第23卷第4期零陵学院学报 Vol. 23 No.4 2002年12月 Journal of Lingling University Dec. 2002
语篇的连贯性与大学英语写作
陈香
（岳阳师范学院大学英语部 湖南岳阳 ４１４０００）
摘 要：在系统功能语法理论的基础上，从语域一致和语篇特征两个方面，对大学英语短文写作的连贯性进行了实例分析，寻找语篇连贯的依据，探讨提高我国大学生英语写作水平的有效途径。
关键词：大学英语写作； 语域一致；语篇特征
中图分类号：Ｈ３１９ 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编号：１６７１－９６９７（２００２）０４－００８９－０４
1．引言
在大学英语考试（CET）中，短文写作是最能体现学生实际英语水平的一种测试手段，然而它也是最难提高的语言技能之一。长期以来，这一难题困扰着大批的英语爱好者，尤其是大学非英语专业的学生。如何尽快提高学生的英语写作水平一直是广大英语教师面临的挑战。对此，许多专家学者作出了不懈的努力，进行了广泛的研究。如：马广惠、文秋芳（1999）通过多维的“英语水平”模式，对影响学生英语写作水平的因素开展了研究；娄宝翠（2001）从差错分析的角度，采用语料库方法对中国学生英语写作中的造词频率与其英语水平的关系进行了统计和分析；高芳（2002）的研究表明，培养学生的句子意识、段落意识、篇章意识和文体意识，是提高学生英语写作能力和写作水平的有效手段，等等。这些研究从不同的视角分析了造成学生写作能力低下的原因和英语教学中存在的问题，使我们认识到积极采取对策、改进教学方法的必要性和可行性。
针对全国大学生英语写作水平徘徊不前的现状，本文认为有必要对CET作文题的评分原则及标准进行考察。CET作文题的评分标准把总分15分分为五个等距等级，每一个等级从内容、语言和连贯性三方面提出了具体的要求：评分标准：
14分—切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。
11分—切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。
8分—基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。
5分—基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。
2分—条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。
我们不难看出：在作文评分中连贯性这一标准起着举足轻重的作用。连贯性是语篇最基本的特征。胡壮麟（1994）曾说过：“如果一个语篇前后衔接、意思连贯，那么其可接受性则八九不离十。”本文拟从系统功能语法的角度，依据其关于语篇连贯的标准，对大学英语作文进行分析，探求从连贯入手提高学生英语写作水平的途径。
2．连贯的标准
系统功能语法创始人M．A．K．Halliday认为：连贯是一个语义概念，它是话语内不同的组成部分之间在意义上的联系。语篇的连贯应考虑两个方面的因素：语域一致（consistence in register）和语篇特征（texture）。
２．１ 语域一致
语域一致是系统功能语法的主要内容之一。语域指根据用途区分的不同语言，包括一个人在不同情况下所用的口语和书面语言的不同风格或特定群体所用的特殊语言变体。连贯的语篇与语境（context）是连贯的，因而在语域方面也是前后一致的。语境包括文化语境（context of culture）和情景语境（context of situation）。文化语境指整个文化背景，情景语境指语言发生的实际环境。文化语境决定讲话者在这一文化语境中能够说的话，而情景语境则决定讲话者在某一具体语境中实际说的话（张德禄，1987）。确定语篇是否连贯和连贯的程度的首要标准是看情景语境的需要。情景语境由三个因素组成：语场（field）、
语旨(tenor) 和语式(mode)。语场指交际的内容和目的，语旨指交际双方的关系，语式指交际的方式，它们分别决定了语言意义系统的三个组织部分：概念意义、人际意义和语篇意义。我们可以通过语境来预测语篇，即通过预测在这一语境中供交流的意义，可以大致预测出语篇的结构，以及所用词汇和语法的类型，这就是语域的预测功能。语域一致主要包括两个方面的内容：
（1）语篇有正常的语类结构（generic structure），即特定的语类通常所包含的组成部分或总体结构，包括必要成分和非必要成分按照一定次序的排列。
（2）整个语篇有一个中心话题。如果语篇紧紧围绕一个中心话题展开，而该话题又得到话语活动参与者的足够关注，所作的讨论前后合乎逻辑，那么整个语篇就是连贯的。
２．２语篇特征
语篇特征是语篇功能的体现，有结构性和非结构性之分。结构性语篇特征指语篇的主位结构和信息结构，主位结构是语篇作者意欲突出不同的信息或赋予重要性时的一种信息安排考虑。语篇上下文的承接即句子主位和述位之间的联系和变化促使整个语篇的思路得以逐步地展开和明了，从而建构连贯的主位推进模式(patterns of thematic progression )，形成一个具有完整意义的整体。由于信息结构是通过声调突出来体现的，因而书面语篇通常不进行信息结构分析(黄国文，2001)。
衔接是非结构性的语篇特征。Halliday和Hasan（1976）指出：“当话语中某一成分的含义取决于另一个成分的解释时，便会出现衔接。”衔接是将语篇中的句子连接成一个整体从而创造连贯的主要手段，它有助于作者建立句子边界之间的联系，建构连贯语篇。
3．实例分析
参照以上关于连贯的标准，本文将以主位结构的描述为基础，对下面这篇1997年1月份的大学英语四级实考范文进行综合分析。
３．１语类结构
先看提纲和要求：
Practice Makes Perfect
1. 怎样理解“熟能生巧”？
2. 例如：在英语学习……
3. 又如……
Halliday 曾说：“学习外语的大部分工作在于学会正确的预测，预测就意味着理解”。为了预测文章的语类结构，有必要对范文的情景语境加以分析：语场：举例论述谚语“熟能生巧”的哲理；语旨：作者与阅卷老师之间的关系；语式：比较正式的书面文体。由此确定范文属于“论说型”语类，应具备三个必要成份：引论∧本论∧结论。引论提出讨论的问题并阐明讨论此问题的重要性，本论摆出论据，结论重申可能在文章开头就已提出的见解或主张。各个成分的重现频率应符合论述的需要。
下面将对照全文加以分析、验证：
Practice Makes Perfect
(1) As the saying goes, practice makes perfect. (2) Whatever you do, you are certain to aim at perfection. (3) But perfection lies in practice. (4) Without practice, you can never expect to be really good at anything. (5) On the contrary, the more you practice, the more likely you are to have things perfectly done.
(6) A case in point is the study of English. (7) If you are to improve your pronunciation, you must practice every sound again and again. (8) If you want to write an excellent composition, you have to practice your writing.
(9) Another example is Deng Yaping, the world No.1 woman ping-pong player. (10) This short girl, who does not seem to be cut out for sports, owes her success to painstaking and prolonged practice. (11) Practice, so to speak, can even make a difference between becoming merely good at something and becoming a champion.
３．２中心话题
首先，对文章的主位进行排列，以考察其话题的展开、转换与语篇连贯之间的关系。
T1 As the saying goes, practice →T2 Whatever you do, →T3 But perfection →T4Without practice, →T5 On the contrary, the more you practice, →
T 6 A case in point → T 7 If you are to improve your pronunciation, → T 8 If you want to write an excellent composition, → T 9 Another example → T 10 This short girl, who does not seem to be cut out for sports, → T 11 Practice,
从全文11个主位的有序排列可以清晰地看到作者的思路和话题的发展。文章开门见山
地以主题句引出话题：“Practice makes perfect ”，T 2和T 3是对话题的丰富哲理内涵的讨论，
T 4和T 5通过正反对比的方法进一步突出强化了practice 的价值。按照提纲的要求，T 6和T 9分别引出新的话题，以“英语学习”和中国乒坛老将邓亚萍为例对主题加以例证，从不同的角度再次印证了practice 的重要性。文章结尾T 11又回到practice ，与篇首T 1形成前后呼应，构成完整的语篇。由此可见，标题就是文章的中心话题，它统领了全篇的所有小话题（英语学习、邓亚萍的经历），促进了语篇的连贯性和整体性。
同时，主位排列也进一步验证了文章的语类结构特征，即：引论（T 1—T 5）∧ 本论（T 6—T 10）∧ 结论（T 11），作者通过T 6—T 8和T 9—T 10两次列举事实和解释事实来反复论证自己的观点，更有说服力。
３．３主位结构
语篇对句子主位的选择并非随意，主位结构安排应为一定的目的服务，为一定的体裁服务。从形式结构上分析，语篇中各句的主位推进有一定的规律性。体现谋篇意义的主位推进模式主要可以分为：主位同一型、述位同一型和延续型等。但大多数语篇采取的是几种模式的综合运用(朱永生等，2001)。以下是对范文的主位推进模式进行的分析：
T 1—R 1 T 7—R 7
T 2—R 2 T 8—R 8(=R 7)
T 3(=R 2)—R 3 T 9—R 9
T 4(=R 3)—R 4 T 10(=R 9)—R 10
T 5(=T 4)—R 5 T 11(=R 10)—R 11
T 6—R 6
从主位模式的分布情况(见表1)可以看出：语篇中使用最多的是延续型，共出现4次，占36%。其次是述位同一型，共出现2次，占18%。说明作者主要是从上句的述位中选择某一信息作为下句的起点，或者是从不同的角度对同一话题进行阐述。此外，主位同一型只出现了1次，占9%，这主要是由主位的标记性(markedness)造成的(见表2)。在全文11个句子主位中，标记性(marked)主位共7个，占64%，其中状语主位5个，且均表条件意义。宾语主位2个，在非标记性(unmarked)主位中连接主位占50%。标记性主位具有语篇组织功能和文体功能，有助于读者按照作者预定的方向理解语篇，体现了论说型语类的说理需要。从文体的角度上也克服了主题项一直被主位化的单调，使语篇更富有变化，也更书面化。作为一种衔接的手段，连接主位体现了句子之间的逻辑关系，有利于说理。 表１．主位推进模式的分布 表２．主位的标记性分布
３．４衔接
语篇除了可以通过逻辑联系语来构成衔接之外，还可以借助其他的手段，如：照应（reference ）、替代（substitution ）、省略（ellipsis ）、重述（reiteration ）和搭配（collocation ）等。一个衔接成分前指的另一个成分又与再前面的成分衔接所构成的链条状丝丝相扣的衔接纽带，称为衔接链(cohesion chain)。语篇的连贯性程度不取决于衔接链的数目多寡，而取决于它们之间相互作用的程度(刘辰诞，1999)。表3是对范文的衔接情况的分析。
表3．衔接链的分布
１． practice perfect
推进模式
使用次数 比例 主位同一型
1 9% 述位同一型
2 18% 延续型
4 36% 主位总数
11 主位类别 个数 比例 总数 7 64% 状语主位 5 71% 标记 性 主位 宾语主位 2 29% 非标记性主位 4 36% 连接主位 2 18% 主位总数
11 100%
２．you , you ↓ perfection
３．↓ practice perfection
４．you practice good
５．you, you practice perfectly
６．↓ Case ↓↓ English
７．you, you ↓ practice improve pronunciation
８．you, you ↓ practice excellent composition
９． example ↓ Deng Yaping the world No.1
１０． practice girl success
１１． practice good, champion
从表3来看，文章主要由三条衔接链组成：you链、practice链和perfect链，它们各自包含五个以上的标记项目，其中you链和practice链均为同一链(identity chain)，由代词和名词的重复体现。perfect链为同一链与相似链(similarity chain)的结合，是语法衔接与词汇链接的综合体现。另外还有三条链接纽带，在这些衔接链和衔接纽带中涉及的项目是相关标记项目。有意义的标记的比例越高，语篇就越连贯。衔接链相互作用，形成语篇的发展脉络，衔接链之间的交互通常说明语篇主题的意义。
4．小结
系统功能语法关于连贯的标准对大学英语写作教学具有重要的指导意义。传统的写作教学往往只注重语言形式的准确性，而忽视了内容的充分表达和语篇的合理布局。大学英语写作不是自由作文，而是有控制的作文，对考生写什么内容有比较明确的要求，用各种明确的方式如：提纲、图表、关键词等加以规定。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，内容要通过语言来表达，内容和语言的统一体现在语篇的连贯性。
综上所述，本文认为大学英语写作应考虑以下几个方面的因素：
１．切题。是否存在一个贯穿始终的中心话题，其他话题的展开是否对其构成强烈的干扰。
２．适切性。文章是否具备由提纲的情景语境所预测的语类结构特征，必要成分与非必要成分的位置和顺序是否遵守该语类所要求的惯例。
３．条理性。主位切换是否有助于把握话题范围和发展，主位选择是否有利于信息的突出和文体的需要。
４．流利性。语言各层次(语义、词汇、句法等)的成分是否表现出应有的衔接，使所欲表达的意图贯通全篇达到交际目的。
大学英语写作体现的是一种综合语言技能。本文仅从系统功能语法的角度，对其连贯手段进行了初步的分析和讨论。要全面提高学生的写作水平，还需要在课堂教学的实践中进行全方位的探索。
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1. 成功的四个步骤Four Steps to a Successful Four Steps to a Successful The first time in life? Then grasp your chance with your perfect performance o n the dating night, by learning the following principle in heart. Dress properly. While everyone wants to give an impressive debut on the first date, you should avoid wearing something too bizarre to be accepted. If you are st ill in school, a sportswear can fulfill your purpose. For businessman or grownups, c asual clothes are recommended. Never put up your working uniforms,no matter ho w well you like that Armani suit. It is no work. A few accessories such as a pair o f sunglasses or silver loops on the wrist can add up to the romance sphere. Take a bath before dating. And if you like, spray a little perfume, but unless y ou＇re sure that he or she likes the smell,don＇t use ones that are too strong. Watch your manner. You＇re no prince of the Scotland nor Cinderella in the le gend. Proper manners will ensure a lasting relationship while bad ones scare away your sweetheart. And do make sure you do not boast about your fortune, for, not everyone are green addicts. And your way of smiling, or your greatestoath, should neither be "coy" nor "by St. Loy!" after the nun in Chaucer. Be a little sensitive than merely innocent. Do make sure you do not intrude hi s or her privacy on the first date. For there maybe something deeply concealed wit hin the inner core of every heart, of which the owner doesn＇t share often with an yone but his intimacy. Finally, wish you good luck. May you get your hearts combined and start a ne w journey in the miracle of life and love. Stay tuned till a borderline is reached, an d keep on through out the whole way. 简评看来第一次约会真是令人兴奋并紧张期待的。为第一次约会所提出的建议也是仁者见仁、智者见智。王永同学用词简单、结构精炼，读起来节奏快，例如：“Dress Properly．．．．I f you are still in school，a sportswear can fulfill your purpose．For businessman Or growmups，casual clothes are recommended．”这样的文章结构像是在提醒我们时不我待，要抓住机会，抓紧时间。 2. 我的宿舍生活My Dormitory Life My Dormitory Life Compared with the forty year old shabby dormitory I am living in now, the one I lived in for three years in high school was heaven: three students shared o ne brand new suite with air conditioners and a bathroom. In three years time we changed it thoroughly:the color of the floor turned from bright pink into muddy gray, and the closet a hive of insects proliferating among p
作文范文 请以“How should parents help their children to be independent?”为题，按照以下要点写作： 1. 目前很多父母为子女包办一切 2. 其实父母应该。。。。。。 In recent years, the vast majority of Chinese parents tend to …… And most children …… According to a survey, of all the parents interviewed, over 80% ……and more than 85% ….. However, kids cannot depend on their parents forever because …… Besides, being independent …… Therefore, parents need to realize the importance of helping their children to be independent. Parents should encourage their children to …… By doing so, parents …… In addition, parents should urge their kids to …… For example, …… 范文 In recent years, the vast majority of Chinese parents tend to make arrangements and decisions for their children. And most children take such excessive attention for granted and depend on their parents for almost everything. According to a survey, of all the parents interviewed, over 80% still accompany their children to schools, even to examinations, and more than 85% do housework for their kids including cooking meals and washing clothes.
达法,而且能够广泛增加有关商务活动的知识,从而提高他们运用英语进行书面交际的能力。 2．本门课是专业教学计划中的普通教育必修课，与先前英语基础课的关系是其后续的专业英语课。 3．本课程的教学目的：旨在使学生掌握各类英语书信的语言特点及篇章结构；了解便条及卡片、社交信函、求职、求学申请信的起草方法和各类信件的写作方法；熟悉各类涉外证件、商务信函、对外经济贸易中的技术交流合同、保险、外贸业务相关的各类电传以及广告、产品使用说明及产品维护等信函的写作技巧等。 本课程的教学任务是：在教学过程中，培养学生的实际交际、应用和解决问题能力并适当加入案例学习和贸易操作指南及练习，让学生在一个仿真模拟实践中了解和掌握一些涉外活动的基本程序和主要操作技能。 本课程的教学要求：通过对本课程的学习，要求学生将涉外业务知识与英语写作相结合，在已具备的英语读写能力基础上，重点掌握外贸信函、外贸电传的写作技巧。经过严格训练后，应
能独立、熟练和准确地起草以上各类信函，在今后的工作岗位上能熟练处理各种涉外业务。采用课堂教学和自主学习相结合的方式，充分运用先进的多媒体网络等现代化教育技术手段，引入计算机多媒体教学和网络教学平台，采用全方位、立体化、个性化的多媒体教学手段，提高教学效率和教学质量。 三、课程内容、学时分配及教学基本要求 Chapter 1 Basic Requirements for Writing （共2学时） （一）教学内容： 第一节词及句子 知识要点：词的选择与句子的表达 第二节段落及篇章 知识要点：段落及篇章的写作 教学重点：词汇的正确应用及句子的贴切表达 教学难点：如何组织段落及篇章结构 （二）教学基本要求： 1．了解英语词汇、句子的类型，理解其构成方式，懂得词汇及句子在写作中常见的错误，
大学英语六级写作经典范文及点评 大学生自我创业已经不是一个新鲜的话题了。那么自我创业有何利，又有何弊呢？看过本文之后你就知道了。或许这对面临毕业的你还是个不小的帮助呢！ Self employment Self employment could bring many advantages. One of the advantages of being self-employed is that the profit the business makes belongs to the owner. If the self-employed person succeeds in business, he has the chance to earn a great deal of money. The profit earned is the reward for the owner’s effort, ability and creativity. Thus, a second advantage is that a person’s intelligence and abilities have a direct effect on the earnings. A third advantage of being self-employed is that a person can control his working hours. While not all self-employed people are completely free, most of them have more control over this area than the salaried people. However, being self-employed is not without problems. First, being one’s own boss places the responsibility directly on that individual shoulders. Everyone has some weaknesses in a certain aspects. These weaknesses will affect how successful a self-employed person is. Second, though the self-employed can earn considerable profits with a successful business, losses can force them out of business and sometimes, place them in debt. A third disadvantage concerns income security. Self-employed people have no guaranteed wage. Their earnings can vary greatly, depending on business conditions. Salaried people, however, can generally count on continued earnings. In addition, salaried people often enjoy fringe benefits that mean greater peace of mind. One of these b enefits may be insurance paid for by the employer that continues the employee’s salary in the event of sickness or accident while many self-employed people do not have such protection①. ［253 words］ 行文点评 文章结构简单明了。第一段阐述了自我创业的3个好处。第二段分析了自我创业所存在的问题。 两段中“first, second, third”的使用，不仅使文章在句式上显得条理分明，更在内容上体现了连贯性。 好文妙译 自我创业
1.段落解释： is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of thought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions 2.A good paragraph is composed 组成 in such a way that it has : idea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topic explores the main idea explicitly and concretely,with 3.第一个写作常识has sound internal structure.The qualities that indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness. 4.怎样做到内容一致An excellent way of achieving unity is by means of the topic sentence.Properly used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish 5.标题句① the topic sentence properly used can achieve unity in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence;②the topic sentence 6.第二个写作常识 In short,a good topic sentence has a limited subject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.A topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.A topic sentence that is too narrow leaves little to be said in the rest of the coherence is connection and consistency.A coherent paragraph is one in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought step by step 8．第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentences help readers follow our ideas,other signals also help them understand what we have to say.When we write and when we revise,look for the areas that seem choppy or unconnected—that lack coherence.We can establish better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition ,and in a paragraph means that the topic is adequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means 1第四个写作常识：Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to make the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity and coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the sense of oneness. 2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads them into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence. 3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with specific elaboration or application of the general idea. 4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法)：As the name indicates, in developing a paragraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance.5第五个写作常识：Sequences of development are not independent of types of development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular, particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial. 6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序)：In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the topic sentence. 7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier things precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur in time. The most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story. 8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序)：A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types. It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from one place to another. 9第六个写作常识：The type of development is the way in which the main idea is supported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on. 10段落展开方式：Among the most important types of paragraph development are development by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition, cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.
作文范文之大学英语作文及翻译
大学英语作文及翻译 【篇一：大学生活_英语作文】 我的大学生活英语作文 the bright and dark sides of my university life every coin has two sides. on the one hand, i am quite satisfied with my university life. on the other hand, life in my university is not as satisfactory as what we had expected. here is the bright side of my university life: firstly, equipment of my university is advanced and teacher team is powerful. there is an advanced library that owns all kinds of books. so we can acquire a lot of knowledge from my university. secondly, all sorts of lectures are given on campus. we can learn much knowledge that is interesting. thirdly, my campus activities are rich and colorful. such as sports meets, speech contests, different social gatherings and dancing par ties provide opportunities to make friends. what’s more, my dormitory life is very harmonious. dormitory life is an important part of my university life. on the one hand, we can have a good rest and put our heart into study. on the other hand, we will have a good mood and enjoy being together. this is the dark side of my university life: firstly, there is only one dining room in my university. so we often need to wait in a long line, which waste much time. everyday is always fixed cuisine types, which make our appetites depressed. secondly, self-study room is not enough. now we will soon take final exam. so it is difficult to find a self-study room. what’s more, network of my university is very unstable. it is difficult to search
大学英语作文 大一生活感想英语作文（ 4 篇） 【大一生活感想英语作文篇一】 Time spent at a university is a most worthwhile period in a young person 's life. This is a time when a student begins to form. his or her ideas about life in general. Attending classes and studying in the library keep a student busy and provide him or her with access to valuable information, adding to his or her knowledge base. Campus life can also be rich and colorful. Most universities offer a variety of extracurricular activities such as sports events, contests, and other social gatherings, enabling the students to experience relief fi 'om study and homework. Students often form. lifelong friendships through the varied experiences of university life. During the time a student spends at university, he not only develops his intellectual ahilites,he also develops social skills as well as knowledge and wisdom necessary for choosing a future career. By learning how to balance intense study and recreation, a student will be well prepared for the
中国海洋大学本科生课程大纲 一、课程介绍 1.课程描述： 实用英语写作是非英语专业的公共基础课，属于大学英语拓展课程的语言技能类课程。本课程的开设旨在对非英语专业学生进行基本英语写作技能的培养和训练，课程的任务是使学生掌握英语写作方面的基本知识，掌握英语句子、段落及篇章写作方面的基本技巧，学生通过运用所学知识及有关资料，写作说明文、议论文以及应用文等各类体裁的文章。 实用英语写作作为一种国际商贸活动和国际事务交往过程中必不可少的交际工具，对贸易的缔结和双边关系的保持起着举足轻重的作用。随着全球经济一体化的迅速发展，国际商务交往日益频繁，为了增强学生在国际商务活动中的交际能力，培养复合型人才，本课程向学生提供了一个选材广泛和能体现各种情景的范文资料库，帮助学生了解英语中最常见的和最常用的各种文体的用途,使学生在学习各种文体的同时，不仅能够熟悉相关的英文表达法，而且能够广泛增加有关跨文化交际的知识，从而从整体上提高运用英语进行书面交际的能力。 2.设计思路： 本课程依据教育部颁发的《大学英语课程教学要求》进行课程设置，属于大学英 - 8 -
语的拓展课程系列。学生顺序修读完大学英语基础阶段的课程后，在听力理解、口语表达和阅读理解等方面已经达到一般要求的英语能力，并能够在认知的基础上学会熟练运用英语，然后可根据自身情况选修本课程。 本课程拟系统全面地讲述了英语写作方面的基本知识和基本技巧。文稿格式部分简介文稿的安排、移行；字母的大写；标点的基本用法。措辞部分讨论词的类型：正式、非正式、俚语、地方语、口语、术语；词的本义和引申义；一般和特殊、抽象和具体的词汇；习语；英语中主要的修辞手法。句子部分包括完整句和不完整句；句子的类型；句子的统一、连贯、简洁、直接、强调、多样化；句式变换。完整作文部分包括：写作步骤；组织结构；文章体裁。 3. 课程与其他课程的关系： 实用英语写作为大学英语拓展课程系列的语言技能课程。学生顺序修读完大学英语基础阶段的课程后方可进行本课程的学习。 二、课程目标 1.知识目标 学习本课程后，学生能够掌握英语句群、段落及篇章写作的基本技巧，能够通过运用所学知识及有关资料，写作说明文、议论文和应用文等各类体裁的英语文章。 2.能力目标 学习本课程后，学生能够掌握汉英两种语言写作篇章的特点；能够针对不同话题的写作任务写出说明文和议论文等各类体裁的文章；能够梳理出自己在英文写作过程中的难点，并找出相应的提高对策；在写作中体现出跨文化交际能力。 3.素质目标 通过本课程的学习，学生能够深化对英汉两种语言的认知，养成良好的英文写作习惯；提高语言运用能力、跨文化交际能力、查阅文献资料的能力；深化作为语言工 - 8 -
大学英语A/统考——写作（51套范文） 1 Pollution is becoming more and more serious all over the world, and people's health is threatened. How to solve this problem remains one of the most important issues for each country. Write an essay on the topic "The Problem of Pollution". You should base your essay on the following outline. 1. 全球污染现象变得日益严重。 2. 全世界人民都非常关注这一现象。各国政府也采取了一定的措施来解决这一问题。 3. 我们应该怎么做。 I read a piece of news recently. It says that in Japan many businessmen are selling fresh air to customers, and now it is becoming increasingly popular. Why? Fresh air is getting less and less in Japan, and so is it in the U. S. A., China, India, etc. In fact, environmental pollution is a very serious problem the whole world is facing. It is largely caused by the waste products released from artificial substances, industrial production and increased consumption of goods. Besides, the use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes environmental pollution. Look at the sky, you can see that dense smoke is being released from the high and big chimneys; those dirty and poisonous substances are flowing into the rivers that we use for drinking water and millions of tons of waste products are heaping around us. Indeed, the earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and for our descendants. In my opinion, we should work out concrete solutions to the problem of pollution For example, poisonous gas given off by automobiles should be controlled by equipping them with a device which can dispose of waste gas so as to prevent it from polluting air. 2 Everyone in the world needs friendship. When he is happy, his friend can share his happiness; when he is in trouble, his friend can lend him a hand. Write an essay on the topic "My Ideal Friend". You should base your essay on the following outline. 1. 你心目中理想的朋友是什么样的。 2. 现实生活中你是否有这样的朋友以及你如何获得这样一个朋友。 3. 和好朋友相处应该注意哪些。 Friendship is the most valuable to every one in the world. As far as I am concerned, friends will make my life more colorful and meaningful. However, there are a great variety of friends, with whom we have to make
十句作文范文背诵 原因篇 作文要求考生对某社会现象或社会问题进行解释。 Sample 1: Why College Students Take a Part-Time Job 1.最近几年越来越多的大学生加入打工的队伍 2. 为什么大学生要打工 3. 大学生打工 的意义 (1) According to a recent survey, about 25 percent of Chinese college students now hold a part-time or temporary job, compared with nearly none 10 years ago, and this figure increases to 72 percent during summer vacation. (2) College students are seen waiting on tables, clerking in stores, advertising in streets, teaching in families and doing whatever work they can find. (3) Why do they want odd jobs – jobs usually requiring little skill and knowledge? (4) The primary reason, I think, is money. (5) Feeling the pressure of soaring inflation as books, movies and bus fares have all gone up in price, there is scarcely a young boy or girl who does not want to earn a little money to help cover the increasingly higher college costs, and at best save enough to go travelling or buy things they have long desired. (6) In this way they hope to be economically independent and avoid the indignity of having to ask for money again and again. (7) Besides they want to gain some experience in the ways of society. (8) Students growing up from nursery school to college only know about books and have trouble dealing with realities. (9) Working on a part-time basis can provide them with a rare opportunity to know the outside world and prepare them for a future career. (10) The significance for college students of doing a part-time job means more than money and experience: It will broaden their outlook and exert a profound influence on their personality and life. 理由篇 叙述理由和分析原因是属于同一类型的英语议论文。所不同的是后者是解释某一社会现象或社会问题，而前者则解释写作者——我，为什么要干某事或不干某事。 Sample 1: The Most Unforgettable Person I Ever Knew 1. 我生活中最难以忘怀的人是…… 2. 为什么他（或她）一直在我心中 3. 结论 (1) In my life I have met many people who are really worth recalling. (2) But perhaps the most unforgettable person I ever knew is my Chinese language teacher. (3) What frequently brings back memories of my school teacher is his special qualities. (4) First of all, I was attracted by his lively wit. (5) I remember that we students always anticipated his class with great eagerness because his lecture were humorously delivered, never failing to provoke chuckles or loud laughs. (6) Second, he gave us the greatest gift a teacher can offer – an awakening of a passion for learning. (7) He not only led us to an appreciation of the beauty and perfection of Chinese and literature, but also aroused our great interest in exploring something deeper in this field. (8) Finally, I was deeply impressed by the respect he showed for us. (9) As he treated us like friends rather than students, we all liked to visit his home for social activities as well as for academic advice.