语法：
一、倒装结构
1. 副词here,there, in, out,up ,down, away,back,now, then, ahead 等位于句首,当谓语动词是be,come, go, follow,run等表示位置移动的动词，而且主语又是名词时,需要把谓语动词放主语之前，即全部倒装。Here comes the bus.
注意:A 此类倒装不用进行时态度。B若主语是代词时，不用倒装。---Where is your dog? ---There it is.
2. 含有否定意义的词放句首，部分倒装。
A具有否定意义的副词放句首：not,never,seldom,hardly, rarely.little,scarely,few… Never has she seen a movie like that.
B,含有否定意义的连词放句首:not only…but also.., neither..nor.., no sooner…than.., scarely..than..,Hardly..when.., not until...
*not only, no sooner,hardly.scarely要倒,but (also), than, when后面的句子不倒. neither..nor..两部分都倒装。
No sooner had she fallen asleep than she heard a knock at the door.
Hardly had it grown dark when she realized it is too late to go home.
Not only is the teacher himself interested in football but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.
Not until the game had begun did he arrive at the sports ground.
C, 含有否定意义的介词放句首：by no means, In no time,in no case, on no account,under no circumstances...
By no means could he succeed.
3 only＋状语，部分到装Only when she came home did he learn the news.
4 表示上文的状况也适合另外一人或事：
肯定:so+助动词(动/情态)+主语I have finished reading the text, so has my sister.
否定:neither(nor)+助动(动/情态)+主语I could not persuade him to accept it, nor could I make him see its importance.
5 as 作“尽管／虽然”，引导让步状语从句Much as he likes her,he does get annoyed with her sometimes.
6 so ..that.., such ..that..的句子结构中，若so,such 和与其所修饰的词置于句首，实行部分倒。
So confused did he become that he didn?t know how to start his lecture.
7 省略if
party.
They would certainly have come and helped us had they had time.
Had it not been for my illness, I would have lent him a helping hand.
8为使描绘显得生动，有些与介词同形的副词可以移到句首，谓语放到主语前面。In came a girl. Down flew the eagle. 代词作主语时，主谓语序不变。Out he rushed.
九、There be 句型。There are many students in the classroom.
巩固练习
1. Only when you have got enough data____ come to a sound conclusion.
A can you
B you can
C would you
D you would
2.____ food and drinks, but they also brought cards when they had a picnic outside.
A Not only brought they
B Not only they brought
C Not only did they bring
D Not only they did bring
3.____ got into the room____ she found a man lying on the ground.
A She hardly had; then
B Hardly had she; when
C She had not; than
D Not had she; when
4.So hard____ it to live in an English-speaking country that he determined to study English well.
A he has felt
B has he felt
C he did feel
D did he feel
5.There is no need quarreling with him, neither____ no need talking with him.
A there is
B is there
C there are
D are there
6.Only when I was fifty years old____ how important the English is!
A had I realized
B I realized
C did I realize
D I had realized
7.____, I have never seen such beautiful scenery.
A As long as I have traveled
B Much as I have traveled
C Now that I have traveled so much
D As I have traveled so much
8.____, you would have got the first place.
A You had run faster than before
B Had you run faster than before
C If you should run faster than before
D If you ran faster than before
9. Only in recent years____ begun to realize that they should protect wild animals.
A people have
B since people have
C have people
D people who have
10.“____received high pay as today”. Said a boss of the company.
A Never have so many women
B Never so women have
C The women aren?t ever
D Women who have never
11.Not only____ difficult to study, but it was too dull to learn.
A was it
B it is
C it was
D is it
12.____ a little more time to think, he might have succeeded.
A If he took
B If he has taken
C Had he taken
D should he take
13.____ no air or water, there would be no life in the world.
A There are
B There was
C Is there
D Were there
14. By no means____ their own language well.
A it is true that all people know
B is it true that do all people know
C it is true that do all people know
D is it true that all people know
15.____ so busy, I should go with you to see our teacher in middle school.
A Were I not
B Was I not
C If I am not
D I were not
16.Only after liberation____ to be treated as human beings.
A did the slaves begin
B the slaves had begun
C the slaves did begin
D had the slaves begun
17.――― You ought to have given them some help.
――― ____, but it didn?t work.
A So ought you
B So I ought
C So did you
D So I did
18.____ that even people in the next door could hear him.
A So loudly did Tom speak
B Such loudly did Tom speak
C So loudly he speak
D Such loudly he speak
19. My parents have been married for 50 years and never ____with each other.
A they had quarreled
B they have quarreled
C have they quarreled
D had they quarreled
20.――― You for got your bag when you went out to the airport. ――― My God, ___.
A so did I
B so I did
C I did so
D I so did
21.Not only____ interested in computer but____ beginning to show an interest in it.
A is the teacher herself; all her students are
B the teacher herself is; are all her students
C is the teacher herself; are all her students
D the teacher herself is; all her students are
22. On the wall ____two large photos of your parents who were dead five years ago.
A hang
B hangs
C hanged
D hanging
23. Only when____ how important the English is.
A did I work I realized
B I worked did I realize
C did I work did I realize
D I worked I realized
24. Only when her teacher scolded her ____ she was wrong to do it.
A she realized
B does she realize
C did she realize
D had she realized
25. No sooner____ home than I found a man lying on the ground.
A had I got
B I had got
C did I get
D I did get
26.____, you won?t be able to succeed except that your teacher helps you.
A Try as you will
B As you will try
C You as will try
D Will you try as
27.―Excuse me, I have left my book at home, could I use yours?―____.Use mine.
A Here it is
B Here are you
C Here is it
D Here you are
28. ____ that all the teachers and students went out to play volleyball.
A The weather so fine was
B So fine was the weather
C So the weather was fine
D So was the fine weather
29. The man isn?t like a worker, nor____ a teacher.
A he is like
B he looks like
C is he like
D does he like
30. Seldom____ TV during the summer holiday, because the examination is coming.
A they watch
B are they watching
C had they watched
D do they watch
31. Under her arm____ a pair of shoes that she had bought a few days before.
A was
B had
C is
D there is
32. Many a time____ to see me while I was in hospital during the Spring Festival.
A did he come
B he did come
C he came
D came he
33. In hardly any situation____ her happy.
A you can find
B that you can find
C can you find
D you found
二、被动语态
1、一般将来时被动语态
1）动作发生在将来；强调动作的承受者，或不能或无须提及动作的执行者。
The people of Beijing will plant more trees and build new roads. ---
More trees will be planted and new roads will be built.
They will pay more to the athletes. --- More will be paid to the athletes.
They will encourage children to take more exercise. --- Children will be encouraged to take more exercises.
2）否定句：not置于shall /will之后。 He will not be sent there tomorrow.
疑问句：疑问词+will+主语+be +过去分词+其他？When will the SARS patient be operated on?
By whom will the task be finished next week?
3）表示将来意义的被动结构还有：1. be going to be done; 2. be to be done; 3. will（shall）＋get＋done等。Some old buildings are going to be pulled down. The 29th Olympic Games is to be held in Beijing in 2008. The workers will get paid before the end of December.
注意这些结构的否定式、疑问式等。例如：
These trees are not going to be cut down. --Are these trees going to be cut down? --Yes, they are.
The machines are not to be repaired tonight. --Are they to be repaired tomorrow? --Yes, they are.
4）注意事项
①在时间、条件状语从句中，应使用现在时表示将来时。同样，应使用现在时的被动语态表示将来时的被动语态。例如： He says he will leave the company if he is punished for this.
When the dam is completed, the Changjiang River will be controlled.
②使用一般将来时被动语态时，学生易遗漏被动式中的be。例如：
【误】A new film will shown at the cinema next week．【正】A new film will be shown at the cinema next week．2、现在完成时被动语态
1）现在完成时态和被动语态结构的叠合，即“ have + been + done”。
2）肯定：Her bike has been stolen.
否定：The task has not been finished yet.
一般疑问句：Has a new computer been bought?
特殊疑问句：How many buildings have been built in this school?
3、现在进行时的被动语态：现在进行时的被动语态表示此时此刻某事正在被做。
1）构成：be + being+过去分词
2）肯定：The car is being repaired.
否定：Some animals are not being protected well.
一般疑问句：Is this bridge being repaired now?
特殊疑问句：What is being done to the machine?
4、巩固练习
1. Hundreds of jobs ________if the factory closes.
A. lose.
B. will be lost.
C. are lost.
D. will lose
2. Would you like to_______the 2008 Olympic Games______in Beijing?
A. join; hold.
B. join in; will be held.
C. take part in; which will hold.
D. take part in; which will be held.
3. My uncle____until he was forty-five.
A. married.
B. didn?t marry.
C.was not marrying.
D. would marry.
4. ----. How long_____you ____? ------For five years. We _______ in 2001
A. have; been married; got married.
B. did; marry; got married;
C. have got married; married.
D. were; married; married.
5. Sandy could do nothing but ________to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admit.
B. admitted
C. admitting.
D. to admit
6.
7. I was ______by the _____news of George?s sudden death.
A. amazed; amazing.
B. amazing; amazed.
C. upset; surprised.
D. surprised; upset.
8. I?m sure he______in the new kindergarten.
A. will be taken good care.
B. will be taken good care of
C. will take care
D. will take care of.
9. The headmaster, as well as some teachers and students_________to visit the sick students in hospital this afternoon.
A. is going. B are going. C. had gone. D. have gone
10. I have to go to work by taxi because my car _____ at the garage.
A. will be repaired
B. is repaired
C. is being repaired
D. has been repaired
11._____ a new library _____ in our school last year?
A. Is; built
B. Was; built
C. Does; build
D. Did ; build
12. An accident ____ on this road last week.
A. has been happened
B. was happened
C. is happened
D. happened
13. So far, the moon ____ by man already.
A. is visited
B. will be visited
C. has been visited
D. was visited
14. Older people ____ well.
A. looks after
B. must be looked after
C. must look after
D. looked after
15.A talk on Chinese history _____ in the school hall next week.
A. is given
B. has been given
C. will be given
D. gives
16. A lot of things ____ by people to save the little girl now.
A. are doing
B. are being done
C. has been done
D. will be done
17.--When ___ this kind of computers______? --Last year.
A. did; use
B. was; used
C. is; used
D. are; used
18.The Great Wall ____ all over the world.
A. knows
B. knew
C. is known
D. was known
19. With the development of science, more new technology _____ to the fields of IT.
A. has introduced
B. is being introduced
C. is introduced
D. was introduced
20. More money _____ for the Hope Project.
A. is being collected
B. is collecting
C. has collected
D. be collected
21. Cellphones _____ by more and more teens.
A. are using
B. is used
C. are being used
D. being used
22. A new library _____ in our school.
A. is building
B. is built
C. have built
D. is being built
23. Many new functions _____ to cellphones nowadays.
A. have added
B. are adding
C. were added
D. are being added
24. Some courses _____ in English in many universities..
A. are being taught
B. are teaching has taught D. have been taught
25. --Can we move into our new house now? --No, because it _____.
A. is painted
B. is being painted
C. has been painted
D. is painting
三、情态动词
1. 用法是：情态动词+行为动词原形
2. 情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:
can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better. 3. 具体用法
1）can和could的用法
①表示能力或客观可能性，可用be able to代替。I can paint pictures.
②还可以表示请求和允许。Can/Could you open the door?
③cannot…too\enough表示“无论怎样……也不过分”，“越……越好”。You cannot be too careful to cross the road.
2) may和might的用法
①表示许可。May I play outside? 回答时(口语中常用) no , you can?t . yes, pl ease 用mustn?t表示强烈禁止。
②表示推测、可能He may be wrong.
③用于祈使句中表示祝愿。May you be happy.
3) must和have to的用法
①表示必须、必要。（must表示主观多一些而have to则表示客观多一些）
回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn?t，而要用needn?t或don?t have to。
②“must be + 表语”的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。
4) dare和need的用法
need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词时，往往用于否定句或疑问句中。
Dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。
Dare和need常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，所不同的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare 后面通常接带to的不定式，在否定和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。
5）shall和should的用法
shall用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意愿。
should表示劝告、建议，其同义词是ought to。
出现在虚拟语气中。表示建议、要求、命令等动词（order, request, command, insist, suggest）后的从句用should。
if 条件句引导的虚拟语气中，should, would, could的选择看情况而定。
6）will和would的用法
表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。
would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表过去习惯时比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。
7）ought to的用法
表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别：
He must be at home by now. （断定他已到家）
He ought to be home by now. （不十分肯定）
This is where the oil must be. （比较直率）
This is where the oil ought to be. （比较含蓄）
8）used to，had better，would rather的用法
1. used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变。如：
He told us he used to play football when he was young.
疑问句
Did you use to go to the same school as your brother? Used you to go to the same school as your brother?
否定句
I usedn't to go there. （usedn't 亦可拼作usen't，但发音皆为['ju:snt]。）I didn't use to go there.
否定疑问句
Usen't you to be interested in the theatre? Didn't you use to be interested in the theatre?
Had better意为“最好”，后接v.原型。
注：①had best与had better同意，但较少用。②You had better…用于同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。
Would rather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接v.原型。
由于would rather表选择，因而后可接than。
4、巩固练习
1. “I thought you wouldn?t mind.” “Well, as a matter of fact I don?t, but you _____ me first.”
A. should ask
B. should have asked
C. must ask
D. must have asked
2. “I called you yesterday. A woman answered, but I didn?t recognize her voice.” “Oh, it _____ my aunt Jean.”
A. must be
B. must have been
C. might be
D. can have been
3. That car nearly hit me; I ______.
A.might be killed
B.might have been killed
C. may be killed
D.may been killed
4. I t?s a very kind offer, but I really _____ accept it.
A. mustn?t
B. needn?t
C. can?t
D. don?t
5. The police still haven?t found her, but they?re doing all they _____.
A. may
B. can
C. must
D. will
6. You _____ practise the drums while the baby is sleeping.
A. needn?t
B. mightn?t
C. mustn?t
D. won?t
7. You _____ him the news; he knew it already.
A. needn?t tell
B. needn?t have told
C. mightn?t tell
D. mightn?t have told
8. As she?s not here, I suppose she _____ home.
A. must go
B. must have gone
C. might go
D. might be going
9. Are you still here? You ______ home hours ago.
A. should go
B. should have gone
C. might go
D. may have gone
10. “I called you yesterday. A woman answered, but I didn?t recognize her voice.” “Oh, it _____ my aunt Jean.”
A. must be
B. must have been
C. might be
D. can have been
11. I _______ have met him a long time ago. Both his name and face are very familiar.
A. may
B. can
C. would
D. should
12. “Shall we go shopping?” “Sorry, we _______ buy anything now because none of the shops are open.”
A. mustn?t
B. needn?t
C. can?t
D. shouldn?t
13. They often go to the restaurants for meals. They _____ be very poor.
A. mustn?t
B. can?t
C. may not
D. needn?t
14. I didn?t see her in the meeting room this morning. She ______ have spoken at the me eting.
A. mustn?t
B. shouldn?t
C. needn?t
D. couldn?t
15. He ______ the test again, in which case, his mother will be very disappointed.
A. might fail
B. must have failed
C. should fail
D. could have failed
四、虚拟语气
1、if
2
表示“提议，劝告，建议”的：propose,suggest,recommend,advise.
表示“要求”的：ask,desire, request,demand,require,beg
表示“同意，坚持”的：insist
表示“决定，命令”的：decide,order
3、巩固练习
1. You did not let me drive. If we ____in turn, you ____ so tired
A. drove; didn?t get
B. drove; wou ldn?t get
C. were driving; wouldn?t get
D. had driven ; wouldn?t have got
2. I suggested the person _____ to be put into prison
A. refers
B. referring
C. referred
D. refer
3. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it____
A. breaks
B. has broken
C. were broken
D. had been broken
4. I insisted _____to see a doctor, but he insisted nothing ___ wrong with him
A. on him to go; should be
B. he went; be
C. he go; was
D. he should to; is
5. ---Would you have called her up had it been possible
---Yes, but I ____busy doing my homework
A. was
B. were
C. had been
D. would be
6. I was ill that day, otherwise I ____ the sports meet
A. would have taken part in
B. took part in
C. had taken part in
D. would take part in
7. ___the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily
A. Had it not been for
B. If it were not
C. If it had not been for
D. Were it not for
8. ____hard, he would have passed the exam
A. If he were to work
B. Had he worked
C. Should he work
D. Were he to work
9. If only I ___my car
A. hadn?t lost
B. wouldn?t lose
C. didn?t lose
D. haven?t lost
10. The teacher demanded that the exam _____ before eleven
A. must finish
B. would be finished
C. be finished
D. must be finished
11. _____it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge
A. Were
B. Should
C. Would
D. Will
五、名词性从句
1、宾语从句：
①引导词为that：That只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，可省略
He said (that) he wanted to stay at home. I am sure (that) he will succeed.
②由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。
Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for? He asked whose handwriting was the best.
③由if或whether引导的宾语从句：表示是否。二者一般情况下可以互换，但在构成whether…or not 句式只用whether。
I want to know if (whether) he lives there. He asked me whether or not I could help him.
注意：①如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。Please tell us what they bought in the mall yesterday.
②主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.
③宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.
2、主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。
3、同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）
Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
4、表语从句
①从属连词引导
The question is whether we should ask them for help. The fact remains that you are still behind the others.
②连接代词引导
Guilin is not what it used to be. What she wants to know is which dress she should buy.
③连接副词引导
That is where Lu Xun used to live. That is why he didn?t pass the exam.That was how they were defeated.
注：还可由as if 或as though引导。It looks as if it were going to rain.
5、巩固练习
1. We should respect food and think about the people who don?t have____we have here and treat food nicely.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. whether
2. Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew_____ she was so angry.
A. where
B. whether
C. that
D. why
3. As a new graduate, he doesn?t know____it takes to start a business here.
A. how
B. what
C. When
D. which
4. _____ some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.
A. Whether
B. What
C. That
D. How
5．—How about camping this weekend, just for a change?
—OK, you want.
A．whichever B．however C．whatever D．whoever
6．It is uncertain_____side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. A．that B．what C．how D．whether
7. One reason for her preference for city life is ____ she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.
A. that
B. how
C. what
D. why
8. Before the sales start, I make a list of ______ my kids will need for the coming season.
A. why
B. what
C. how
D. which
9. When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know______ .
A. he is entering which lane
B. which lane he is entering
C. is he entering which lane
D. which lane is he entering
10．How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on____ he goes with，whether his friends or relatives．A．what B．who C．how D．why
11. We haven?t discussed yet ______ we are going to place our new furniture.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. where
12. I want to be liked and loved for____ I am inside.
A. who
B. where
C. what
D. how
13.—Have you finished the book?
---No,I?ve read up to_________the children discover the secret cave.
A.which
B.what
C.hat
D.where
14.—I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.
—That?s_______I don?t agree .You should have a more active life.
A.where
B.how
C.when
D.what
15. Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was __ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
A. what
B. that
C. why
D. whether
16. _____a certain doubt among the people as to the practical value of the project.
A. It has
B. They have
C. It remains
D. There remains
17. She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do____it takes to save her life.
A. whichever
B. however
C. whatever
D. whoever
18. The fact has worried many scientists ______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. though
19. Could I speak to _____is in charge of International Sales please?
A. who
B. what
C. whoever
D. whatever
20. One of the most important questions they had to consider was___of public health
A. what
B. this
C. that
D. which
21. The how to book can be of help to____wants to do the job.
A. who
B. whomever
C. no matter who
D. whoever
22. As a new diplomat, he often thinks of____ he can react more appropriately on such occasions.
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. how
23. News came from the school office ________Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. where
24. It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future.
A. as
B. which
C. whether
D. that
25. －Is there any possibility ______ you could pick me up at the airport? －No problem.
A. When
B. that
C. whether
D. what
26. We should consider the students? request ___ the school library provide more books on popular science.
A. that
B. when
C. which
D. where
27. Many young people in the West are expected to leave __could be life?s most important decision—marriage—almost entirely up to luck.
A. as
B. that
C. which
D. what
28. The little girl who got lost decided to remain _________she was and wait for her mother.
A. where
B. what
C. how
D. who
29. The companies are working together to create ____they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. who
30. The last time we had great fun was _____ we were visiting the Water Park.
A. where
B. how
C. when
D. why
31. Students are always interested in finding out＿＿＿they can go with a new teacher.
A．how far B．how soon C．how often D．how long
32. When asked ____ they needed most，the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved.
A.what
B.why
C.whom
D.which
33. Tomorrow is Tom?s birthday. Have you got any idea___the party is to be held?
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. where
34. People in Chongqing are proud of ____they have achieved in the past ten years.
A.that
B.which
C.what
D.how
35. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from ______ their parents speak at home.
A. what
B. that
C. which
D. one
36. _____ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.
A.It
B.What
C.As
D.Which
37. ______was most important to her，she told me，was her family.
A.It
B.This
C.What
D.As
六、主谓一致
重难点：
1. many a+单数名词作主语，意义虽为“许多”，但谓语要用单数形式。
Many a student has been to Shanghai.
2. more than one+单数名词作主语，谓语用单数。More than one student has ever been to Beijing.
3. 表示时间，价格，重量，数目，长度，数学运算等的词或短语作主语时，这些通常作一个整体概念，谓语用单数形式。
Two months is a long holiday. Twenty kilograms isn?t so heavy.
Ten miles isn?t a long distance. Five minus four is one.
4. 主语是each/every+单数名词+and(each/every)+单数名词时，谓语动词用单数。
Each boy and each girl has got a seat.
5. one and a half+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：One and a half hours is enough.
6. 动词不定式，动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
To see is to believe Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.
7. a/an+单数名词+or two 作主语，谓语动词用单数。例如：A student or two has failed the exam.
8. 当主语部分含有with，together with，along with，as well as，besides，except，but，like等介词或介词短语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
Mike with his father has been to England.
Mike,like his brother,enjoys playing football
9. a/the+单数名词+and+单数名词，指同一个人或物，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教师来了。(作家和教师指同一个人)
The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。(作家和老师是两个人)
10. people,police等集体名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式，family,class,group,team等集体名词作主语，若指一个整体时，谓语动词用单数形式，若指具体成员时，谓语动词复数形式。例如：
People here are very friendly.
Hi s family isn?t large. 他家的人不多。
My family all like watching TV. 我们一家人都喜欢看电视。
11. somebody,someone,something,anybody,anything,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing作主语，谓语动词用单数，例如：
Is everyone here today? Something is wrong with him.
12. each,either,neither,another,the other 作主语，谓语动词用单数。例如：
Each of them has an English dictionary. Neither answer is correct.
13. 以—s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义，谓语通常用单数形式，如news,maths,physics等，
No news is good news. Maths is very popular in our class
14. 由b oth…and…连接两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；由or,either…or…，neither…nor…,not only…but also…,not…but…,连接两个名词或代词作主语时，根据就近原则决定谓语动词形式。例如：
Both his father and his mother are both teachers.
Tom or Jack is wrong.
Either this one or that one is ok.
15. a number of+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数；the number of +复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。例如：
A number of famous people were invited to party.
The number of the students is over eight houndred.
16. 当kind of,pair of, glass of 等表示确定数量的名词短语修饰主语时，谓语与kind,pair,glass等一致。例如：
This pair of shoes is Tom?s. There are two glasses of wather on the table.
17. the+形容词表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式，表示抽象概念时，用单数形式。例如：
The poor are very happy,but the rich are sad. The beautiful lives forever.
18. 以here，there开关的句子，若主语在两个或两个以上，谓语动词通常与临近的主语一致。例如：
There is a book and three pens on the desk. Here are some books and paper for you.
19. 当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数由引导词前面的主语而定。如：The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library.
【巩固练习】
1.Three ______ died in the terrible fire in Luoyang last winter.
A. hundreds people
B. hundred people
C. hundreds peoples
D. hundred peoples
2. Either you or the president _______ the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting.
A. is handing out
B. are to hand out
C. are handing out
D. is to hand out
3. I, who ______ your close friend, will try my best to help you out of trouble.
A. am
B. is
C. are
D. be
4. The Olympic Games in the year 2008 ______ in Beijing of China, which ______ known to us
all.
A. is to hold; is
B. is to be held; was
C. are to hold; is
D. are to be held; is
5. There _____ a lot of rubbish on the floor so I asked Mary to sweep _____ up.
A. were; it
B. are; them
C. was; it
D. is; them
6. Three million tons of coal ______ every year in the city.
A. is exploited
B. are exploited
C. had exploited
D. have exploited
7. Stories of the Long March _______ popular with the young people now.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. were
8. Mathematics _______ the language of science.
A. are
B. are going to be
C. is
D. is to be
9. Both rice and wheat _____ grown in our country.
A. is
B. are
C. was
D. were
10. ________ either of your parents come to see you recently?
A. Have
B. Had
C. Has
D. Is
11. What the children in the mountain village need ________ good books.
A. is
B. are
C. have
D. has
12. The whole family _______ TV attentively.
A. are watching
B. is watching
C. is seeing
D. are seeing
13. Nothing but several glasses ________ bought by my father the day before yesterday.
A. was
B. were
C. have been
D. would be
14. At the bus stop ______ a soldier and two young
people on their way to the village.
A. were
B. was
C. is
D. sits
15. If law and order ______, neither the citizen nor his family is safe.
A. are not preserved
B. is not preserved
C. were preserved
D. have not been preserved
16. There ______ little change in that middle school.
A. have
B. had
C. have been
D. has been
17. What such a sunset is ______ strange to us all.
A. going to be
B. /
C. is
D. that
18. Seventy-five percent of the earth?s surface ______ with water.
A. is covered
B. is covering
C. were covered
D. are covered
19. The following ______ some other mental diseases.
A. being
B. are
C. was
D. were
20. Not only you but also I ______ able to help him out.
A. are
B. is
C. am
D. were
21. “ The Kites” ______ us a story of the kite?s history.
A. have told
B. tells
C. were told
D. was told
22. You and I _____ twin sisters.
A. were
B. are
C. is
D. am
23. A teacher of English and class teacher _______ us something about volunteer workers.
A. are telling
B. is telling
C. are given
D. were given
24. Thousands of tons of rubbish ________ over a large period of time.
A. rots away
B. rot away
C. has rotted away
D. are rotted away
25. Mayor as well as volunteer workers _______ the newly-built stadium.
A. is cleaning
B. are cleaning
C. were cleaning
D. have cleaned
26. Many a student ______ something about Abraham Lincoln.
A. have known
B. knows
C. is known
D. are known
27. The defence works ______ built long ago to keep the enemy away.
A. were
B. has been
C. had been
D. was
28. “ Have you all studied the passage…Using the Mind against Disease?？”
“______ .”
A. Nobody of us has
B. Nobody of us have
C. None of us has
D. None of us did
29. A group of Italian soldiers ______ quickly towards their position.
A. were advancing
B. were advanced
C. was advancing
D. advancing
30. Everyone, men and women, old and young ______ sports and games.
A. is enjoy
B. were enjoying
C. enjoys
D. enjoy
七、非谓语动词
在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）
一、不定式的作用
1、作主语不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。
如：
It took us two hours to finish the job.
It is impossible for us to get there on time.
It is very kind of you to help us.
注意：（1）其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。
（2）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is …to…的句型。试比较：
It is to negate my own idea to believe him.（错）
To believe him is to negate my own idea .（对）
（3）It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of, 否则用for.
2、作宾语
（1）动词+不定式。如：
He managed to escape from the fire.
I find it hard to get along with him.（it 作形式宾语）
注：下列动词通常用不定式作宾语：want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know,
promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get等（2）动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词，作宾语。如：
I don?t know what to do next/ how to do it next.
I can?t decide when to go there.
注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在
宾语补足语之后，用it 作形式宾语。如：
I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.
3、作宾语补足语
（1）动词+宾语+不定式（to do ）。如：
He warned me to be careful.
I want you to speak to Tom.
What makes you think so?（不带to的不定式）
注：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage
（2）表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构。如：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
The book is believed to be useful.（被动语态）
(3) There +不定式。如：
We didn?t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那
里。
注意：（1）有些动词需用as 短语作补语，像regard, think, believe, take, consider。
如：
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
（2）在动词feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三让），notice,
see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，
不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。如：
They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.
(3)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.
I often help him （to）clean the room.
I helped him (to) find his things.
4、作定语
不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如：
I have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系）
He is looking for a room to live in.（动状关系）
He is the first person to think of the idea.（主谓关系）
He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位关系）
注意：1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动。如：Do you have anything else to say?
2.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语，则要保留不定时短语中的副词或介词。如：
I need a pen to write with . (I will wirte with the pen )
I have a little baby to look after .(I must look after the little baby )
5、作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如in order to , so as to, so…as to, such …as to, ….enough to, too…to等。
（1）做目的状语，to, only to （仅仅为了）, in order to, so as to, so(such)….as to…（如此···以便···）如：
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
He came to the school to see his son.
（2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。如：
He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
（3）做原因状语。如：
We were very excited to hear the news.
I?m glad to see you.
（4）做条件状语。如：
To turn to the left , you could find a post office.
6、作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，构成表语。如：
The question is how to put it into practice.
My question is when to leave.
His dream is to be a doctor.
Her work is to look after the babies.
注意：1.不定式在句中作表语时，对应的谓语动词用单数。
2.当助于是不定式时，表语不能用Ving形式，可用不定式。
如：To see is to believe. （眼见为实）
7、独立结构。如：
To tell you the truth, I don?t agree with you.
To make matters worse, it began to rain.
二、不定式的时态和语态
1、不定式的时态
（1）现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如：
He seems to know this. I hope to see you again.
（2）完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：
I?m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
（3）进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：He seems to be eating something.
（4）完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。如：
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.
2、不定式的语态
当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式。如：
He was seen to enter the hall. He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.
三、省to 的动词不定式
1、情态动词（除ought 外，ought to）
2、Would rather, had better.
3、感官动词see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作宾补，省略to.
注意：在被动语态中to 不能省略掉。如：
I saw him dance. He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole
night.
They were made to work the whole night.
3、使役动词let, have, make.
4、由and, or 和than 连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to
France and marry the girl.
5、Help 可带to ,也可不带to, help sb. (to) do sth.
6、Why…/Why not…
7、But 和except 前是动词do 时，后面出现的动词用不带to 的动词不定式。试比较：
He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
8、通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可以省去to be .如：
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
——I usually go there by train.
——Why not ______ by boat for a change?
A to try going
B trying to go
C to try and go
D try going
Paul doesn?t have to be made ______ . He always works hard.
A learn
B to learn
C learned
D learning
四、动词不定式的否定式。如：Tell him not to shut the window.
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ______ after drinking.
A never to drive
B to never drive
C never driving
D never drive
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______.
A not to
B not to do
C not do it
D do not do
The patient was warned ______ food before the operation.
A to eat no
B eating not
C not to eat
D not eating
动名词（动名词具有动词和名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语）
一、动名词的作用
1、作主语
谓语用单数。It代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构：
It?s no good/use doing···如：
Seeing is believing.
Playing with fire is dangerous.
It?s no good waiting here.
2、作宾语
I enjoy listening to music.
He often practices playing the piano in the evening.
He is fond of playing basketball.
He has given up smoking.
Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
(1)只能接动名词作宾语的动词：
admit，advise建议，risk，appreciate，envy嫉妒，avoid避免，
consider考虑，delay延迟，deny否认，dislike不喜欢，enjoy，escape逃避，excuse原谅、宽恕，
finish完成，forgive原谅，understand理解，give up放弃，imagine想象，keep保持，mind 介意、在乎，miss未达到，practise训练，put off推迟，resist抵抗，suggest建议、暗示
can?t help 禁不住，can?t stand无法忍受，devote to(to为介词)致力于···，look forward to 期望、盼望，stick to坚持，be used to习惯于，object to反对，be busy忙于···，fee like想要···be surprised at 对……感到惊讶be proud of 以……为骄傲succeed in 在某方面成功be afraid of害怕give up 放弃
(2)只能接不定式作宾语的动词：
happen 碰巧，offer 主动提出，promise 答应，agree 同意，refuse拒绝，decide 决定，determine 决定、决心，pretend 假装，fail 未能够，learn，wish希望，hope，expect，afford 负担得起。
(3)接动名词、不定式均可，意义相同的动词：like，love，dislike，hate，begin，star，continue，
prefer，can?t bear/endure 无法忍受，cease停止
(4)下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，
stop，try等
Stop to do 停下来去做stop doing 停止做
Forget to do 忘记要做forget doing 忘记做过
Remember to do 记得要做remember doing 记得做过
Regret to do 遗憾要做regret doing 后悔做过
Try to do 企图做，尽力做try doing 试着做
Go on to do 继续做（另一件事）go on doing 继续做（同一件事）
Mean to do 打算做mean doing 意味做
In some parts of London, missing a bus means _______ for another hour.
A waiting
B to waiting
C wait
D to be waiting
答案：A
(5)Need, require, want作“需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，be worth也有类
似用法。如：
The flowers need watering/to be watered.
The problem is worth discussing.
3、作表语
此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。如：
My hobby is collecting stamps.
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the child.
4、作定语
动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：
a waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hall
there are a lot of swimming pools in the city.
注：（1）现在分词作定语表动作，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可改写成一个定语从句。
如果为单词，放在被修饰n之前，为短语，放在被修饰n之后。
如：a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping
a developing country =a country which is developing
（2）动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质，可改写成一个for的短语，两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
如：a washing machine = a mashine for washing
a swimming pool = a pool for swimming
二、动名词的时态和语态
动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常要用完成式，否则都用一般式。如：We are interested in playing chess.
He was praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
I?m sor ry for not having kept my promise.
若主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象，动名词用被动语态。如：
We must do something to prevent water from being polluted.
I remember having been told a story.
He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.
语。）
现在分词和过去分词的区别：
在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；
在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。
如：falling leaves 正在下落的树叶fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶
一、分词的作用
1、作定语
（1）单个分词作定语，分词前置。如：
The sleeping boy is my son.
The excited people rushed into the building.
A lost opportunity never returns.
He is a retired worker.
（2）分词短语作定语，分词后置；分词修饰不定代词something等要后置；个别分词如give，left等作定语也后置。如：
The girl standing under the tree is my niece.
The building built last year is our library.
This is the question given.
There is nothing interesting.
（3）过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
如：
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists
The first textbook ______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the
16th century.
A have written
B to be written
C being written
D written
答案：D
What?s the language ______ in Germany?
A speaking
B spoken
C be spoken
D to speak
答案：B
Prices of daily goods ______ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
Book 4 UNIT1 1.only+状语（副词、介词短语或从句）位于句首时，句子要部分倒装。 （把be动词/情态动词/助动词提前到主语前面） only+状语+助V+主语+其他 ① I realized that I was wrong only then. ? Only then did I realize that I was wrong. ② You can learn English well only in this way. ? Only in this way can you learn English well. ③ We will achieve success only when we work hard. ? Only when you work hard will you achieve success. 2.spend、pay、cost、take 表“花费” sb+spend+time/money+(in)doing sth/on sth sb+pay+money+for sth It+cost(sb)+money+to do sth sth +cost+ sb+money It+take(sb)+time+to do sth eg:①读这本书花了他两天的时间。 He spent two days ( in ) reading this book. = It took him two days to read this book. ②买这辆车花了他20万元。 He spent 200,000 on thiis car. = He paid 200,000 yuan for the car. 3.lead a(+adj.) life 过着...的生活 lead a quiet/simple/happy life 4.look down upon/on... 鄙视...瞧不起... eg：我们不应该瞧不起残疾人。 We shouldn’t look down upon / on the disable . 5.by chance= by accident 碰巧，偶然地 eg: 我偶然找到了那本丢失了的书。 I found the lost book by chance. come across... 偶然碰到（某人），偶然发现（某物） eg：我今天早上在街上遇到了一个老朋友。 I came across an old friend on the street this morning. 6.carry on (sth) 继续；坚持 eg：在他死了之后，他的孩子肯定会坚持他的梦想的。 After his death , his children will certainly carry on his dream. carry out 履行，执行，实行 eg：你必须实履行你的承诺，要不然的话没人会相信你。 You must carry out your promise, or no one will believe you. 7.intend to do sth 打算做某事 eg：我打算赶上早班车，但我没有及时起床。 I intented to catch the early train, but I didn’t get up in time. be intended for sb 为...而准备，专供...使用
高中英语必修四语法、词汇、完型、理解综合提升训练Ⅰ. 语法和词汇知识 1. His proposal is very _____. We do not need any explanation. A. abstract B. faithful C. loyal D. concrete 2. Be ____ to finish your homework before supper. A. shy B. sure C. nervous D. serious 3. Food supplies may ________ towards the end of the trip, so we can’t waste any food. A. run out B. run up C. run in D. run away 4. Waste paper, waste glass, and waste iron can all be _____. A. made B. taken C. recorded D. recycled 5. I rely ____ her to pay back the money. A. to B. for C. on D. at 6. To keep the town clean, the truck ____ garbage is prevented ____ entering the town. A. loaded with; 不填 B. loading with; from C. loaded of; from D. loading of; 不填 7. She was _____ for helping the murderer to escape. A. searched B. brought C. arrested D. determined 8. He made a living ___ teaching.
人教版高一英语必修一语法归纳 以下是小编整理的高一必修一英语人教版语法归纳希望可以帮助大家，把语法进行归纳。 Unit 1 1. 词组: add up 合计 add up to 总计达 add… to…把。。加到。。。里 add to 增加增添扩建 2. calm… down 平静下来 3. have got to 不得不，必须 4. be concerned about / for 关心 5. walk the dog 遛狗 cheat … of 欺骗。。 6. go through 穿过完成用完通过仔细检查 go ahead 同意某人的请求go by 流逝 7. set down 记下 set up 建立 set off 出发引爆 set out to do=set about doing 着手做某事 8. a series of 一系列 9. on purpose 故意地 by accident= chance 偶然地 10. in order to= so as to 为了目的是in order that = so that 11. at dusk 在黄昏 at dawn 在黎明 at midnight 在午夜 at noon 在中午 12. face to face 面对面 13. no longer= not … any longer 不再 14. settle down 安顿下来 suffer from 遭受,患病 15. recover from 恢复 ,痊愈 16. get/ be tired of 对…感到厌烦 17. make a list of 列清单 18. pack… up 装箱打包 19. get along/ on with与…相处,/ 进展 20. fall in love 爱上
人教版必修一各单元知识点总结Unit One Friendship 一、重点短语 1.go through 经历，经受 get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4. on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上 9. join in 参加（某个活动）； take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来 11. suffer from 遭受 12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心 14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽 15. be good at/do well in 擅长于… 16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是… 17. no longer / not …any longer 不再… 18. too much 太多（后接不可数n.） much too 太…(后接adj.) 19. not…until 直到…才 20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做…并不开心 21. make sb. sth. 使某人成为… make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 二、语法----直接引语和间接引语 概念：直接引语：直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。
Unit 1 Women of achievement 1． Target language a. achieve, achievement, condition, welfare, institute, connection, campaign, organization, entertainment, inspire, support, devote ... to b. Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day. P2 Everybody sits and waits while the animals in the group begin to wake up and move. P2 But the evening makes it all worthwhile. P2 ... we see them go to sleep together in their nest for the night. P2 2． Ability goals a. Learn Warming Up, and know how to tell the great women and the famous women. b. Learn the way to describe a person from what the person did, what she/he looks like and so on. 3． Learning ability goals Teach Ss how to describe a person. Teaching important points a. By reading A protector of African wildlife, students can learn from Jane Goodall in at least two aspects: b. Ask students to answer these questions: 1) What made her a great success? 2) What should we learn from Jane Goodall? Teaching difficult points Let everyone believe that all of us can become Jane Goodall. Teaching methods Inspiration, Questioning and Discussion. Teaching aids A computer, a projector and a recorder.
第一单元语法 主谓一致 主谓一致是指： 1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。 2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。 3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语， 一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。 但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。 1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。 2 主谓一致中的就近原则 1) 当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 2）当either?or?与neither?nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。 3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。 4 谓语需用单数 1）代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。 2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。 3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变）。 5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数 1）在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。 2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。 3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。 A number of +名词复数+复数动词。 The number of +名词复数+单数动词。 A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English. population的谓语动词形式与表语一致，一般来说与分数，百分数连用时，谓语动词用复数。 6 与后接名词或代词保持一致 1）用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。 2）在一些短语，如many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than? of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。 7 在定语从句中主语是关系代词who , that , which , 谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。
2015年必修四英语主谓一致 句子的主语有单复数及人称的变化，其谓语动词需要根据主语的人称和数的不同而有所变化。即：谓语动词与其主语在人称和数上必须保持一致。 她的梦想已经实现了。 Her dreams ______ come true. Her dream _______come true. 从以上两个例句可以看出谓语动词随主语的数而变化。 她(他)常常搭公车上学。 She/He often goes to school by bus. 他们常常搭公车上学。 They often go to school by bus. 他（她）是老师。 He/She is a teacher. 他们是老师。 They are teachers. ●主谓一致可分为以下四种：语法一致、意义一致、就近原则、随前原则 【语法一致】 （1）主语是and，both…and…连接的并列结构 如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物，则谓语动词用复数。 在中国的这个地方既种稻子又种小麦。 Both rice and wheat _____ grown in this part of China. (be) 我妈妈和我已看过这部电影。 My mother and I have seen the film. ? A knife and fork ___ used to have meals. （be） ?The singer and dancer _____ on the stage. （be） 注意：由and连接的并列主语前面分别有each，every，no修饰时，其谓语动词用单数形式。 Every boy and every girl has to receive education in our country. 在我国每一个男女孩子都得受教育。 师生没有被邀请参加晚会。 No student and no teacher ________________ （2）主语后面接说明主语的修饰语
北师大版高一英语语法（必修一-必修四） 必修一 一、一般现在时和现在进行时 1，一般现在时e:反复进行的，经常性的动作（惯例或习惯） Eg, He watches soap operas. 及状态I live in Beijing. 一般现在时常和下列时间状语连用：always, usually, from, time to time, twice a week, rarely,seldom, once a month, never. 2,现在进行时：说话时正在进行的动作（现在，此刻） 一定时间段内经常进行的动作 和现在进行时连用的时间状语有just, now, at the moment, at present. 二、一般将来时：将来的安排和打算 1、be going to表示打算要做的事情。 2、现在进行时表示已经确定或安排好事情。 Eg,I’m getting married in June. 3、一般现在是表示不可改变的官方活动或时间表 The summer term begins on the 15thofFebruary. 三、一般过去时和过去进行时 1,一般过去时：表示过去完成的动作或过去的情境和习惯。 Eg: She climb the stairs and went to her room.
用一般过去时要在规则动词词尾加-ed，或用不规则动词的过去式，一般过去式的疑问句和否定句用did和didn’t加动词原形。 2、过去进行时：过去某段时间正在进行的动作形成某些事件发生的情境动作。 Eg, It was raining during the whole match. 当过去进行时和一般过去时出现在同一个句子中时，过去进行时描述故事发生的背景，儿一般过去时则报道该事件。 Eg，We driving along a country lane when, suddenly a car drove past us. Form:过去进行时的结构是：主语+was /were +动词-ing形式。 Eg，The driver was sitting behind the wheel. 四、现在完成时和一般过去式，现在完成时表示发生在过去的事情对现在依然有明显的影响发生在过去的动作但是不知道动作发生的时间或对动作发生的确切时间不感兴趣。 现在完成时经常和下列时间状语连用： Before, ever, never, already, and , yet.already用于肯定句，yet用于疑问句和否定句。 Venus and Serena have played each other before.(重要的事他们过去进行了比赛，但是何时比赛并不重要—现在完成时) Venus and Serena have played each other in June 1999.(我们知道此事发生的确切时间—一般过去时) 五、被动语态 在下列情况下使用被动语态： 1、不知道耶不需要知道谁做的这件事。
新人教版高中英语课文译文 必修四 第一单元卓有成就的女性 Reading 非洲野生动物研究者 清晨5点45分，太阳刚从东非的贡贝国家公园的上空升起，我们一行人准备按照简研究黑猩猩的方法去森林里拜访它们。简研究这些黑猩猩家族已经很多年了，她帮助人们了解了黑猩猩跟人类的行为是多么的相似。我们当天的首相任务就是观察黑猩猩一家是如何醒来的。这意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开时黑猩猩睡觉的大树旁。大家坐在树荫下等待着，这时候黑猩猩睡醒了，准备离开。然后这群黑猩猩向森林深处漫步而去，我们尾随其后。在大部分时间里，黑猩猩或互相喂食，或彼此擦身，这在它们的家族里是爱的表达方式。简预先提醒我们，到下午的时候我们就会又脏又累。她说对了，但是到了傍晚时分我们就觉得这一切都是值得的。我们看到黑猩猩妈妈跟她的幼子们在树上玩耍，后来看见它们一起回窝里睡觉了。我们明白了黑猩猩家庭成员之间的联系像人类家庭一样紧密。 在简之前没有人完全了解黑猩猩的行为。她花了多年的时间来观察并记录黑猩猩的日常活动。从孩提时代起，简就想在动物生活的环境中研究它们。但是，这不是一件简单的事。当她1960年最初来到贡贝时。对女性来说，住进大森林还是很稀罕的事情。她母亲头几个月来帮过她的忙，这才使她得以开始自己的计划。她的工作改变了人们对黑猩猩的看法。比方说，她的一个重要发现是黑猩猩猎食动物。而在此之前，人们一直认为黑猩猩只吃水果和坚果。她曾经亲眼看到
过一群黑猩猩捕杀一只猴子，然后把它吃掉。她还发现了黑猩猩是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩身势语的研究帮助她勾勒出黑猩猩的社会体系。 40年来，简·古道尔一直在呼吁世人了解并尊重这些动物的生活。她主张应该让野生动物留在野外生活，而不是用于娱乐或公告。她还为黑猩猩建起了可以安全生活的专门的保护区，她的生活是忙忙碌碌的，然而，正如她所说的：“我一旦停下来，所有的一切就会涌上心头。我就会想起实验室的黑猩猩，太可怕了。每当我看着野生黑猩猩时，这个念头总是萦绕着我。我会对自己说：…难道它们不幸运吗？?然后我就想起了那些没有如何过错却被关在笼子里的小 黑猩猩。一旦你看到这些，你就永远不会忘记……。” 简已经得到了她想要得到的一切：在动物的栖息地工作：获得博士学位；还向世人证明女人和男人一样也能在森林里生活。她激励着人们为妇女们的成就而喝彩。 Using Language 为什么不继承她的事业？ 上学时我喜欢英语、生物和化学，但是我进大学该选哪门专业呢？直到有一天晚上坐在电脑旁研究中国的伟大女性时，我才有了答案。 很偶然地，我看到了一篇关于林稚巧大夫的文章。她是妇科专家，1901年生，1983年去世。林稚巧似乎一直都在为自己选择的事业而奔忙，去国外留学，写了很多书和文章。其中有一本书引起了我的注意。这是一本小书，介绍如何从妇女怀孕到护理婴儿的过程中降低死亡率，她提出了一些可以遵循的简单的做法，保持婴儿清洁和健康，让他们远离疾病。她为什么要写这些东西呢?林稚巧认为哪些妇女会需要这些忠告呢？我仔细地看了这篇文章，了解到那是为农村妇女写的。也许是她们在遇到紧急情况时找不到医生。
Unit4 Body language语法篇 __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 要求学生掌握本单元的重点语法----动词的-ing形式作定语和状语并能熟练运用相关语法知识解决相应类型的题。 一、动词的-ing形式由“动词原形+ing形式”构成，它既是现在分词形式，也是动名词形式。v-ing 能在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语，但不能单独作谓语。其时态和语态的变化为 二、动词-ing形式的作用 1.动词-ing形式作定语 E.g. The sleeping baby looks very beautiful. (前置定语)这位正在睡觉的婴儿看起来太漂亮了。 E.g. The man sitting in the car is waiting for his daughter. (后置定语)坐在车里的男子正在等他的女儿。 E.g. The law being carried out is to ban drunken driving.(后置定语，强调正在被执行的法律) 正在执行中的这则法律旨在禁止酒后驾驶。 名师点拨 (1)现在分词短语作定语时通常后置，而单个的分词作定语时可置于被修饰词的前面，也可置于被修饰词的后面。 (2)现在分词的完成时的主动及被动形式均不作后置定语。 2．动词-ing形式作状语。 (1)作时间状语。 E.g. Working in the office，the clerk heard an explosion from the street. 在办公室工作时，这位职员听到街上发出了爆炸声。 E.g. Having finished her homework，the girl was busy with the thing she likes. 完成了家庭作业，女孩就忙于做她喜欢做的事情。 名师点拨 动词-ing形式一般式常表示该动作与句子谓语动作同时发生，而动词－ing形式的完成式则表示该
必修一英语知识点总结 Unit 1 1.add up 合计 add up to 加起来是… add to 增加，促进 add…to…把…加到…上 add that 补充说 2.upset ①adj.心烦意乱的；不安的；不适的②vt.使不安；使心烦 作为动词时，过去式、过去分词皆为upset，现在分词为upsetting 3.ignore vt 不理睬，忽视 1）ignorance n.无知 be in ignorance of 对…无知 out of ignorance 出于无知 2）ignorant adj. 无知的 be ignorant of 对…不了解 4. concern ① vt. 使担忧；涉及② n. 担心；关注/系 the concerned people 担忧的人 the people concerned 牵连到的人们 1) be concerned about/for 关心 2) be concerned with/in 牵涉到 3）as/so far as…be concerned 关于；至于；就…而言 5.set down 记下；放下；登记 1）set about doing 着手做某事2）set of 动身；出发；引爆3) set up 竖起；开设 4）set/put forward 提出；促进5）set out to do 出发；着手做6）set…aside 搁置 7）set down to doing 着手做 6.on purpose 故意；=by design for the purpose of 目的是 =with the purpose of 反义词：by accident/chance 7. in order to In order to 为了（位于句首/句中 so as to 只位于句中 in order that 位于句首或居中 so that 引导结果状语从句，需加情态动词may, might, could, can 等 8. power n.能力，力量，权力 1) be in power 执政；掌权=come to power = take power 2)have the power to do 有…的能力3）beyond/out of one’s power v某人力所不能及的 power 指职权/权力或做某事所依靠的能力 energy指人的精力，自然界能量 strength 指力量，力气 force 指自然界力量，暴力，军队力量，压制力 9.settle vt.使定居 vi.定居 settle down 安定；习惯于某种生活；认真做某事 settle down to doing sth.=get down to sth 着手认真做某事 settle in/into 安顿下来，适应…… settlement n. 解决；定居 settler n.殖民者 10.recover recover from 从……中恢复过来 recover sth. 获得某物 recover oneself镇定下来
I 主语和谓语动词的一致 1主语要和谓语动词保持人称和数的一致。如: I am seventeen. She is sixteen. There is a desk in the room. There are no chairs in it. They have not come yet. Nobody knows who is going to win in the competition. What is the latest news about the Olympic Games? 2两个名词由and连接作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。如: Wang Gang and Zhang Hua were here a moment ago. My brother and I have both seen the film. Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 说明 (1) 当and不表示并列意义，连接两个在意义上表示同一人、物或概念或由两个部件配成的物品时，谓语动词用单数。如: The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting.那位教授作家正在会上发言。 One more knife and fork is needed.还需要一副刀叉。 War and peace is a constant theme in history.战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。 (2) 两个并列的名词有each, every, many a等修饰语时，谓语动词一般用单数。如: Each doctor and (each) nurse / Every doctor and (every) nurse was given a new shirt.每个大夫和护士都发了一件新衬衫。 NO sound and no voice is heard.-点声音都没有。 Many boy and (many a) girl has made the same mistake.许多男孩女孩都犯了同样的错误。2电休名词group, class family army, enemy等作主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数形
1.名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一、引导名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连词：that（无任何词意） whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性） as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”） 以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.whichever,whomever 连接副词：when, where, how, why 不可省略的连词： 1. 介词后的连词 2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. 比较： whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代： 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语 4. 从句后有"or not" Whether he will come is not clear. 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it充当形式主语。 二. 主语从句 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下： （1）It + be + 名词+ that从句 （2）It + be + 形容词+ that从句 （3）It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句 （4）It + 不及物动词+ that 从句 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有： It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that… It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
人教版必修一各单元知识点总结 Unit One Friendship 一、重点短语 1.go through 经历，经受get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4. on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上9. join in 参加（某个活动）；take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来11. suffer from 遭受12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽15. be good at/do well in 擅长于…16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是…17. no longer / not …any longer 不再…18. too much 太多（后接不可数n.）much too 太…(后接adj.)19. not…until 直到…才20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做…并不开心 21. make sb. sth. 使某人成为…make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 二、语法----直接引语和间接引语 概念：直接引语：直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。 间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话。间接引语在多数情况下可构成宾语从句且不要加引号。 例：Mr. Black said, “ I’m busy.” Mr. Black said that he was busy. 变化规则 （一）陈述句的变化规则 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that（可省略）引导，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语都要发生相应的变化。 人称的变化——人称的变化主要是要理解句子的意思 例：1. He said, “ I like it very much.”→He said that he liked it very much. 2. He said to me, “I’v left my book in your room.” →He told me that he had left his book in my room. 时态的变化
高中英语人教版必修四 短语 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]
人教版英语必修4词组归纳总结Unit 1 1. in pairs 成对 2. give reasons for 给…理由 3. improve prison conditions改善监狱的条件 4. the Nobel Peace Prize诺贝尔和平奖 5. one of the top leaders高级领导人之一 6. concern oneself with 让自己关注 (be concerned about对…担心) 7. welfare projects福利事业 8. China Welfare Institute中国福利协会 9. show the connection between … and … 显示出…和…之间的联系 10. fight for为…而战 11. put…to death将…处死 12. a specialist in women’s illne sses妇科疾病的专家 13. devote all her life to将自己的一生献给… 致力于… 14. rather than而不是 15. behave like humans像人类的举止 16. the night before前一天晚上
17. wander off离开 18. make it all worthwhile使…值得 19. come into one’s arms回到…的怀抱 20. fully understand完全理解 21. observe and record their daily activities观察记录他们的日常活动 22. be determined to下定决心… 23. communicate…with 与…交流 24.?work out their social system勾勒出他们的社会体系 25.?the rest of the world世界上的其他人 26.?argue for…为…辩护argue against…反对… argue with sb. 与…争论 27.?come crowding in纷塌而至 28.?achieve everything做成了所有的事 29.?gain a doctor’s degree获得了博士学位 30.?cheer the achievements of women为妇女的成就喝彩 31.?support a family支撑一个家庭 32.?get upset感到不安 33.?be of great importance很重要 34.?look down upon 看不起
高中英语必修一语法汇总 高一二部英语组 一时态 1. 一般现在时（时态） 用法 1）用于表示主语现在的性格特征，说话时的感觉，状态等。 I like swimming in summer. 2) 表示反复发生动作或存在的状态。 He usually goes to work by bus. 3) 表示客观事实或普遍真理。 The earth goes around the sun. 4) 时间、条件、让步状语从句中。 If it is sunny, we will go camping tomorrow. 5) 表按规定，计划等预计要发生的未来动作。 The next bus comes at 10 am. 2. 现在进行时（时态） 用法 1）说话瞬间正在进行的动作。 Someone is waiting for you outside. 2）现阶段正在进行的动作。 He’s writing a novel these days. 3）表不满，愤怒，赞赏等情感。 She’s always finding fault with others. 4）表委婉语气。 I’m hoping to hear from you soon. 5）表将要发生动作。 The train is coming. 3. 将来的安排和打算（不是时态，是表达将来的含义） 有三种表达方式 1）be going to 依据现在观察到的迹象，预测将来会发生的事。 It is going to rain. 表达想要做某事的企图。 I’m never going to buy a mobile phone. 2）现在进行时表已经确定或安排好的将来事件（即现在进行时中第5条）The train is coming. 3）一般现在时表未来的官方事件或不可改变的时间表（即一般现在时中第5条）The next bus comes at 10 am. 4. 一般过去时（时态） 用法
必修 4 Unit 1 n.成就；功绩 △圣女贞德 （法国民族女英雄） △E 伊丽莎白 ?弗赖伊 （英国慈善家） △n. 教友派信徒；贵格会会员 n. 福利；福利事业 p n.项目；工程；规划 n.学会；学院；协会 △C 中国福利基金会 t n.专家；专业工作者 △ vi.专攻；专门从事；专注于 △ J 简?古道尔 (英国动物学家) △n. （非洲）黑猩猩 n. 连接；关系 人类 △s 乔迪 ?威廉斯 （美国诺贝尔和平奖得者）n.运动；战役 vi.作战；参加运动 △n. 地雷 n.组织；机构；团体 △贡贝国家公园 (位于坦桑尼亚) & vi.举动；（举止或行为）表现 行为；举止；习性 n.荫；阴凉处 vt.遮住光线 离开；起程；出发 adj.值得的；值得做的 n.巢；窝 n. 联系；关系；结合；纽带 vt.观察；观测；遵守 n.观察；观测n. 童年；幼年时代 adj.直言的；坦诚 vt. & n.尊敬；尊重；敬意 vt. & vi.讨论；辩论；争论 n.争论；争辩；争吵n. 款待；娱乐；娱乐表演
过着??的生活 n.人群；观众 vt.挤满；使拥挤 （想法、问题等）涌上心头；涌入脑海 vt.鼓舞；激发；启示 △n. 灵感；鼓舞 n. & vt.支持；拥护蔑视； 瞧不起 vi.谈到；查阅；参考 查阅；参考；谈到 n.观众；听众；读者 碰巧；凑巧 （偶然）遇见；碰见 △r n. 事业；生涯 n.比率；速度 n.疾病；恶心 vt.计划；打算 n.突发事件；紧急情况 n.一代；一辈 △n. 决心；果断 n.仁慈；好意 adj.考虑周到的 n.考虑；体谅 vt.递送；生（小孩儿）；接生； 发表（演说等） 继续；坚持 adj.谦虚的；谦让的；适度的 Unit 2 n. （常用 pl statisitcs）数据；统计；统计数字；统计资料.晒黑的 & vi.斗争；拼搏；努力 n.十年；十年期 adj.特级的；超级的 △adj. 混合的；杂种的 n.杂交种；混血儿 n.产量；输出 △n. （植物的）品种；种类 n.庄稼；农作物；产量 n.饥饿；欲望 vt. & vi.（使）饥饿 adj.引起烦恼的；令人不安的 vt. & vi. vt. & vi.使变大；伸展循环；流传