完形填空：
Coffeenomics
The true cost of our caffeine addiction
The next time you hand over ￡3 for your deluxe cappuccino, ask yourself how much the roasted beans that cup really cost. For your average cup of coffee, the producer receives roughly 10p-that`s about 3.5%. This disparity is causing increasing concern among some charities who believe that the excessive profits of coffee shop chains come at the expense of vulnerable coffee producers in countries like Ethiopia, Kenya or Latin America. __B___(Here, coffee production is the staple crop for many millions of growers.) For example, in Ethiopia alone, 15 million people depend on the coffee trade, which constitutes around 50% of the country`s gross domestic product and 90% of its exports. The average wage paid to laborers who pick the beans and work on farms in about 50p a day.
So where do the added costs come from? According to experts, by the time it is consumed by us in our homes or in a coffee shop, the bean may actually change hands up to 150 times, each time facing a mark-up as it is transported, toasted, packaged and sold. ____A____ (This process alone adds at least 50% to its price.)Then another 10% in export costs with freight and insurance before an importer takes over. Finally, it is sold to us in a coffee shop-and running a coffee shop in a shop precinct, seating 75 inside and 50 outside. The rent is ￡65000 per year plus service charge of ￡20000 a year. ___F___(Local council taxes add another ￡250000 to that.) In other hands, even before adding staffing costs and overheads, setting aside an amount for redecoration and maintenance on the property, this particular coffee shop needs to sell a minimum of 50000 coffees a year, or 200 coffees a day. Factor in these additional costs and we are probably talking about a break-even total of 400 coffees a day.
However,irrespective of how much we end up paying or the reasons why, the reality is that growers themselves see only a tiny proportion of that amount. Organizations like fair-trade do try to make a difference. ____E____(It guarantees to pay growers a fixed proportion for their coffee, which is above standard market rates. ) For example, a farmer selling a pound of Fairtrade Arabica coffee is paid $1.26 compared to the world market price of $1.10 a pound. The Fairtrade price 5￠which is invested back into community projects. Many shops and coffee bars do now offer Fairtrade coffee to customers alongside their standard offering, but not all of that inflated price goes to the grower. ___C____(The only bit controlled in the Fairtrade system is the price a farmer is paid for produce.) After that, markups are determined by the retailers and middlemen. That said, at least Fairtrade is one small step that does help farmers around the world get a better price for their products.
?Addict – be given to compulsively
He is addicted to smoking.
?Roasted – heated 烘焙的
?Disparity – inequality
?Charities – authority for serving those in need
Live on charity
He left his money to charities / charitable institutions.
?Staple – chief sort of goods
?constitute – account for , be responsible for , represent
?Precinct – area
?Council tax –政务税
?Overhead – expense for carrying on business
?Set aside – set apart , disregard
Setting aside – letting alone
?Break - even : make both ends meet
?Irrespective of -- regardless of
?Inflated – increased , swollen
词汇：
1.We wanna hold your hand
?Franchise : You buy a licence to trade under the name of franchisor and you benefit from
the franchisor’s expertise.
?Franchisor : licensor , transferor
?Franchisee : licensee, transferee
?vital – supreme, most important, greatest
?get into – enter
?entitle – authorize , empower
?make use of – utilize
Make use of foreign capital
You must utilize all the resources.
?compromise –
(1) sth. midway
A compromise agreement was at last arrived at.
(2) bring (sb or sth ) under suspicion by unwise behaviour
You will compromise your repution if you continue gambling.
(3) imperil the safety of , endanger
The position of the army was compromised by the general’s poor judgement.
?luricrous – absurd , ridiculous
?simplify – make easy to do or understand
That will simplify my task.
?compare – contrast
?compared with – in contrast to
His white hair was in sharp contrast to his black coat.
?majority - - the great number or part of
The majority of people like to see the film.
?overwhelming majority
?minority – the small number or part of
?satisfy – fulfil , meet
?follow the system – follow suit
?content –
(1) that is contained in sth
(2) contented – satisfied
A contented smile
?abandon – forsake , desert
abandon / forsake / desert bad habits
?solicitor – lawyer , attorney
?branch out –expand one’s interest
?incredible – unbelievable
?raise– accumulate, pile up
?stretch -- extend
2. recruitment
?Startle– give a shock of surprise to
?Pierce – thrust into or penetrate sharply
?Studio – workroom
?only to
?I ran to the railway station, only to find that the train had left.
?Go in for – enter as a competitor
?Smile at
?Beam on – smile happily and cheerfully
?Pay off – pay in full and free from obligation
3. not sold on sales
?Be sold on sth. – accept sth.
?Conversation opener
1)Call a spade a spade
2)Beat around the bush
?Medecins sans Frontiere 无国界医生组织
?Shake off – get rid of
?Glamorous – charming
?The image left by sales is little less than dishonesty.
?Air – appearance or manner
1)He has an air of importance.
2)The classroom has an air of comfort.
?Jolly – festivity
Mark / observe festival
?Outnumber – exceed in number
?overweigh
?Partly – in some degree , somewhat
I was somewhat surprised.
?Partial
1) A partial eclipse of the sun
2)Partial to French dish
?Pay off –
1) pay in full and free from obligation
2) turn out to be effective
?Tangible – clear and definite
?Dynamic – vigorous
?Passionate– keen , enthusiastic
?Buzz – sound of people talking
?Pitch – telling a story
4. What`s the smell?
?briefcase – case for document
?strip – long narrow piece of material
?wave – move regularly
flag waving in the wind
?scent – smell , aroma, fragrance
Cent
Nickle
Dime
He declined to be identified.
?Identity –身份
?Vanilla 香草
?Mandarin–
1) orange
2)普通话
Dialect
?attitude– way of thinking or feeling
?custom – made to order , tailored , customized
?blend – mixture
?quadruple – multiplied by four
?double – multiplied by two
?triple – multiplied by three
?distinguish – be a mark of difference
?cartridge :卡槽
?spot : 1) mark , become marked
a table spotted with ink
2) see sth or someone out of many
spot a friend from a crowd
?Odour – smell
?waffle – cones 圆锥型蛋奶饼
?out-of-the-way : remote
?resort : 1) place where holiday is spent
seaside resort / summer resort
2) 凭借于，借助于
I am sorry that you have resorted to deception.
If other means fail , we will resort to law.
?Associate : join or connect
We associate Egypty with Pyramid.
?recently – introduced : recently – launched
recently – released
5. management
?dynamic – energetic , vigorous
?achieve – accomplish
?dimension – perspective
?vision – perception , insight, ability to see through
?set out – begin a journey
?God only sends opportunities to those who are ready.
?approach -- 1) way , means
2) come near to
As winter approaches the weather becomes colder.
?tune – melody
Stay tuned , more news to come
?Partner with – cooperate with
?confessions on a Dance floor 《舞台告白》
?want – 1) desire
2) lack , state of being absent
the want of water = the lack of water = absence of water
?exploit – make full use of
?address – 1) make a speech to
address the meeting / audience
2) address oneself to
He addressed himself to basketball. / devote himself to
3) accept , admit
?on one’s own – independently
?bridge the generation gap
bridge the difference
?implementation – execution , carrying out
?be down to – be related to
?sheer – complete
?continued – break and then go on
?continuous – going on without break
?reinvention – innovation
?reflect – mirror
?awareness – consciousness
?norm – standard
Normal University
6. Ethical economics
?Addict – be given to compulsively
He is addicted to smoking.
?Roasted – heated 烘焙的
?Disparity – inequality
?Charities – authority for serving those in need
Live on charity
He left his money to charities / charitable institutions.
?Staple – chief sort of goods
?constitute – account for , be responsible for , represent
?Precinct – area
?Council tax –政务税
?Overhead – expense for carrying on business
?Set aside – set apart , disregard
?Setting aside – letting alone
?Break - even : make both ends meet
?Irrespective of -- regardless of
?Inflated – increased, swollen
听力4
?aid– help
?disappear – go out of sight, vanish
?Historical– belonging to history
?Historic – notable or memorable in history
?support – fuel , underpin
?Overnight– for the duration of night
?Exceptionally – not ordinary
Extended—prolonged
?deficit – shortage
Trade deficit , trade surplus
?weaken– lessen the strength of , de-energize
?drive – (1) propel
(2) ambition
a man without drive
?Prosperity – success or wealth , good fortune
?Prosper – do well , succeed, thrive
1 ) The business prospered.
2 ) A business cannot thrive without good management.
?Prosperous – successful, flourishing
?higher fuel economy : energy – saving
?Speed – accelerate
?Lift – (1) promote
(2)escalator or elevator
听力11
?ingredient: one part of a mixture
ingredient of a cake
?native product
?shoot: a new branch , sprout
?stem : 茎
?Stem from : arise from, have as origin
?yield: 1) amount produced
a good yield of wheat
2) give way to , cease opposition
We will never yield to force.
?Munch – chew food steadily / bite
?Excessive: too much, too great , extreme
?In addition to – apart from
?Bacteria (pl)
?Bacterium
?Unintended – unplanned
?Toxicological 毒理学的
?Generate-- result in , lead to , cause , pose, give rise to
?Release – introduce
Credential– qualification
?The company involved
?The company concerned
?The company in question
?giant– ( in fairy tales) man of very great height and size
?dwarf – cause to appear small by contrast
The river dwarfs the brook.
?Prominent– distinguished , eminent
Come into prominence
Come up – happen
?Point to – direct attention to
The needle of the compass points to the south.
?Flaw– defect , blemish
?Endorse–1) write one’s name on the back of a cheque
2) approve , support
?Swirl – rotate
?Swirling – lingering
?win out – win finally
?evident – clear
中翻英：
1.不幸的是，在销售部门工作，总是摆脱不了乏味的形象，并与无商不奸的概念紧紧相连。
这些也是毕业生求职问题的所在。另一方面，营销，一种不那么直接的销售模式，作为职业选择更受青睐，而且在晚餐会上听起来也更体面。
Unfortunately, a job in sales can`t quite shake off its unglamorous image or associations with something rather dishonest. This all means recruitment problems for graduate employees.
On the other hand, marketing——a less direct way of selling a product——is rather more
popular as a career choice, and sounds better at dinner parties.
2.营销工作显得很风光，并且毕业生们“期待从事创造性的活动，参加公关活动，经常旅
行，享受免费的娱乐。”然而相比之下，销售则意味着挨家挨户推销，进行不期而至的拜访或拨打不期而至的电话。然而这完全是误导人的印象。
Marketing retains an air of glamour and that graduates expect to work on creative campaigns with PRs and lots of jollies. But on the other hand, sales means “door to door work and cold calling.” Yet this image is misleading.
3.我向来认为，营销工作看起来更诱人，事实上他不是我原先想象的那么富有生机。后来
我通过和销售部的人交谈，才明白销售工作同样可以充满激情。很快我清楚了，销售工作比其他工作更适合我。现在我每天和顾客交谈，目标明确，充满激情，真是妙不可言。
I always thought marketing seemed more attractive, but it wasn`t the dynamic world I`d
imagined. Then I talked to people in sales and realized that it is possible to be passionate about it. It soon became apparent that I was much more suited to sales. Now I speak to customers every day in the buzz of a target-driven environment.
4.销售工作有可能是一桩掌握着几百万英镑，同时确保顾客满意的生意。它的回报率超出
了人的想象。这是我听到的最令人信服的推销口才。
Sales can be managing millions of pounds of business and making sure the customer`s happy.
It`s incredibly rewarding. Now there`s a convincing sales pitch if I ever heard one.
1.如今香水同商品的标识以及广告歌和广告语一样，也是一种营销工具。
Fragrance is as much a marketing tool these days as a logo, a slogan or a jingle.
2.随着越来越多的商家采用香味来突出品牌形象，今年公司的营业额大幅攀升，达到原来
的4倍。
This year turnover has quadrupled as more marketers use scents to distinguish their brands.
3.客户选择某种想香气类别之后，芬芳公司便把该芳香剂放进芯式容器，置入一个内有风
扇的芳香器，靠风扇把香味送入空气中，香气散发的强度大小靠控制器来调节。
Once a client selects a scent, ScentAir puts the liquid aroma in cartridge that fits inside a device with a fan which pushes the smell into the air. You control the strength with a dial, Monthly refills are $100 per device.
4.气味对购买欲望的影响，比其他因素加起来的影响都大。一个产品如果闻起来很舒服，
人们就会认为他是好产品。
Smell has a greater impact on purchasing than everything else combined. If something smells good, the product is perceived as good.
Genetically Modified food
With the development of bio-technology, the GM food has already have an application in many fields. Whether it is harmful for us , it is hard to say .In fact, the fierce argument following great discuss have already emerged considerably.
What is genetically modified food?The term GM foods or GMOs (genetically-modified organisms) is most commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. These plants have been modified in the laboratory to enhance desired traits such as increased resistance to herbicides or improved nutritional content.
Internationalization of China`s currency
Nowadays, the China`s currency internationalization has become a hot topic for us. China introduced yuan-denominated trade settlement in July 2009 to help its exporters avoid exchange rate risk.
What Does Currency Internationalization Mean?
The widespread use of a currency outside the original country in which it was created for the purposes of conducting transactions between sovereign states. The level of currency internationalization for a currency is determined by the demand other countries have for that currency. This depends on the amount of business that is performed between the countries and/or the perceived value of the currency as a good store of value.
The use of yuan to settle trade is seen as part of the internationalization of the yuan, which should move forward in stages. China's foreign exchange and capital transactions have already been liberalized roughly to the point where Japan was in the early 1970s. For the time being, the focus should be on expanding both the regions and products eligible for yuan-denominated trade settlement and the number of currency swap agreements that include the yuan.
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考） 第一部分：英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 教学点：南京信息职业技术学院 专业：电子信息工程 姓名：陈洁 学号： 014910253034 外文出处：《 Pci System Architecture 》 (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 该生外文翻译没有基本的语法错误，用词准确，没 有重要误译，忠实原文；译文通顺，条理清楚，数量与 质量上达到了本科水平。 签名： 年月日 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 64位PCI扩展 1.64位数据传送和64位寻址：独立的能力 PCI规范给出了允许64位总线主设备与64位目标实现64位数据传送的机理。在传送的开始，如果回应目标是一个64位或32位设备，64位总线设备会自动识别。如果它是64位设备，达到8个字节（一个4字）可以在每个数据段中传送。假定是一串0等待状态数据段。在33MHz总线速率上可以每秒264兆字节获取（8字节／传送＊33百万传送字／秒），在66MHz总线上可以528M字节／秒获取。如果回应目标是32位设备，总线主设备会自动识别并且在下部4位数据通道上（AD[31::00]）引导，所以数据指向或来自目标。 规范也定义了64位存储器寻址功能。此功能只用于寻址驻留在4GB地址边界以上的存储器目标。32位和64位总线主设备都可以实现64位寻址。此外，对64位寻址反映的存储器目标（驻留在4GB地址边界上）可以看作32位或64位目标来实现。 注意64位寻址和64位数据传送功能是两种特性，各自独立并且严格区分开来是非常重要的。一个设备可以支持一种、另一种、都支持或都不支持。 2.64位扩展信号 为了支持64位数据传送功能，PCI总线另有39个引脚。 ●REQ64#被64位总线主设备有效表明它想执行64位数据传送操作。REQ64#与FRAME#信号具有相同的时序和间隔。REQ64#信号必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位总线主设备进行传送时，REQ64#不能又漂移。 ●ACK64#被目标有效以回应被主设备有效的REQ64#（如果目标支持64位数据传送），ACK64#与DEVSEL#具有相同的时序和间隔（但是直到REQ64#被主设备有效，ACK64#才可被有效）。像REQ64#一样，ACK64#信号线也必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位设备是传送目标时，ACK64#不能漂移。 ●AD[64::32]包含上部4位地址／数据通道。 ●C/BE#[7::4]包含高4位命令/字节使能信号。 ●PAR64是为上部4个AD通道和上部4位C/BE信号线提供偶校验的奇偶校验位。 以下是几小结详细讨论64位数据传送和寻址功能。 3.在32位插入式连接器上的64位卡
预测高速公路建设项目最终的预算和时间 摘要 目的——本文的目的是开发模型来预测公路建设项目施工阶段最后的预算和持续的时间。 设计——测算收集告诉公路建设项目，在发展预测模型之前找出影响项目最终的预算和时间，研究内容是基于人工神经网络(ANN)的原理。与预测结果提出的方法进行比较,其精度从当前方法基于挣值。 结果——根据影响因素最后提出了预算和时间，基于人工神经网络的应用原理方法获得的预测结果比当前基于挣值法得到的结果更准确和稳定。 研究局限性/意义——因素影响最终的预算和时间可能不同,如果应用于其他国家,由于该项目数据收集的都是泰国的预测模型,因此,必须重新考虑更好的结果。 实际意义——这项研究为用于高速公路建设项目经理来预测项目最终的预算和时间提供了一个有用的工具，可为结果提供早期预算和进度延误的警告。 创意/价值——用ANN模型来预测最后的预算和时间的高速公路建设项目,开发利用项目数据反映出持续的和季节性周期数据, 在施工阶段可以提供更好的预测结果。 关键词：神经网、建筑业、预测、道路、泰国 文章类型：案例研究 前言 一个建设工程项普遍的目的是为了在时间和在预算内满足既定的质量要求和其他规格。为了实现这个目标,大量的工作在施工过程的管理必须提供且不能没有计划地做成本控制系统。一个控制系统定期收集实际成本和进度数据,然后对比与计划的时间表来衡量工作进展是否提前或落后时间表和强调潜在的问题(泰克兹,1993)。成本和时间是两个关键参数，在建设项目管理和相关参数的研究中扮演着重要的角色，不断提供适当的方法和
工具，使施工经理有效处理一个项目，以实现其在前期建设和在施工阶段的目标。在施工阶段,一个常见的问题要求各方参与一个项目，尤其是一个所有者,最终项目的预算到底是多少?或什么时候该项目能被完成？ 在跟踪和控制一个建设项目时，预测项目的性能是非常必要的。目前已经提出了几种方法,如基于挣值技术、模糊逻辑、社会判断理论和神经网络。将挣值法视为一个确定的方法，其一般假设，无论是性能效率可达至报告日期保持不变，或整个项目其余部分将计划超出申报日期（克里斯坦森，1992；弗莱明和坎普曼，2000 ；阿萨班尼，1999；维卡尔等人，2000）。然而，挣值法的基本概念在研究确定潜在的进度延误、成本和进度的差异成本超支的地区。吉布利（1985）利用平均每个成本帐户执行工作的实际成本，也称作单位收入的成本，其标准差来预测项目完工成本。各成本帐户每月的进度是一个平均平稳过程标准偏差，显示预测模型的可靠性，然而，接受的单位成本收益在每个报告期在变化。埃尔丁和休斯（1992）和阿萨班尼（1999）利用分解组成成本的结构来提高预测精度。迪克曼和Al-Tabtabai（1992）基于社会判断理论提出了一个方法，该方法在预测未来的基础上的一组线索，源于人的判断而不是从纯粹的数学算法。有经验的项目经理要求基于社会判断理论方法的使用得到满意的结果。Moselhi等人（2006）应用“模糊逻辑”来预测潜在的成本超支和对建设工程项目的进度延迟。该方法的结果在评估特定时间状态的项目和评价该项目的利润效率有作用。这有助于工程人员所完成的项目时间限制和监控项目预算。Kaastra和博伊德（1996）开发的“人工神经网络”,此网络作为一种有效的预测工具，可以利用过去“模式识别”工作和显示各种影响因素的关系，然后预测未来的发展趋势。罗威等人（2006）开发的成本回归模型能在项目的早期阶段估计建筑成本。总共有41个潜在的独立变量被确定，但只有四个变量：总建筑面积，持续时间，机械设备，和打桩，是线性成本的关键驱动因素，因为它们出现在所有的模型中。模型提出了进一步的洞察了施工成本和预测变量的各种关系。从模型得到的估计结果可以提供早期阶段的造价咨询（威廉姆斯（2003））——最终竞标利用回归模型预测的建设项目成本。 人工神经网络已被广泛用在不同的施工功能中，如估价、计划和产能预测。神经网络建设是Moselhi等人（1991）指出，由Hegazy（1998）开发了一个模型，该模型考虑了项目的外在特征，估计加拿大的公路建设成本： ·项目类型 ·项目范围
威廉-莎士比亚 威廉-莎士比亚（1564-1616）是世界有史以来最著名的作剧家和诗人之一。凭着38部作品，154首十四行诗和2首长诗，他建立了他在世界文学史中的赫赫威名。他也被全世界各式各样的学者和评论家给予了最高的赞誉。在过去4百年间，关于莎士比亚的书籍和文章还不断大量出版。 莎士比亚可能出生于1564年4月23日埃文河畔斯特拉特福城的一户商人家庭。他的父亲的职业被传为是卖手套的、羊毛商人、农夫或者是屠夫，是一个镇上有点地位的人，并多次当选为镇委员会的成员。莎士比亚在哪个美丽的贸易小镇度过了他的童年并上了斯特拉特福语文小学。他真正的老师是大自然和周围的百姓。1587年，莎士比亚娶了大他几岁的安妮-哈撒韦为妻。妻子为他生了3个孩子，苏珊娜和双胞胎朱迪斯和哈姆尼特。也许由于要养活不断壮大的家庭，莎士比亚在1586或1587年离开斯特拉特福去了伦敦。 莎士比亚去了伦敦一处为戏剧发展提供了优越环境的地方。他既当演员又做作剧家，为张伯伦家族做事，张伯伦家族后来又成为了王族。莎士比亚的事业发展得如此的好以致被誉为‘大学才子’之一的罗伯特-格林气极败坏地地称呼他是只‘向上扑腾的乌鸦’。 大约从1591到1611年间，莎士比亚到达了他戏剧生涯的顶峰，他的作品一部又一部地不断问世。莎士比亚没有把他的天赋局限于戏院里，在1593和1954年，他发表了2篇叙事诗，《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，都是写给南安普顿伯爵的。1609年他也写了短诗并出版了。到1597年时莎士比亚已经很有钱了，他在斯特拉特福买套大宅子作为新居。大约于1610年莎士比亚从伦敦退隐回了斯特拉特福，即便如此他还是坚持写作了一段时间。他卒于1616年4月23日。 由于对莎士比亚的许多作品的创作准确时间仍然存有争议，评论家们对把莎士比亚戏生涯的戏剧作品划分阶段方面存有不同的观点。但总体来说他的戏剧生涯可以分为4个时期。 莎士比亚戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段是创作早期。他写了5部历史剧：《亨利六世》的第一、二、三部，和《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》；4部戏剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维罗纳的2位绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 第二个阶段，莎士比亚的创作风格和方式变得极具个性。在不同的人物之间、现象和现实之间，莎士比亚构造了复杂的典范，他对人类各种缺点进行了精妙的诠释。在这个时期他写了5部历史剧：《理查二世》，《约翰国王》，《亨利四世》第一、二部和《亨利五世》;6部戏剧：《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯的商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第12夜》和《温莎的风流妇人》；2部悲剧：《罗密欧和朱丽叶》和《裘里斯凯撒》 莎士比亚的第三时期作品包括他最杰出的悲剧和所谓的黑色喜剧。这个时期的悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》，《麦克白》，《安东尼与克利奥帕特拉》，《特洛伊罗斯与克雷西达》和《科里奥兰纳斯》。2部喜剧是：《终成眷属》和《争锋相对》。 莎士比亚最后时期的作品包括他主要的烂漫悲喜剧：《伯利克里》，《辛白林》，《冬天的故事》和《暴风雨》；和他最后两部作品：《亨利八世》和《两个贵亲戚》。 莎士比亚真正的跟戏剧五官的是个主要是两首叙述长诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，和他的154首系列短诗。莎士比亚的十四行诗都单是
2100单词，11500英文字符，4300汉字 出处：Do?an E. New Historicism and Renaissance Culture*J+. Ankara üniversitesiDilveTarih-Co?rafyaFakültesiDergisi, 2005, 45(1): 77-95. 原文 NEW HISTORICISM AND RENAISSANCE CULTURE EvrimDogan Although this new form of historicism centers history as the subject of research, it differs from the "old" in its understanding of history. While traditional historicism regards history as "universal," new historicism considers it to be "cultural." According to Jeffrey N. Cox and Larry J.Reynolds, "new" historicism can be differentiated from "old" historicism "by its lack of faith in 'objectivity' and 'permanence' and its stress not upon the direct recreation of the past, but rather the process by which the past is constructed or invented" (1993: 4). This new outlook on history also brings about a new outlook on literature and literary criticism. Traditional literary historicism holds that the proper aim of literary criticism is to attempt to reconstruct the past objectively, whereas new historicism suggests that history is only knowable in the same sense literature is—through subjective interpretation: our understanding of the past is always conducted by our present consciousness’s. Louis Montrose, in his "Professing the Renaissance," lays out that as critics we are historically bound and we may only reconstruct the histories through the filter of our consciousness: Our analyses and our understandings necessarily proceed from our own historically, socially and institutionally shaped vantage points; that the histories we reconstruct are the textual constructs of critics who are, ourselves, historical subjects (1989: 23). For Montrose, contemporary historicism must recognize that "not only the poet but also the critic exists in history" and that the texts are "inscriptions of history" and furthermore that "our comprehension, representation, interpretation of the texts of the past always proceeds by a mixture of estrangement and appropriation.". Montrose suggests that this kind of critical practice constitutes a continuous dialogue between a "poetics" and a "politics" of culture. In Montrose's opinion, the complete recovery of meanings in a diverse historical outlook is considered necessary since older historical criticism is "illusory," in that it attempts to "recover meanings that are in any final or absolute sense authentic, correct, and complete," because scholarship constantly "constructs and delimits" the objects of study and the scholar is "historically positioned vis-a-vis that object:" The practice of a new historical criticism invites rhetorical strategies by which to foreground the constitutive acts of textuality that traditional modes of literary history efface or misrecognize. It also necessitates efforts to historicize the present as well as the past, and to historicize the dialectic between them—those reciprocal historical pressures by which the past has shaped the present and the present reshapes the past. The new historicist outlook on literary criticism is primarily against literary formalism that excludes all considerations external to the "text," and evaluates it in isolation.The preliminary concern of new historicism is to refigure the relationship between texts and the cultural system in which they were produced. In terms of new historicism, a literary text can only be evaluated in its social, historical, and political contexts. Therefore, new historicism renounces the formalist conception of literature as an autonomous aesthetic order that transcends the needs and interests of
Because I could not stop for Death, He kindly stopped for me; The carriage held but just ourselves And Immortality. We slowly drove, he knew no haste, And I had put away My labor, and my leisure too, For his civility. We passed the school, where children strove At recess, in the ring; We passed the fields of gazing grain, We passed the setting sun. Or rather, he passed us; The dews grew quivering and chill, For only gossamer my gown, My tippet only tulle. We paused before a house that seemed A swelling of the ground; The roof was scarcely visible, The cornice but a mound. Since then 'tis centuries, and yet each Feels shorter than the day I first surmised the horses' heads Were toward eternity. 我无暇去会死亡 爱米莉·伊丽莎白·狄更生 我无暇去会死亡， 死神便和善地接我前往，我只好放下劳作与闲暇，无法拒绝他的殷勤礼让。 我们一起坐上马车， 还有永生陪伴身旁， 我们驱车缓缓前行， 他悠然自得不慌不忙。 我们经过校园， 娱乐的孩子挤满操场， 我们经过田野，麦穗张望，我们经过西沉的太阳。 或许该是夕阳经过我们吧，露珠抖动，略显苍凉， 只为我的面纱、斗篷， 还有我薄丝织就的衣裳。 我们经过一个隆起的土堆，那似乎是一座住房， 屋顶几乎无法看见， 屋架也在地下埋藏。 感觉比一天还要短暂， 虽然自此千万年岁月漫长，我初次产生这种猜测： 永恒正是马头所向。
文献出处：Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.
英美文学选读作家作 品列表
The Renaissance Period 1. Edmund Spenser ①The shepheardes Calender 牧人日记 ②The Faerie Queene 仙后 ③Epithalamion 新婚喜歌 2．Christopher Marlowe Tamburlaine 帖木儿 Dr. Faustus 浮士德博士的悲剧 The Jew of Malta 马耳他的犹太人 Edward Ⅱ爱德华2世 Hero and Leander 海洛与勒安德耳 The passionate shepherd to his love 激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘 A verse translation of Ovid’s Amores 翻译了奥维德的爱的艺术 3．William Shakespeare Period1: He wrote 5 history plays HenryⅥ亨利6世 RichardⅢ理查三世 Titus Andronicus 泰托斯。安东尼 4 comedies: The comedy of errors 错误的喜剧.The two Gentlemen of Verona维洛那2绅士. The Taming of the shrew 驯悍记. Love’s Lost 爱的徒劳 Period2： 5 histories: RichardⅡ理查二世 .King john约翰王 HenryⅣ。 HenryⅤ 6 comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦 The Merchant of Venice Much ado About nothing 无事生非 As You Like It 皆大欢喜 Twelfth Night 第12夜The Merry Wives of Windsor 温沙的风流娘们 2 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet Julius Caesar Period3: includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear李尔王 Macbeth麦克白 ,Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克里奥佩特拉,Troilus and Cressida 特络绎勒斯与克里西达,and Coriolanus克里奥拉那斯. 2 comedies: All’s Well That Ends Well 终成眷属 and Measure for Measure一报还一报 Period4: romantic tragicomedies: Pericles伯里克里, Cymbeline 辛白林,The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest暴风雨, 2 final plays: Henry Ⅷ，The Two Noble Kinsmen 2位贵族亲戚 4．Francis Bacon
淮阴工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系部：计算机工程 专业：计算机科学与技术 姓名：刘海平 学号： 10213120 外文出处：Digital Avionics Systems Conference,2005. DASC 2005. The 24th 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 解决嵌入式OPENGL难题－使标准、工具和APIS能在高度嵌入 和安全的环境中一起工作 摘要 作为定义和表现屏幕图象来说，嵌入式的HMIS正在使用OpenGL来表现API.由于图形加速子系统和商业驱动的出现，这一趋势能被很好的支持。同时，嵌入的图形工具和软件厂商已经在他们的API中支持OpenGL。因为其高度的嵌入和关键的安全环境，完整的OpenGL不是一个狭窄的标准。为了能获得低价格/低功耗的硬件设备和减少获得关键安全证书的驱动的复杂性，必须包含OpenGL的子集。 近些年，移动图形工业已经从定义合适的OpenGL子集的工业联盟的努力中获得利益。这些子集，或外形,存在于趋向为广泛的不同的嵌入式市场的应用的不同版本提供服务。它很清楚如此定义明确的标准罐子和将会有一种在嵌入式和关键安全的图形业上的有益的影响，提供空前的便携和简单的HMI程序. 图形工具和软件厂商正在支持新的标准的水平是不清晰的。对于终端开发者来说，这些要求是非常高的，就像既不支持或很难的保证的API的可靠性。这篇论文在对厂商和开发者征税方面提出了些建议，获得用户接口和用OPENGL标准来确保工程的成功和HMI软件的广泛调度的建议。 背景 图形处理单元（GPUs） 在过去 10 年内, 嵌入式的系统经历了基本的变化的平台显示技术。这些变化已经主要被两个相似技术所控制，使用了OPENGL的显示硬件和高级的以光栅为基础的EGS系统。平面显示已经在支持嵌入式尺寸和宽度限制方面有了很大的提高。以光栅为基础的EGS已经在解决增强的方法方面提供了足够的马力，特别是建立在日常的OPENGL硬件上。 那些渲染引擎或图形芯片是处理图形和创建或渲染图形的移动处理设备的一部分。在桌面系统方面，硬件渲染引擎起处于统治地位，导致了两个高性能的处理
毕业设计（论文） 外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：非常https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c2255892.html, 文献、资料英文题目：Extreme ASP.NE 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院 专业 学生姓名 班级学号 外文出处 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文 指导教师评价： 1．翻译内容与课题的结合度：□优□良□中□差2．翻译内容的准确、流畅：□优□良□中□差3．专业词汇翻译的准确性：□优□良□中□差4．翻译字符数是否符合规定要求：□符合□不符合 指导教师签名： 年月日
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 非常https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c2255892.html, 1.1Web 部署项目 当ASP 第一次发布时，Web 编程还比较困难，因为需要 IIS 来处理 ASP 页。后来，https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c2255892.html, 2.0 和 Visual Studio? 2005 通过引入网站开发模型使一切工作都变得容易了。借助该网站模型，您不必在 Visual Studio 中创建新项目，而是可以指向一个目录并开始编写网页和代码。此外，您还可以使用内置的 https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c2255892.html, Development Server 快速测试站点，https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c2255892.html, Development Server 将 https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c2255892.html, 寄宿在一个本地进程中，并消除了必须安装 IIS 才能进行开发这一先决条件。该网站模型的魅力在于您在开发 Web 应用程序时无需考虑打包和部署。需要其他类时怎么办？向 App_Code 目录添加一个 .cs 文件即可开始编写。希望将可本地化的字符串存储在资源文件中时怎么办？向 App_GlobalResources 目录添加一个 .resx 文件并键入字符串。一切都顺顺当当；您根本就不必考虑编译和部署方面的事情。 在准备进行部署时，您有多种可选方案。最简单的方案是将文件复制到主运行服务器并按要求编译每一个文件（和在测试环境中一样）。第二种方案是使用 aspnet_compiler.exe 实用工具将应用程序预编译为二进制版本，之后将只剩下要放到服务器上的一组程序集、静态内容和配置文件。第三种方案也使用 aspnet_compiler.exe，但要创建一个可更新的二进制部署，其中 .as*x 文件保持不变（并且可修改），而所有代码文件都编译为二进制程序集。 这似乎涵盖了每一种可能的情况，开发人员可以一心一意地编写 Web 应用程序，而在以后实际部署时再作打包和部署决定。不过，此模型也遭到了相当大的反对，特别是那些习惯了自己开发的 Web 项目是在实际项目文件中指定的实际项目的开发人员的反对，这些项目允许注入生成前和生成后函数、从生成过程排除文件以及使用命令行开关在调试和发布版本之间进行切换等操作。有鉴于此，Microsoft 迅速推出了 Web 应用程序项目（即 WAP），最初它是作为 Visual Studio 2005 的插件发布的，现在包含在 Visual Studio 2005 Service Pack 1 (SP1) 中，Visual Studio 2005 Service Pack 1 (SP1) 可从https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c2255892.html,/vstudio/support/vs2005sp1 下载。 WAP 可替代与 Visual Studio .NET 2005 Web 项目模型非常接近的网站模型。新的WAP 模型会在生成过程中编译所有源代码文件，并在本地的 /bin 目录中生成一个用于部署的程序集。WAP 还使得增量采用 https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c2255892.html, 2.0 引入的新的分部类代码隐藏模型变得更
SONNET 18 (William Shakespeare)十四行诗 Shall I compare thee to a summer's day Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, An d often is his gold complexion dimm’d, And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or nature's changing course untrimm’d: But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st, Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in h is shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st. So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.我怎么能够将你比作夏天 你比夏天更美丽温婉。 狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残， 夏日的勾留何其短暂。 休恋那烈日当空， 转眼会云雾迷蒙； 休叹那百花凋零， 摧折于无常天命； 唯有你永恒的夏日长新， 你的美貌亦毫发无损。 死神也无缘将你幽禁， 你在我永恒的诗中长存。 只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇，这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。 Structure: Runs in iambic pentameter, rhymed ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. 1. What is the theme of this sonnet Eternality, beauty, immorality 2. Why is the speaker’s beloved more lovely than a summer’s day One thing he is thinking of is how short lived summer is. Another reason he says his love is more beautiful than a summer day is that the summer whether can be harsh, making nature look less beautiful than it does otherwise. 3.There is obviously a shift of tone and subject matter in line 9. Describe such a shift. The author compared the loved one, just in a soft and sentimental tone similar to many love sonnets, to a summer’s day in the first 4 lines, while, in the following 4, developing this concept to the poor power of people falling to retain the fair against Nature. But in line
外文原文版出处：Publisher - IJEDR (ISSN - 2321-9939) Pubished in - V olume 5 | Issue 2 | April 2017 Unique Identification Number - IJEDR1702134 International Journal of Engineering Development and Research 译文成绩：指导教师（导师组长）签名： 译文： 摘要--本项目以其设计和工作原理，了解齿轮传动系统原理。汽车使用不同的齿轮。齿轮有啮齿来传送驱动器。根据理论计算，对齿轮箱组件进行了有限元分析，并对减速机的设计进行了简要的研究。 关键词：变速箱设计，变速箱开发 1.1介绍 变速器是电力传输系统中的一种机器，它提供了控制功率的应用。通常术语传输仅仅指使用齿轮和齿轮列车提供转速和扭矩转换从一个旋转电源到另一个设备的齿轮箱。 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = wT，其中 w 是转动的角速度，T 是扭距。当 N 固定的时候，w 与 T 是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如日产 ZN6481W2G 型 SUV 车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1 档 3.704:１；2 档 2.202:1；3 档 1.414:1；4 档1:1；5 档（超速档）0.802:1。