827英美文学与翻译2011年真题回忆版
Part one literature
第一题：someone say that “a good literary work is a combination of pleasure and disquietness”what do you think of it? Select a work and point out where u can find pleasure and disquietness.
第二题：someone say that “a good literary work is a question minus answer”,what do you think of it? Select a work or play and point out how the writer pose the question and what extent he answers the question.
第三题：this is a short passage taken from the preface of the《leaves of grass》from Walt Whitman
The Americans of all nations at any time upon the earth have probably the fullest poetical nature. The United States themselves are essentially the greatest poem. In the history of the earth hitherto the largest and most stirring appear tame and orderly to their ampler largeness and stir. Here at last is something in the doings of man that corresponds with the broadcast doings of the day and night. Here is not merely a nation but a teeming nation of nations. Here is action untied from strings necessarily blind to particulars and details magnificently moving in vast masses. Here is the hospitality which forever indicates heroes . . . . Here are the roughs and beards and space and ruggedness and nonchalance that the soul loves. Here the performance disdaining the trivial unapproached in the tremendous audacity of its crowds and groupings and the push of its perspective spreads with crampless and flowing breadth and showers its prolific and splendid extravagance. One sees it must indeed own the riches of the summer and winter, and need never be bankrupt while corn grows from the ground or the orchards drop apples or the bays contain fish or men beget children upon women.
Other states indicate themselves in their deputies . . . . but the genius of the United States is not best or most in its executives or legislatures, nor in its ambassadors or authors or colleges or churches or parlors, nor even in its newspapers or inventors . . . but always most in the common
people. Their manners speech dress friendships – the freshness and candor of their physiognomy –the picturesque looseness of their carriage . . . their deathless attachment to freedom – their aversion to anything indecorous or soft or mean – the practical acknowledgment of the citizens of one state by the citizens of all other states – the fierceness of their roused resentment – their curiosity and welcome of novelty – their self-esteem and wonderful sympathy – their susceptibility to a slight – the air they have of persons who never knew how it felt to stand in the presence of superiors – the fluency of their speech – their delight in music, the sure symptom of manly tenderness and native elegance of soul . . . their good temper and openhandedness – the terrible significance of their elections – the President's taking off his hat to them not they to him –these too are unrhymed poetry. It awaits the gigantic and generous treatment worthy of it.
Question1: what’s your understanding of Whitman’s view of poet?
Question2: write a comment of this passage .
第四题：this is “a very short story” written by Hemingway .then write a comment of this passage
Part two: translation
汉译英：旧王府艺术研究院的变迁
英译汉：idleness+三个短句翻译
4.2.1真题解析及技巧指导
Part one literature
注意答题书写步骤：
第一题：1.I take Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as an example to explain the idea.
2. pleasure 体现在远离“文明”的，自然的，单纯的河上生活；disquietness体现在河岸上现实的阴暗面即血腥杀戮等
3. 总结。
第二题：1.I select Shakespeare’s Hamlet.
2.是生还是死的问题的讨论得出结论后，我们的思考过程中剩下的。
3.总结。
第三题：（1）注意解读题目：your understanding of Whitman’s view of poet，第一层是Whitman关于是诗人的观点；第二层是谈谈你的理解,二者缺一不可。
（2）写关于选段的评论，即先总结文章作者的观点，而后加以评书。
相关知识链接：Walt Whitman
1. Whitman's life:
Whitman is a giant of American letters. His Leaves of Grass has always been considered a monumental work which commands great attention because of its uniquely poetic embodiment of American democratic ideals.
He is the poet of the common people and the prophet and singer of democracy.
During the years in New York City, Whitman began to show his democratic partisanship. And this ideas governing Whit’s poetry-writing gradually took place
2. Whitman's democratic ideals:
Whitman’s democratic ideas govern his poetry-writing. In his famous poetry, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism (the belief that the rights and freedom of individual people are most important) are all that concerned him.
Whitman brings the hard-working farmers and laborers into American literature ,attack the slavery system and racial discrimination. In this book he also extols nature ,democracy, labor and creation ,and sings of man’s dignity and equality, and of the brightest future of mankind
Whitman believed that poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new nation. It could enable Americans to celebrate their release from the Old World and the colonial rule. And it could also help them understand their new status and to define themselves in the new world of possibilities.
3. The themes in Whitman's poetry:
His poetry is filled with optimistic expectation and enthusiasm about new things and new epoch, so the abundance of themes in his poetry voices freshness.
①He shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. To Whitman, the fast growth of industry and wealth in cities indicated a lively future of the nation, despite the crowded, noisy, and squalid conditions and the slackness in morality.
②He advocates the realization of the individual value. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-masse” and the self as well.
③Pursuit of love and happiness is approved of repeatedly and affectionately in his lines. Sexual 1ove, a rather taboo topic of the time, is displayed candidly as something adorable. The individual person and his desires must be respected.
④Some of Whitman's poems are politically committed. Before and during the Civil War, Whitman expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield and showed a determination to carry on the fighting dauntlessly until the final victory
4. Leaves of Grass:
①The title:
It is significant that Whitman entitled his book Leaves of Grass. He said that where there is earth, where there is water, there is grass. Grass, the most common thing with the greatest vitality, is an image of the poet himself, a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom.
②Theme:
In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism (the belief that the rights and freedom of individual people are most important) are all that concerned him.
Whitman brings the hard-working farmers and laborers into American literature ,attack the slavery system and racial discrimination. In this book he also extols nature, democracy, labor and creation ,and sings of man's dignity and equality, and of the brightest future of mankind. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the "en-masse" and the self as well
③Essential purpose
His aim was nothing less than to express some new poetical feelings and to initiate a poetic tradition in which difference should be recognized.
The genuine participation of a poet in a common cultural effort was, according to Whitman, to behave as a supreme individualist; however, the poet's essential purpose was to identify his ego with the world, and more specifically with the democratic "en-masse" of America, which is established in the opening lines of "Song of Myself".
5. Whitman's poetic style and language:
①Poetic style:
To dramatize the nature of these new poetical feelings, Whitman employed brand-new means in his poetry, which would first be discerned in his style and language.
(1) Whitman’s poetic style is marked, first of all, by the use of the poetic “I.” Whitman becomes all those people in his poems and yet still remains “Walt Whitman”, hence a discovery of the self in the other with such an identification. In such a manner, Whitman invites his readers to participate in the process of sympathetic identification.
(2) Whitman is also radically innovative in terms of the form of his poetry. He adopted “free verse”
(3) Whitman is conversational and casual, in the fluid, expansive, and unstructured style of talking. However, there is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. The reader can feel the rhythm of Whitman‘s thought a nd cadences of his feeling. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines also contribute to the musicality of his poems.
②Whitman's language:
(1) Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest, undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. The particularity about these images is that they are unconventional in the way they break down the social division based on religion, gender, class, and race. One of the most often-used methods in Whitman's poems is to make colors and images fleet past the mind's eye of the reader.
(2) Another characteristic in Whitman's language is his strong tendency to use oral English.
(3) Whitman's vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerful, colorful, as well as
rarely-used words, words of foreign origin and sometimes even wrong words.
第四题：就选段写评论，先总结选段大意；然后表述自己考前准备的作家的写作风格、特色；最后，评论选段中作家的观点，一定要有自己的观点，但不可偏激，要客观。
相关知识链接：Ernest Hemingway
1. His life and writing:
Hemingway was a myth in his own time and his life was colorful. He was born in Oak Park, Illinois. Hemingway loved sports and often went hunting and fishing with his father, which
provided him with writing materials. After high school, he worked as a reporter. During World War I he served as an honorable junior officer in the American Red Cross Ambulance Corps and in 1918 was severely wounded in both legs. After the war, he went to Paris as a foreign reporter. Influenced and guided by Sherwood Anderson, Stephen Crane and Gertrude Stein he became a writer and began to attract attention. Later he actively participated in the Spanish Civil War and World War II. In 1954, he was awarded the Nobe1 Prize for literature. In 196l, in ill hea1th, anxiety and deep depression, Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun.
2. His major works:
Greatly and permanently affected by the war experiences, Hemingway formed his own writing style, together with his theme and hero.
His first book In Our Time (1925) presents a Hemingway hero called Nick Adams. Exposed to and victimized by violence in various forms, Nick becomes the prototype of the wounded hero who, with all the dignity and courage he could muster, confronts situations which are not of his own choosing yet threaten his destruction.
The Sun Also Rises(l926), Hemingway's first true novel, casts light on "The Lost Generation." The young expatriates in this novel are a group of wandering, amusing, but aimless peop1e, who are caught in the war and removed from the path of ordinary life.
Hemingway's second big success is A Farewell to Arms (1929) wrote the epitaph to a decade and to the whole generation in the 1920s. It tells us about the tragic 1ove story about a wounded American soldier with a British nurse. Frederick Henry represents the experience of a whole nation, who is wounded in war and disi11usioned with the insanity and futility of the universe. In this novel, Hemingway not on1y emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and
mental1y, but goes to same lengths to refute the idea of nature as an expression of either God's design or his beneficence and to suggest that man is doomed to be entrapped.
For Whom the Bell Tolls concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War. Although fully aware of the doomed failure of his struggle, he keeps on striving because it is a cause of freedom and democracy. In the end, the manner of his dying convinces people that life is worth living and there are causes worth dying for.
The Old Man and the Sea, capping his career and leading to his receipt of the Nobel Prize, is about an old Cuban fisherman Santiago and his losing battle with a giant marlin. In a tragic sense, it is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable natural forces in which only a partial victory is possible. Nevertheless, there is a feeling of great respect for the struggle and mankind.
Hemingway's other important works include Men Without Women (1927), Death in the Afternoon (l932), The Green Hills of Africa (1935), The Snows Of Kilimanjaro (1936) and To Have and Have Not (1937).
3. The thematic patterns of his works:
① The Lost Generation: It refers to, in general, the post-World WarⅠgeneration, but specifically a group of expatriate disillusioned intellectuals and artists, who experimented on new modes of thought and expression by rebelling against former ideals and values and replacing them only by despair or a cynical hedonism.
② The Hemingway Code Hero: It refers to some protagonists in Hemingway's works. In the general situation of Hemingway's novels, life is full of tension and battles; the world is in chaos and man is always fighting desperately a losing battle. Those who survive and perhaps emerge victorious in the process of seeking to master the code with a set of principles such as honor, courage, endurance, wisdom, discipline and dignity are known as "the Hemingway code".
4. Hemingway's style:
His style is probably the most widely imitated of any in the 20th century. He is generally known for his "mastery of the art of modern narration." Hemingway himself once said, "The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. Typical of this "iceberg" analogy is Hemingway's style.
According to Hemingway, good literary writing should be ab1e to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly and the best way to produce the effect is to set down exact1y every particular kind of feeling without any authoria1 comments, without conventionally emotive language, and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs. Seemingly simple and natural, Hemingway's style is actually polished and tightly contro1led, but highly suggestive and connotative. While rendering vividly the outward physical events and sensations Hemingway expresses the meaning of the story and conveys the complex emotions of his characters with a considerable range and astonishing intensity of feeling. Besides, Hemingway develops the style of co1loquia1ism initiated by Mark Twain. The accents and mannerisms of human speech are so well presented that the characters are fu11 of flesh and blood and the use of short, simple and conventional words and sentences has an effect of clearness, terseness and great care. This ruthless economy in his writing stands as a striking app1ication of Mies van der Rohe's architectural maxim: "Less is more." No wonder Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for "his powerful style-forming mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction.
小结：从2011年的文学题目可以看出以下几点:
第一二题均是给定观点自选作品论述观点，每一部作品都可以从不同的角度解读，就考题而言，考生需要选取自己熟悉的作品，只要能够自圆其说即可，其实这类型的考题本身就没有标准答案。由考题所得如何学习的问题:平时准备的时候就要从多重角度思考作品，才能做到考场上以不变应万变。
第三四题均是给出特定作家的文章选段，就所给选段评论。这类型题先总结选段大意；然后表述自己考前准备的作家的写作风格、特色；最后，评论选段中作家的观点，一定要有自己的观点，但不可偏激，要客观。
Part two: translations omit.
小结：从2011年的翻译题目可以看出以下几点:
注重应用类型的文体，英语短语谚语的考查，平时练习就得有意识的多注意言语中文的表达，及积累英语词汇。如：
idleness n.
1.懒惰；闲散；安逸
Virtue may not always make a face handsome, but vice will certainly make it ugly. 美德不一定使人漂亮，但恶行却一定使人丑陋。收藏
idleness is the key of beggary, and the root of all evil. 懒惰是行乞的敲门砖，是万恶的根源。收藏
2.失业（状态）；赋闲
The closure of the large factory make many worker live In idleness. 那家大工厂的关闭使许多工人失业。收藏
3.无益，白费
短语eat the bread of idleness解析：动词讲解：游手好闲
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考） 第一部分：英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
1.统计表基本结构：标题，纵横标目，线条，数字和备注 2.实验设计的基本原则：随机化，重复，设置对照 3.抽样调查中，抽样误差的大小关系：整群抽样大于单纯抽样大于系统抽样大于分层抽样 4.按1岁为一个年龄组编制而成的寿命表称为完全寿命表 5.哪种病人死亡后尸体立即消毒，就进火化 6.我国法定传染病 7.可呼吸性粉尘的粒子直径：小于5微米 8.CO中毒患者皮肤和粘膜呈现樱桃红色 9.当外界环境中气温高于皮肤温度时人体散热主要依靠蒸发 10.男性性发育，最先发育的是睾丸 11.性早熟：定义 12.我国学校卫生工作的第一部正式法规《学校卫生工作条例》 13.成熟定义 14.生长发育指标，哪些是功能指标 15.生活技能教育 16甲乙两集体冠心病组死亡率均为0.4%，经年龄构成标准化后，甲集体冠心病死亡率为0.5%，乙为0.3，我们可得出结论认为，甲集体人口较乙年轻 17.有毒有害气体及粉尘为主的工业企业应建在当地夏季最小频风向的上风侧并远离居住区，（废水可排，这题有争议，我认为不可排，但是我同事她是搞职业卫生的，说可以通过管道排放，复习的时候看书吧，找找答案） 18.随机误差定义 19.贝塔射线如何屏蔽 20.胚胎在哪一时期受到照射，可造成器官畸形 21.尸检时间：死亡后48H内 22.化妆品生产人员体检频率 23.餐饮具化学消毒程序：除渣-洗涤-消毒-清洗-保洁 24.革水密风查（看职业卫生） 25.历史上人类社会经历了那些医学模式 26.多媒体（给了几类，让选择哪些属于多媒体） 27.无偿献血年龄18-55 28.预防性卫生监督工作要求新，改，扩建项目的卫生防护设施必须与主体工程同时设计，同时施工，同时验收投产 29.儿童铅中毒：（题干忘了，答案3.9 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9） 30.VA缺乏 31.儿童少年贫血主要原因铁摄入不足 32.窒息性气体 33.学龄期是口头语言发展关键期 34.铁 成人体内含铁3-5克，以特定生理功能的形式存在于血红蛋白和肌红蛋白中，占60-70%。 35.鱼类含丰富多不饱和脂肪酸，主要是EPA和DHA 36.膳食宝塔，谷类为主，多吃蔬菜水果。。。 37.每天烹调油不超过25g 38.锌盐稳定剂在许多国家均允许使用 39.GMP是适用于所有相同类型产品的食品生产企业的原则，而HACCP则依据食品生产厂及其生产过程
2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析 Section I Use of English 一、文章题材结构分析 本文是取材于新闻报道，叙述了猪流感的爆发，产生的严重影响以及政府采取的针对性措施。首段和第二段简 述了猪流感的爆发引起世界各国的重视。第三段引用专家的观点，认为瘟疫并不严重。第四段和第五段以墨西哥及 美国的情况为例，说明了猪流感的严重性和致命性。第六段叙述了联邦政府针对猪流感的具体措施。 二、试题解析 1.【答案】D 【解析】上文提到“…was declared a global epidemic…”，根据declare 的逻辑（“宣布为”），可知应该选D 项 designated“命名，制定”，而不是C 项commented“评论”，这是典型的近义词复现题目。2．【答案】C 【解析】本题目可依据“句意”找到意思线索，选出答案，难度在于出处句是个长难句。本句的理解应该抓住alert、 meeting 和a sharp rise 三者的关系，根据after a sharp rise 可知是rise（“病例数的增加”）是meeting（“日内瓦专家 会议”）的原因，由此可推导出alert 并非是meeting 的原因，而是结果，即meeting 使得alert 升级。根据上述分析 可以排除B、D 选项，B 项activated“激活，激起”，D 项“促使，引起”，此两项的选择都在讲alert 导致了meeting 的召开。而C 项followed 意思是“紧随，跟在……之后”，体现出after 的逻辑，完全满足本句rise 之后是meeting， meeting 之后是alert 的逻辑，所以是正确项。而A 项proceeded“继续”，属不及物动词，不可接宾语，用法和逻辑 用在此处都不合适。 3．【答案】B 【解析】本题目应该关注并列连词and，从并列呼应来看：空格后的表达in Britain…对应前面的in Australia， 所以空格处rising _____ 应该对应a sharp rise in cases（“病例数的剧增”），因此空格处是“数量”的逻辑才对。A 项 digits“（阿拉伯）数字”，不表示数量，不能与rising 形成搭配；C 项amounts“数量”，常修饰不可数名词（此处指 的是cases，可数名词）；D 项sums“金额，款项”，不能用于表达“病例数”。B 项numbers “数量”，修饰可数名词（如： large numbers of cases 大量的病例），符合题意。 4．【答案】A 【解析】此处句子开头的“But”是重要的逻辑线索，与上文意思（第二段）形成对比反差。上文的关键性表达 如“heightened alert”、“emergency meeting”和“a sharp rise in cases”都在讲述猪流感的严重性，所以根据But 和in
精心整理2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及答案（七绝俗手版） 2011-01-16 21-25CBDBA Text1 ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthet alkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Fort
hemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTo mmasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic。 2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦·吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼·托姆西尼就这样写：从长时间来看，这次委命是英明的。 ,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes。 就我的观点而言，我不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥家，甚至连他是不是算好的指挥家也不敢确定。可以确信的是，虽然他演出了很多令人印象深刻的有趣的乐曲。然而，我不需要访问AveryFisherHall（可能是纽约交响乐团所在地，即吉尔伯特表演之所），或者其他地方才能听到有趣的管弦乐。（作者意思是，不需要听吉尔伯特，到处可以听到有趣的管弦乐。）我所做的，只需要到我的CD棚里去，随便打开我的电脑，从ITUNES上就可下载比那（当指吉尔伯特表演的）多得多的类似的音乐。
2011年硕士研究生入学统一考试（西医综合） 一．A型题：1-90小题，每小题1.5分；91-120题，每题2分：共195分。在每小题给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中请选出一项最符合题目要求的。 1．下列生理活动中，存在负反馈控制的是： A．动作电位的产生B．血糖浓度的调节 C．排便反射的过程D．兴奋的突触传播 2．神经-肌接头的终板膜上，实现跨膜信号转导的方式是： A．受体-G蛋白-AC途径B．受体-G蛋白-LC途径 C．离子通道受体途径D．酪氨酸酶受体途径 3．与Nernst公式计算所得相比，实际测得的神经细胞静息电位值： A．恰等于K+平衡电位 B．恰等于Na+平衡电位 C．多近于Na+平衡电位D．接近于K+平衡电位 4．可导致红细胞沉降速率增快的影响因素是: A．血细胞比容增大B．血浆球蛋白含量增多 C．红细胞脆性增大D．血浆白蛋白量增多 5．Rh阴性的母亲生下Rh阳性子女，有可能： A．巨幼红细胞性贫血B．血友病 C．新生儿溶血性贫血D．红细胞增多症 6．一个心动周期中，心室内容积最大的时期是： A．心房收缩期末B．减慢充盈期末 C．减慢射血期末D．快速充盈期末 7．生理情况下，人的中心静脉压升高时见于： A．心脏射血能力加强B．体位由直立变为平卧 C．从卧位改为站立D．由吸气相改为呼气相 8．体内CO2分压最高的部位是： A．组织液B．细胞内液C．毛细血管血液D．静脉血液 9．中枢化学感受器的生理性刺激是： A．动脉血液中CO2分压B．动脉血液中的O2分压 C．外周血液中的H+浓度D．脑脊液和细胞外的H+浓度 10．下列选项中，减慢胃排空的是： A．迷走-迷走反射B．肠-胃反射C．胃酸D．促胰液素 11．下列选项中，能缓解Ca2+在小肠吸收的是： A．葡萄糖B．植酸C．草酸盐D．磷酸盐 12．临床上测定能量代谢时，为了简洁，只需测定： A．一定时间内的CO2产生量B．非蛋白氧热价 C．非蛋白呼吸商D．一定时间内的氧耗量 13．当环境温度低于皮肤温度时，人体散热的主要方式是： A．辐射B．传导C．对流D．不感蒸发 14．下列选项中，能使肾小球过滤率升高的是： A．肾血流量增多B．肾小球囊内压增高 C．血浆晶体渗透压降低D．血浆胶体渗透压降低 15．肾小管稀释尿液的部位主要是： A．近端小管B．集合管C．髓袢升支粗段D．远曲小管
全国2011年4月自学考试英语翻译试题 课程代码:00087 I. Multiple Choice (30 points, 2 points each) A. Directions: This part consists of ten sentences, each followed by four different versions marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best translation of the original statement in terms of meaning and expressiveness. (Please write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.) 1. A nation's greatest wealth is the industry of its people. A.一个国家最大的财富就是民族工业。 B.一个国家最大的财富就是人民的勤劳。 C.一个民族最大的财富就是人民的工业。 D.一个民族最大的财富就是民众的兴旺。 2. Scientists are confident about the formation of coal, but they do not seem so sure when asked about oil. A.科学家们确实知道煤是怎样形成的，但要是问他们石油是怎样形成的，他们似乎就不那么有把握了。 B.科学家们对煤的形成非常有信心，但是当被问到石油的形成时，他们好像没有那么确信。 C.科学家们对煤的形成非常有信心，但是当被问到石油是怎样形成的，似乎就不那么确信了。 D.科学家们确实知道煤的形成，但要是问他们石油的形成时，似乎就不那么有把握了。 3. I wasn't their enemy, in fact or in feeling. I was their ally. A.在事实上或感情上，我不是他们的敌人。我是他们的盟友。 B.我不是他们的敌人，在事实上或感情上。我是他们的盟友。 C.我不是他们的敌人，在事实上或者在感情上，而是他们的盟友。 D.无论在事实上，还是在感情上，我都不是他们的敌人，而是他们的盟友。 4. His preoccupation with business left him little time for his family. A.他全神贯注于事业，为他的家庭留下了很少的时间。 B.他对事业的全神贯注留给他的家庭的时间就很少。 C.他对事业全神贯注。他能与家人共度的时间就很少。 D.他全神贯注于事业，因而能与家人共度的时间就很少。 5. A jeep, full, sped past, drenching me in spray. A.一辆吉普车载满了人，速度很快，溅了我一身水。 B.一辆载满了人、速度很快的吉普车溅了我一身水。 C.一辆载满了人的吉普车疾驶而过，溅了我一身水。 第 1 页
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2011) GRADE EIGHT TIME LIMIT: 195 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONL Y. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Some of the gaps may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes while completing the task. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. Now, listen to the mini-lecture. Classifications of Cultures According to Edward Hall, different cultures result in different ideas about the world. Hall is an anthropologist. He is interested in relations between cultures. I. High-context culture A. feature - context: more important than the message - meaning: (1)__________ i.e. more attention paid to (2) ___________ than to the message itself B. examples - personal space - preference for (3)__________ - less respect for privacy / personal space - attention to (4)___________ - concept of time - belief in (5)____________ interpretation of time - no concern for punctuality - no control over time II. Low-context culture A. feature - message: separate from context - meaning: (6)___________ B. examples - personal space - desire / respect for individuality / privacy - less attention to body language
2010考研英语二翻译真题、参考答案和来源分析 "Sustainability" has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning,the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through every day action and choice. 当今，“可持续性”已经成为了一个流行的词语.但是，对特德宁来说，它对这个词有着自身的体会.在忍受了一段痛苦的、难以为继的生活之后，他清楚地认识到，以可持续发展为导向的生活价值必须通过日常的活动和做出的选择表现出来. Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He'd been through the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency. 宁回忆了在上个世纪90年代末期的某一年，他卖保险，那是一种浑浑噩噩的生活.在经历了网络经济的兴盛和衰败之后，他非常渴望得到一份工作，于是和一家博德的代理公司签了合约. It didn't go well. "It was a really bad move because that's not my passion," says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. "I was miserable. I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said,” Just wait, you'll turn the corner, give it some time.'' 事情进展不顺，“那的确是很糟糕的一种选择，因为那并非是我的激情所在，”宁如是说.可以想象，他这种工作上的窘境是由于销售业绩不良造成的.“我觉得很悲哀.我太担心了，以至于我会在半夜醒来，盯着天花板.没有钱，我需要这份工作.每个人都会说，等吧，总会有转机的，给点时间吧.” 原文： 原文是来自一份杂志，叫“experience life”，出题人做了部分改动，原文和改动的文章如下： Sustainability has become something of a buzzword(出题人把这个单词改为popular word) these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.
2008年真题参考译文 达尔文在其自传中用极其谦逊的口气评价了自己的智力。他指出，想要简洁明了地表达自己观点的时候，他总会遇到很大的困难。46)他相信，正是这种困难或许能够扬长补短，以使他长时间专注地思考每一个句子；因此，使他能在推理和自己的观察中发现自己的缺点。他认为自己完全不具备杰出的赫胥黎那样的反应速度和理解力。47)他还断言，在深入理解冗长且完全抽象的一系列观点上，他的能力很有限。鉴于此，他曾深信自己在数学方面本来就不该获得成功。他还认为自己的记忆杂乱而模糊，从某一个方面来说，甚至是很糟糕，以至于他记住某个日子或者是一行诗歌的话，几天就能忘记。48)另一方面，批评家指责他尽管善于观察，但却不能推理，对此，他并不接受且认为毫无依据。他认为，这种批评是错误的，因为《物种起源》这本书从头到尾都是长篇大论，却说服了很多有才华的人。他承认，如果不具备推理能力，没有人能够写出这样的书。他愿意这样说自己：“我具有一定的发现能力和常识判断能力，正如每一个成功的律师和医生必须具备的一样；但是，我认为，我的水平不高。”49)他谦虚地补充道，或许他“和普通人比起来，更能够注意到那些别人容易忽略的细节，更能够对此加以仔细观察”。 在生命最后一年的写作中，他表示，在过去的二三十年中，他的思想在两三个方面发生了变化。到三十多岁的时候，诗歌带给他极大的快乐以前，绘画也能给他带来兴致，而音乐能给他无穷的乐趣。然而，他在1881年说：“这几年来，读一行诗，我就受不了。我也几乎快要丧失了自己对音乐和绘画的品味了。”50)达尔文认为，失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣，不仅失去了幸福，而且还可能损伤智力，甚至更可能损伤道德。 2009年真题参考译文 每个人在与别人共同生活中所受到的教育和有意识地对年轻人进行的教育，这两者有明显的区别。就前者而言，教育是偶然的；这种教育是自然的、重要的，但它并不是人类联合的确切的原因。46)可以说，要衡量任何社会制度的价值，就要看它对扩大和改进经验方面的影
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind. Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution. 49) Creating a “European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own. In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unit ed we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied
考研英语十年真题大作文（2002-2011） 一、题目 2002 Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures---National and International” In the essay you should 1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2.give your comments on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET II. 2003 Directions: Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following 1.describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning 2.point out its implications in our life. 2004 Directions: Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should 1. describe the drawing. 2. interpret its meaning, and 3. support your view with examples. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
威廉-莎士比亚 威廉-莎士比亚（1564-1616）是世界有史以来最著名的作剧家和诗人之一。凭着38部作品，154首十四行诗和2首长诗，他建立了他在世界文学史中的赫赫威名。他也被全世界各式各样的学者和评论家给予了最高的赞誉。在过去4百年间，关于莎士比亚的书籍和文章还不断大量出版。 莎士比亚可能出生于1564年4月23日埃文河畔斯特拉特福城的一户商人家庭。他的父亲的职业被传为是卖手套的、羊毛商人、农夫或者是屠夫，是一个镇上有点地位的人，并多次当选为镇委员会的成员。莎士比亚在哪个美丽的贸易小镇度过了他的童年并上了斯特拉特福语文小学。他真正的老师是大自然和周围的百姓。1587年，莎士比亚娶了大他几岁的安妮-哈撒韦为妻。妻子为他生了3个孩子，苏珊娜和双胞胎朱迪斯和哈姆尼特。也许由于要养活不断壮大的家庭，莎士比亚在1586或1587年离开斯特拉特福去了伦敦。 莎士比亚去了伦敦一处为戏剧发展提供了优越环境的地方。他既当演员又做作剧家，为张伯伦家族做事，张伯伦家族后来又成为了王族。莎士比亚的事业发展得如此的好以致被誉为‘大学才子’之一的罗伯特-格林气极败坏地地称呼他是只‘向上扑腾的乌鸦’。 大约从1591到1611年间，莎士比亚到达了他戏剧生涯的顶峰，他的作品一部又一部地不断问世。莎士比亚没有把他的天赋局限于戏院里，在1593和1954年，他发表了2篇叙事诗，《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，都是写给南安普顿伯爵的。1609年他也写了短诗并出版了。到1597年时莎士比亚已经很有钱了，他在斯特拉特福买套大宅子作为新居。大约于1610年莎士比亚从伦敦退隐回了斯特拉特福，即便如此他还是坚持写作了一段时间。他卒于1616年4月23日。 由于对莎士比亚的许多作品的创作准确时间仍然存有争议，评论家们对把莎士比亚戏生涯的戏剧作品划分阶段方面存有不同的观点。但总体来说他的戏剧生涯可以分为4个时期。 莎士比亚戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段是创作早期。他写了5部历史剧：《亨利六世》的第一、二、三部，和《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》；4部戏剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维罗纳的2位绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 第二个阶段，莎士比亚的创作风格和方式变得极具个性。在不同的人物之间、现象和现实之间，莎士比亚构造了复杂的典范，他对人类各种缺点进行了精妙的诠释。在这个时期他写了5部历史剧：《理查二世》，《约翰国王》，《亨利四世》第一、二部和《亨利五世》;6部戏剧：《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯的商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第12夜》和《温莎的风流妇人》；2部悲剧：《罗密欧和朱丽叶》和《裘里斯凯撒》 莎士比亚的第三时期作品包括他最杰出的悲剧和所谓的黑色喜剧。这个时期的悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》，《麦克白》，《安东尼与克利奥帕特拉》，《特洛伊罗斯与克雷西达》和《科里奥兰纳斯》。2部喜剧是：《终成眷属》和《争锋相对》。 莎士比亚最后时期的作品包括他主要的烂漫悲喜剧：《伯利克里》，《辛白林》，《冬天的故事》和《暴风雨》；和他最后两部作品：《亨利八世》和《两个贵亲戚》。 莎士比亚真正的跟戏剧五官的是个主要是两首叙述长诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，和他的154首系列短诗。莎士比亚的十四行诗都单是
827英美文学与翻译2011年真题回忆版 Part one literature 第一题：someone say that “a good literary work is a combination of pleasure and disquietness”what do you think of it? Select a work and point out where u can find pleasure and disquietness. 第二题：someone say that “a good literary work is a question minus answer”,what do you think of it? Select a work or play and point out how the writer pose the question and what extent he answers the question. 第三题：this is a short passage taken from the preface of the《leaves of grass》from Walt Whitman The Americans of all nations at any time upon the earth have probably the fullest poetical nature. The United States themselves are essentially the greatest poem. In the history of the earth hitherto the largest and most stirring appear tame and orderly to their ampler largeness and stir. Here at last is something in the doings of man that corresponds with the broadcast doings of the day and night. Here is not merely a nation but a teeming nation of nations. Here is action untied from strings necessarily blind to particulars and details magnificently moving in vast masses. Here is the hospitality which forever indicates heroes . . . . Here are the roughs and beards and space and ruggedness and nonchalance that the soul loves. Here the performance disdaining the trivial unapproached in the tremendous audacity of its crowds and groupings and the push of its perspective spreads with crampless and flowing breadth and showers its prolific and splendid extravagance. One sees it must indeed own the riches of the summer and winter, and need never be bankrupt while corn grows from the ground or the orchards drop apples or the bays contain fish or men beget children upon women. Other states indicate themselves in their deputies . . . . but the genius of the United States is not best or most in its executives or legislatures, nor in its ambassadors or authors or colleges or churches or parlors, nor even in its newspapers or inventors . . . but always most in the common
2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题文章翻译 Section I Use of English 古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于身体健康的宝贵锻炼”。尽管有些相反的意见，但笑可能对身体健康影响极小。笑确实能对心脏和血管产生短期的改变，笑能够促进心律呼吸速率。但是因为大笑很难持续，一次狂笑不可能像比如走路或者慢跑那样对心血管功能产生很大的益处。 实际上，其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确是起到了相反的作用，二十世纪三十年代的一项研究表明笑可以放松肌肉，在狂笑平息之后45分钟内会降低肌肉张力。 这样的身体放松可能会帮助减轻心理紧张状态的影响。笑的行为毕竟可能会产生其他形式的身体上的反馈来提高个体的情绪状态。根据一个经典的情绪理论，我们的感觉部分根源于身体上的反映。十九世纪末人们便争论这一说法：人们不会因为他们伤心而哭，但当开始 尽管悲伤能产生眼泪，证据显示情绪是肌肉反应的结果。1988年德国乌子堡大学的社会心理学家做了一个实验，他让志愿者用牙咬住一支笔做出假笑，或者用嘴含住一支笔，这个动作会让人产生一种失望的表情。那些被强制锻炼笑肌的人比那些嘴唇皱着表情失望的人在观看有趣的动画片时反应更加丰富，这暗示了表情可能会影响情绪，而不只是反过来情绪会影响表情。同样，笑这一生理行为可以改善心
Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Text 1 纽约爱乐乐团决定聘请Alan Gilbert作为下一任的音乐总监，这从2009年任命被宣布之日起就在古典音乐界引起了热议。别的不说，大部分人的反应是积极的。“好啊，终于好了！” Anthony Tommasini写道，他可是一个以严肃著称的古典音乐评论家。 但是，这个任命之所以引起人们惊讶的原因却是Gilbert相对而言并不是很有名。甚至在时代杂志上发文支持Gilbert任命的Tommasini都称其为“低调的音乐家，在他身上找不到那种飞扬跋扈的指挥家的气质。”爱乐乐团迄今为止都是由像Gustav Mahler和Pierre Boulez那样的音乐家领导的。这样去描述这个乐团的下一位 指挥，至少对于时代的读者而言，这是一种苍白的表扬。 就我看来，我不知道Gilbert是否是一个伟大的指挥家或者是一个好的指挥。但是我能确定的是，他能表演出很多有趣的乐章，但是我却应该不会去Avery Fisher Hall或者其他地方去听一场有趣的交响乐演出。我要做的事情就是去我的CD架上，或者打开的我的电脑 从iTunes上下载更多的唱片。 那些忠实的音乐会观众会讲唱片并不能代替现场的演出，但是他们忽略了核心问题。当下为了获得艺术爱好者的时间，关注度和金钱，