，相当于将来时态，故从句应用一般现在时。 3. 时间状语从句 例；We do not know it until a doctor discovered it by chance。 4. 原因状语从句 常见引导原因状语从句的引导词有；because，as，now that/since， in that 等。 三．名词性从句 1. 主语从句 ） 汉语中的“的”字结构可译成英语的主语从句，用what引导，相当于the thing that。 例：What many people have not realized is that read books is a insteresting thing。 2. 表语从句 In my seventies，one change I notice is that I am more easily to get tired than before。
语法填空 命题特点 ⑴短文材料：课标卷I都是记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章，题材内容体现正能量。但2015年课标卷II是说明文。 ⑵短文长度：大约是200个词。 ⑶必考点是：连词、谓语动词、非谓语动词、词类转换。 ⑷常考点是：冠词、介词、代词、比较级。 ⑸常考固定搭配：全国课标卷和原广东卷考过的固定搭配有(黑体部分是要求考生填的词)： 全国卷——At the same time(2015,课标II), It takes time to do sth. (课标I), refuse to do sth. (课标I), keep doing(课标II), next to(课标II) 广东卷——neither…nor… (2013), not…but… (2014), Why not do sth.? (2013), have a conversation (2011), a small amount of (2013), on sale (2009), at table (2009), at a price (2013), be tired from (2008), show respect for (2013), charge (…) for (2014) 备考指南 一是掌握基础语法：切实掌握每个项目中的基本用法，不淡化，但也不必深化。千万注意语法不要过细、过繁、过多、过难，不要将简单语法复杂化，而应想方设法使复杂的语法简单化，让语法变得更简、更易、更有趣。 二是熟悉考点语法：语法填空的考点与短文改错的考点基本相同，具体有以下十大考点： 考点1：名词 弄清数与格。即名词是否该用复数，是否要用所有格。 ［例1］We were poor in those _______ (day). ［分析］因day是可数名词，受those修饰，应用复数，故填days。 ［例2］It’s about an _____ (hour) drive from here. ［分析］句意是“离这里大约有一个小时的车程”，“一个小时的”用所有格，故填hour’s。 考点2：代词 ⑴指代对象(通常是前面出现的名词或整句)，是人还是事物，是男还是女，是单数还是复数，是作主语还是作宾语。 ［例1］The manager was about to leave when his secretary called ______ back. ［分析］作called的宾语，应填代词；指代谁？指代The manager，是人; 由his可知, 这个经理是男的，是一个人，单数，且是作宾语，故填him。 ⑵如是物主代词(表示某人的)，作主语、宾语或表语用名词性物主代词，在名词前作定语只能用形容词性物主代词。 ［例2］Tom, a friend of ____ (I), is our monitor. ［分析］指“我的朋友”中的一个，表示“我的朋友(my friend)”，相当于“一个形容词性物主代词+一个名词”的意义，用名词性物主代词，作介词of的宾语，故填mine。 ⑶反身代词反指谁，它通常作主语和宾语的同位语，这时应与主语或宾语一致；也可作某些动词或介词的宾语，这时需与主语一致。 ［例3］The children amused _______ (they) by playing hide-and-seek games. ［分析］缺宾语，应填代词；这些孩子拿谁取乐，应是“自娱自乐，游玩(amuse oneself)”，与主语The children一致，故填themselves。类似的短语还有enjoy oneself (玩得开心), teach oneself(自学), adapt oneself (适应), dress oneself(自己穿衣), devote oneself to(致力于), by oneself(单独地)等。
单句语法填空练习题 I.单句语法填空（每题一分，共10分） 1．I had trouble ________ (figure) out what he meant. 2．Her bike was broken, so she had to get it ________ (repair)． 3．While ________ (cross) the road, he was knocked over. 4．He let out the secret ________ purpose ________ order to earn money. 5．I often talk with my daughter face ________ face ________ dusk. 6．It was the first time she ________ (witness) such a heavy snowstorm. 7．It's no pleasure ________ (go) camping on such a foggy day. 8．We suffered from ________ series of natural disasters in ________ 1980s. 9．We fell ________ love with the village and got along well ________ the local people. 10．He set ________ everything he went ________ in the small down. II.单句语法填空（每题一分，共10分） 1．The reason ________ he changed his job was that the pay was too low. 2．________ (base) on his own experience, he wrote a novel. 3．The number of the students in our school ________ (be) five thousand, and a large number of them ________ (be) keen on sports. 4．Believe ________ or not, we haven't seen each other for twenty years. 5．At present, the farmers ________ (get) in their crops. 6．Because ________ the heavy fog, the flight was called off. 7．We should make good use ________ this chance. 8．Tom came up ________ a good idea that we would build a tree house. 9．She was expected ________ (deliver) a good speech. 10．They live in the same department ________ Mr. Green does. Ⅲ.单句语法填空（每题一分，共10分） 1．My sister is fond ________ going for a walk after supper. 2．Her attitude ________ learning English has changed. 3．________ (dress) in a new dress, she looks more beautiful. 4．Don't give ________ to difficulties, and you will succeed. 5．It was my mother ________ put forward a good solution to the problem. 6．How I wish I ________ (can) make up for the lost time. 7．We found ourselves ________ (cycle) through clouds. 8．He was about to close the window ________ a beautiful flower caught his eye. 9．Ever since 1990, the Greens ________ (live) a peaceful life in this village. 10．She insisted we ________ (keep) pace with society. IV.单句语法填空（每题一分，共10分） 1．I can't imagine ________ (live) without water.
1.I just wanted to catch him______ the arm and take him ______my arms. 2.You should take pride_____your work. 3.She stood feeling lost until an elderly man took pity_____her. 4.If you want to cry, cry____my shoulder. 5.Blacks and whites stood shoulder_____shoulder in the stands to applaud. 6.They walked along the beach arm _____arm. 7.The guidebook arms the reader_____a mass of useful information. 8.Marty’s very particular______his food and likes fried potatoes ____particular 9.Susan is an easy-going girl, enjoying great______(popular)______her classmates. 10._____(hide) behind a stack of books ______(be) a bottle of wine. 11.______(hang) on the wall______(be) several paintings by Van Gogh. 12.She is in high spirits and can not help_____(dance)_____the music. 13.She worked out a _______(system) appraoch ______solving the problem, so she could settle the problem_______(system). 14.She has _______(theory) knowledge of teaching, but no ______(practice) experience. 15.Do you think this shirt is too tight ______the shoulders. 16.This river is 2 kilometers _____ _____(wide), that’s to say, this river is 2 kilometers ________. 17.Across the street ______where we’re standing, you can see the old churchyard. 18.I didn’t know he was deaf, or else I ______________(say) that. 19.But for those interruptions, the meeting ____________(finish) half an hour ago. 20.The girl was drowned unfortunately. She ____________(save), though, because there were so many people standing on the banks at that moment. 21.------Marx looks nervous. -------So _______(will) you if you had so fierce a competition. 22.We were stuck at the airport because of the heavy fog, otherwise we ____________(arrive) here in time for the conference. 23.I ran all the way to school yesterday, otherwise I __________(be) late for the annual talent show. 24.If passers-by _____________(turn) a blind eye ______the injured little Yueyue in Foshan, Guangdong, she ____________(be) alive now. 25.The government urged that every effort ____________(make) to bring down house prices. 26.Our teacher insisted that the key words worth paying attention to_______________(underline) before class. 27._______(be) I a boy, I would join the army. 28.The door_________(will) not open, no matter how hard she pushed.
社会调查报告的基本结构好方式 具体事实、统计数据、文字应简明、准确，条理分明，也可兼用数字、表格、图示说明。 2、分析部分：重点分析所调查事情或现象的产生背景、原因、实质，条分析缕，有事件有依据，抓住问题的实质、规律，揭示出其重要意义或危害性，给人印象深刻，提醒世人或领导注意。 3、建议部分：在有力的分析下，根据实际情况，提出解决问题的建议，为有关部门恰当处理提供参考。(四)结语：总结全文、深化主体、警策世人，也可在建议部分结束 社会调查报告的结构方式 (一)纵式结构：按照事情发生、发展的先后顺序安排材料，即根据事件发展过程的先后次序或按调查的顺序安排结
构层次。有些反映新生事物的调查报告即采用此种结构。有些揭露问题的调查报告，有时也要按调查的经过或事件本身演变的顺序反映。如果是针对某一件事情，通常可采用这种结构方式，如《某某贩卖毒犯罪调查》、《某某公司不正当广告炒作的调查》。 (二)横式结构：即把调查得来的情况、经验、问题等，分成几个部分并列结构，分别冠以小标题或序号，从不同的方面围绕全文中心叙述说明。这种结构多适应于反映情况、介绍经验或研究问题的调查报告。根据材料的内容、特点、性质的不同，进行分类处理，如果是针对某类社会现象，通常采用此种结构方式，如《关于中、小学实行强行补课的调查》、《关于独生子女问题的调查》，社会调查报告一般立足于某类社会现象，故这是常见的一种结构方法。 (三)纵横式结构：将上述两种方法结合起来，但应确定以某一种结构方式为主，另一种为辅的写作要求。 (四)对比式结构 (五)逻辑结构：即按各部分内容之间内在的逻辑联系来安排结构。这种结构多适用于总结典型经验，并进行一定的
英语四级考试必备基础语法知识 动词时态 1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束. I’ve been writing letters for an hour. I’ve been sitting in the garden. 2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 I’d been working for some tim e when he called. We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years. In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years. 4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事. I shall have finished this one before lunch. They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October. 动词语态 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success. 能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等. It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. The ship is supposed to have been sunk. 担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
语法填空的分类练习 考查范围：1 语境(上下文）；2 语法：动词（时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语形式）、名词、代词、冠词、介词、固定搭配、情态动词、复合句、形容词和副词的比较级最高级及构词法、倒装等。 语法填空的能力要求：1.阅读/理解语篇的能力 2.分析句子结构的能力3.熟练运用语法的能力 4.单词拼写能力 一、动词(谓语/非谓语) 给出动词的原形，根据句子结构的需要给出其适当的形式。填动词形式，首先抓住主谓结构，确定主句，剩下的部分，如有连词，则是句子，仍然有主谓结构，否则就用非谓语；是谓语就思考时态，语态，主谓一致，是非谓语就看主动被动，有否先后关系。 1.…The exam, which was originally to be held in our classroom,____(change) to the library at the last minute.(广州二模) 2. The child, Nicole Hobson,________ (take) by her mother to Children's Memorial Hospital about 11 p.m., Wednesday to check …（汕头二模） 3. A transit spokesman said the driver should ______(make) radio call to the control center for help. （汕头二模） 4. One of them was a visitor, saying he wouldn’t have been there if he ______ (watch)the weather forecast the day before. (梅州二模) 5. We must also consider the reaction of the person ______ (receive) the gift. （广州一模） 6 … With the problem ________(solve), I f elt proud of my achievement. .(广州二模)
1. At that time people would starve if food was difficult to find, _____________ (especial) during the cold winter months. 2. Some festivals are held___________ (honor) the dead or to satisfy the ancestors, ___________ might return either to help or to do harm. 3. For the Japanese festival Obon, people should go to clean graves and light incense __________ memory of their ancestors. 4. On Halloween, children might play a trick ______those who don’t give them any sweets. 5. In the USA, Columbus Day is in memory of the _______ (arrive) of Christopher Columbus in the New World.
6. Halloween is now a children’s festival, _________ they can dress up and go to their neighbours’homes to ask for sweets. 7. India has a _________ (nation) festival on October to honor Mohandas Gandhi, the leader who helped gain India’s ___________ ( independent) from Britain. 8. The most _________ (energy) and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring. 9. In European countries, on Harvest and Thanksgiving festivals, people will usually decorate churches and town halls _____flowers and fruit. 10. On the Spring Festival people love to get ______ to eat, drink and have fun ______each other. 11. Some Western countries have very exciting carnivals, _____ take place forty days before Easter usually in February. 12. Festivals let us enjoy life, be ________(pride) of our customs and ______( forget) our work for a little while.
大学英语四级语法精要 一、动词(时态，语态，用法，省略，一致性等) （一）时态 1、主动形式 过去现在将来过去将来一般did do will/shall do should/would do 进行was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚拟语气完成进行had been doing have/has been doing / / 2、被动形式 过去现在将来过去将来 一般was/were given am/is/are given Will / shall be given should/would be given 进行was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成进行/ / / / · CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 ·时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时所有的过去 用一般现在时表示现在和将来 现在完成时现在完成和将来完成 3、现在完成进行时态(have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束. · I’ve been writing letters for an hour. I’ve bee n sitting in the garden. 4、过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 · We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 5、将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. · By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years. 6、将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事. · I shall have finished this one before lunch. They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October. （二）语态 1、可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: · He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success. ·能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”，“相信”等意义的动词，常见的
高考语法填空题分类训练【高考必备】 纯空格题（无提示词） 1. 空格后是名词或名词词组 ?填冠词、定冠词或物主代词： 练习： 1) It happened in ________ spring of 1992. 2) I write to my parents once ________ month. 3) The gentleman is ________ expert in language teaching. 4) On ________ second day he will have discussions with our officials in the morning. 5) ________ book on that shelf is an interesting one about history. 6) It is pleasant to play a game of tennis on ________ summer afternoon. 7) In that country, less than 10% of ________ population are farmers. 8) The boy promised ________ mother never to lie to her again. 9) I don’t trust ________ own judgment. 10) A bird is known by ________ note, and a man by his talk. ?填and, or, but：
例：In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl”cultures chopsticks.（2016高考全国卷III） 练习： 1) He won’t eat meat ________ fish. 2) Nothing is certain ________ death and taxes. 3) Snakes ________ lizards are cold-blooded animals. 4) She spends hours ________ hours on the phone. 5) If the product doesn't work, you are given the choice of a refund ________ a replacement. ?填介词： d been observing.（2018高考全国卷III） 练习： 1) Japan is equal ________ France in size. 2) Our country is rich ________ minerals. 3) We should be strict ________ all our work. 4) He is known ________ a successful lawyer. 5) Smoking will do harm ________ people’s health. 6) ________ the sight of the policeman, the thief ran off. 7) She put some salt in her cup of tea ________ mistake. 8) We’re having a collection ________ Tom’s retirement present.
1.There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of _____ mouth tea is supposed to come. 2.They expressed the hope _____ they would come to visit China again. 3.He got up late and hurried to his office, _____(leave) the breakfast untouched. 4.I was about to go to bed _____ there was a knock at the door. 5.Luckily, we brought a road map, without _____ we would have lost our way. 6.Film has a much shorter history, especially when _____(compare) with such art forms as music and painting. 7.Faced with challenges, you should believe your courage is ______ makes a difference. 8.We've had a good start, but next, more work needs _____ (do) to achieve the final success. 9.____ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy. 10.All _____ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. 11.Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of _____ she spoke fluently. 12.The path in the park looked beautiful, ____ (cover) with _____ (fall) leaves. 13.Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car ____ (wash). 14.The _____ (smile) waiter came up to us and said, "You are welcome." 15._____ (offer) an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous. 16.It must have rained last night, __________ the ground is wet this morning. 17.Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself __________ (remind) of his own dreams. 18.I have the same opinion as you __________ the privacy of one's life should be kept secret. 19.__________ (catch) the early train, you'll have to get up early and rush in a taxi. https://www.doczj.com/doc/0a13868686.html,st week, only two companies asked him for an interview, neither of __________ hired him. 21.We often think of the days __________ we spent together on the island. 22.Tsinghua University, __________ (found) in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures. 23.As his best friend, I can make accurate guesses about __________ he
中国社会结构及发展分析 杨志罡10243022 信管1001 社会结构是指一个国家或地区的占有一定资源、机会的社会成员的组成方式与关系格局。改革开放以来，我国社会结构发生了深刻变化，这些变化主要表现在人口结构、家庭结构、就业结构、城乡结构和社会阶层结构等诸多方面。 从社会结构的变迁来看，新中国前30年的变化主要体现在如下几个方面：消灭了地主阶级，在农村进行土改，从而奠定了农村社会结构调整的基础；经过社会主义改造，个体劳动者的数量大大下降，民族资本家不复存在，个体劳动者由解放时的900万下降到1978年15万；随着工业化进程的发展，工人阶级扩充进程的序幕拉开。 当前中国的总体形势，可以概括为：经济高速发展，政治基本稳定，社会矛盾突显，文化繁而未荣。而在纷繁复杂的矛盾中，经济发展和社会发展不平衡、不协调应当是当前中国社会面临的突出矛盾和问题。 在中国社会发展的基本规律方面，中华民族在不同支流的交流融合过程中通过创造性的活动开创了文明古国而较早进入文明时代，并开拓创造出了一个疆域辽阔的大一统的多民族的东方大国和对世界产生了极其深远影响的光辉灿烂的中华古代文明。在长达两千年左右的历史长河里，中国一直是世界文明的极其重要的重心和中心。但是由于社会制度的天然缺憾，中国社会又较早地长期地陷入了以历史循环为特征的发展的沼泽地，因而从总体上来说发展非常缓慢。在西方国家由于资本主义生产方式确立与巩固而加快发展之际，中国落后了，中华民族落伍了。 鸦片战争以来，西方列强用炮舰政策打开了中国的大门。腐败无能的清政府面对帝国主义的侵略束手无策，只能割地赔款以图苟延残喘。西方列强不断加强对中国的侵略与掠夺，逐步控制了中国的经济命脉，攫取了筑路、开矿、海关等等中国主权，操纵了中国外交，从而把中国社会一步步推向半殖民地半封建社会的灾难深渊。中国人民经过长期艰苦斗争，最后，在中国共产党的领导下，组成了以社会主义为奋斗目标，以民主集中制为组织原则的革命力量，其在斗争中由于受到全体中国人民乃至整个中华民族的支持和拥护而不断发展壮大，因而，中国人民最终取得了中国革命的伟大胜利。 这就是说，历史已经证明，只有社会主义才能救中国。社会主义是中国实现顺利发展的必然选择。社会主义是中国近现代社会矛盾运动发展的必然结果，是实现中华民族独立与人民解放从而改变中国贫困落后面貌，实现中国社会顺利发展的必由之路，是现代中国的必然的历史选择。社会主义制度是实现民族振兴、国家富强、人民康乐的根本保证，社会主义制度体现和反映着中国各族人民的根本利益。 在中国社会的发展趋势方面，近代中国社会转型的发展趋势及其特征体现于近代中国的社会转型是从传统农业社会向近代工业社会的转变。在这一过程中，新旧结构的更替呈现多层面的交错运动态势，表现为五种发展趋势：中央政府权威削弱及其衰败化；在西方列强侵略下国家地位的边缘化；传统政治体系向近代政治体系演化的民主化；社会经济演变的市场化；国家与社会结构的二元化。五种趋势构成中国近代化的阻力与推力，使近代中国既表现为从传统农业国向近代工业国的转型，但又无法完成这一转型。造成这种状况的主要原因在中国社会内部，在于制度变革的滞后。从总体上看是从传统农业社会向近代工业社会的转变，伴随着这一转变的，是社会政治、经济、文化诸方面新旧结构的更替过程。但是，我们不能仅从西方现代化模式来解释和理解中国近代社会转型，因为近代中国的这一转型并非社会内
历年高考语法填空真题 1. （2017全国Ⅰ）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight. Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health. 2. （2017全国Ⅱ）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __61__(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and __________62__ work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, ____63___(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over___64___ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced. Steam engines ___65__(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been___66__(fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using___67__ every day. Later, engineers ____68___(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道）, which became known to the tube. This development was only possible with the ___69___ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of the most ___70___(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public. 3. （2017全国Ⅲ）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to challenge of her new A-level course .But unlike school friends ,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term 61 ________ (rest). Instead, she is earning $6500 a day as 62 __________ model in New Y ork. Sarah 63 __________ (tell) that she could be Britain?s new supermodel earning a million dollars in the new year. Her father Peter 44,wants her to give up school to model fulltime But Sarah, 64 _______ has taken part in shows along with top models wants 65_________ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. She is determined to carry on with her 66_________ (educate). She has turned down several 67_______ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies After school she plans to take a year off to model full time before going to university to get a