雅思写作材料汇编
大作文常规话题观点及词汇
Contents
1.Advertising广告 (3)
2.Animal rights动物权益 (4)
3.Cities城市 (6)
4.Crime犯罪 (7)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/0a18454412.html,cation教育 (10)
6.Environment环境 (17)
7.Family家庭 (20)
8.Gender性别 (22)
9.Genetic engineering基因工程 (24)
10.Global issues全球性问题 (25)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/0a18454412.html,ernment and society政府和社会 (28)
12.Guns and Weapons枪支和武器 (31)
13.Health健康 (34)
14.Housing and architecture住房和建筑 (37)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/0a18454412.html,nguage语言 (38)
16.Money金钱 (39)
17.Personality个人 (40)
18.Sport and leisure体育和休闲 (41)
19.Television,Internet,phones电视、网络、电话 (44)
20.Tourism旅游 (47)
21.Traditional vs.modern传统和现代 (48)
22.Transport交通 (49)
23.Water水 (51)
24.Work工作 (53)
1.Advertising广告
Positives of advertising广告的好处
Advertising is a key part of modern business
广告是现代商务的关键部分
Companies need to tell customers about their products
企业需要告知顾客它们的产品
Advertisements inform us about the choices we have
广告让我们知道我们所有的选择
Advertising is a creative industry that employs many people
广告是一个创造性的产业雇佣很多人
Without advertising we would have less choice
没有广告我们将会有较少的选择
Without advertising there would be higher unemployment
没有广告将会有更高的失业率
Advertising is a form of modern art
广告是现代艺术的一种形式
People enjoy adverts
人们享受广告
Negatives of advertising广告的坏处
Advertising manipulates people
广告控制人们
It aims to persuade people that buying a product will make them happier 它目标是说服人们买一个产品会使他们更开心
Advertisers focus on selling a brand image
广告商重点在于兜售一种品牌形象
They use glamorous,successful people
他们使用光彩夺目的成功人士
We now live in a consumer culture
我们现在生活在一种消费文化中
We are persuaded to follow the latest trend
我们被说服去跟随最新的潮流
We are encouraged to associate certain brands with a higher status
我们被鼓励把特定的品牌和一个更高的社会地位联系在一起
Advertisers often aim their marketing at children
广告商通常把他们的营销对准小孩
Children can easily be influenced by advertisements
小孩容易被广告影响
Children put pressure on parents to buy them things
小孩施压父母去给他们买东西
Opinions about advertising关于广告的一些观点
Advertising should be regulated
广告应该被规范化
Advertising aimed at children should be controlled or even banned
瞄准小孩的广告应该被控制或甚至被禁止
Unhealthy foods should not be marketed in a way that attracts children
不健康的食品不应该以一种吸引小孩的方式来营销
Products that can be a risk to health should display warnings
对健康可能有风险的产品应该显示警告
In some countries it is illegal to advertise cigarettes on television
在一些国家，电视上做香烟广告是违法的
Warnings must be displayed on cigarette packets
香烟盒上应该显示警告
However,advertising is necessary in free market economies
然而，广告在自由市场经济中是必要的
It creates demand for products
它创造出对产品的需求
Governments should only censor false information or products that are harmful 政府应该只审查错误的信息或有害的产品
2.Animal rights动物权益
Arguments for animal testing支持动物实验
Animals are used in important scientific research
动物被用在重要的科学研究中
It is necessary to do medical tests on new drugs
新药物做医学测试是有必要的
Animal testing helps to advance medical and scientific knowledge
动物实验有助于促进医学和科学知识
Many important medical discoveries involve experimentation on animals
很多重要的医学发现都跟动物实验有关
Researchers aim to minimize the suffering that animals experience
研究者致力于减轻动物所经受的折磨
Testing for the cosmetics industry is now banned in many countries
化妆品产业的（动物）测试现在很多国家都是被禁止的
Arguments against animal testing反对动物实验
The benefits of research using animals do not justify the suffering caused
动物实验的好处并不能抵消它造成的伤害
There are alternative methods of research
有可替代的研究方法
The lives of animals should be respected
动物的生命应该被尊重
Humans have no moral right to do experiments on animals
人类没有道德权利去动物身上做实验
Arguments for vegetarianism支持素食主义
Vegetarians do not eat foods that are produced by killing animals 素食主义者不吃通过杀戮动物而做成的食物
Many people choose a vegetarian diet for moral or health reasons 很多人选择素食是由于道德或健康的原因
A healthy diet is possible without eating meat
不吃肉，健康饮食也是可能的
It is unnecessary to kill animal for food
为了食物而杀戮动物是没有必要的
A vegetarian diet may reduce the risk of disease like cancer
素食可能减少疾病的风险，如癌症
Many people question the treatment of animals in factory farms
很多人质疑工业化农场对待动物的方法
Arguments against vegetarianism反对素食主义
Vegetarians do not eat a balanced diet
素食主义者饮食不平衡
In many cultures,meat is the main ingredient in traditional meals 在很多文化中，肉是传统饮食中的主要成分
Meat-eaters argue that animals are below humans in the food chain 肉食主义者认为动物在食物链中低于人类
It is completely natural for us to kill them for food
对于我们来说，杀动物取食是完全自然的
Our aim should be improving farming methods
我们的目标应该是改进农场方式
Farms should produce organic food
农场应该生产有机食物
Positives of zoos动物园的好处
Zoos play an important role in wildlife conservation
动物园在野生动物保护中扮演一个重要的角色
They can help to protect endangered species
它们有助于保护濒危物种
Zoos allow scientists to study animals and their behaviors
动物园允许科学家研究动物和它们的行为
Zoos are educational,interesting and fun
动物园是有教育性的，且有娱乐性的
Children,in particular,enjoy learning about animals
尤其是小孩，特别喜欢了解动物
Zoos provide job opportunities
动物园提供工作机会
Negatives of zoos动物园的坏处
Zoo animals are kept in artificial environments
动物园的动物被养在人造的环境中
They are kept in cages or have limited space
它们被关在笼子里或拥有狭窄的空间
Zoo animals rely on humans
动物园的动物依赖人类
They lose the freedom to hunt for food
它们失去了捕食的自由
The best way to save endangered species is by protecting natural habitats 拯救濒危物种的最佳方式是通过保护自然栖息地
Some people believe that zoos are unethical
一些人认为动物园是不道德的
Zoos exhibits animals with the aim of making money
动物园展示动物带着赚钱的目的
We have no right to use animals for entertainment and profit
我们没有权利为了娱乐和利润去使用动物
3.Cities城市
Reasons for urbanization城市化的原因
People move to cities in search of job opportunities
人们搬到城市去寻找就业机会
Cities offer greater employment possibilities and a higher standard of living 城市提供更好的就业可能性及更高的生活标准
People migrate to cities from the countryside
人们从乡村往城市迁徙
Traditional activities like farming need fewer workers nowadays
传统的活动，如农场工作，如今需要更少的工人
Negatives of city life城市生活的坏处
Life in cities has its drawbacks
城市生活有它不好的地方
The cost of living is higher than in rural areas
生活成本比乡村地区要高
Some people do not manage to find work
一些人没办法找到工作
Housing is usually much more expensive
住房通常会更贵
Homelessness and poverty are common in cities
无家可归和穷困潦倒在城市中普遍存在
There is a gap between rich and poor
贫富间有差距
Life in cities can be extremely stressful
城市生活可能会极其有压力
There are problems like traffic congestion and crime
存在一些问题，如交通堵塞和犯罪
Cities lack a sense of community
城市缺少一种社区的感觉/凝聚力
People do not even know their neighbors
人们甚至不认识他们的邻居
Cities are sometimes described as“concrete jungles”
城市有时候被描述成“混凝土丛林”
Pedestrian areas步行区
Pedestrian zones in city centre can improve the local environment
市中心的步行区能够改善本地的环境
Banning cars encourages people to walk or cycle
禁止私家车的使用鼓励人们步行或骑车
Many European cities have built bicycle lanes
很多欧洲城市已建有自行车专用道
Dependence on cars is linked to health problems like obesity
对私家车的依赖导致健康问题，如肥胖
People who walk or cycle regularly are generally healthier
经常步行或骑车的人通常更健康
Pedestrian areas are safer and more attractive for both residents and tourists 步行区更安全且对居民和游客都更具吸引力
4.Crime犯罪
Police and crime prevention警察和犯罪预防
The job of the polices is to catch criminals
警察的工作是抓犯人
They must also prevent crime and make communities safer
他们也必须预防犯罪并使社会更安全
There should be an increase in the number of police officers on the streets 街上警官的数量应该增加
Police officers should be seen as part of the community
警官应该被看作是社区的一部分
They should be involved with education and prevention
他们应该参与到教育和预防（犯罪）中去
The police should be in close contact with schools
警察应该和学校保持紧密联系
They should focus on young people who have dropped out of school
他们应该关注辍学的年轻人
These teenagers may become involved with gangs
这些青少年可能会跟帮派扯上关系
Punishments/Prisons惩罚措施/监狱
Fines are used as punishment for minor crimes
罚款被用来作为小罪的惩罚措施
If the crime is more serious,prison is the most common punishment 如果罪行比较严重，监狱是最常见的惩罚手段
Some criminals pose a threat to society
一些罪犯对社会造成威胁
They are put in prison to ensure the safety of other citizens
他们被关进监狱以确保其他公民的安全
Negatives of prisons监狱的坏处
Criminals are put together
罪犯被关在一起
They make friends with other offenders
他们和其他犯人交朋友
Many prisoners re-offend when they are released
很多犯人释放后又再次犯罪
A criminal record makes finding a job more difficult
一个案底使得找工作更加艰难
Rehabilitation复原计划（重新做人）
Another aim of prisons is rehabilitation
监狱的另一个目的是（让罪犯）重新做人
Prisoners receive education or vocational training
监狱中的犯人接受教育或职业培训
Prisoners should learn personal skills and specific job skills
监狱中的犯人应该学一些个人技能和特定的工作技能
Punishment could make prisoners’behaviors worse
惩罚可能使刑期内犯人的行为更糟糕
Rehabilitation aims to make them better citizens
复原计划目的是使他们成为更好的公民
Rehabilitated prisoners are less likely to re-offend
复原过的犯人不太可能会再次犯罪
Capital punishment死刑
Supporters say that capital punishment deters crime
支持者认为死刑震慑犯罪
Fear of the death penalty stops people from committing offences
对死刑的恐惧阻止人们去犯罪
The death penalty shows that crime is not tolerated
死刑表明犯罪是不被容忍的
It is a form of revenge
它是一种复仇的形式
The cost of imprisonment is avoided
收监的成本被避免了
The offender cannot pose a threat to others
罪犯无法对其他人造成威胁了
Against capital punishment反对死刑
Innocent people could be wrongly convicted and executed
无辜的人可能被错误地定罪并处决
Crime rates are not necessarily reduced
犯罪率不一定就减少了
Many criminals do not think they will be caught
很多罪犯不认为他们会被抓到
Capital punishment is not a good deterrent
死刑不是一种好的震慑手段
Executing prisoners creates a violent culture and encourages revenge 处决犯人创造出一种暴力文化并且鼓励复仇
We have no right to take another human life
我们没有权利去夺走另一个人的生命
Community service社区服务
Community service is a way to reform offenders
社区服务是改造犯人的一种方式
It could be a solution to prison overcrowding
它可以解决监狱过度拥挤问题
It avoids the cost of imprisonment
它避免了收监的成本
It makes offenders useful in their local communities
它使犯人在本地的社区中发挥作用
They are required to clean streets or talk to school groups
他们被要求去清理街道或对学校团体讲座
Offenders repay their community
犯人偿还他们的社区
They avoid the negative influence that prison can have
他们避开了监狱可能有的消极影响
Against community service反对社区服务
Community service is not a sufficient punishment
社区服务惩罚力度不够
Criminals should be locked up,away from their victims
罪犯应该被关起来，远离他们的受害者
Crime in the media媒体中的犯罪
Crime is one of the main subjects of most news programs
犯罪是大多数新闻节目的主题之一
The mass media focus on violent and sensational crimes
大众媒体聚焦于暴力且轰动的犯罪事件
This leads to fear of crime among the public
这导致公众对于犯罪的恐惧
Sensational stories attract more viewers or readers
轰动的（犯罪）故事吸引更多观众或读者
The media report crime stories in order to increase their audiences
媒体报道犯罪故事为了增加听众
https://www.doczj.com/doc/0a18454412.html,cation教育
Benefits of education教育的好处
Education gives people knowledge and skills
教育给人们知识和技能
People with qualification are more likely to find work
有资质的人更可能找到工作
They can earn a higher salary
他们能够赚更高的薪水
They can contribute positively to society
他们能对社会做出积极贡献
Schools aim to teach young people moral values such as tolerance and sharing 学校致力于教导年轻人一些道德品质，如包容和分享/分担
Schools prepare children to be members of a society
学校把小孩准备好成为（合格的）社会成员
Benefits of studying abroad去国外读书的好处
Foreign institutions may offer better courses
外国学校可能提供更好的课程
Many students want to attend a prestigious university
很多学生想要进入名校
The best universities employ teachers who are experts in their fields
最好的学校雇佣的老师在他们自己的领域都是专家
Qualifications gained abroad can open the door to better job opportunities
海外获得的资质能够打开通往更好就业机会的大门
Living abroad can broaden students’horizons
在国外生活能够打开学生的视野
Overseas students are exposed to different cultures and customs
在海外的学生暴露于不同的文化和习俗之下
They become more independent
他们变得更加独立
They are responsible for cooking,cleaning and paying bills
他们要负责煮饭、打扫和付账单
They will learn a foreign language
他们将会学习一门外语
Drawbacks of studying abroad海外学习的坏处
Living and studying abroad can be difficult
在海外生活和学习可能会有困难
Students have problems with paperwork such as visa applications 学生对于文书工作有问题，如签证申请
The language barrier can be a problem
语言障碍可能是一个问题
Students have to find accommodation and pay bills
学生必须要找到住处及付帐单
Studying in a foreign language is challenging
用外语学习具有挑战性
Living alone in an unfamiliar culture can cause homesickness
在一个不熟悉的文化中独自生活会引起思乡情绪
Technology in education:Advantages教育中的科技：好处Technology is a powerful tool to engage students
科技是吸引学生的一种有力工具
Technology can make lessons much more interesting
科技能够使课程更有趣味性
Students can do research using online resources
学生能够利用网络资源做研究
Students can study at their own pace
学生能够按他们自己的节奏学习
Adults can take distance learning courses
成年人能够上远距离课程
Students can study whenever and wherever they want
学生能够在他们希望的任何时间和地点学习
Students also learn skills which are useful for their future jobs
学生也学到对于他们今后工作有用的技能
For example,they learn to write reports using a word processor 例如，他们学习用文字处理器来写报告
Technology in education:Disadvantages教育中的科技：坏处People rely too much on computers
人们太依赖电脑
Young learners do not become proficient in some basic skills
年轻的学习者在一些基本技能方面变得不熟练
They use word processors and spelling may suffer
他们使用文字处理器后拼写能力可能变很差
People should be able to write a letter by hand
人们应该具备手写信的能力
Technology is no substitute for a real teacher
科技无法替代真实的老师
Learners need a structured course
学习者需要一个成体系的课程
An experienced teacher knows what materials to choose
一个有经验的老师知道选择怎样的材料
Computers are expensive to maintain and can be unreliable
电脑维护费昂贵并且（有时候）不可靠
Technology in education:Opinions教育中的科技：一些观点
Institutions should supplement traditional teaching with the use of technology 学校应该用科技的使用来补充传统教学
Technology is part of everyday life
科技是日常生活的一部分
It can enhance a teacher’s lessons
它能够促进老师的授课
Students can use online resources to help with homework
学生能够借助网络资源来做作业
Students must still learn to write by hand
学生必须仍旧学会书写
They should still use traditional sources of information such as books
他们应该仍旧使用传统的信息来源，如书本。
Education in developing countries:Problems发展中国家的教育：存在的问题Children often have to work from an early age
孩子们通常不得不在很小的时候就去工作
There are no schools in many areas
在很多地区都没有学校
Families do not have access to books or computers
家庭没办法接触到书本和电脑
Literacy rates are often low
文化普及率通常很低
People in developing countries need knowledge and skills
发展中国家的人需要知识和技能
Education is the key to improving the economy of these countries
教育是促进这些国家经济发展的关键
Education in developing countries:Solutions发展中国家的教育：解决措施Developed countries could help developing nations by providing money
发达国家能够通过提供资金来帮助发展中国家
They could invest in schools and technology
它们能够在学校和科技方面投资
They could supply the funds to build schools and pay for teachers
它们能够提供资金去建学校并支付老师工资
Children need to have access to free schooling
孩子们需要免费教育
Computer equipment could be donated
电脑设备可以被捐赠
The Internet can expose students to a world of knowledge and information
因特网可以将学生暴露于一个知识和信息的世界中
Governments should make education compulsory for all children
政府应该使教育对于所有的孩子都是强制的/义务的
They should encourage parents to send their children to school
它们应该鼓励家长把自己的孩子送去学校
Governments of developed and developing countries must work together
发达和发展中的国家政府必须共同合作
Higher education:Advantages(also see“benefits of education”)高等教育There are many benefits to going to university
上大学有很多好处
A degree can open the door to better employment prospects
学位可以打开通往更好就业前景的大门
Economies are becoming increasingly knowledge-based
经济变得日益以知识为基础
Most jobs require specific knowledge and skills
大多数工作需要特定的知识和技能
Skilled workers are needed for sectors such as information technology and engineering 有技术的工人被一些部门所需要，如信息技术和工程
Repetitive manual jobs are now done by machine
重复性的人力工作现在由机器来完成
Many factories have moved to developing countries
很多工厂已经迁往发展中国家
Higher education:Disadvantages高等教育：坏处
A healthy economy needs a wide range of workers
一个健康的经济（体系）需要各种各样的工人
Some manual workers will always be needed
一些体力活的工人总是会被需要
A university degree is not necessary for many service professions
大学学位对于很多服务性职业来说不是必需的
Practical training is more important in some industries
在一些产业中实用型培训更重要
In the UK,for example,there is currently a shortage of plumbers
例如，英国目前水管工短缺
Their services are therefore becoming more and more expensive
他们的服务因此就变得越来越贵
Advantages of home-schooling“家里蹲”学校的好处
Some parents decide to educate their children at home
一些家长决定在家里教育自己的小孩
Some families live in isolated areas with poor transport
一些家庭住在交通条件差的偏远地区
Other parents are not satisfied with local schools
另一些家长对当地学校不满意
Parents can respond to what their children need and how they learn best 家长可以对自己小孩的需求和最佳学习方案做出实时的反应
One-to-one lessons allow much faster progress
一对一的课程允许更快速的进步
The child can work at his or her own pace
小孩可以按自己的节奏来学习
Discipline problems are avoided by home-schooling
纪律问题可以通过家里教育而避免
Disadvantages of home-schooling“家里蹲”学校的坏处Most parents do not have the time to educate their children at home
大多数家长没有时间在家里教育自己的小孩
One parent would need to give up work
将会需要其中一个家长放弃工作
School subjects are normally taught by up to ten different teachers
学校科目通常由多达十个不同的老师来教
Most parents do not have the necessary knowledge or resources
大多数家长没有必要的知识或资源
Private tutors are expensive
私人家教费用昂贵
Children will miss out on the social experience that school offers
孩子会错过学校提供的社交经验
At school,children learn how to get on with each other
在学校里，孩子学习如何与彼此相处
Home-schooled children may lack social skills
“家里蹲”教育出来的小孩可能缺少社交技能
Schools offer a better overall educational experience
学校提供一个更好的全方位教育体验
Bad behavior in schools:Causes学校里的坏行为：原因
Bad behavior is due to a lack of structure and discipline
坏行为是由于缺少组织和纪律性
There are too many children in some classes
在一些班级里有太多的孩子
Large classes are difficult to manage
大班难以管理
Many disruptive students come from an unstable family background
很多破坏性的/问题学生来自于不稳定的家庭背景
Other parents are too lenient and spoil their children
另外一些家长对自己的小孩太仁慈/心软并溺爱
Some children are used to getting whatever they want
一些小孩习惯于想要什么就有什么
Schools can do very little if they are not supported by parents
如果不被家长支持学校啥都没法做
Bad behavior in schools:Solutions学校里的坏行为：解决措施
Schools need a clear code of conduct
学校需要一个清晰的行为准则
Schools need a clear set of rules about behavior
学校需要一套清晰的行为规则
They need to create a positive working atmosphere
它们需要创造一种积极的学习氛围
Teachers must have the power to punish disruptive students
老师必须有惩治问题学生的权力
Schools should remove difficult children from lessons
学校应该将有困难的孩子从课堂里移出去
Schools need to work closely with parents
学校需要与家长紧密合作
Discipline could be lacking at home
家里有可能纪律缺失
Parents must support the school rules
家长必须支持学校的规范
They should take responsibility for their children’s behavior
他们应该为自己小孩的行为承担责任
Corporal punishment:Opinions体罚：一些观点
Corporal Punishment is not a good idea
体罚不是个好主意
Physical punishment is a way of controlling children using fear
体罚是一种用恐惧来控制小孩的方式
This does not promote trust between adults and children
这不利于成人和小孩间的信任
Children who are punished physically may become shy or resentful
被体罚过的小孩可能会变得害羞或充满怨恨
Corporal punishment creates an atmosphere of fear and anger
体罚创造一种恐惧和愤怒的气氛
Single-sex education:Advantages单一性别的教育：好处
Some people believe that male and female students should go to separate schools 一些人认为男女生应该去不同的学校
This is often for religious or cultural reasons
这通常是由于宗教或文化的原因
Discipline problems might be avoided by separating boys and girls
纪律问题也许能够通过分离男女生而得以避免
Boys and girls may learn in different ways and have different needs
男女生可能以不同的方式学习并且有不同的需求
Students at single-sex schools often get better exam grades
单一性别学校的学生通常获得更好的考试成绩
Single-sex education:Disadvantages单一性别的教育：坏处
Separating boys and girls is unnecessary
把男女生分隔开来是没有必要的
It is unhealthy in terms of children’s social development
就小孩的社交发展来说是不健康的
Many coeducational schools are extremely successful
很多男女合并的学校极其成功
A mixed-sex environment is more representative of real life
一个混合性别的环境更能代表真实的生活
Coeducational schools provide children with better social skills for adult life
男女合校为孩子们提供更好的成年生活所需的社交技能
Advantages of streaming(grouping children according to ability)分流/分快慢班的好处Some schools separate students according to their academic ability
一些学校根据学生的学术能力来分班/组
Teachers can work at the right speed for their students
老师可以按合适的速度来给学生授课
Teachers can plan more suitable lessons
老师可以规划更多有针对性的课程
High-level groups may progress faster
高水平的学生可以进步得更快
Lower level groups can benefit from a slower pace
较低水平的学生可以受益于较慢的节奏
Some teachers and parents support streaming for these reasons
一些老师和家长因为这些原因而支持分流/分快慢班
Disadvantages of streaming分流的坏处
Grouping by ability may have a negative impact on students
按能力分组可能对学生有负面影响
Children do not want to be seen as less intelligent than others
小孩不希望被看作比其他人笨
Streaming could damage students’self-esteem
分流/分快慢班可能损害学生的自尊心
They may lose motivation
他们可能失去动力
Students from wealthier families tend to be better prepared
来自较富有家庭的学生倾向于得到更好的安排
Children from poorer families may receive less support from parents
家里较穷的孩子可能得到父母的支持相对少
Mixed ability classes encourage everyone to achieve their potential
混合能力的班级鼓励每个人发挥自己的潜能
6.Environment环境
Global warming全球变暖
Gases such as carbon dioxide trap heat from the sun
像二氧化碳这样的气体困住来自太阳的热量
This causes global temperatures to rise
这导致全球气温上升
This process is known as the greenhouse effect
这个过程被称作温室效应
Human activity is a major factor in the rise of the greenhouse gases
人类活动是温室气体增长的主要因素
Factories and vehicles produce emissions and exhaust fumes
工厂和车辆产生排放物和废气
Many developing countries are becoming industrialized
很多发展中国家正变得工业化
The number of cars on our streets is growing
街道上的私家车数量在增长
Cheap air travel is allowing more people to fly
廉价航空正使得更多的人去飞行
Effects of global warming全球变暖的影响
Global warming will have a significant impact on our planet
全球变暖将会对我们的星球有重大影响
Rising temperature will cause melting of the polar ice caps
上升的气温会导致极地冰盖的融化
Sea levels will rise
海平面会上涨
We can expect more extreme weather conditions
我们可以预期更多的极端天气情况
Flooding and droughts may become more common
洪水和干旱可能变得更常见
Impacts of humans on the environment人类对环境的影响The increasing world population is putting pressure on natural resources 世界人口的增长对自然资源产生压力
Fossil fuels like oil and gas are running out
化石燃料，如油气资源，在逐渐耗尽
We are destroying wildlife habitats
我们正在破坏野生动物的栖息地
We have cut down enormous areas of rainforest
我们已经摧毁了大量的雨林地区
This has led to the extinction of many species of animals and plants
这已经导致很多动植物品种的灭绝
Solutions to environment problems环境问题的解决措施
Governments could introduce laws to limit emissions from factories
政府可以立法去限制工厂的排污
They should invest in renewable energy from solar,wind or water power 它们应该投资可再生能源，来自太阳能、风能或水能
They could impose“green taxes”on drivers and airlines companies
它们可以对司机和航空公司征收“环保税”
Government campaigns should promote recycling
政府宣传活动应该提倡回收利用
Natural areas and wild animals should be protected
自然区和野生动物应该得到保护
Individuals should also try to be greener
个人也应该尽量更环保些
We should take fewer flights abroad for holidays
我们应该少乘飞机去国外度假
We should take public transport rather than driving
我们应该利用公共交通而不是自驾
We should choose products with less packaging
我们应该选择包装较少的产品
We should recycle as much as possible
我们应该尽可能多地回收利用
Waste/Rubbish废料/垃圾
The amount of wastes we produce has increased
我们产出的废料数量有所增长
This problem is a result of our consumer culture
这个问题是由我们的消费文化造成的
Products are not made to last
产品没被做成耐用的
If something breaks,we throw it away and buy a new one
如果有东西坏了，我们就丢了它再买个新的
Advertisers encourage us to buy the newest fashions
广告商鼓励我们去买最新潮的东西
Packaging is an important part of selling
包装是兜售的一个重要部分
Most foods are sold in non-biodegradable plastic packaging
大多数食品被放在不可生物降解的塑料包装中出售
The amount of household waste is growing
家庭垃圾的数量正在增长
This waste ends up in landfill sites
这些垃圾最后都堆积在垃圾填筑地
Litter乱丢垃圾
People do not think about the consequences of dropping rubbish
人们不考虑乱丢垃圾的结果
They assume that somebody is paid to clean the street
他们想当然地认为有人就是被雇来扫大街的
Plastic packaging does not break down easily
塑料包装不容易降解
Most of the litter seen on streets is fast food packaging
街上看到的大多数垃圾都是快餐包装盒
Recycling and other solutions回收利用以及其它解决措施Companies should make goods that last longer
企业应该使商品更耐用
They should not use so much packaging
它们不应该使用太多的包装
Governments should be stricter about wastes produced by companies 政府应该对企业产生的垃圾更严格
They should put legal limits on packaging
它们应该对包装做法律限制
Consumers should avoid buying over-packaged products
消费者应该避免购买过度包装的产品
We should recycle and reuse useful materials
我们应该回收并反复使用一些有用的材料
There are collection banks for glass,paper and plastic bottles
有针对玻璃、废纸和塑料瓶的回收站
Households can use several rubbish bins to separate waste
家庭可以使用若干个垃圾桶来分类废弃物
Recycling saves energy and raw materials
回收利用节省能源和原材料
Nuclear power:Positives核电：好处
There are several benefits to build more nuclear power stations
多建核电站有一些好处
Fossil fuels like oil and gas are running out
化石燃料正在逐渐耗尽，如油气资源
Nuclear power is a sustainable energy source
核电是一种可持续的能源
It can be used to produce electricity without wasting natural resources 它能够被用来发电而不用浪费自然资源
It could replace the use of natural resources like coal,oil or gas
它可以取代自然资源的使用，如煤和油气
Nuclear power stations are cleaner than fossil fuel power stations
核电站比化石燃料电站更清洁
They could help to reduce carbon emissions that cause global warming 它们能有助于减少导致全球变暖的碳排放物
The risks of accidents are being reduced
事故的风险正在被降低
Nuclear Power:Negatives核电：坏处
Opponents of nuclear power worry about the safety of power stations
核电的反对者担心核电站的安全性
The building of new nuclear power stations is unpopular
新核电站的建造不招人待见
Nobody wants to live near one
没人愿意住在一个核电站边上
Nuclear waste disposal is a significant problem
核废料的处理是一个重大的问题
There is currently no way to decontaminate radioactive material
目前没有办法排除放射性物质的污染
People worry that terrorists could steal radioactive materials
人们担心恐怖分子可能窃取放射性原料
It is safer to produce energy from solar,wind or water power
用太阳能、风能或水能发电更安全
7.Family家庭
Family size家庭规模
Families in many countries are not as large as they used to be
许多国家的家庭不像以前的家庭那么大
We tend to live in small nuclear families rather than large extended families 我们更有可能生活在小家庭而不是大家庭中
Parents tend to have fewer children
父母往往有更少的子女
Young children are no longer expected to work
小孩子不再被期望去工作
Nowadays both parents often work
如今两个家长经常工作
It costs so much to bring children up
养大孩子花费太大
It is more difficult to raise a large family
养育一大家子人变得更难
Working parents(also see“gender”topic)双方都工作的父母Children and their parents seem to be less close nowadays
如今孩子与父母的关系似乎变得不再那么紧密
Parents spend less time with their children
父母陪孩子的时间减少
Women traditionally stayed at home to cook,clean and look after children 传统上，女人待在家中做饭、打扫卫生并照顾小孩
Nowadays both parents often work full time