托福阅读解题提速思维技巧实例讲解
托福阅读解题提速思维技巧实例讲解,转换思路才能做得更快，今天给大家带来托福阅读解题提速思维技巧实例讲解
,希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福阅读解题提速思维技巧实例讲解转换思路才能做得更快托福阅读提速思维实例讲解先来看例题：A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in
which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of
symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and
the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that
is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting
in a particular area.1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferredfrom
paragraph 1?A. It excludes interactions betweenmore than two species.B. It makes it less likely for specieswithin a community to survive.C. Its significance to the organizationof biological communities is small.D. Its role in the structure ofbiological populations is a disruptive
老托福阅读真题及答案解析 托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。 Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest. 1. What is the main idea of the passage ? (A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment. (B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs. (C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. (D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. 2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to
TOEFL iBT阅读技巧—关键词法解题 关键词在阅读理解中的重要作用： key words—结构（structure） —推断（inference） 1.key words—结构（structure） 针对题型：大意概括题 解题步骤：1.找结构关键词（but, and, as ,while, so, to……）; 2.分析句子结构; (并列，递进，从属，因果……) 3.结合文本大意选出正确选项。 例1 TPO34 Islamic Art and the Book Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain – but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A) It was several centuries before papermaking techniques spread to faraway areas where parchment was popular and used widely in art. B) Although papermaking came to Egypt quickly, it took much longer for paper to be used when copying the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art. C) Papermaking spread beyond Egypt, Sicily, and Spain, but it was not widely used by artists for centuries, probably because of the conservative nature of art in those countries. D) Paper replaced parchment in copies of the Koran, probably at the request of conservative practitioners in areas like Egypt, Sicily, and Spain. [解析] 关键词：but, because of. But 连接的是两个句子的转折，而because of 是
托福阅读评分标准解析 托福阅读评分标准解析, 备考前先了解评分规则,今天给大家带来了托福阅读评分标准解析，希望能够帮助到到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 一.托福阅读评分标准 新托福阅读每篇题量为12-14题，每篇阅读除了最后一道题为2分外，其余题目分值都是1分，所以托福阅读总的原始分值为45分。所以。同学们如果在考试中因为时间问题迫不得已要舍弃一道题目时，尽量不要舍弃小结题。一般情况下，这类题目是多选题，6个中选择3个，选错一个扣一分，错2个或3个不得分。具体的评分标准如下表： 如果阅读遇到加试，也有可能会影响阅读成绩。那么阅读加试是如何影响阅读成绩的呢?考试中只有一部分考生会遇到阅读加试，没有遇到加试的考试成绩不会有变动，按照上述评分标准来评分。但是参加加试的考生成绩可能会因为加试题目的情况，成绩产生一些变动，具体细则如下： (1)如果考试正确率比加试正确率高，说明考题偏容易，也就是高分档的学生比较多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是
给一些高分的学生减分。给哪些学生减分呢?当然是加试做得不好的学生。 (2)如果考试正确率比加试正确率低，说明考题偏难，也就是低分档的学生比较多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是给一些低分的学生加分。给哪些学生加分呢?当然是加试做得好的学生。 (3)如果考试正确率和加试正确率持平，实现了正态分布，考生的分数则不需要调整了。 之所以分数有波动是因为ETS为了在考生水平有波动的情况下，仍然能够给予考生一个相对较为公平的分数 怎么样排除托福阅读的错误选项.托福阅读中的题目类型比较丰富，其中一种托福阅读题型要求大家排掉错误的选项，那么面对这种托福阅读题该怎么办呢?下面就来看看看具体方法。 排除题这种托福阅读题型很好辨认，每篇阅读0-2题，比较简单，一般就是在题干中会出现一个大写的单词EXCEPT、NOT、LESS。这是特别不受我们中国同学待见的一种题，因为从逻辑思维的角度上来说，要想从四个选项中把错误的那一个给找出来，我们要在大脑
0308 托福试题 阅读( 55minutes ) Question 1-11 seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15) structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen If food is allowed to stand for some time, putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful spontaneous generation microbiologist Louis showed that structures present in air closely found not that it to be seen in such process by which of the theory of French chemist and opponent was the Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur resemble the microorganisms
托福阅读真题3 PASSAGE 3 The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes- not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonialobjects. Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell
pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining —the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article. Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root,
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(一) 托福阅读在备考的过程中，大家可以多找一些真题来进行练习 PASSAGE 1 By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox. But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the villageof Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff
托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题（一） 托福阅读不同于传统阅读，其中包含了”句子插入题”这类特殊题型，这也是托福阅读中相对难得分的题型。此类题型中，题干中会给出一个新的句子，然后会在原文段落中给出四个黑框，考察新句子在文章中最合适的位置。针对于此类题型的解答，有很多实用的方法，今天我们要介绍的是在剩余时间不多的情况下，最简单最便捷的解决方法-语义指代匹配法。 在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代上文内容，常见指示代词this, that, these, those, 人称代词they, she, he, 或it ，还有their, such, another等。对于此类题型的具体解题步骤如下： ①确认指代对象：根据指代词找到其所指代的对象； ②定位指代对象：通过浏览扫描段落信息，确定指代对象位置； ③代入验证：把插入句代入含有指代对象所在句的后面进行验证即可。 接下来，我们通过具体实例来论证使用语义指代匹配法。 案例： Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans.■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production. 11. Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.
0308 托福试题 阅读（55minutes） Question 1-11 If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.1 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that
托福阅读真题3 PASSAGE 3 The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes- not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonialobjects. Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article. Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in
The Extinction of the Dinosaurs million years ago) and the Paleocene period (65..C55 million years ago) in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of 65 million years ago，marine 2.strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor. Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate ，and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments ，dinosaur fossils ，though frequent before 65 million years ago ，are totally absent. By 3.contrast，new families of mammals appear，including large mammals for the first time. Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapid disappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period，coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios. For some, it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered by a dramatic increaseby a factor of 10，100，1，000 in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earth after a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system. For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere ，the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth's magnetic field. That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernova explosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened ， something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction. And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years. However，this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction . 4.Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics (but they then must be explained) . Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions of temperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another. The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects. Over thirty years ago ，scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion. Other theories involved a worldwide cold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world's oceans ，which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense. 5.Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that the extinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity. It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in 1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times ，but rather of a prolonged period of activity. On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt (volcanic) rocks cover more than 500，000 square kilometers (nearly 200，000 square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous. This sort of outflow could correspond to volcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading ，with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters. 6.The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed the composition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in the
2020年12月13日托福阅读答案解析12月13日托福阅读词汇题： Obviously=clearly Widespread=common Dense=thick Thus=consequently resultant Shallow=small depth exercise Profound=very strong Emergence=rise Tactic=strategy Adjacent to=near to Parallel=match 12月13日托福阅读第一篇 题材划分：生物类 主要内容：板块运动能够改变生物多样性，提到生物区的划分，少于百分之二十的物种相似度就是不同的区越多说明那里的多样性越高。比如板块分开的时候，多样性增加，反之亦然。一个山脉能够把原本的湿润风给挡了，就变成沙漠不适合生长了。或者一个障碍的形
成能够把本来的一个物种分成两个，一南一北，等到在合并的时候， 发现北部的能够到南部生活，但南部的很少到北部生活。 相似TPO练习推荐 TPO31- Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations 相关背景知识： Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook was the first to coin the term 'speciation' for the splitting of lineages or "cladogenesis," as opposed to "anagenesis" or "phyletic evolution" occurring within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation.There is research comparing the intensity of sexual selection in different clades with their number of species. There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another： allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion. All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity. One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the last