合同翻译（做了多年翻译都白翻了）
合同翻译（做了这么久兼职翻译，尼玛终于
找到教程了！源自北外高翻）
一.hereby
英文释义:by means of , by reason of this
中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.
例1：
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.
参考译文:
业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规
定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。
注释:
(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工
(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价
(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which
(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款
例2：
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request. 注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知
（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明
（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中
（5）documentary proof：证明文件
参考译文：
特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。
例3：
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as
Party B) on (Date), in (Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.
注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方
（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上
（4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商
参考译文：
本合同双方，公司（以下称甲方）与公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于年月日在中国（地点），特签订本合同。
例4：
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on (Date), by and between Co. China (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B).
注释：
（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此订立本协议
在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign (make, conclude or enter into) this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点，可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示）。
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下简称乙方
参考译文：
本协议特由中国公司（以下简称甲方）与公司（以下简称乙方）
于年月日订立。
二 hereof
英文释义: of this
中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时，可以说“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，这里hereof表示“of th is Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，这里hereof 表示“of this Works”。
语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereof和thereof的区别：hereof强调“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。
例1
Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays (if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods. Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.
注释：
（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，whether… or not：不论……是否
（2）the owner of the goods：货方
（3）without interruption：无间断地
（4）carrier：承运人
（5）in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定hereof：of this Clause
参考译文：
不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承运人需要），无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。
例2
Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.
注释：
（1）foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者
（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定
（4）legal entity：法人
（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：从事对外贸易经营活动
参考译文：
本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。例3
The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law. A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares. Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a
company limited by shares.
注释：
（1）a limited liability company：有限责任公司
（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司
（3）provisions hereof：本法规定hereof: of this Law
（4）may be registered as：登记为
参考译文：
设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法规定的条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司或股份有限公司。
例4
If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.
注释：
（1）as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因
（2）arbitrator：仲裁员
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定
（4）be selected or appointed：选定或指定
参考译文：
仲裁员因回避或者其它原因不能履行职责的，应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员。
例5
In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.
注释：
（1）conflict：相抵触
（2）prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前
（3）the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法为准hereof：of this Law
参考译文：
本法施行前制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法的规定相抵触的，以本法为准。
例6
Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s) specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.
Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint. Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.
The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.
注释：
（1）the organization with compensatory obligations：赔偿义务机关
（2）shall pay compensation：应当给予赔偿
（3）the claimant for compensation：赔偿请求人
（4）Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五条、第十六条hereof：of this Law
（5）shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有权申诉
（6）claims compensation：要求赔偿
（7）apply to/ in：适用More Examples: The comment applies equally here. /That argument does not apply in this case. /That applies to at least
nine-tenths of the people we see about. /These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom. /The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.
参考译文：
赔偿义务机关对依法确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定的情形之一的，应当给予赔偿。赔偿请求人要求确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形之一的，被要求的机关不予确认的，赔偿请求人有权申诉。赔偿请求人要求赔偿，应当先向赔偿义务机关提出。赔偿程序适用本法第十条、第十一条、第十二条的规定。
例7
If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility. The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.
注释：
（1）arbitrator：仲裁员
（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八条hereof：of this Law
（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承担法律责任
（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委员会
（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：将其除名
参考译文：
仲裁员有本法第三十四条第四项规定的情形，情节严重的，或者有本法第五十八条第六项规定的情形的，应当依法承担法律责任，仲裁委员会应当将其除名。
例8
If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.
注释：
（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行审批
职责的有关主管部门
（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法条件
（3）the company registration authorities：负责公司登记的主管部门
（4）the requirements hereof：本法条件hereof: of this Law
（5）apply for reconsideration：申请复议
（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政诉讼
参考译文：
依照本法，履行审批职责的有关主管部门，对符合本法条件的申请不予批准，或负责公司登记的主管部门不予登记，当事人可以依法申请复议或者提起行政诉讼。
例9
This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.
注释：
（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行为
（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定hereof: of this Decision
参考译文：
有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。
例10
Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist. Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements hereof. Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.
注释：
（1）companies registered：已登记成立的公司
（2）the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”：《有限责任公司
规范意见》
（3）the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”：《股份有限公
司规范意见》
（4）the relevant responsible department of the State Council国务院有关主管
部门
（5）in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由国务院另行规定
参考译文：
本法施行前已登记成立的公司，应依照法律、行政法规、地方性法规和国务院有关主管部门制定的《有限责任公司规范意见》，和《股份有限公司规范意见》，继续保留。其中不完全具备本法规定的条件的，应当在规定的期限内达到本法规定的条件。具体实施办法，由国务院另行规定。
例11
Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.
注释：
（1）unfair competition：不正当竞争
（2）business operators：经营者
（3）contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定the provisions hereof：本法规定hereof：of this Law
（4）the lawful rights and interests：合法权益
（5）disturbing the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序
参考译文：
本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。
三hereto
英文释义: to this
中文译词:至此，在此上。
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示“本合同双方”，可以说“the Parties hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Contract”；表示“本协议附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。
语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereto和thereto的区别：同前面所言hereof和thereof的区别类似，hereto强调的是“to this”。
All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto. Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied. The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto. The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.
注释：
（1）the performance of this Contract：履行本合同
（2）through amicable negotiations：友好协商
（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同双方
（4）shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交进行仲裁
（5）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京）
（6）the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁规则
（7）the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁决
（8）unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委员会另
有裁定的除外
参考译文：
对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。
“Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.
注释：
（1）patented technology：专利技术
（2）patent：专利
（3）application for the patent：专利申请
（4）may have the right to control：可能有权控制的
（5）permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何国家许可转让
（6）Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同双方规定的本合同产品hereto: to this Contract
参考译文：
“专利技术”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的，或乙方有权或可能有权控制的，或在本
合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用于或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。
例3
“Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract
Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities. Provided that the above-mentioned information shall be such information as is only available to Party B and applicable to the business operation of Party A under this Contract.
注释：
（1）technical documents：技术资料
（2）the data and the information：资料
（3）engineering：工程
（4）manufacturing：制造
（5）original information：原始资料
（6）blueprint：蓝本
（7）design sheets：设计图表
（8）material specifications：材料规格
（9）photostats：影印资料
（10）general data：一般资料
（11）design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities：与制造设备、工具和装置有关的设计及其说明书
参考译文：
“技术资料”系指列于附件1与制造和维修合同产品有关的工程、制造及原始资料，包括与
制造设备、工具和装置有关的图纸、蓝本、设计图表、材料规格、照片、影印资料和一般资料、设计及其说明书等，但上述资料仅限于乙方拥有的资料和甲方用于本合同业务活动的资料。
例4
If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question. The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.
注释：
（1）audit the accounts of Party A：查核甲方的帐目
（2）Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract：本合同第3.4款
（3）the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts：其具体的查帐内容和程序
（4）Appendix 4 hereto：本合同附件4 hereto：to this Contract
参考译文：
乙方如需查核甲方的帐目时，应在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款规定开出的书面通知后10天之内通知甲方，其具体的查帐内容和程序详见本合同附件4。
例5
The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall, immediately and fully, notify the other Party hereto of any such matters comprising an improvement, modification, further invention or design as the Party in question may discover, make or develop with respect to manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof.
The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own expense and its own name, file application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps to protect the same, and any patent arising
therefrom shall belong to the Party in question. The other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design (whether patented or un-patented) without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.
注释：
（1）either Party hereto：本协议各方（不译成“one Party hereto）。
（2）improvement, modification, further invention or design：改进、修正、更
新本发明或设计
（3）discover, make or develop：开发
（4）manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生产及装配许可证产品或部件
（5）file application for Letter Patent：申请专利
（6）take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保护程序the same: Letter Patent
（7）any patent arising therefrom：由此产生的专利
（8）consistent with this agreement：与本协议不相矛盾
参考译文：
本协议各方同意，一方对于有关生产及装配许可证产品或部件所做的改进、修正、更新发明或设计均应立即全部通知另一方。开发改进的一方可以自负费用并以自身名义申请专利或采取其它必要的法律保护程序，由此产生的专利将属于该方所有。在本协议的有效期内，另一方可以与本协议不相矛盾的方式无偿使用和销售利用改进、修正、更新本发明或设计（无论其是否取得专利权）生产的产品。
例6
The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products. The Technical
Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto (hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).
注释：
（1）certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务
（2）the technical assistance agreement：技术服务协议
（3）Appendix 2 hereto：本协议附件2 hereto：to this Agreement
参考译文：
本协议双方同意Y将向FCAM提供有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务，FCAM和Y将订立技术服务协议并作为本协议附件2（以下称作“技术服务协议”）。
例7
The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.
注释：
（1）to the maximum extent practicably possible：尽实际可能最大限度地
（2）data on management and financial information：管理和财务信息材料（3）prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books：建好会计和财务帐目
（4）available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto：以备本协议各方
的检查或审计either Party hereto：either Party to this Agreement本协议双方inspection：检查audit：审计
参考译文：
本协议双方同意保证FCAM将尽实际可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式样，用于FCAM向协议各方提供管理和财务信息材料；并且FCAM应建好会计和财务帐目以备协议双方的检查或审计。
例8
The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto to administrate or manage FCAM shall be responsible for approving the overall business management plan of the company, and monitoring the execution of the plan in question. Provided that the business management plan in question shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for review and approval.
注释：
（1）Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto：本协议双方授权的董事会hereto：to this Agreement
（2）to administrate or manage FCAM：管理FCAM administrate：行政管理manage：业务管理
（3）the overall business management plan of the company：公司整体经营计划（4）monitor the execution of the plan in question：监督该计划的执行
（5）review and approval：审阅和批准
参考译文：
本协议双方同意授权管理FCAM的董事会对公司整体经营计划的报批和监督执行负责。该
经营计划需要提交协议双方审阅和批准。
例9
The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y, all such specialized machinery and equipment as is determined through mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto. 注释：
（1）specialized machinery and equipment：特定机器设备equipment：（单数形式）设备
（2）determined through mutual consultation：协商决定
（3）the effective utilization of the technical know-how：有效使用技术诀窍（4）terms and conditions：条件
（5）(such…) as：作关系代词，意为which, that
参考译文：
本协议双方同意并将使FCAM同意Y将向FCAM出售，FCAM从Y购买经过Y和FCAM 协商决定的特定机器设备，以保证根据技术服务协议由Y向FCAM提供的技术诀窍得到有效使用，并以协议双方同意的价格和条件成交。
例10
The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for
paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.
注释：
（1）the termination of this Contract：本合同期满
（2）outstanding claims and liabilities：未了债务
（3）debtor：债务人
（4）creditor：债权人
参考译文：
本合同期满时，双方之间发生的未了债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续支付未了债务
【摘要】商务合同是商业法人之间为实现一定的经济目的、明确相互权利义务的一种文体。商务合同英语属半法律性语言，用词准确、正式、严谨，具有鲜明文体意义。本文基于典型实例分析，探讨了商务英文合同的词汇特征及翻译方法。 【关键词】商务英文合同词汇特征翻译 商务合同是商品经济的产物，它随着商品经济的产生而产生，也随着商品经济的发展而发展，是商品交换关系在法律上的体现，受到国家法律的承认和保护。在世界经济全球化和一体化的今天，国际商务活动日益频繁，贸易国法人之间为实现一定的经济利益而签订的明确规定了贸易双方的权利和义务，具有法律效力的文件——国际商务合同的重要性也越来越突出。商务合同英语既具有商务英语的特点，同时也具有法律英语的特点。本文拟从庄重正式、准确严谨和简洁明了三个角度阐述分析商务英文合同的词汇特征及其翻译方法。 一、庄重正式 Martin Joos按照语言使用的正式程度提出了英语的五种变体，即庄重文体(frozen style)，正式文体(formal style)，商议文体（consultative style），随便文体(casual style)和亲密文体(intimate style)。一般认为商务合同英语属庄重文体，即五种变体英语中正式程度最高的一种。商务英文合同的庄重正式的词汇特征体现在专业术语和外来词古体词的使用上。 1.商务专业术语 专业术语(technical term留学生论文网https://www.doczj.com/doc/0f8486988.html, s)具有鲜明的文体特色。其意义精确、单一、无歧义，且不带有个人感情色彩。为了准确描述商务活动中的各个交易环节以及与此相关的各类单据，商务合同英语文体中使用了大量表意清楚的商务专业术语。例如，policy（保险单），negotiable（可转让的），liability（责任、义务），right of recourse （追索权），factoring（保理）等。这些专业术语可避免冗长的解释，简化交易过程，提高工作效率。 2.法律专业术语 为了准确描述商务活动中交易双方各自的权利与义务，商务合同英语中也使用了较多的法律专业的术语。狭义的法律术语指仅出现在或大多数情况下出现在法律文件中的法律科学的特有术语，此意义上的法律术语在商务合同文体中的数量不多，如：imputed negligence (转嫁的过失责任)特指可向与行为人有利害关系的人或有合同关系的另一方追究责任的过失。商务合同中这类狭义的法律专业术语不以大众是否理解或接受为转移，它是商务合同语言准确表达的保障，是其独有的现象。而广义的法律术语则包括在法律文体中被赋予特定法律意义的常用词语，如action(诉讼)，party(当事人)，financial responsibility(经济责任，指违约责任，具体可指“赔偿损失”、“支付违约金”和“支付迟延支付金额的利息”)。这类词语把握不准确的话很容易导致翻译和理解当中的模糊性，因此要格外留意。如，“The contract is concluded in case of acceptance of the offer.”很容易译为“提议一旦接受，合同随即订立。”而实际上，“acceptance”与“offer”是合同法中两个重要的法律术语，其规范的译文分别为“承诺”、“要约”，前者是指受要约人对要约内容表同意，而后者则指一方希望与另一方订立合同。 3.外来词和古体词 商务合同英语中使用的商务类专业术语有不少源于拉丁语或法语，有些则是由其词根派生或合成，许多术语都有相同的前缀或后缀。它们的意义比较稳定，利于精确地表达概念，例如：ad valorem duty (拉丁语)从价(关)税，bona fide holder (拉丁语)汇票的善意持票人，pro rata tax rate比例税率(拉丁语，即proportional tax rate)，insurance premium per capita (拉丁语)人均保险费，force majeure(法语)不可抗力，pro forma (拉丁语)估算表。
合同翻译练习词汇与短语 1．by virtue of 2. take effect 3. in quadruplicate 4. enter into contract 5. at the close of the fiscal year 6. in witness whereof 7. interested party 8. limitation of liability 9. hereinafter to be referred as 10. null and void 11. 水准基点 12. 提单 13. 由（甲方和乙方） 14. 裁决委员会 15. 不符 16. 履约证明 17. 有损于，对…不利 18. 优惠期限 19. （资产）清算 20. 法定义务
句子与段落 1. Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONL Y). 2. This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under mentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 3. This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder. 4. The contract is made out in English and Chinese languages in quadruplicate, both texts being equally authentic, and each Party shall hold two copies of each text. 5. After arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyer shall apply to China Commodity Inspection Bureau (hereinafter referred to as CCIB) for a further inspection as to the specifications and quantity/weight of the goods. 6. Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit, the expression “ Shipment u”sed in stipulating an earliest and/or a latest shipment date will be understood to include the expression “loadingon board ”, “ dispatch ” and “ taking in charge ”. 7. Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at import port. 8. The contract is made out in Chinese and English, both version being equally authentic, by and between _____ as the Seller and ____ as the Buyer whereby the Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned goods subject to the following terms and conditions. 9. The date of Bill of Lading shall be taken as the conclusive proof of the date of shipment, six (6) days grace shall be allowed for shipment earlier or later than the time agreed upon by the Parties. In the event of the goods for one order being shipped in more than one lot, each lot shall be deemed to be a separate sale on Contract. 10.Should either of the parties to the contract be prevented from executing the contract by force majeure, such as earthquake, typhoon, flood, fire, war or other unforeseen events, and their occurrence and consequences are unpreventable and unavoidable, the prevented party shall notify the other party by telegram without any delay, and within 15 days thereafter provide detailed information of the events and a valid document for evidence issued by the relevant public notary organization explaining the reason of its inability to execute or delay the execution of all or part of the contract. 11. The Customer and NEXPRESS each agree and undertake that during the Term and Thereafter it will keep confidential and will not use for its own purposes or without the prior written consent of the other party disclose to any third party any part or all information concerning the terms of this Agreement unless such information is in the public domain other than as a result of a breach of this clause． 12. 合同允许___ % 的溢短差额。
英国合同法复习资料 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
Lecture 1 Offer and acceptance I What is an offer? Key principles: An offer is a statement which objectively indicates that the offeror is prepared 900 pounds”P:“We agree to buy for the sum of 900 pounds asked by you” D refused to sell. Held: D is not b ound. P’s first telegram asked two questions and D answered only the second. D had made no promise, express or implied to sell. A statement of the minimum price at which a sell the house to you” and invited Gibson to fill in a form. Gibson filled in but council refused to sell. Held: No contract. The words “may be prepared to sell” are fatal to this. The Council did not make an offer but only invited offers and the tenant made a firm offer which was rejected by the Council. The tenant’s application was an offer rather than an acceptance. Recognized instances of invitations to treat Advertisements Key principles: Advertisements are normally invitations to treat because it is clear that the each. No details as to quantity. Held: The ad did not amount to an offer to sell. after using the smoke ball as directed and that to show its sincerity it had deposited ￡1000 in a bank account. P used the smoke ball, but nevertheless caught flu. Held: the ad was an offer to the world which was accepted by P when she used the smoke ball as directed. She was entitled to the ￡100. Shop displays Key principles: the display of goods for sale on a supermarket shelf is an invitation to treat, and Held :As a general rule, display of flick knife in a shop window is an invitation to treat and not supervision of a registered pharmacist. In this shop, the pharmacist could refuse to allow the purchase at the cash desk.
商务合同英译的注意事项（实例版） 、尸■、亠 前言 英译商务合同貌似简单，实则不然。商务合同是一种特殊的应用文体，重在记实，用词行文的一大特点就是准确与严谨。 本文拟运用翻译教学中所积累的英译商务合同的实例，从三个方面论述如何从大处着眼、小处着手、力求准确严谨英译商务合同。 一、酌情使用公文语惯用副词 商务合同属于法律性公文，所以英译时，有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词，就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现，这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替，从而影响到译文的质量。 实际上，这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多，而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由here、there、where 等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如：从此以后、今后：hereafter; 此后、以后：thereafter ;在其上：there on thereup on ; 在其下：thereunder; 对于这个：hereto; 对于那个：whereto ;在上文： here in abovehere in before ;在下文：herei nafterherei nbelow ;在上文中、在上一部分中：thereinbefore ;在下文中、在下一部分中：thereinafter.现用两个实例，说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。 例1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer andthe Builder. 例2：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is moreappropriate are made in China. 二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语
系统功能语言学理论指导下的商务合同翻译X 杨芳 (湖南税务高等专科学校长沙市410116) 摘要本文从韩礼德的系统功能语言学角度出发,用其语域理论对商务合同英语语篇进行分析,目的有三:(1)试图通过语言学分析揭示,对翻译文本进行语言分析可以帮助译者从新的角度审视翻译问题; (2)用系统功能语言学分析描述商务合同及其译文,可以检验系统功能语言学理论在语篇分析和翻译研究方面的可应用性和可操作性;(3)得出商务合同英语的忠实、准确、统一的翻译标准。 关键词商务合同英语翻译系统功能语言学语域特征 Abstract T his paper is an attempt to study the English tex t of business contract from the perspectiv e of reg-ister theory in systemic functional linguistics.T he t hree underlying pur poses o f this study are:(1)to show how a systemic functional analysi s can provide insight to the study of translation,(2)to test the applicability o f systemic functional ling uist ics in discourse analysis and translat ion studies,and(3)to show the translation standards of business contract in translation)/faithfulness,ex actness and consistency0. Key Words English of business contract translatio n systemic functional ling uist ics reg ister characterist ics 1引言 在世界经济全球化和一体化的今天,国际商务活动日益频繁。自然人或法人之间为实现一定的商务目的,按一定的合法手续达成的规定相互权利和义务的契约)))商务合同的翻译也日显重要。商务合同英语翻译在操作过程中必然要涉及到对英汉语言本质的认识及对两种语言使用规律的理解。同时,要做到对这种应用文体翻译的准确,译者应该找到符合目的语规范的译法,也就是要从语言学角度研究翻译问题。本文从系统功能语言学的角度出发,对商务合同英语进行语域特征分析,以求商务合同英语翻译的准确。 2语域理论简介 语域理论是以韩礼德(M.A.K.Halliday)为代表的系统功能语言学派的一个重要内容。它是韩礼德等语言学家在把语言同社会和人放在一起来加以考察和研究的过程中发展起来的。该学派特别重视语言发生的环境)))语境的作用,认为语言总是在一定的语境中发生,并在一定的语境中得以理解和解释。按照韩礼德的语域理论,决定语言特征的三大情景因素是:语场(field)即话语范围,语式(mode)即谈话方式,语旨(tenor)即谈话人关系。语境的这三个因素中任何一项改变,都会引起所交流意义的变化,从而引起语言的变异,产生不同类型的语域(register)。在实际交往中,语篇的语义功能与这三个因素有着某种对应关系:语场决定着概念功能的意义范围,语式决定着语篇功能的意义范围,语旨决定着人际功能的意义范围。因此,语域可以影响语篇(一个语义单位)的语体和结构。 笔者在研究语域问题时发现,语域理论这种将语言变体放在具体的文化语境和情景语境中进行研究,将逻辑概念意义、交际意义及语篇意义有机结合起来进行理解和解释,实际上就是兼顾了语言系统内部的纯语言意义与语言的社会意义与功能。这正是我们在翻译中所追求的。将这一理论引入翻译领域,可以为我们提供一种描述某些超语言因素的规范,帮助我们在翻译中成功地实现意义转换。 3商务合同语场、语式、语旨 商务合同是由一组与一定语境和上下文有联系的、在内容和结构上密切相关的、表达相对 第18卷1期2005年2月 中国科技翻译 CH INES E SC IE NCE&TECHNOLOGY TRANSLAT ORS JOURNAL Vol.18.No.1 Feb.2005 X收稿日期:2004)07)10/42
合同翻译练习 词汇与短语 1．by virtue of 2. take effect 3. in quadruplicate 4. enter into contract 5. at the close of the fiscal year 6. in witness whereof 7. interested party 8. limitation of liability 9. hereinafter to be referred as 10. null and void 11. 水准基点 12. 提单 13. 由（甲方和乙方） 14. 裁决委员会 15. 不符 16. 履约证明 17. 有损于，对…不利 18. 优惠期限 19. （资产）清算 20. 法定义务
句子与段落 1. Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONL Y). 2. This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under mentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 3. This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder. 4. The contract is made out in English and Chinese languages in quadruplicate, both texts being equally authentic, and each Party shall hold two copies of each text. 5. After arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyer shall apply to China Commodity Inspection Bureau (hereinafter referred to as CCIB) for a further inspection as to the specifications and quantity/weight of the goods. 6. Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit, the expression “Shipment” used in stipulating an earliest and/or a latest shipment date will be understood to include the expression “loading on board”, “dispatch” and “taking in charge”. 7. Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at import port. 8. The contract is made out in Chinese and English, both version being equally authentic, by and between ______ as the Seller and ______ as the Buyer whereby the Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned goods subject to the following terms and conditions. 9. The date of Bill of Lading shall be taken as the conclusive proof of the date of shipment, six (6) days grace shall be allowed for shipment earlier or later than the time agreed upon by the Parties. In the event of the goods for one order being shipped in more than one lot, each lot shall be deemed to be a separate sale on Contract. 10.Should either of the parties to the contract be prevented from executing the contract by force majeure, such as earthquake, typhoon, flood, fire, war or other unforeseen events, and their occurrence and consequences are unpreventable and unavoidable, the prevented party shall notify the other party by telegram without any delay, and within 15 days thereafter provide detailed information of the events and a valid document for evidence issued by the relevant public notary organization explaining the reason of its inability to execute or delay the execution of all or part of the contract. 11. The Customer and NEXPRESS each agree and undertake that during the Term and Thereafter it will keep confidential and will not use for its own purposes or without the prior written consent of the other party disclose to any third party any part or all information concerning the terms of this Agreement unless such information is in the public domain other than as a result of a breach of this clause．
编号：QJ-HT-0465委托翻译合同样本(官方版) In order to clarify their rights and obligations, sign contracts to ensure that their legitimate rights and interests are not harmed. 甲方：_____________________ 乙方：_____________________ 日期：_____________________ --- 专业合同范本系列下载即可用---
委托翻译合同样本(官方版) 说明：该合同书适用于甲乙双方为明确各自的权利和义务，经友好协商签署合同，在合同期限内按照合同规定或者依照法律规定履行义务，保证权利双方合法权益不受损害，文档可下载收藏或打印使用（使用时请先阅读条款是否适用）。 委托翻译合同范文一 甲方:xx 乙方:xx 经甲乙双方友好协商，现就甲方委托给乙方完成的xx申报中文材料翻译成英文材料事项签订如下合同。 一、翻译稿件名称：xx材料。具体包括：1、拟建xx考察报告(含建设发展规划及规划图册);2、xx申报书;3、xx申报自评报告;4、xx风光片解说词。 二、工作时间：甲方于x年x月日前将需翻译的中文定稿材料交付乙方。乙方应于x年x月x日前将翻译好的英文成稿交付甲方。 三、交稿方式：乙方应向甲方提供英文成稿打印件及电子文本(文件格式：coredraw9.0排版)各一份。
四、合同总金额：合同全部工作任务总费用为xx元，大写人民币xx元整。甲方在签订合同之日起向乙方支付x万元，余款在乙方交付成稿并经甲方验收后一次性结清。 五、翻译质量：乙方保证翻译成稿质量，做到忠实原文、翻译准确、语句通顺、行文流畅，达到甲方提供给乙方的《xx综合报告》(英文版)的翻译水平。如双方对译文水平发生争议，由双方共同认可的第三方进行评判。 六、其它事项：乙方负责为甲方在xx申报国际评审会上作英文陈述，陈述费用不再另付。乙方在申报材料的英文翻译稿进行电脑排版时，需就排版格式等有关问题与甲方提供的印刷厂技术员进行联系沟通，以保证英文成稿的电子文本符合甲方印刷要求。 七、本合同自签订之日起具有法律效力，双方应共同遵守，否则由违约方赔偿对方由此造成的一切损失。 八、本合同未尽事宜，由双方友好协商解决。 九、本合同壹式肆份，甲乙双方各执贰份，具有同等法律效力。 甲方(签章)：乙方(签章)： 委托翻译合同范文二
2011.No34122 摘 要 随着经济全球化进程的加快及我国加入WTO，中国对外经济贸易往来日益频繁。商务合同是一种契约文本，属于法律文本。具有用语正式、句子严谨、措辞确切等特点。了解合同的语言特点有助于正确翻译合同文书。 关键词 商务合同 语言特点 翻译 商务合同不同于一般文学文本，它是一种法律文书和经济文件。商务合同是指有关各方之间在进行某种商务合作时，为了确定各自的权利和义务而正式依然订立的并且经过公证的，必须共同遵守的协议条文，所以合同是具有法律效力的正式文件。其具有条理性、周密性。商务合同句式讲究、用词严谨、条理清晰、在翻译的时候，应灵活运用翻译技巧并按照汉语表达习惯变动语序。这样才能连贯得表达从而达到“信、达、雅”提高译文质量。 1 商务合同的用词特点和翻译 1.1 专业术语的使用 合同是法律文件，用于不需要文学用语中的华丽辞藻，而应追求表达的专性和规范性。这就需要使用的专业词汇。专业词汇具有国际通用性、意义精确、无歧义、不带个人感情色彩，具有鲜明的文体特色。商务合同中，经常使用国际商务术语及缩略语。例如： （1）We have covered the goods against the risk of breakage,TPND,etc. 句中”TPND”指”Theft,Pilferage and Non-Delivery(偷窃及提货不着险)”。 （2）Payment will be made by irrevocable L/C at sight against presentation of shiping documents. 句中”irrevocable L/C at sight ”意思是“不可撤销的即期信用证”。 商务合同的语言特点和翻译 梁丽红 （扬州工业职业技术学院，江苏 扬州 225009） 1.2 古体词的使用 在商务合同中，我们常看到以here,there,或where为词根的古体词。这类词在现代英语口语及书面语中已经很少使用，但是在经济合同中却频繁出现。从而使句子简练严密、严肃庄重，具有法律文体风格。如：hereafter（自此，今后）、hereby(（特此，兹）、herein （此中，于此）、hereinafter （在下文）、hereof（在本文中）、thereto（另外，随附）、thereof（其中，它的）、whereas（鉴于）、whereby（凭借）、whereupon（因此，于是）等。例如： （1）The specific contents and procedures of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto. 句中“hereto”一词为古体词，一般译为“在此”。译文：详细目录和审计程序见附录4. 1.3 同义词的使用 商务合同中，常把几个同义词并列使用以避免合同双方当事人按自己的意图来理解合同条文从而产生误解。翻译时，应取这两几个同义词的共议。以保证内容准确。维护法律文件的严谨性。常见的这类并列同义词有：terms and conditions （条款）、made and sign（签订）、force and effect （效力）、all and any（所有）、each and every（每一个）、approve and accept（同意、接受）、by and between （与）、fulfill and perform（履行）、save and except （除了）、final and conclusive（最终）等等。例如： If the contract shall duly perform and observe all terms,provison,conditions, and stipulations of the said contract, this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect. 的荣誉也就越高。教师对一些好学生有点“偏心”是不可避免的，那是为了爱惜人才，培养人才，是可以理解的。孔夫子“弟子三千，圣人七十”，也大概就是这种偏心的结果吧？ 笔曾调查一位任教30余年的中学老教师，他正是在教书育人的工作中，认真研究学生心理，不断加强专业知识的学习，努力提高业务水平和管理水平；坚持“因材施教”的教学原则，不断地总结经验和教训，一心一意为学生服务，为党和人民的教育事业做出了突出的贡献。这位老师在30余年的教学生涯中，教初中18年，送初中毕业生890人，教高中12年，送高中毕业生580人。在初中和高中的教学工作中一直担任班主任和语文教学工作。其中班主任工作先后有5届获省、县级模范班主任的称号。教学工作年年居平行班第一名。笔者追踪调查，在他所教的初、高中学生1470人中，现有496人在大专院校继续深造；有325人在县以上党政机关和教育、卫生、国土、广播电 视、水电、水利、部队等部门工作；有276人在县以下各单位工作和担任中小学教师职务；有186人担任了乡正级以上的领导干部；有82人种承包地致富；有105人经商。他所教的1470个学生，都在不同的岗位上为国家效力。这位老师一生从事教育工作的经历、经验和成果有力地证明：教师只要有渊博的知识，高尚的道德情操，在工作中注重研究学生个性心理、社会心理、品德心理，真正做到爱生如子，“因材施教”，教学工作精益求精，不断开拓进取，就一定能够在教书育人工作中干出成绩来。 参考文献 [1]《研究性学习的国际视野》 钟启泉著[2]《个性心理学概论》 高玉祥著[3]《德育心理学概论》 朝进之著 [4]《管理心理学》 丽莲.吉尔布雷斯著[5]《活的教育》 陈鹤琴著
第五周额外作业：外贸合同常用条款 1. Terms of Payment:付款方式： (1) Letter of Credit: The Buyer shall, _______ days prior to the time of shipment/after this Contract comes into effect, open an irrevocable Letter of Credit in favor of the Seller. The Letter Of Credit shall expire ________ days after the completion of loading of the shipment as stipulated. 参考译文（1）信用证方式：买方应该在装运期前/ 合同生效后___ 日，开出以卖方为受益人的不可撤销信用证。信用证在按照合同装船完毕后___日内到期。 Copying structure: 买方应与____日前向装运时间/合同生效后，开出。。。。（语句不通，没有检查） 用词谨慎：（1）买方应该在装运期前（合同生效后）___ 日，括号不表示或者的关系，而是补充说明的关系，而装运期前不等于合同生效后；（2）买方、卖方混淆；（3）开具不可撤销信用证给卖方，勉强可以，但是出于慎重，还是要说明受益人，因为原文有强调 信用证到期后的xx天完成装船-错误；in favor of…按买方偏好，为了卖方利益-错误（普通词汇的专业意义） 卸货：unloading/ landing/ discharging of the shipment irrevocable Letter of Credit 不可撤销信用证 开证银行开具的信用证可以是： 公开议付，即欢迎任何银行予以议付: 限定议付，即只限定指名由某一银行议付； 不许议付，即不许任何银行予以议付，只许由付款银行付款取单而且付款银行直接付款的对象仅限受益人。 议付信用证negotiation credit/ negotiation L/C ：指受益人可以自由选择到那家银行兑付(2) Cash on delivery (COD): The Buyer shall pay to the Seller total amount within_______ days after the receipt of the goods. 参考译文（2）货到付款方式（COD）：买方应在收到货物后______天内将全部货款支付给卖方。 货银对付DVP：delivery versus payment, 证券交易结算时证券产品与资金同时完成交收。（常用与证券交易中） 表达不准确：买方应在。。。支付给卖方所有的金额/ 付全额给卖方/ 将全额支付给卖方/ 所有贷款 不认真-COD：化学需氧量！！！！！
编号：_______________本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载 合作协议(中英文翻译) 甲方：___________________ 乙方：___________________ 日期：___________________ 说明：本合同资料适用于约定双方经过谈判、协商而共同承认、共同遵守的责任与 义务，同时阐述确定的时间内达成约定的承诺结果。文档可直接下载或修改，使用 时请详细阅读内容。
Technical Cooperation Agreement 甲方：XX油脂化学有限公司 Party A: XX Grease Chemical Co. , Ltd. 地址：XX高新技术工业园 Address: XXHigh-tech Industrial Park 法定代表人：XXX Legal Representative: XXX 乙方： Party B: 地址： Address: 本协议合作双方就组建技术研发团队事项，经过平等协商，在真实、充分地 表达各自意愿互惠互利的基础上，根据《中华人民共和国合同法》的规定，达成如下协议，并由合作各方共同恪守。 This Agreement, concerning the setting up of a technical research and development team, is made according to the Contract Law of PRC regulations and entered into through equal negotiation by both Parties as the free and full expression of their own wishes to mutual benefits, and to this end both Parties shall abide by this Agreement as following. 第一条、甲方同意雇用乙方为新产品研发技术顾问。乙方同意为甲方提供技术顾问服务。 Article 1: Party A hereby agrees to employ party B as the technical consultant for the new product research and development. Party B hereby agrees to offer technical consultation service to Part A. 第二条、甲方同意每月支付乙方的研究费用，包括：薪资、办公费、检测费、差旅费以及其他相关费用。 Article 2: Party A hereby agrees to pay Party B for the research each month, including salaries, administrative expenses,detection cost, traveling expenses and other cost associated. 第三条、乙方有责任为甲方提供相关国内外技术及市场信息，并及时答复甲方技术上所遇到的问题。 Article 3 : Party B is responsible to provide relevant technical and market information home and abroad and is ready to answer any technical problem frequently asked by Party A. 第四条、乙方有义务向甲方提供有关个人简历和相关证明材料，甲方要尊重乙方个人隐私，有义务妥善保管相关材料。 Article 4: Party B shall has the obligation to provide Party A with any relevant personal resume and reference documents as necessary.Party A shall respect the personal privacy of Party B and has the obligation to properly keep those materials. 第五条、乙方同意所研发的产品所有知识产权归甲方所有，乙方不得将相关技术信息泄露给任何第三方，否则需要承担一切法律后果。