英文文献
Numerical control laser processing technology and application Pick to: as the main symbol of science and Technology development in the 20th century and the modern information society one of the pillars of optoelectronic Technology, Laser Technology, Laser Technology) and the development of Laser industry attaches great importance to by the advanced countries in the world. Numerical control and integrated the Laser and the optical system of the computer numerical control technology, advanced and high precision and automation of the workpiece positioning, the combination of formation, development and production of machining center has become a Laser machining, Laser Processing) is an important trend of development.
Key words: CNC; Laser machining, Laser Processing); Level; application
Before: laser is regarded as one of the most important scientific discoveries of the twentieth century, as soon as it was caused the great attention of materials scientists. In November 1971, gm pioneered the use of a 250 w CO2 laser to improve wear resistance materials using laser radiation test and research, and in 1974 successfully completed automobile redirector shell
surface (malleable iron material) laser quenching process, the wear-resisting performance of the hardened parts up to 10 times higher than that of untreated before. This is the first time laser surface modification technology of industrial application. Over the years, the nations of the world into a large amount of money and manpower to laser, laser processing equipment and laser processing and the study of material science, laser processing has been rapid development, and have gained great economic and social benefits. Now in China, the laser technology has been in industry, agriculture, medicine, war industry and get wider
in people's modern life Widely used, and gradually realize industrialization of laser technology, countries will it as a research one of the key projects of the ninth five-year plan. Overview, Laser Technology, Laser Technology)
Laser processing technology is the use of the characteristics of the interaction between laser and material on the material (including metal and nonmetal) for cutting, welding, surface treatment, punch and a processing technology of micro processing, etc. Laser processing technology is involved in optical, mechanical, electrical, materials and testing different subjects, such as, a comprehensive technology, its research scope in general can be divided into:
1. The laser processing system. Including laser, light system, machine tools, control system and testing system.
2. Laser processing technology. Including cutting (laser beam cutting), Welding, laser Welding), surface treatment, punching, marking, marking, trimming, etc. Various kinds of processing technology.
Has the mature processing technology include: laser rapid prototyping technology, laser welding, laser drilling, laser cutting, laser marking, laser to weight balance technology, laser etching, laser trimming technology, storage technology, laser marking, laser cleaning, laser heat treatment and surface treatment technology.
Second, the application of laser processing technology
CO2 laser laser processing applications, the most widely in cutting and welding, accounted for 70% and 20% respectively, surface treatment is less than 10%. The YAG laser application in welding, mark (50%) and cutting (15%). CO2 laser in the United States and Europe accounted for 70-80%. In laser processing is given priority to with cutting accounted for 10%, of which more than 98% of the CO2 laser, power within the scope of the 1.5 kW ~ 2 kW, and given priority to with heat treatment accounted for about 15%, mostly for laser processing
of automobile engine cylinder jacket. The economic and social benefits of this technology is very high, it has a great market prospect.
In the auto industry, give full play to its advanced laser processing technology, fast and flexible processing characteristics. Such as in car prototype and small batch production extensive use of 3 d laser cutting machine, not only save the sample and tooling equipment, also greatly shorten the production preparation cycle; Laser beam on the surface of high hardness material and complex and bending spile, speed and does not produce damage; Laser welding in automobile industry has become a standard process, Japan's Toyota has laser welding used in automobile body panel, different thickness and different surface coating metal plates welded together, and then to stamping. Welding and cutting laser heat treatment abroad, though less common, but are still widely used in the automotive industry, such as cylinder liner, crankshaft, piston ring, commutator, gear and other parts of heat treatment. In the industrial developed country, laser processing technology and computer numerical control technology and flexible manufacturing technology, the combination of derived laser rapid prototyping technology. The technology not only can
quickly manufacturing model, but also can directly by the molten metal powder and produce metal mould.
In the 80 s, YAG laser in welding, cutting, punching and tag has played a more and more big function. Generally think of YAG laser cutting can get a good cutting quality and high cutting precision, but is restricted in the cutting speed. With the improvement of YAG laser output power and beam quality were breakthrough. YAG laser level has started to squeeze into kw CO2 laser cutting market. YAG laser is especially suitable for welding does not allow the thermal deformation and micro devices of welding pollution, such as lithium battery, heart pacemakers, sealed relay, etc. YAG laser punch it has developed into the largest laser processing applications.
At present, foreign laser drilling is mainly used in aerospace, automobile manufacturing, electronic instrument, chemical industry, etc. The rapid development of laser drilling, mainly reflected in the punching with YAG laser average output power has been five years ago from 400 w to 800 w to 1000 w. Peak power of holing up to 30 ~ 50 kw, punch with narrow pulse width, repetition frequency is more and more high, the improvement of laser output parameters, to a large extent to improve the quality of drilling and improve drilling speed, also
enlarged the application range of the punch. The application of laser drilling at present more mature is in the production of synthetic diamond and natural diamond die and watch jewel bearing production. YAG laser repetition frequency has amounted to 2000 times per second, diode array pumped Nd: YAG laser in the mean time to repair has increased from the original hundreds of hours to 1 to 20000 hours.
With the further study of the interaction between laser and material, laser processing technology will be widely used in flexible manufacturing system. Realization of laser machining flexible systematic mainly refers to the laser head can be flexible to guide the laser beam to parts for processing position. From the complexity of the laser machine can processing parts, and points in a two-dimensional space and three-dimensional laser processing, high power laser 3 d processing is the development direction of the future direction of the laser processing, in order to achieve the flexibility of laser processing, 3 d laser optical system must be adopted. High-power
three-dimensional YAG laser processing system usually adopt robots (or machine hand) with optical fiber transmission of the beam, by holding the laser robot to complete all kinds of sports, the laser through the optical fiber transmission to the laser head,
reach the surface of the workpiece, the processing system, the beam transmission and focusing characteristics is not affected by processing position.
Three, is the focus of the laser processing technology research and development can be summarized as:
1, a new generation of industrial laser research, is currently in technical update period, its mark is the development and application of PuQuan diode pump solid state laser.
2, fine processing, laser micro machining in the laser processing application statistics accounted for only 6% in 1996, and doubled up to 12% in 1997, has increased to 19% in 1998;
3, intelligent machining system, system integration is not only the process itself, but with a real-time detection and feedback processing, with the establishment of the expert system, intelligent processing system has become the inevitable development trend.
Laser technology in our country after more than 30 years of development, has made thousands of scientific and technological achievements, many have been used to the production practice, laser processing equipment production is growing at 20% per year on average, for the technical transformation of traditional industries, improve product quality
to solve many problems, such as chemical fiber laser hair technology is pushing, baosteel, benxi steel and other large steel mills will change our country automobile covering parts of steel completely dependent on imports, laser marking machine and laser welding machine quality, function, price is in line with the demand of the market at present, the market share of more than 90%.
Four, the main problems:
1, poor ability of scientific research achievements into products, the market prospect of achievements have been many stay in the laboratory prototype stage;
2, the core component of laser processing system of laser small variety, backward technology, poor reliability. Abroad not only diode pumped solid-state laser has been used in the production process, and a diode laser is also used, and the diode pumped solid-state laser is still in its beginning stage of research and development.
3, less study on processing technology, especially the study of fine machining technology is more weak, the study of ultraviolet wave laser processing are rare.
4, laser processing equipment reliability, safety, maintainability, compatibility is poorer, difficult to meet the needs of industrial production.
Conclusion: laser has good monochromaticity, high energy density, good space control and time control, and a series of advantages, it has been widely used in materials processing and other fields. Laser processing of industries including automotive, aerospace, electronics, chemical industry, packaging, medical equipment, etc. Combined with computer numerical control technology, laser processing technology has become the key technology of industrial production automation, has can't be matched by ordinary processing technology advantages. Such as laser machining for non-contact, high speed, no noise, high precision machining of various complex shape can be objective, and not usually in the sense of "tool" wear and tear, do not need to replace the "head". Predictably, with the development of laser technology and perfect, will play a huge role in economic construction and national defense construction. By the words we can find that laser processing has good compatibility with flexible manufacturing system, combine the two laser flexible manufacturing system, under the condition of good cooperate
with each other will certainly receive special effect and achieved good returns.
reference
[1] xiao-chun zhu Editor, the numerical control technology, mechanical industry publishing house; 2001
[2] blue letter written by major such as, laser technology, science press. 2005
[3] SiTuZhong editor, "mechanical engineering English", wuhan university of science and technology publishing house; 2001.7 [4] national engineering research center of laser machining, departments: the ministry of education
[5] wash Yang Chen Hui-shan li, such as laser remanufacturing technology and its industrial application, the tianjin industrial university institute of laser technology
[6] mischa, special processing methods and the content of the trend, Beijing university of aeronautics and astronautics engineering training center of advanced manufacturing
中文翻译
数控激光加工的技术水平以及应用
摘要：作为 20 世纪科学技术发展的主要标志和现代信息社会光电子技术的支柱之一，激光技术(Laser Technology)和激光产业的发展受到世界先进国家的高度重视。数控化和综合化把激光器与计算机数控技术、先进的光学系统以及高精度和自动化的工件定位相结合，形成研制和生产加工中心，已成为激光加工(Laser Processing)发展的一个重要趋势。
关键词：数控；激光加工(Laser Processing)；水平；应用
前言: 激光被誉为二十世纪最重大的科学发现之一，它刚一问世就引起了材料科学家的高度重视。1971年11月，美国通用汽车公司率先使用一台250W CO2激光器进行利用激光辐射提高材料耐磨性能的试验研究，并于1974年成功地完成了汽车转向器壳内表面（可锻铸铁材质）激光淬火工艺研究，淬硬部位的耐磨性能比未处理之前提高了10倍。这是激光表面改性技术的首次工业应用。多年以来，世界各国投入了大量资金和人力进行激光器、激光加工设备和激光加工对材料学的研究，促使激光加工得到了飞速发展，并获得了巨大的经济效益和社会效益。如今在中国，激光技术已在工业、农业、医学、军工以及人们的现代生活中得到广泛的应用，并且正逐步实现激光技术产业化，国家也将其列为“九五”攻关重点项目之一。
一、激光技术(Laser Technology)概述
激光加工技术是利用激光束与物质相互作用的特性对材料（包括金属与非金属）进行切割、焊接、表面处理、打孔及微加工等的一门加工技术。激光加工技术是涉及到光、机、电、材料及检测等多门学科的一门综合技术，它的研究范围一般可分为：
1．激光加工系统。包括激光器、导光系统、加工机床、控制系统及检测系统。2．激光加工工艺。包括切割(laser beam cutting)、焊接(Laser Welding)、表面处理、打孔、打标、划线、微调等各种加工工艺。
目前已成熟的激光加工技术包括：激光快速成形技术、激光焊接技术、激光打孔技术、激光切割技术、激光打标技术、激光去重平衡技术、激光蚀刻技术、激光微调技术、激光存储技术、激光划线技术、激光清洗技术、激光热处理和表面处理技术。
二、激光加工技术的应用
激光加工应用领域中，CO2激光器以切割和焊接应用最广，分别占到70％和20％，表面处理则不到10％。而YAG激光器的应用是以焊接、标记（50％）和切割（15％）为主。在美国和欧洲CO2激光器占到了70~80％。我国激光加工中以切割为主的占10％，其中98％以上的CO2激光器，功率在1.5kW~2kW范围内，而以热处理为主的约占15％，大多数是进行激光处理汽车发动机的汽缸套。这项技术的经济性和社会效益都很高，故有很大的市场前景。
在汽车工业中，激光加工技术充分发挥了其先进、快速、灵活地加工特点。如在汽车样机和小批量生产中大量使用三维激光切割机，不仅节省了样板及工装设备，还大大缩短了生产准备周期；激光束在高硬度材料和复杂而弯曲的表面打小孔，速度快而不产生破损；激光焊接在汽车工业中已成为标准工艺，日本Toyota已将激光用于车身面板的焊接，将不同厚度和不同表面涂敷的金属板焊接在一起，然后再进行冲压。虽然激光热处理在国外不如焊接和切割普遍，但在汽车工业中仍应用广泛，如缸套、曲轴、活塞环、换向器、齿轮等零部件的热处理。在工业发达国家，激光加工技术和计算机数控技术及柔性制造技术相结合，派生出激光快速成形技术。该项技术不仅可以快速制造模型，而且还可以直接由金属粉末熔融，制造出金属模具。
到了80年代，YAG激光器在焊接、切割、打孔和标记等方面发挥了越来越大作用。通常认为YAG激光器切割可以得到好的切割质量和高的切割精度，但在切割速度上受到限制。随着YAG激光器输出功率和光束质量的提高而被突破。YAG 激光器已开始挤进kw级CO2激光器切割市场。YAG激光器特别适合焊接不允许热变形和焊接污染的微型器件，如锂电池、心脏起搏器、密封继电器等。YAG激光器打孔已发展成为最大的激光加工应用。
目前，国外激光打孔主要应用在航空航天、汽车制造、电子仪表、化工等行业。激光打孔的迅速发展，主要体现在打孔用YAG激光器的平均输出功率已由5
年前的400w提高到了800w至1000w。打孔峰值功率高达30~50kw，打孔用的脉冲宽度越来越窄，重复频率越来越高，激光器输出参数的提高，很大程度上改善了打孔质量，提高了打孔速度，也扩大了打孔的应用范围。国内目前比较成熟的激光打孔的应用是在人造金刚石和天然金刚石拉丝模的生产及手表宝石轴承的生产中。YAG 激光器的重复频度已达 2000 次 / 秒，二极管阵列泵浦的 Nd ：YAG 激光器的平均维修时间已从原来的几百小时提高到 1 ～ 2 万小时。
随着激光与材料的相互作用的进一步研究，激光加工技术也必将广泛的应用在柔性制造系统上。实现激光加工的柔性系统化主要指激光加工头能灵活机动地引导激光束到达零件的待加工位置。从激光加工机床所能加工零件的复杂程度看，又分平面二维和空间三维激光加工，大功率激光三维加工是未来激光加工的方向的发展方向，为了实现激光加工的灵活性，三维激光必须采用运动光学系统。大功率三维YAG激光加工系统通常采用机器人(或机器手)配合光导纤维进行光束传输，由机器人挟持着激光头完成各种运动，激光则通过光导纤维传送到激光加工头处，到达工件表面，这种加工系统中，光束的传输和聚焦特性不受加工位置的影响。
三、目前激光加工技术研究开发的重点可归纳为：
1、新一代工业激光器研究，目前处在技术上的更新时期，其标志是二极管泵浦全固态激光器的发展及应用；
2、精细激光加工，在激光加工应用统计中微细加工1996年只占6％，1997年翻了一倍达12％，1998年已增加到19％；
3、加工系统智能化，系统集成不仅是加工本身，而是带有实时检测、反馈处理，随着专家系统的建立，加工系统智能化已成为必然的发展趋势。
激光技术在我国经过30多年的发展，取得了上千项科技成果，许多已用于生产实践，激光加工设备产量平均每年以20％的速度增长，为传统产业的技术改造、提高产品质量解决了许多问题，如激光毛化纤技术正在宝钢、本钢等大型钢厂推广，将改变我国汽车覆盖件的钢板完全依赖进口的状态，激光标记机与激光焊接机的质量、功能、价格符合国内目前市场的需求，市场占有率达90％以上。
四、存在的主要问题：
1、科研成果转化为商品的能力差，许多有市场前景的成果停留在实验室的样
机阶段；
2、激光加工系统的核心部件激光器的品种少、技术落后、可靠性差。国外不仅二级管泵浦的全固态激光器已用于生产过程中，而且二级管激光器也被应用，而我国二极管泵浦的全固态激光器还处在刚开始研究开发阶段。
3、对加工技术的研究少，尤其对精细加工技术的研究更为薄弱，对紫外波激光进行加工的研究进行的极少。
4、激光加工设备的可靠性、安全性、可维修性、配套性较差，难以满足工业生产的需要。
结束语：激光束具有单色性好、能量密度高、空间控制性和时间控制性良好等一系列优点 , 目前它已广泛应用于材料加工等领域。激光加工的行业包括汽车制造、航天航空、电子、化工、包装、医疗设备等。与计算机数控技术相结合 , 激光加工技术已成为工业生产自动化的关键技术 , 拥有普通加工技术所不能比拟的优势。例如激光加工为非接触式加工、速度快、无噪声、可实现各种复杂形状的高精度加工目的 , 且无通常意义上的 " 刀具 " 磨损 , 无需更换 " 刀头" 。可以预见，随着激光技术的发展与完善，在经济建设和国防建设中将发挥巨大作用。由上述文字我们可以发现激光加工与柔性制造系统有很好的相容性，把两者结合起来形成激光柔性加工系统，在彼此相互配合良好的条件下肯定会收到非凡的效果并取得良好的收益。
参考文献
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