当前位置:文档之家› Advanced OR and AI Methods in Transportation OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SPACE TRANSPORTATION S

Advanced OR and AI Methods in Transportation OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SPACE TRANSPORTATION S

Advanced OR and AI Methods in Transportation OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SPACE TRANSPORTATION S
Advanced OR and AI Methods in Transportation OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SPACE TRANSPORTATION S

Advanced OR and AI Methods in Transportation

OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES THROUGH KNOWLEDGE AND

SIMULATION BASED MODELING

Alex J. RUIZ-TORRES1, Edgar ZAPATA2

Abstract. This paper describes a combination of simulation and knowledge based

assessment models used in the operational analysis of future space transportation

systems. The model uses knowledge based logic as estimating relationships

combined with a process database to estimate the appropriate ground processes,

their duration, and their variability. The developed process model is used to

populate a simulation model of the transportation system. Use of the simulation

model allows the estimation of operational measures of performance such as

labor, cycle time and flight rate.

1. Introduction

Fundamental changes are required in the design of space transportation systems in order to achieve leapfrog improvements in cost and reliability. Projects such as Orbital Space Plane (2002-2003), the Next Generation Launch Technology program (2003-2004), the Space Launch Initiative (2001-2002), assorted X-Vehicle programs (1995-2000) and the Highly Reusable Space Transportation Study (HRST, circa 1995-1998) are examples of NASA’s efforts into the developments of technologies and approaches that will lead to improvements in cost, reliability and safety for space transportation systems [1]. Efforts have been directed at the assessment/analysis of technologies and approaches through the development of models, particularly knowledge/data models that predict the behavior and performance of the future space system encompassing both flight, ground and organizational elements [2, 3]. In the past, most of these efforts focused on the assessment of manufacturing and development costs, and ignored life cycle cost factors related to operations. However, the tide may be turning as awareness has grown that the cost of operating current systems, be they reusable or expendable, far exceeds the development and

1College of Business, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, aruiztor@https://www.doczj.com/doc/0413575698.html, 2 Systems Engineering Branch, NASA Kennedy Space Center, KSC, FL 32899,

edgar.zapata-1@https://www.doczj.com/doc/0413575698.html,

596 A. J. Ruiz-Torres, E. Zapata

manufacturing costs. The development of models that can assess the ground operations of future transportation systems is critically important if the goal of low cost access to space is to be achieved.

The operational assessment of future space transportation systems is knowledge based; there are no proven formulas or procedures that will generate an operational ground process for a space transportation system. This is so for various reasons including the complexity of the systems/technologies and the variety of these technologies, which makes it impossible to develop a single method for estimation of operations. The assessment of ground operational requirements for new space vehicles is critical as exemplified by the Space Shuttle system. During conceptual design it was envisioned that the Shuttle’s maintenance and servicing processes were to be simple and able to maintain an expected flight rate of ten flights per year per vehicle. It was also envisioned that the maintenance, servicing, payload integration and inspection processes would require little infrastructure and time. The Space shuttle was supposed to provide significant cost reductions when compared with its predecessors systems, but this depended on a dramatic flight rate increase that was never achieved [4]. These flight rate and costs goals were never meet due to the complexity and immaturity of the flight system, necessitating by relationship complex and extensive ground infrastructures to meet the servicing, inspection and checkout requirements of the equally complex vehicle design. Therefore, ground operations, measured primarily by variables such as vehicle cycle time (time between launches), direct labor hours and support hours, maintenance and repair costs, and facilities and infrastructure costs must be estimated, with as much accuracy as possible in order to drive and focus the development of vehicle systems that can meet the low cost and associated high flight rate objectives.

This paper describes current work in the development of operational assessment models for space transportation systems. The research project described in this paper is a continuation of the work in [3].

2. Space Transportation Systems

As described in [3] space transportation systems have similar components to those used by civilian or military aviation systems. Both need takeoff and landing facilities, facilities to process cargo/passengers, and maintenance facilities, both for minor repairs and for overhauls. However, the complexity of space transportation makes for specialized, complex, and expensive facilities and support systems. While a variety of aircraft types exist, they share many common features including the type of landing and takeoff process (horizontal – runway), the types of fuels used, the type of maintenance, and the cargo they carry. More importantly, aircraft share a common baseline technology maturity which is highly evolved. Even with several decades of space travel, the maturity of the technology used is low and by consequence future transportation systems could have dramatically different characteristics from those in use today including the Space Shuttle (reusable system) and expendables systems such as Arianne, Delta, and Atlas.

From an operational point of view, there are two major components to a space transportation system, the vehicle(s) and the spaceport(s). A plural is used for both components as various vehicles could be operated simultaneously in a spaceport and multiple spaceports could be used for a vehicle fleet. Defining the requirements of the

Operational analysis of space transportation system architectures (597)

various vehicles will allow for the definition of the spaceport requirements, thus the vehicle definition is the driver of the spaceport definition.

2.1. Vehicle Definition

The design of space vehicles is a complex process involving multiple disciplines and technologies at a relatively low maturity level. To analyze designs from an operations perspective it is necessary to represent a vehicle by those characteristics that have been recognized by operations experts as having an effect on the ground processes and that are decided at the conceptual and early phases of the detailed level. The effect of this is that design decision will be linked to operations early on and that additional decisions related to operations must be made earlier than in the past. This is a significant benefit as it forces vehicle designers to design not only for development and manufacturing assessment, but also for operations assessment. A space vehicle system is inherently a very complex system [5], therefore models must be flexible and allow the complexity to be represented and not eliminated.

The modeling approach proposed here for operations assessment defines a space vehicle system at two structural levels: integrated vehicle and as separate flight elements (FE). Note that in the case where there is only one FE, a single stage to orbit approach, the integrated vehicle and this single FE are the same in terms of structure and description. The integrated vehicle system level takes into account the integration systems and the possible relationships between FE independent functional systems. For example in the Space Shuttle, the vehicle is made up by three flight elements: the orbiter, the external tank and the solid rocked boosters. Each of these three have a defined set of characteristics that are “independent”, while there is a set of system characteristics that describe how they interact, for example the system the manages/allows fuel and oxidizer from the External Tank to flow into the main engines of the Shuttle during ascent.

Figure 1. Flight Elements and Constructs.

The proposed operations assessment model uses a “bottoms up” approach in creating a representation of the space vehicle. Therefore the definition of the space vehicle is based primarily on its flight elements, which in turn is based on the definition of its functional systems called constructs. Figure 1 illustrates this concept. FE1 is described by sixteen FE “independent” constructs, and two of those are TPS (thermal protection system) construct,

598 A. J. Ruiz-Torres, E. Zapata which in turn are defined by the material type, the surface area, the number and dimension of interfaces, and several other characteristics. There is a second FE with nine constructs, while the integrated vehicle system is described by five constructs. The thermal protection systems is a construct familiar to most readers due the 2003 disaster. The TPS is used in the outer shell of the Orbiter and there are several types in use, including various types of “tiles” and “blankets”. Each of these materials is represented in the vehicle assessment model as an option for a thermal protection construct as it has been recognized by operations experts that each of these materials has different effects on ground operation’s times and cost. Each FE is defined by a set of constructs, and the characterization of these depends on the designer selection. The model includes construct types for each major functional system (e.g. propulsion, payload, avionics, guidance, life support, ...) as defined by NASA and contractor experts as the systems that have major effects in ground operations. Each construct type is defined by a set of inputs that describe the system in terms of technologies used, size, complexity, maintainability, and reliability. These inputs, and the available options of these inputs, are knowledge based. Therefore for multi-point of use constructs, users can have a construct of one type with a set of technologies and parameters, and a second of the same type with a different set of technologies and parameters, each representing different points of use for a major functional system. This Lego ? like approach to defining an FE provides designers with significant flexibility.

2.2. Spaceport Definition

The spaceport is also defined as a set of major processes, which in turn are divided into multiple second level processes. The five major level processes are launch, landing, maintenance, terminal (people and payload processes), and integration (see Figure 2). Each of these top-level processes are broken down into hundreds of processes based on FE/vehicle systems. For example, the maintenance top level process has second level processes related to propulsion, thermal protection, avionics, payload preparation, and so on. The basis for the spaceport operations model comes from a Shuttle process database, thus the model is strongly linked to the Shuttle experience.

3. Knowledge and Simulation Based Operational Assessment

The operational assessment follows the process depicted in Figure 2. The first step uses the user’s vehicle definition to characterize the FEs and integration constructs while the second step translates the design of the space vehicle into the operational requirements of the Spaceport by imitating the progression used by experts combined with available operational data (the Process Database). The general idea is that based on the design/technology specifications, reliability, maintainability, and supportability, “scores” are determined for each vehicle system (e.g. main propulsion) and those are used to determine and characterize (using knowledge based process/ equations/ rules) the ground system activities (e.g. main propulsion inspection and maintenance, facility preparation processes). Designs that are simpler, more robust and/or easier to maintain will result in faster operations, or the elimination of some of the activities. The figure illustrates the top level process in the

Operational analysis of space transportation system architectures (599)

spaceport and examples of the second level process definitions, in this figure two activity networks for main (ascent) propulsion and in-space propulsion (i.e. Orbital Maneuvering System) are presented. The third step is the simulation of vehicle flows on the defined spaceport using the process characterizations derived from the vehicle. The simulation is also feed from a demand baseline (part of the vehicle design is an expectation of the fleet flight rate) and uses a routine that optimizes the number of top level facilities and FE required to maintain the desired fleet flight rate. Outputs include the cycle times, time characterizations per FE, per system, and many others typical of discrete event simulation analysis.

Figure 2. Basic steps of the analysis.

4. Model Implementation and Conclusion

The described approach has been implemented in software called the Schedule Activity Generator / Estimator (SAGE), the input interface illustrated in Figure 3. While the original version (1.0) of SAGE had no simulation capability, the current version (2.0) allows single vehicle/ single spaceport simulation analysis. The tool is limited to a single vehicle definition, but it can export vehicle information to second simulator that analyzes multi-vehicle flow [3]. SAGE, and the modeling approach used in SAGE is still evolving with the goal of providing the best operations assessment/analysis possible for future space transportation systems analysts and decision makers. The objective of future work is to enhance the ability of the model to imitate expert analysis and estimates in terms of major process times plus add characterizations related to the Spaceport’s variable and fixed costs.

600 A. J. Ruiz-Torres, E. Zapata

Figure 3. SAGE interface.

References

[1] J. C. Mankins, Highly Reusable Space Transportation: Advanced Concepts and the

opening of the space frontier, Acta Astronautica 51 (10): 727-742, 2002.

[2] D.Cope, M. Mollaghasemi, A. Kaylani, A. J. Ruiz-Torres, M. J. Steele, and M. L.

Cowen, An Integrated Estimation and Modeling Environment for the Design of the Orbital Space Plane, Proceeding of the Winter Simulation Conference: 459-465, 2004.

[3] A. J. Ruiz-Torres, and E. Zapata, Simulation based Operational Analysis of Future

Space Transportation Systems, Proceeding of the 2000 Winter Simulation Conference: 1123-1131, 2000.

[4] T. Dinerman, Space: The Tourist Frontier, Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition). New

York, N.Y.: D.6, January 22, 2004.

[5] R. S. Ryan, and J. S. Townsend , Fundamentals and Issues in Launch Vehicle Design.

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 34 (2): 192-198, 1998.

互联网行业解决方案

互联网行业解决方案 引言 千年伊始、世纪更迭。网络正在以巨大的威力和难以想象的速度,推动着人类经济和社会的发展。它从根本上改变了传统的商业模式,引起人们工作方式、生活方式和思维方式的巨大变化,加速了世界经济全球化的进程。互联网已成为全球和社会关注的焦点。以互联网为中心的经济时代已经到来。 互联网的迅猛发展已彻底的改变了个人、组织、社会生活的方方面面: 改变商务活动的方式:过去一提到商务,联想的是到商场搜索自己想要的商品,谈判桌前双方的唇枪舌战,如今在计算机屏幕上就可以看见店面前台,不仅能浏览、购买物理产品、还能试听、试用、购买数字产品、还可以获得在线服务、如咨询、安排旅游行程、远程医疗诊断。 改变为经营方式:一家企业在网上开设了商店,于是它就发现世界就在面前:客户将在网上与供商联系,利用网络进行结算支付与银行发生往来。顾客有权力对制造商说要造什么产品,怎么造,从过去的生产面向库存转向生产面向订货,如Dell、AGP。顾客可以随时跟踪订货,从过去的慢的难以忍受的订货交付,又不知道供货商内部究竟发生了什么,转向更快更开放的交货过程,顾客有了更大的控制权。 改变组织结构和职能:企业会从层次的指令控制结构转向基于信息的结构,企业内部的信息交流、管理职能、工作群体的结构都将发生变化。原来的供应链将形成一个端到端的关系式的管理模式,又称作集成的或扩展的供应链管理,管理着连接顾客、生产商、供应商、销售商、竞争对手的网络。 改变消费方式:网上购物是足不出门,看遍世界,网上的搜索功能可带顾客货比多家。同时消费者将能以十分轻松自由的自我服务的方式完成交易,从而使用户对服务的满意程度大为提高。 由此可以看出,过去我们所习惯的生活方式正发生着剧烈的变化,互联网电子商务在我们的生活、学习和工作中越来越扮演了重要的角色,总结互联网的优势在以下几个方面有明显的体现: 提高了通信速度,过去几天到达的信件,现在几分钟甚至几秒钟就能收到对方的信息; 加强了信息交流,网上的信息具有更新速度快的优点、可使企业、客户掌握他们需要的最新信息; 降低成本,包括通信费用、管理费用和人员开销; 加强的联系,提高了服务质量。降低成本并不是电子商务的主要目的和收获,改善供应商与客户的关系才是才最大的收获,才能带来丰厚的回报; 提供每年365天,每天24小时的全天候服务; 增加了企业的竞争力、任何企业、无论大小、网站上都是一个页面,面对相同的市场,因此都处于平等的竞争条件下。 实践证明,只要拥有一个可靠、安全、高效、可管理的系统,互联网公司在网站建设上的投资总会得到良好的回报。根据我们与思科公司多年的合作经验,我们认为思科公司能提供卓越的产品性能和丰富的产品系列,结合我们丰富工程实施经验和完善的售后服务体系我们有能力为互联网公司提供完善的网络解决方案。 --- 我们认为思科公司的产品在构造互联网公司网站时(包括企业内部网络和企业外部网络)可以提供卓越的产品性能和丰富的产品系列。这些产品利用思科公司的网际互联操作系统IOS实现了快速以太网通道/千兆以太网通道、快速上联恢复、快速端口恢复等容错特性,保证了互联网公司局域网高可靠性的网络环境。而思科公司的广域网产品在业界是得到了广大用户的一致认可。思科公司路由器支持ISDN、帧中继、DDN和卫星等线路,路由器协议

中控 水泥行业自动控制整体解决方案

中控水泥行业自动控制整体解决方案 一、关于中控 中控科技集团有限公司(浙大中控)是中国领先的自动化信息化技术、产品与解决方案供应商,业务涉及工厂自动化、公用工程信息化、装备自动化等领域。 浙江中控技术有限公司是中控科技集团有限公司的核心成员企业,致力于工厂自动化业务领域控制系统的研究开发、生产制造、市场营销及工程服务。浙大中控已经服务于全球超过3000家用户,有近4000套控制系统稳定高效的运行在各个工业行业,涉及化工、石化、冶金、电力、建材、食品、造纸等多个领域,用户遍及国内30个省市、自治区及东南亚、西亚、非洲等地。 在水泥行业,浙大中控有着完善的解决方案、丰富的工程实施经验和一支具有资深行业背景的专家队伍。客户广泛分布于浙江、江西、安徽、湖南、河南、山西、四川等省份,包括安徽海螺集团在内的国内数十家水泥企业均已采用浙大中控提供的控制系统和解决方案实现了对水泥生产过程的控制。 浙大中控期待着为更多的水泥生产企业提供优质的产品、完善的服务,最终为更多的水泥生产企业提高经济效益与社会效益。 二、水泥行业简介 水泥企业作为大规模生产的制造企业,是建材行业的三大支柱之一。我国是水泥生产大国,最近几年连续呈现出供需两旺的高速增长势头,为国民经济持续、快速发展做出了重要贡献。 水泥产品按用途主要分为通用水泥、专用水泥、特性水泥,其中通用水泥主要包括以下六种:普通硅酸盐水泥、硅酸盐水泥、矿渣硅酸盐水泥、火山灰质硅酸盐水泥、粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥和复合硅酸盐水泥。 三、水泥生产工艺简述 水泥生产工艺的主要过程是原料破碎粉磨后制成生料,然后再把生料送入到高温窑炉中用燃料将其煅烧成熟料,最后将熟料与适量石膏混合磨细制成水泥,需要经过矿山开采、原料破碎、黏土烘干、生料粉磨、熟料煅烧、熟料冷却、水泥粉磨及成品包装等多道工序。

The way常见用法

The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法: 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which(最为正式的用法) 3)the way + 省略(最为自然的用法) 举例:I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法: 在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2)The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3)The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4)The way =because

and_的用法【超全】

一、并列连词and所连接的分句在语义上的含义 1.表示在动作或事物的前后,一般译为“然后、随即”。 She came in and sat down. 她走了进来,随后就坐了下来。 I pulled the trigger and the gun went off. 我扣动扳机,枪随即响了。 2.表示递进关系,一般可译为“甚至、何况、还”等。 Friction is not always undesirable and can be very useful. 摩擦并不总是不好的,它甚至可能是有用的。 It was not easy to carry such a heavy load,and during the dog day. 提那样的重物已经是够困难的了,何况是在三伏天。 3.表示意义上的转折或让步,可译为“虽然、尽管、但、却”等。 He tried hard and (yet) he failed to get the job. 他努力尝试,却(仍然)没能得到那个工作。 You are not lazy,and still you are an idler. 你并不懒,但多少有点游手好闲。 4.表示对照、对比关系,可译为“而、却”。 She bought me cakes,and I helped her do her homework. 她买蛋糕给我吃,而我帮她做作业。 It can be difficult when you don’t think something is important and someone else does. 如果你并不认为某事重要而某人却认为重要,这时情况就可能不大好办。 5.表示对前面所述事项的结论或看法,and后可加分句或名词组,and一般不译出。 You gave him a piece of your mind,and a very good thing too. 你率直地批评他,这是件好事。 They disliked Joe——and that’s not surprising. 他们不喜欢乔,这并不让人惊讶。 6.表示因果关系,当前面的部分表示原因时,and=so that,译为“因此、从而、所以”;也有将表示原因的部分放在and后的,这时and=because,直接译为“因为”。 Sound is carried by air,and without air there can be no sound. 声音靠空气传播,因此没有空气也就没有声音。 Aluminum is used as the engineering material for planes and spaceships and it is both light and tough. 铝用作制造飞机和宇宙飞船的工程材料,因为铝质轻且韧性好。 7.引起一个插入句,用于中断语气,以便表示意见、看法。这时,and引起的句子中的主语多为第一人称,and引起的句子与句子其余部分用逗号隔开。

互联网行业解决方案V1.0

企业微信团队 企业微信 互联网行业解决方案

互联网行业痛点 互联网行业痛点企业微信解决方案 1.企业内部沟通方式不统一 2.沟通实时性要求高,异地小团队沟通频繁 3.管理层对业务数据了解不及时 4.缺乏富余人力开发内部办公系统 5.业务分布在多个平台,员工需要多次登录 6.运维7*24小时值守,耗费人力1.支持一键迁移微信群;秉承微信体验,让所有员工都能轻松上手 2.建立群会话进行快速沟通,利用视频会议解决异地沟通难题 3.推送数据报表,让管理层在手机上就能了解企业运营状况 4.自带公告/打卡/审批/日报等轻OA应用,让企业轻松实现无纸化办公 5.开放API接口,企业可以将所有业务统一接入到企业微信平台 6.利用会话/应用API接口,接入机器人和运维流程,实现运维自动化

互联网行业企业微信解决方案 Step 1 沟通管理 实施难度实施方式Step 2信息同步 Step 3业务提升 通讯录管理办公群管理异地沟通管理软件使用培训 企业新闻推送数据报表推送 原生功能助力办公运维自动化移动化智能机器人客服提升行政办公效率识别人脸精准考勤上线员工关怀与福利 零投入 少量配置开发工作自研接入或 第三方服务商支持 管理场景 1.导入企业通讯录,邀请员工激活验证 2.一键邀请迁移微信办公群 3.使用视频会议功能,实现异地沟通 1.自建应用授权企业微信可访问运营报表界面,即可实施查询。也 可以直接使用企业微信提供的文件盘、乐享知识管理(第三方应用)等自带应用 2.可以通过消息推送,将关键信息同步到指定人 1.企业微信提供单点登录、授权验证、应用管理、支付等全面API 接口,企业可以将业务系统接入“工作台”构建统一移动访问门户。 2.企业微信不断提供更多业务应用和拓展场景以及优质第三方开发 者,帮助企业实现业务结合,共 同实现移动数据业务化

设备自动化系统解决方案

公司简介 亚太线缆(AsiaPacificCabl e)是一家致力于:网络综合布线、计算机电缆、屏蔽控制电缆、光纤光缆、电力电缆、通讯产品等研发、生产、销售的科技公司,并提供系统解决方案的公司,是全球知名品牌,总部位于北美,通过其运营子公司在亚太地区从事通讯电缆、电力电缆及漆包线等产品的制造与分销,营运范围主要分布于新加坡、泰国、澳大利亚和中国大陆。 其客户群包括:政府机关、国家电网、系统集成商、通信运营商和跨国企业,服务亚太地区电力基础设施,光电通信设施等为用户提供完善的产品和服务。凭借着“科技至上、品质至上,团队至上,服务至上”的理念,成为全球电 缆通讯行业的领先品牌,并拥有实力雄厚的产品设计研发团队,系统方案解决团队,供应链管理团队以及市场营销团队。 亚太线缆为用户搭建稳定可靠的基础构架,帮助企业对未来市场的掌控,协助他们成功。为促进世界经济互补性,改善世界经济贸易逆差的壁垒,鼓励货物流通、服务、资本、技术的融合。致力于为全球经济信息化搭建平等互利的平台,为现代智慧城市,互联网带宽的提升与推进提供助力。

公司的目标 追求品质可靠 追求技术领先 追求管理高效 追求服务更好 ● 自动化技术广泛用于工业、农业、军事、科学研究、交通运输、商业、医疗、服务和家庭等方面。采用自动化技术不仅可以把人从繁重的体力劳动、部分脑力劳动以及恶劣、危险的工作环境中解放出来,而且能扩展人的器官功能,极大地提高劳动生产率,增强人类认识世界和改造世界的能力。 ● 自动化是专门从事智能自动控制、数字化、网络化控制器及传感器的研发、生产、销售的高科技公司,其众多的功能模块、完善的嵌入式解决方案可以最大程度地满足众多用户的个性化需求。公司的产品拥有多种系列的产品来满足客户的需求。 ● 自动化系统中的大型成套设备,又称自动化装置。是指机器或装置在无人干预的情况下按规定的程序或指令自动进行操作或控制的过程。因此,自动化是工业、农业、国防和科学技术现代化的重要条件和显著标志。。 亚太布线— 设备自动化解决方案

The way的用法及其含义(二)

The way的用法及其含义(二) 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语: 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势,忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中

and的用法及含义

and的用法及含义 And是英语中一个普通的连词,然而and并非只作并列连词用,它还具有一些不太常见的表达方式和意义,应根据上下文的特殊环境,作出判断才能准确理解其用法和意思。 1.and作并列连词,译为“和、并且”等,当连接三个以上的并列成分时,它放在最后一个成分之前,其余用逗号分开,例如: He bought a book and a pen.他买了一本书和一支笔。 Solid,liquid and gas are the three states of matter.固态、液态和气态是物质的三种状态。 2.名词+and+名词,若这种结构表示一个概念时,and+名词相当于介词with+名词,译为“附带、兼”的意思,例如: Noodle and egg is a kind of delicious food.(and egg=with egg)鸡蛋面是一种美味食物。 Whose is this watch and chain?(and chain=with chain)这块带表链的手表是谁的? 3.名词复数+and+同一名词的复数,强调连续或众多的含义。例如: There are photos and photos.照片一张接着一张。 They saw film hours and hours last week.上星期他们一小时接一小时地看电影。 4.形容词+and+形容词,这种结构形似并列,实际并非并列结构。例如: This roon is nice and warm(=nicely warm). The coffee is nice and hot(=thoroughly hot). 5.用and连接动词的用法:and+动词作目的状语。动词go(come,stop等)+and+动词,此时,and+动词相当于in order to+动词,例如: ①I'll go and bring back your boots,(go and bring back=go in order to bringback)我去把你的靴子拿来。 ②and+动词,起现在分词的作用,表示方式或伴随情况。例如: He sat and waited.(and waited=waiting)他坐着等。 ③and+同一动词表示动作长时间地“继续”或“重复”,例如:

污水处理厂自控系统方案(精.选)

天水工业园区 污水处理厂自控系统 技 术 方 案 北京华联电子科技发展有限公司 2014年9月29

天水工业园区污水厂自控系统方案及相关技术说明一、系统概述: 天水工业园区污水处理厂的自控系统由PLC站与监控操作站控制管理系统组成的自控系统和仪表检测系统两大部分组成。前者遵循“集中管理、分散控制、资源共享”的原则;后者遵循“工艺必需、先进实用、维护简便”的原则。 为了满足武威工业园区污水处理厂工程实现上述要求,必须保证控制系统的先进性和可靠性,才能保证本厂设备的安全、正常、可靠运行。 本方案本着质量可靠、技术先进、性价比高的原则,结合我公司在实施其它类似项目中的设计、实施和组织的成功经验,充分考虑技术进步和系统的扩展,采用分层分布式控制技术,发挥智能控制单元的优势,降低并分散系统的故障率,保证系统较高的可靠性、经济性和扩展性,从而实现对各现场控制设备的操作、控制、监视和数据通讯。 1.1 系统基本要求 工控通讯网络为光纤冗余环型工业以太网,通讯波特率≥100Mbps,系统自适应恢复时间<300ms,通讯距离(无中继器)≥1Km,网络介质要求使用可直埋的光缆, 在出现故障时, 可在线增加或删除任意一个节点, 都不会影响到其他设备的运行和通讯。本系统采用先进的监控操作站控制系统,即系统采用全开放式、关系型、面向对象系统结构,支持不同计算厂家的硬件在同一网络中运行,并支持实时多任务,多用户的操作系统。 主要用于污水厂的生产控制、运行操作、监视管理。控制系统不仅有可靠的硬件设备,还应有功能强大,运行可靠,界面友好的系统软件、应用软件、编程软件和控制软件。 1.2系统可靠性的要求 控制系统在严格的工业环境下能够长期、稳定地运行。系统组件的设计符合真正的工业等级,满足国内、国际的安全标准。并且易配置、易接线、易维护、

(完整版)the的用法

定冠词the的用法: 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...

综合管廊自动化控制系统解决方案

综合管廊自动化控制系统解决方案 一、系统概述 城市地下管线是指城市范围内供水、排水、燃气、热力、电力、通信、广 播电视、工业等管线及其附属设施,是保障城市运行的重要基础设施和“生命线”。近年来,随着城市快速发展,地下管线建设规模不足、管理水平不高等 问题凸现,一些城市相继发生大雨内涝、管线泄漏爆炸、路面塌陷等事件,严 重影响了人民群众生命财产安全和城市运行秩序。全国仅媒体报道的地下管线 事故平均每天高达5.6起,每年由于路面开挖造成的直接经济损失高达2000 亿元。 传统的城市地下管线各自为政地敷设在道路的浅层空间内,因管线增容扩 容不但造成了“拉链路”现象,而且导致了管线事故频发,极大地影响了城市 的安全运行。目前,我国城镇化进程十分迅速。为提升管线建设水平,保障市 政管线的安全运行,有必要采用新的管线敷设方式-综合管廊。 综合管廊工程是指在城市道路下面建造一个市政共用隧道,将电力、通信、供水、燃气等多种市政管线集中在一体,实行“统一规划、统一建设、统一管理”,以做到地下空间的综合利用和资源的共享。 综合管廊自动化控制系统是城市基础设施建设发展的新方向,是城市地下 空间开发的重要形式之一。它作为一种集约化、可持续性的管线敷设方式,通 过合理利用城市用地,综合确定城市工程管线在城市地上、地下空间位置,避 免工程管线之间及其相关建筑物相互干扰,为各管线工程的规划管理提供了依

据。将城市基础设施控制整合于一个系统,便于进行集中实时监控、管理、检修、日常维护等,提高了城市管理效率,减少了人力、财力、物力的巨大浪费,促进城市不断向着现代化、智能化方向发展。 二、系统组成 三、自动控制系统 自动控制系统以实现现场无人值守为目标,分为控制中心集中监控管理和 现场控制站。控制中心主要设备:中央监控服务器、中控操作站,数据库服务器、DLP组合式背投、HTR应急电话广播调度系统等。 四、管廊电话广播调度系统

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法

“theway+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Read the followingpassageand talkabout it wi th your classmates.Try totell whatyou think of Tom and ofthe way the childrentreated him. 在这个句子中,the way是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in which的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1.the way之后,引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此,<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的:This is thewayhowithappened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2.在正式语体中,that可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中,that则往往省略。由此我们得到theway后接定语从句时的三种模式:1) the way+that-从句2)the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句 例如:The way(in which ,that) thesecomrade slookatproblems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法

不对。 Theway(that ,in which)you’re doingit is comple tely crazy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Weadmired him for theway inwhich he facesdifficulties. Wallace and Darwingreed on the way inwhi ch different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way(that) hedid it. I likedthe way(that) sheorganized the meeting. 3.theway(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如: That’s the way(that) shespoke. = That’s how shespoke.

Or和and的用法

Or和and的用法 一、连词or主要用法分述如下: 1、用在选择疑问句中连结被选择的对象,意为“或者,还是”。例如: Is he a doctor or a teacher? 他是医生还是教师? Did you do your homework or watch TV last night?你昨晚做作业还是看电视了?Are they singing or reading English? 他们是在唱歌还是在读英语? 下列两个疑问句中的并列成份由于使用了不同的连词,因而句式有所不同。试比较: A、Does he like milk and bread? 他喜欢牛奶或者面包吗? B、Does he like milk or bread? 他喜欢牛奶还是面包? 分析:A 句中使用了连词and,是一般疑问句,对其作肯定或否定回答应用:Yes,he does.No,he doesn`t.B句中使用了并列连词or,因而是选择疑问句,对其回答不用“yes”或“no”,而应根据实际情况直接选择回答:He likes milk.或:He likes bread. 2、用于否定句中连结并列成分,表示“和,与”之意。例如: There isn`t any air or water on the moon.月球上既没有空气也没有水。 The baby is too young. He can`t speak or walk.那婴儿太小,他不会说话,也不会走路。 He hasn`t got any brothers or sisters.他没有兄弟和姐妹。 肯定句中并列连词应用and,在把含有and的肯定句改为否定句时,莫忘把连词and改为or。例如: The students sang and danced in the park yesterday. →The students didn`t sing or dance in the park yesterday. 3、用于句型“祈使句+or+陈述句”中,表示在以祈使句为条件下的相反假设,意为“否则,要不然”。例如: Work hard,or you will fall behind.你要努力学习,否则会落后。 Get up early tomorrow,or you will miss the early train.你明天要早点起身,要不然就赶不上早班火车了。 Don`t jump the queue,or other peopoe will not be pleased.别插队,否则别人会不高兴的。 可以把这类句型中的祈使句换为一个条件句(注意改写时应去掉连词or)。例如:Hurry up,or you will be late for the meeting.→If you don`t hurry up,you will be late for the meeting. 4、用于“either…or…”结构中,意为“不是……就是……”,“要么……要么……”。连结的并列成份可在句中作主语、表语、谓语、宾语等。(注意:连结并列成份作主语时,谓语动词通常与or后的部分保持一致。)例如: Either she or I am right.不是她对就是我对。(连接主语) The shoes in the shop were either too big or too small for me. 店里的鞋对我来说不是太大就是太小 He either does his homework or watches TV on Sundays.他星期天要么做作业,要么看电视。( We play either football or basketball in the afternoon.下午我们不是踢足球就是打篮球。 5、用于连结并列成份,表示不确切、模糊的陈述。例如: This story happened five or six years ago. 这个故事发生在四、五年前。

电力行业信息化建设网络安全解决方案(正式)

编订:__________________ 单位:__________________ 时间:__________________ 电力行业信息化建设网络安全解决方案(正式) Deploy The Objectives, Requirements And Methods To Make The Personnel In The Organization Operate According To The Established Standards And Reach The Expected Level. Word格式 / 完整 / 可编辑

文件编号:KG-AO-3326-20 电力行业信息化建设网络安全解决 方案(正式) 使用备注:本文档可用在日常工作场景,通过对目的、要求、方式、方法、进度等进行具体、周密的部署,从而使得组织内人员按照既定标准、规范的要求进行操作,使日常工作或活动达到预期的水平。下载后就可自由编辑。 0 引言 网络安全是一个系统的、全局的管理问题,网络上的任何一个漏洞,都会导致全网的安全问题,我们应该用系统工程的观点、方法,分析网络的安全及具体措施。安全措施是技术措施、各种管理制度、行政法律手段的综合,一个较好的安全措施往往是多种方法适当综合的应用结果。 1 电力信息网安全防护框架 根据电力企业的特点,信息安全按其业务性质一般可分为四种:一种为电网运行实时控制系统,包括电网自动发电控制系统及支持其运行的调度自动化系统,火电厂分布控制系统(DCS,BMS,DEH,CCS),水电厂计算机监控系统,变电所及集控站综合自动化系

统,电网继电保护及安全自动装置,电力市场技术支持系统。第二种为电力营销系统,电量计费系统,负荷管理系统。第三种为支持企业经营、管理、运营的管理信息系统。第四种为不直接参与电力企业过程控制、生产管理的各类经营、开发、采购、销售等多种经营公司。针对电力信息网业务的这种的层次结构,从电力信息网安全需求上进行分析,提出不同层次与安全强度的网络信息安全防护框架即分层、分区的安全防护方案。第一是分层管理。根据电力信息网共分为四级网的方式,每一级为一层,层间使用网络防火墙进行网络隔离。第二是分区管理。根据电力企业信息安全的特点,分析各相关业务系统的重要程度和数据流程、目前状况和安全要求,将电力企业信息系统分为四个安全区:实时控制区、非控制生产区、生产管理区和管理信息区。区间使用网络物理隔离设备进行网络隔离,对实时控制区等关键业务实施重点防护,并采用不同强度的安全隔离设备使各安全区中的业务系统得到有效保护。

自控自吸泵的常见故障及相应的解决方案

自控自吸泵的常见故障及相应的解决方 案 自控自吸泵具有耐温、耐压、耐磨、等多种功能。在电子、电力、化工、冶金、医药、食品、电镀、环保、消防、市政、净水、国防军工、纺织印染、采掘选矿、民用建筑等行业中广泛适用。 自控自吸泵常出现的故障及相应的解决方案有以下几种: 一、现象:连接管与泵连接处漏气,水泵不能形成真空 原因:不吸液造成该故障的原因通常有两点: 1、是密封垫片老化,活塞封闭不严。 2、是控制阀和水泵连接处漏气。 解决方法:首先检查,处理连接处,然后更换密封垫片。 二、现象:电机与水泵连接部位在启动瞬间渗漏,但正常运行时却不漏。 原因:造成该故障的原因是工作压力超过该泵规定的参数。 解决方法:只需降低工作压力便可。另外可以辅助性地

在启动前开启出口阀门,运转正常后慢慢关闭出口。 三、现象:电机与水泵连接部位在工作时渗漏。 解决方法:该故障通常叶轮与泵盖间隙太大造成,只需调整间隙大小为0.5-1MM。 四、现象:流量,扬程(压力不达标) 原因:造成该故障的原因比较多样化,可能是以下几种情况: 1、容器或液池内液量太少,时而吸进空气 2、电机反转 3、吸液端某只伐兰,阀门或管路某处慢性漏气,影响水泵真空度 4、底部滤网堵塞,过流不足 5、电压过低,额定转速不到解决方法则是逐一检查,针对排除。 五、现象:电动空气控制阀部分,活塞不密封或封闭不严,水泵不吸液 原因:该故障通常只有两种原因: 1、电缆与电机接线柱接触不良或保险丝损坏,电源不

通,密封活塞不动作。解决该问题的方法是检查,接通电源。 2、导轴失油卡死,密封活塞不到位,解决方法则是添加油润滑。 六、现象:水泵不出水 原因:故障原因可能有以下四种,逐一排查便可。 1、容器或液池内无液 2、吸液端某只伐兰,阀门或管路某处大量漏气 3、引流口或放空口拼帽内没有垫圈 4、引流量不足 七、现象:电机不转 原因:造成该故障的原因有以下几种情况: 1、电源不通,解决方法自然是检查接通电源 2、电机损坏,解决方法则是更换或者修复电机

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”,注意以下用法: 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式,通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如: Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法,其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如: It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词),也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句,但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如: 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正:I don’t like the way he spoke. 正:I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正:I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误:I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法: That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看,你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题: ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A,而不选其他几项,则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法,下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示:在一定程度上,从某方面说。如: In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注:in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示:即将来(去),就要来(去)。如: Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示:在路上,在行进中。如: He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示:(婴儿)尚未出生。如: She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子,现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children,and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了,另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法

and用法

一、and可以连接语法作用相同的词、短语或句子,表示并列或对称的关系,可翻译为“和”、“并”、“又”、“兼”等。 1. 连接两个并列主语。如: Millie and Amy go to the park every week. Millie和Amy每周去公园。 2. 连接两个并列谓语。如: You must take care of yourself and keep healthy.你必须照顾你自己并保持健康。 3. 连接两个简单句。如: They love playing football and we love playing football too.他们喜欢踢足球,我们也喜欢踢足球。 4. 如果连接两个或两个以上的词语,通常把and放在最后一个词语前面;为了强调,可在两者之间分别加上and;把词语连接起来时,通常把较短的词语放在前面。如: I like eggs, meat, rice, noodles and dumplings.我喜欢鸡蛋、肉、米饭、面条和饺子。 All that afternoon we jumped and sang and did all kinds of things.整个下午我们又唱又跳,做各种各样的事情。 但是有些用and连接的词语,顺序是固定的,不能随意改变。如:Men, women and children男人、妇女和儿童,fish and chips 炸鱼加炸土豆片。 二、表示动作的先后关系

And常用来连接两个动词或动词词组,后面一个动词所表示的动作比前面的动作发生得迟一点,可翻译为“然后”。如:Go along the street, and take the second turning on the right,you will find the cinema.沿着这条街走,然后在第二个路口向右拐,你就会发现电影院。 He got out of the lift and climbed the fifteenth floor on foot.他从电梯里走出来,然后步行爬上第十五层楼。 三、表示目的 在口语中,and常用在come,go,try等动词后连接另一个动词,表示目的,此时and相当于to,不需要翻译。如:Let us go and ask Miss Green.让我们去问格林小姐吧。Come and meet this family.来见见这家人吧。 四、表示因果关系 And连接两个动词或者两个分句,带有因果关系,此时and 相当于so,可以翻译为“便”、“于是”、“因而”、“结果”等。如:She could not find her mother and began to cry.她找不到妈妈,于是哭了起来。 It is a fine day today,and everyone is busy.今天是个好天气,因而人人都很忙。 五、表示条件和结果 在祈使句中,经常用and连接一个简单句,表示条件与结果的关系,相当于if引导的条件状语从句。它们在语法上是并

企业网络解决方案

---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------ 企业网络解决方案 在网络技术迅速发展的今天,信息化已成为国际性发展趋势,作为国民经济信息化的基础,企业信息化建设受到国家和企业的广泛重视。 企业信息化,企业网络的建设是基础,从计算机网络技术和应用发展的现状来看,Intranet是得到广泛认同的企业网络模式。Intranet 并不完全是原来局域网的概念,通过与Internet的联结,企业网络的范围可以是跨地区的,甚至跨国界的。 现在,Internet的发展已使世界成为电子信息的地球村,人们不在有地理空间上的交流限制。随着网上商业活动的激增,Intranet也应运而生。企业都已感到企业信息化的重要性,陆续建立起了自己的企业网和Intranet并通过各种WAN线路与Internet相连。国际互联网Internet在带来巨大的资源和信息访问的方便的同时,它也带来了巨大的潜在的危险,至今仍有很多企业仍然没有感到企业网安全的重要性。在我国网络急剧发展还是近几年的事,而在国外企业网领域出现的安全事故已经是数不胜数。我国网络安全存在诸多问题:首先是防御意识的落后。对网络安全的防护,意识和观念须先行。但现实中无论是网民还是从事电子商务的企业,网络安全的维护意识薄弱得让人痛心。据调查:在我国电脑应用单位80%未设立相应的安全管理组织,58%无严格的调存管理制度,59%无应急措施,48%无事故发生 1 / 12

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档