Chapter 4
The Changing English Vocabulary
l. Why are neologisms products of the constant change in the English language?
2. What is a new word according to The Oxford Dictionary of New Words published in 1998?
3. What is a new word according to The Oxford Essential Dic-tionary of New Words published in
2003?
4. Describe the definition of neologisms according to the author of this book?
5. There are two main sources of new words in the English vocabulary, what are they?
6. In which years did the following new words appear in the English vocabulary?
1) upload _________________
2) webcam _________________
3) webcast _________________
4) read-only memory ( ROM) _________________
5) search engine _________________
6) spam _________________
7) space walk _________________
8) mad cow disease _________________
9)AIDS(an abbreviation of ______) _________________
10)SARS(an abbreviation of _______) _________________
11) SIDS (an abbreviation of ________) _________________
12) euro _________________
13) nuclear winter _________________
14) peace symbol _________________
15) spokespeople _________________
16) women's studies _________________
17) B-school _________________
18) homeschool _________________
19) electronica _________________
20) kung fu _________________
21)e-book _ ________________
22)e-commerce _________________
23)ATM (an abbreviation of _________) _________________
24)DVD (an abbreviation of _________) _________________
25) light pollution _________________
7. Do you know which test every student should take before the graduation of high school in the United States?
8. When did the new expression whole language appear?
9. Translate the following new words or new expressions into Chinese.
1) hypermedia _________________ 2) fax modem _________________
3) telemarketing _________________ 4) telemedicine _________________
5) information superhighway _________________6) ATM _________________
7) digital camera _________________ 8) disco _________________
9) Eurocurrency _________________ 10) Eurodollar _________________
11) home page _________________ 12) bullet train _________________
13) cell phone _________________ 14) videophone _________________
15) picturephone _________________ 16) sports medicine _________________ 17) slimnastics _________________ 18) power walk _________________
19) kung fu _________________ 20) game ball _________________
21) autocross _________________ 22) aerobics _________________
23)CAI _________________ 24) sexism _________________
25) B-school ________________ 26) electronic publishing _________________ 27) grade point average _________________ 28) womanism _________________ 29) women's studies _________________ 30) spokesperson _________________ 31) newsperson _________________ 32) communication gap _________________ 33) credibility gap _________________ 34) culture gap _________________ 35) peace sign _________________ 36) peace symbol _________________ 37) teach-in _________________ 38) peacenik _________________
39) call-in _________________ 40) ableism _________________
41) Third Worlder _________________ 42) freedom-rider _________________ 43) Interpol _________________ 44) green revolution _________________ 45) cybercafe _________________ 46) cybercitizen _________________
47) cybersurfer _________________ 48) webcam _________________
49) webcast _________________ 50) war on terrorism _________________ 51) anti-Bush enthusiasm _________________ 52) prisoner abuse scandal _________________ 53) phase down _________________ 54) global village _________________ 55) first strike _________________ 56) ECU _________________
57) domino theory _________________ 58) V-chip _________________
10. Point out where the following words came from?
1) earthrise _________________
2) e-commerce _________________
3) picturephone _________________
4) moonquake _ ________________
5) househusband _________________
6) G-mail _________________
7) fourth world _________________
8) airtel _________________
9) air bag _________________
10) apolune _________________
11. What are obsolete words?
12. Obsolete words may be still used at the present time. Give examples for illustration.
13. Why are changes in vocabulary much faster than changes in pronunciation and grammar?
14. There are four tendencies in semantic changes. What are they?
15. Give some examples of widening of meaning.
16. Point out some examples of narrowing of meaning.
17. Which words belong to elevation of meaning?
18. Which words belong to degradation of meaning?
19. What is a metaphor?
20. How does a metaphor differ from a simile?
21. There are three major groups of metaphors according to function and character. What are they?
22. Which words can be used as metaphors? Give some examples for illustration.
23. What is metonymy?
24. Underline the following words or phrases belonging to metonymy.
1) Shakespeare (Shakespeare's plays)
2) with open arms
3) It never entered his head to help me.
4) This fine picture is the pride of my collection.
5) The kettle is boiling.
6) He has￡20 in notes and￡5 in silver.
7) He drank a cup.
8) She is a great beauty.
25. What is synecdoche?
26. Synecdoche has two kinds according to meaning: one is the part for the whole, the other is the whole for the part. Give some examples for each kind.
27. What is euphemism?
28. Why do we often use euphemism in daily life? Give some examples.
29. Give the definition of middle terms.
30. Give some examples illustrated by a diachronic development of words.
31. Correct the errors in the following statements:
1) The word rubbish in the Early Modern English period meant' rubble, ' but soon developed the meaning of a waste thing,anything worthless. So this is an example of narrowing of meaning.
2) The word matter originally means 'timber. ' Now it has a lot of abstract meanings. For instance, The world is made of matter. This is a matter I know little about. I don't discuss private matter with my colleagues, etc. Therefore, the word matter is an example of elevation of meaning.
3) The word hospital once meant 'a place for shelter or entertainment of travelers, ' now it means 'a place where people are treated for illness or injuries. ' So the word hospital belongs to an example of widening of meaning.
4) The word disease once meant ' discomfort, ' now it refers to an illness. This is an example of widening of meaning.
5) The word fond originally meant 'foolish, ' now it refers to 'loving in a kind, gentle or tender way. ' Therefore we may say that the word fond is an example of degradation of meaning.
6) The word minister originally meant ' servant. ' Now it has
come to mean 'a person at the head of a department of the government. '
答案
Chapter 4
The Changing English Vocabulary
1. When a new product is made, a new conception comes into man's thought, and a new name must be found, that is, a new word appears in the language. Therefore, neologisms are products of the constant change in the English language.
2. According to The Oxford Dictionary of New Words edited by Elizabeth Knowles with Julia Elliott, published in 1998, "A new word is any word, phrase, or sense that came into popular use or enjoyed a vogue in the given period. "
3. According to The Oxford Essential Dictionary of New Words edited by Erin Mickean, published in July 2003, "A new word is novel arrangement of letters with a meaning not quite duplicated by any other arrangement of letters..This is the ideal form of a new word. Like most ideals, this is rarer than we'd like.Real-world new words are messier. For one thing, new 'words' are often made up of more than one word—they are multiword lexical units, to be technical. Often, 'new' words are merely new senses of an existing word. . . A new word must earn its place in the dictionary by showing that people are using it—lots of people, in lots of places...This is great for proving
that the new word is a solid citizen of the English language." 4.When we define neologisms or new words, two aspects should be considered. The first aspect is what new words are. The second aspect is when they appear and enter into the dictionary. The criterion of time concerning the birth and use of new words is very important, within the given period of time the newly coined words and words adding new meanings are called new words. Beyond the period they will become existing words, not new words.
From the above-mentioned aspects the definition of new words may be described as follows :
Neologisms are newly coined words or words that are given new meanings to fit new situations and new needs because of the social, economic, political, cultural, especially scientific and technical changes in the given period in human society. Considering that we live and work in the first years of the 2lst century, the time about the appearance and use of new words should be restricted among forty years from the sixties to the late nineties last century, especially within twenty years from the eighties to the late nineties last century.
This is the criterion to distinguish neologisms or new words from existing words.
In short, neologisms are new words and expressions used in the given period.
5.There are two main sources of new words in the English vocabulary.
The first source is the rapid development of modern science and technology. Modern science and technology bring about the addition of new words without numbers. They are the most important source of new words.
Computing is a newly developing and widely used area in our modem society. Every day people including adults and children use computers to learn and know a lot of happenings in the world. So a great number of new words concerning computers appear constantly in Modern English. A few new words are given below.
The new word netizen is the blend of net and citizen, which appeared in 1994. It means 'an active participant in the online community of the internet. '
The new word cybercitizen means 'netizen. It appeared also in 1994 The new word extranet was coined in 1995. It denotes 'a network (as of a company) similar to an intranet that also allows access by certain others (as customers or suppliers). '
The word intranet is also a new word created in 1995. It means
'a network operating like the world wide web but having access restricted to a limited group of authorized users (as employ of a company). '
The second source of new words is political, economic, and social changes.Political, economic, and social changes are another important source of new words. Their influence on the English vocabulary is as great as that of science and technology So we shouldn't neglect the importance of this source.
The new word e-commerce appeared in 1993. It refers to 'commerce conducted via the internet. '
The new expressions digital versatile disc(1995) and digital video disc (1993) are derived from the new word DVD (1993), meaning 'a high-capacity optical disk format; an optical using such a format and containing especially a video recording (as a movie) or computer data. '
The new word SARS is an abbreviation of severe acute respiratory syndrome that appeared in 2003. It is also known as atypical Pneumonia used in China in 2003.
6. 1) The new word upload used as a verb appeared in 1983.
2) The new word webcam appeared in 1995.
3) The new word webcast was coined in 1995.
4) The new expression read-only memory (ROM) appeared in 1961.
5) The new expression search engine appeared in 1984.
6) The new word spam was created in 1994.
7) The new expression space walk appeared in 1965.
8) The new expression mad cow disease appeared in 1988.
9)The new word AID(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) appeared in 1982.
10)The new word SARS(severe acute respiratory syndrome) appeared in 2003.
11) The new word SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) appeared in 1970.
12) The new word euro was coined in 1981.
13) The new expression nuclear winter appeared in 1983.
14) The new expression peace symbol appeared in 1970.
15) The new word spokespeople appeared in 1972.
16) The new expression women 's studies appeared in 1972.
17) The new word B-school was coined in 1967.
18) The new word homeschool was coined in 1980.
19) The new word electronica was coined in 1994.
20) The new word kung fu was created in 1966.
21) The new word e-book appeared in 1988.
22) The new word e-commerce appeared in 1993.
23)The new word ATM(automatic teller machine) appeared in1976.
24) The new word DVD (digital versatile disc) appeared in 1993.
25) The new expression light Pollution appeared in 1971. 7.Before the graduation of high school in the United States, every student should take a test,called the Scholastic Assessment Test. The short form is SAT. The SAT is a four-hour test with a perfect score of l,600. The top score is 800 0n both the verbal and math sections.
8. The new expression whole language appeared in 1984.
9. 1) hypermedia 大型传媒装置
2) fax modem 传真调制解调器
3) telemarketing 电话销售
4) telemedicine 远距离医学
5) information superhighway 信息高速公路
6) ATM 自动出纳机
7) digital camera 数码相机
8) disco 迪斯科
9) Eurocurrency 欧洲货币
10) Eurodollar 欧洲美元
11) home page 网页
12) bullet train 高速客车，高速列车
13) cell phone (1984) 手机
14) videophone (1950) 可视电话
15) picturephone (1956) 可视电话
16) sports medicine 体育医学，运动医学
17) slimnastics 减肥操，健美操
18) power walk 负重疾步行走
19) kung fu 功夫，拳术
20) game ball 庆功球,决定胜负的关键球
21) autocross 汽车竞技运动会，越野赛车
22) aerobics 气健术，增氧健身法
23) CAI 计算机辅助教学
24) sexism 性别歧视，性别偏见
25) B-school 商业管理学院
26) electronic publishing 电子（电脑）出版
27) grade point average 平均积分点
28) womanism 争取女权主义
29) women's studies 妇女问题研究
30) spokesperson 发言人，代言人
31) newsperson 记者
32) communication gap 交际沟
33) credibility gap 信誉沟
34) culture gap 文化沟
35) peace sign V字形和平手势
36) peace symbol 和平标志
37)teach-in 宣讲会
38) peacenik 反战示威者，反战积极分子
39) call-in （电台）来电直播节目
40) ableism 体格健全至上主义
41)Third Worlder 第三世界的人
42) freedom-rider 自由之行示威者
43) Interpol 国际刑警组织
44) green revolution 绿色革命，农业革命
45) Cybercafe 网上咖啡店
46) cybercitizen 网民
47) cybersurfer 网上冲浪
48) webcam 网上摄像
49 webcast 网上广播
50) war on terrorism 反恐战
51) anti-Bush enthusiasm 反布什情绪
52) prisoner abuse scandal 虐俘丑闻
53) phase down 逐步缩减，分阶段减少
54) global village 全球村
55) first strike 使用第一次核打击武器的先发制人
56) ECU 欧洲货币单位
57) domino theory 多米诺骨牌理论
58) V-chip V芯片
10. 1) The word earthrise came from sunrise.
2) The word e-commerce came from e-mail.
3) The word picturephone came from videophone.
4) The word moonquake came from earthquake.
5)The word househusband came from housewife.
6) The new word G-mail came from e-mail.
7) The phrase fourth -world came from third world.
8) The word airtel came from hotel.
9) The phrase air bag came from handbag.
10) The word apolune came from aphelion.
11. Obsolete words are called archaisms, which are not used
now except for special purposes.
12.Obsolete words may be still used at the present time. The English proverb Many a little makes a mickle is a good example for illustrating this point. Here mickle, an obsolete word Means 'large amount. ' The proverb is still in common use.
13.From the sociolinguistic point of view we know that
vocabulary not only changes, but also changes quickly. Changes in pronunciation and grammar are much slower, but changes in vocabulary are much faster. When people have met with new objects and new ideas, they have need of new words to express them. In the course of the development of language old words die out, new words are added, and existing words change their meanings. It is obvious that the gradual change of meaning in words is a universal feature of human language.
14.Sense development of English words can be divided into four groups according to the range of their usage and the altitude towards their uses.
Change in the denotative component of the lexical meaning may result in the extension of meaning and the narrowing of meaning.
Change in the connotative component may bring about the elevation of meaning and the degradation of meaning.
15.The extension of meaning, or widening of meaning, refers to the extension of the range of the lexical meaning. Extension of meaning is one of the most common features in the history of English words.
The example of widening is the word rubbish, which in the Early Modern English period meant 'rubble, ' but which soon
developed the wider meaning of a waste thing,anything worthless.
There is one more example. The word catalyst is not only a technical term used in chemistry meaning 'a substance which, without itself changing, causes chemical activity to quicken, ' but also a common word, when used figuratively, e. g. The workers' demand for higher wages was a catalyst in a difficult state of affairs, and led to important social changes.
16.An example of narrowing of meaning is the verb to starve. The word originally meant simply 'to die. ' In Middle English it was specialized to mean 'to die of cold,' but in the sixteenth century it meant 'to die of hunger.'
17.Words often rise from a humble beginning to a positions of greater importance because of social changes.
Elevation of meaning is also a special kind of narrowing of meaning. The word success has changed its meaning from 'result' to 'good result. ' The word comrade is derived from Spanish for ' roommate, ' but now it means ' fellow member of a political party, etc. '
18.Words with a commendatory meaning may become ones with
a derogatory sense. The word wench once meant 'a young woman, or girl, especially in the country, ' now it means 'a lewd
woman, prostitute. '
The word disease once meant ' discomfort, ' now it refers to an illness.
19. A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage, Here, a stage is a metaphor.
20."He and his brother are as like as two peas." is a comparison between two unlike elements, that is, human beings and peas.So as like as two peas is a simile.
The simile may be expressed by the use of the connecting words: like, as, as. . . as, sometimes by the use of than, as if , or as though.
In a metaphor the connecting words are not used, e.g. Imperialism is a paper tiger. Here paper tiger is a metaphor. 21. There are three major groups of metaphors according function and character. They are:
1) anthropomorphic metaphors, such as: the hand of a clock
2) animal metaphors, such as: a black sheep.
3) synaesthetic metaphors, such as: a golden opportunity
22. Some nouns and their adjectives or verbs can be used as metaphors. Take a few sentences for example:
Although he's less talented, he won by sheer dogged persistence. Here dogged is an adjective, meaning 'determined; not giving up easily. '
On the whole, the students seemed serious and hard-working,but they confined themselves to parroting textbooks. Here parrot is
a verb, meaning ' to repeat without thinking or understanding. '
23.Metonymy is an important factor in the shift of meaning that involves substitution of the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it.
24. 1)Shakespeare
2) arms
3) head
4) pride
5) kettle
6) silver
7) cup
8) beauty
25. Synecdoche is a figure of speech that involves the substitution of the part for the whole or the whole for the part. 26. Synecdoche may be classified into two kinds according to meaning :
1) the part for the whole:
We are no longer short of hands. Here hand means 'worker, helper. '
2) the whole for the part:
The doctor cut him open and took out the appendix and stitched him up again. Here him refers to a part of his body. 27. Euphemism is the substitution of a word of more pleasant connotation for one of unpleasant connotation. In short, an euphemism is a false word substituted for the true word in order to soften the shock of reality.
28 .Euphemism is often used in speaking of things that are painful and distressing to think about. Death is one of these things and the English language is full of euphemism like: to pass away (for formal use)
to decease (for legal use)
to kick the bucket (a slang)
to go west (dated slang)
An economic crisis is another subject for euphemism. The prewar word slump was soon replaced by the word depression, then the word depression was replaced by the word recession.Now the word recession is replaced by the word downturn.
Nowadays people often say downtown instead of saying
'economic crisis. '
29. Middle terms in English belong to a specific kind of ameliorative and pejorative developments. Middle terms are words which are neutral in meaning and take on favorable or unfavorable significance according to their different contents. The word fortune, for instance, is a middle term. because it may be either good or bad, but the adjective fortunate was a positive value. Take one sentence for example, He's fortunate enough to enjoy good health.
30.Changes of lexical meaning can be illustrated by a diachronic development of words. Although objects, conceptions, ideas, etc. change in the course of time, the name is retained, the meaning changes because the object which it describes has changed.
The word car,for instance, is a good example.
The word car was borrowed through the Anglo-French word carre and directly from the Latin word carra in 1301, plural of carrus meaning 'two-wheeled vehicle for carrying foods.'
The word car was first applied to the automobile in 1895,that
is to say, it means 'a usually four-wheeled automotive vehicle designed for passenger transportation. '
31. 1) . . . So this is an example of widening of meaning.
2) . .. Therefore, the word matter is an example of widening of meaning.
3) . . . So the word hospital belongs to an example of narro- wing of meaning.
4) . . . This is an example of narrowing of meaning.
5). . .Therefore we may say that the word fond is an example of elevation of meaning.
6) No mistake.
英语词汇学试题 Introduction and Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1） I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of _________construct. A. word B. form C. morpheme D. root 2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. A. Semantics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Stylistics 3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. A. linguistic B. grammatical C. arbitrary D. semantic 5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference. A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic 7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. A. technical B. artistic C. different D. academic 8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves. A. Slang B. Jargon C. Dialectal words D. Argot 9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. A. Jargon B. Argot C. Dialectal words D. Slang 10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.
词汇学考试题型 Ⅰ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（2×15=30%） 1.In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound form.（） A. more B. little C. less D. gradual 2.Both LDCE and CCELD are _______.（） A. general dictionaries B. monolingual dictionaries C. both A and B D. neither A and B 3.The word "MINISKIRT" is _______.（） A. morphologically motivated B. etymologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. none of the above 4.The most important way of vocabulary development in present-day English is _______.（） A. borrowing B. semantic change C. creation of new words D. all the above 5.Beneralization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become ________.（） A. generalized B. expanded C. elevated D. degraded 6.Some morphemes have _______ as they are realized by more than one morph according to their position in word.（） A. alternative morphs B. single morphs C. abstract units D. discrete units 7.Old English vocabulary was essentially _______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.（） A. Italic B. Germanic C. Celtic D. Hellenic https://www.doczj.com/doc/0f13482865.html,pounds are different from free phrases in all the following ways EXCEPT _______.（）
《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.
1.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. A. Semantics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Stylistics 2.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 3.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference. A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic 4. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 5The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of ______ words into English. A. French B. Greek C. Roman D. Latin 6Greek is the modern language derived from _______. A. Latin B. Hellenic C. Indian D . Germanic 7The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______. A.reversative prefixes B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 8The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 9The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 10The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ . A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 11The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________. A. number prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 12.________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head. A.Prefixes of orientation and attitude B. Prefixes of time and order C. Locative prefixes D. Prefixes of degree or size 13. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________. https://www.doczj.com/doc/0f13482865.html,s of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames 14.Ex-student, fore tell and post-election contain________. A.negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. prefixes of time and order D. locative prefixes 15Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______ A. names of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames 16The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________. B.negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. prefixes of time and order D. miscellaneous prefixes 17The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student and contra flow are _____-. C.prefixes of degree or size B. prefixes of orientation and attitude C. prefixes of time and order D. miscellaneous prefixes 18Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________. https://www.doczj.com/doc/0f13482865.html,s of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames 19The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
一、选择题 1．—What do you think of the performance today? —Great! ________ but a musical genius could perform so successfully. A．All B．None C．Anybody D．Everybody 2．—Jerry looks so tired. He works too hard. —He has to ________ a family of four on his own. A．offer B．support C．provide D．remain 3．In modern life, shopping online is________ used by many people, especially for teenagers. A．exactly B．badly C．heavily D．widely 4．I once worked for a travel magazine for one year and the ________ helped me get a job as a reporter. A．experiment B．information C．experience D．instruction 5．—Oh, my God! I have ________ five pounds after the Spring Festival. —All of the girls want to lose weight, but easier said than done. A．given up B．put on C．got on D．grown up 6．— Sorry, I can't afford to go abroad. — What about having a country travel with a little________ price? A．cheaper B．higher C．lower D．less 7．People who always do sports are in spirits than those who don't. A．high B．higher C．tall D．taller 8．You should be careful to pay over the Internet, ________it’s not always safe. A．so B．because C．after D．as soon as 9．Kangkang usually does her homework ________ it is very late at night. A．until B．when C．before D．after 10．— Is your home close to the school, Tom? — No, it's a long way, but I am________ late for school because I get up early daily. A．always B．usually C．never D．sometimes 11．We 'll have a trip to America ______ February. A．of B．at C．on D．in 12．一Where is Mr. Brown? 一I think he's _____________ the music hall. A．on B．in C．over D．from 13．He wrote his phone number ________ a piece paper. A．on B．for C．in D．from 14．You can’t ___ how I missed my mother at that time. A．offer B．provide C．imagine D．dream 15．In 2018, trade between China and Hungary rose by 7.5 percent, and recently on Friday companies from China and Hungary________ several cooperation (合作) agreements under the
2012级（1）班 Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and Vocabulary I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock. A.Productivity Stability C.Collocability D.All national character 2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ . A.slang B.Anglo-Saxon words C.argots D.neologisms 3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into _______ . A.content words and functional words B.native words and borrowed words C.basic words and dialectal words D.loan words and dialectal words 4. Borrowings can be divided into________. A.liens, semantic loans, translationloans, denizens B.empty words, notional words, form words, content words C.blends, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializes D.derivatives, compounds, converted words and clipped words 5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________. A.Productivity and stability B.neutrality in style and high frequency in use C.collectability and polysemy D.formality and arbitrariness 6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ . A.a dialectal word B.argot C.an archaism D.slang 7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ . A.jargon B.an archaism C.aneologism D.slang 8.Form words include the following word classes except_______ . A.conjunctions B.auxiliaries C.prepositions D.adjectives 9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ . A.the total number of the words in alanguage B.all the words used in a particular historical period C.all the words of a given dialect D.most words a person knows 10.Kimono is a loan word from_______ . A.German B.French C.Spanish D.Japanese 11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock. A.Anglo-Saxon words B. Frenchwords C.Danish words https://www.doczj.com/doc/0f13482865.html,tin words 12.Black humor is_______ . A.a translation loan B.a semantic loan C.a denizen D.an alien 13.Pronouns and numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ . A.polysemous;use and stability B.monosemous;collocability and stability C.polysemous;use and productivity D.monosemous;productivity andcollectability 14.Indigestion is_______ . A.jargon B.slang C.terminology D.an archaism
英语词汇学习题集 Chapter I A General Survey of English Vocabulary 1. Which of the following is NOT correct? _________ A. A word is a meaningful group of letters. B. A word is a unit of meaning. C. A word is a sound or combination of sounds. D. A word is a form that cannot function alone in a sentence. 3. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out ______. A. Old English B. Middle English C. Anglo-Saxon D. Celtic 4. In the early period of Middle English, English, ______ existed side by side. A. Celtic and Danish B. Danish and French C. Latin and Celtic D. French and Latin 9. Both English and ______ belong to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. A. Celtic B. Dansih C. French D. Scottish 12. Words can be classified according to the following criteria EXCEPT _________. A. notion B. use frequency C. foundation D. origin 7. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words?（） A. The rapid development of modern science and technology. B. Geographical and political changes. C. The influence of other cultures and languages. D. Social and economic changes. 6. The major factors that promote the growth of modern English are ______. A. the growth of science and technology B. economic and political changes C. the influence of other cultures and languages D. all the above 7. Since the beginning of this century, ______ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary. A. word-formation B. borrowing C. semantic change D. both B and C 9. The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( )
C9 Test-2 below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that I. Each of the statements would best complete the statement. 1. The fixity of idioms depends on A. idiomaticity B. structure C. grammaticality D. style
2. Idioms are generally felt to be A. formal B. informal C. casual D. intimate 3. In the idiom “ move heaven and earth ” , is used. A. simile B. metonymy C. personification D. juxtaposition 4. A large proportion of idioms were first created by . A. linguists B. poets C. working people D. ruling class 5. Forms and functions of idioms are . A. different B. identical C. not necessarily identical D. not identical at all 6. Slang expressions are often peculiar to and varieties. A. stylistic, affective B. social, regional C. professional, cultural D. cultural, social 7. The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom. A. illogical B. lexical C. grammatical D. logical 8. Idioms nominal in nature function as . A. adverbs B. modifiers C. nouns D. adjectives 9. In “Fire and water are good servants, but bad masters ”, figure of speech is . A. simile B. personification
哈尔滨商业大学2009-2010学年第二学期《词汇学》期末考试试卷 装 题 订 线 内 不 答 要 一、单项选择题（本大题共40小题，每小题1分，共40 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of _________construct. A. word B. form C. morpheme D. root 2. .Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 3. Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user?s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 4. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. A. technical B. artistic C. different D. academic 5. _________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. A. Jargon B. Argot C. Dialectal words D. Slang 6. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language. A. inflected B. derived C. developed D. analyzed 7. The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary. A. Hinduism B. Christianity C. Buddhism D. Islamism 8. It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. A. 500 B. 800 C. 1000 . D. 900 9. By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status. A. 12th B. 13th C. 14th D.15th 10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______. A. Greek B. Roman C. Indian D. Russian 11. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________. A. names of books B. names of places C. names of people D. trade-names 12. Ex-student, fore tell and post-election contain________. A. negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. prefixes of time and order D. locative prefixes 13. The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________. A. negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. prefixes of time and order D. miscellaneous prefixes 14. Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________. A. names of books B. names of places C. names of people D. trade-names 15. The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________. A. noun suffixes B. verb suffixes C. adverb suffixes D. adjective suffixes