3.GROUPS IB AND IIB ELEMENTS
Physical properties of Group IB and IIB
物理性能和防爆兴业集团
These elements have a greater bulk use as metals than in compounds, and their physical properties vary widely.
这些元素有一个更大的体积比使用金属的化合物，其物理性能差别很大。
Gold is the most malleable and ductile of the metals. It can be hammered into sheets of 0.00001 inch in thickness; one gram of the metal can be drawn into a wire 1.8 mi in length1. Copper and silver are also metals that are mechanically easy to work. Zinc is a little brittle at ordinary temperatures, but may be rolled into sheets at between 120° to 150℃; it becomes brittle again about 200℃-The low-melting temperatures of zinc contribute to the preparation of zinc-coated iron .galvanized iron; clean iron sheet may be dipped into vats of liquid zinc in its preparation. A different procedure is to sprinkle or air blast zinc dust onto hot iron sheeting for a zinc melt and then coating.
黄金是最可塑性和韧性的金属。它可以被锤打成薄片0.00001英寸的厚度；一克的金属能被拉成丝1.8米length1。铜和银金属机械，也容易的工作。锌是一种小常温下易碎，但可轧成在120°150℃；它变
脆的一次约200℃-低熔点温度锌有助于编写镀锌铁镀锌铁皮。；清洁可浸入锌液及其制备过程中镜。不同的程序是洒或鼓风锌粉热铁皮为锌液和涂层。
Cadmium has specific uses because of its low-melting temperature in a number of alloys. Cadmium rods are used in nuclear reactors because the metal is a good neutron absorber.
镉有特定的用途由于其熔点温度在一些合金。镉棒是用于核反应堆中由于金属是一个良好的中子吸收剂。
Mercury vapor and its salts are poisonous, though the free metal may be taken internally under certain conditions. Because of its relatively low boiling point and hence volatile nature, free mercury should never be allowed to stand in an open container in the laboratory. Evidence shows that inhalation of its vapors is injurious.
汞蒸气和其盐是有毒的，但自由金属可以采取内部在一定条件下。由于其相对较低的沸点，因此自然挥发，无汞不应被允许站在一个开放的容器在实验室。有证据表明，吸入其蒸气损害。
The metal alloys readily with most of the metals (except iron and platinum) to form amalgams, the name given to any alloy of mercury.
金属合金容易与大多数金属（除铁和铂）汞合金形式，指任何合金汞。
Copper sulfate, or blue vitriol (CuSO4? 5H2O) is the most important and widely used salt of copper. On heating, the salt slowly loses water to
form first the trihydrate (CuSO4? 3H z O), then the monohydrate (CuSO4? H2O), and finally the white anhydrous salt. The anhydrous salt is often used to test for the presence of water in organic liquids. For example, some of the anhydrous copper salt added to alcohol (which contains water) will turn blue because of the hydration of the salt.
硫酸铜，或胆矾（硫酸铜?用化学药品）是最重要和广泛使用的铜盐。在加热的水，盐慢慢失去形成第一三水（硫酸铜?3hzo），然后一水合物（硫酸铜?水），以及最后的白色无水盐。无水盐经常被用来测试的存在，水在有机液体。例如，一些铜盐加入无水酒精（包括水）会变成蓝色由于水合盐。
Copper sulfate is used in electroplating. Fishermen dip their nets in copper sulfate solution to inhibit the growth of organisms that would rot the fabric. Paints specifically formulated for use on the bottoms of marine craft contain copper compounds to inhibit the growth of barnacles and other organisms.
硫酸铜电镀用的。渔民把网在硫酸铜溶液，以抑制微生物的生长，会腐烂物。涂料制定具体的使用在底部的船只含有铜化合物抑制生长的藤壶和其他生物。
When dilute ammonium hydroxide is added" to a solution of copper (I) ions, a greenish precipitate of Cu(OH)2 or a basic copper(I) salt is formed. This dissolves as more ammonium hydroxide is added. The excess ammonia forms an ammoniated complex with the copper (I) ion of the
composition, Cu(NH3)42+. This ion is only slightly dissociated; hence in an ammoniacal solution very few copper (I) ions are present. Insoluble copper compounds, execpt copper sulfide, are dissolved by ammonium hydroxids. The formation of the copper (I) ammonia ion is often used as a test for Cu2+ because of its deep, intense blue color.
当稀氢氧化铵添加“溶液的铜（Ⅰ）离子，绿色沉淀铜（哦）2或基本铜（Ⅰ）盐形成。本品为更多的氢氧化铵添加。多余的形式的氨氨化复杂的铜（Ⅰ）离子的组成，铜（NH 3）42 +。这种离子只有轻微分离性；因此在氨性溶液中极少数的铜（Ⅰ）离子存在。不溶性铜化合物，除了铜的硫化物，溶解hydroxids铵。形成的铜（Ⅰ）氨离子是经常被用来作为测试铜由于其深，深蓝色的颜色。
Copper (I) ferrocyanide [Cu2Fe(CN)6] is obtained as a reddish-brown precipitate on the addition of a soluble ferrocyanide to a solution of copper ( I )ions. The formation of this salt is also used as a test for the presence of copper (I) ions.
亚铁氰化铜（Ⅰ）[cu2fe（网）6 ]是获得作为一个红褐色沉淀中加入可溶性亚铁溶液铜离子（我）。形成这种盐也被用作测试存在的铜（Ⅱ）离子。
Compounds of Silver and Gold化合物的金和银
Silver nitrate, sometimes called lunar caustic, is the most important salt of silver. It melts readily and may be cast into sticks for use in
cauterizing wounds. The salt is prepared by dissolving silver in nitric acid and evaporating the solution.
硝酸银，有时被称为农历碱，是最重要的盐银。它融随时可转换成棒用于烧灼伤口。盐准备通过溶解在硝酸银和蒸发的解决方案。The salt is the starting material for most of the compounds of silver, including the halides used in photography. It is readily reduced by organic reducing agents, with the formation of a black deposit of finely divided silver; this action is responsible for black spots left on the fingers from the handling of the salt. Indelible marking inks and pencils take advantage of this property of silver nitrate.
盐为起始原料的银化合物，包括卤化物摄影中使用。它很容易降低有机还原剂，以形成一个黑色的存款幼小的银色；这一行动负责黑点左边手指从处理的盐。不可磨灭的标记墨水和铅笔趁此属性的硝酸银。
The halides of silver, except the fluoride, are very insoluble compounds and may be precipitated by the addition of a solution of silver salt to a solution containing chloride, bromide, or iodide ions.
卤化物银，除氟，是很难溶化合物沉淀，可能是由另外一个银盐水溶液的溶液含有氯，溴或碘离子。
The addition of a strong base to a solution of a silver salt precipitates brown silver oxide (Ag2G). One might expect the hydroxide of silver to
precipitate, but it seems likely that silver hydroxide is very unstable and breaks down into the oxide and water — if, indeed, it is ever formed at all3. However, since a solution of silver oxide js definitely basic, there must be hydroxide ions present in solution.
另外一个强碱溶液中硝酸盐沉淀棕色的氧化银（ag2g）。人们可能预期的氢银沉淀，但看来，氢氧化银很不稳定，分解成氧化物和水-如果，事实上，它是形成于所有模拟。然而，由于解银是绝对基础，必须有氢离子存在于溶液。
Because of its inactivity, gold forms relatively few compounds. Two series of compounds are known — monovalent and trivalent. Monovalent (aurous) compounds resemble silver compounds (aurous chloride is water insoluble and light sensitive), while the higher valence (auric) compounds tend to form complexes. Gold is resistant to the action of most chemicals —air, oxygen, and water have no effect. The common acids do not attack the metal, but a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids (aqua regia) dissolves it to form gold( I ) chloride or chloroauric acid. The action is probably due to free chlorine present in the aqua regia.
由于其活动，金形式相对较少的化合物。一系列的化合物是已知的，单价和三价。单价（金）化合物像银化合物（氯化亚铁是不溶于水和光敏感），而更高的价（金）化合物倾向于形成复合物。黄金是抵抗行动的大多数化学品-空气，水和氧气，没有影响。常见的酸不攻击
金属，但混合酸（盐酸和硝酸王水）溶解形成金（我）氯或氯金酸。该行动可能是由于游离氯在王水。
chloroauric acid (HAuCl4-H2O crystallizes from solution).氯金酸（haucl4-h2o结晶从解决方案）。
Compounds of Zinc锌化合物
Zinc is fairly high in the activity series. It reacts readily with acids to produce hydrogen and displaces less active metals from their salts. 1 he action of acids on impure zinc is much more rapid than on pure zinc, since bubbles of hydrogen gas collect on the surface of pure zinc and slow down the action. If another metal is present as an impurity, the hydrogen is liberated from the surface of the contaminating metal rather than from the zinc. An electric couple to facilitate the action is probably Set up between the two metals.
锌是相当高的系列活动。它很容易与酸反应产生的氢气和取代较少的活性金属盐。1他行动酸杂质锌是更迅速比纯锌，因为泡沫氢气收集表面纯锌和减缓行动。如果另一个目前的金属杂质，氢是从解放表面的金属污染而不是从锌。一个电动夫妇的促进作用可能是建立两国之间的金属。
Zinc oxide (ZnO), the most widely used zinc compound, is a white powder at ordinary temperatures, but changes to yellow on heating. When cooled, it again becomes white. Zinc oxide is obtained by burning zinc in
air, by heating the basic carbonate, or by roasting the sulfide. The principal use of ZnO is as a filler in rubber manufacture, particularly in automobile tires. As a body for paints it has the advantage over white lead of not darkening on exposure to an atmosphere containing hydrogen sulfide. Its covering power, however, is inferior to that of white lead.
氧化锌（氧化锌），最广泛使用的锌化合物，常温下为白色粉末，但变为黄色，上加热。冷却时，它又变成白色。氧化锌是锌在空气中燃烧，加热碱式碳酸盐，或焙烧硫化物。主要使用氧化锌是作为填料在橡胶制造，特别是在汽车轮胎。作为一个油漆它具有优势的白色不变色的接触到大气中含有硫化氢。它的覆盖能力，然而，不如铅白。
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01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg
1 Unit5元素周期表 As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。有超过100多中元素要处理，我们怎么能记的住所有的信息？有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数，它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。最神奇的是，周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型（原子是是一个不可分割的粒子，其质量决定了它的身份）不久，化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。在制定像这些元素表时候，他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。例如，人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。在当时知道的大约60种元素中，第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质，第三个和第十个，第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。 In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家，发表了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似. Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。他非但没有将那些空白看成是缺憾，反而大胆的预测还存在着仍未被发现的元素。更进一步，他甚至预测出那些一些缺失元素的性质出来。在接下来的几年里，随着新元素的发现，里面的许多空格都被填满。这些性质也和Mendeleev所预测的极为接近。这巨大创新的预计值导致了Mendeleev的周期表为人们所接受。 It is known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 我们现在所知道的元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能量能级的电子数。钠原子最外层能量能级（第三层）有一个电子，锂原子最外层能量能级（第二层）有一个电子。钠和锂的化学性质相似。氦原子和氖原子外层能级上是满的，这两种都是惰性气体，也就是他们不容易进行化学反应。很明显，有着相同电子结构（电子分布）的元素的不仅有着相似的化学性质，而且某些结构也表现比其他元素稳定（不那么活泼） In Mendeleev’s table,the elements were arranged by atomic weights for 在Mendeleev的表中，元素大部分是按照原子数来排列的，这个排列揭示了化学性质的周期性。因为电子数决定元素的化学性质，电子数也应该（现在也确实）决定周期表的顺序。在现代的周期表中，元素是根据原子质量来排列的。记住，这个数字表示了在元素的中性原子中的质子数和电子数。现在的周期表是按照原子数的递增排列，Mendeleev的周期表是按照原子质量的递增排列，彼此平行是由于原子量的增加。只有在一些情况下（Mendeleev注释的那样）重量和顺序不符合。因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的加和，故原子量并不完全随原子序数的增加而增加。原子序数低的原子的中子数有可能比原子序数高的原
1 总论 采矿mining 地下采矿underground mining 露天采矿open cut mining, open pit mining, surface mining 采矿工程mining engineering 选矿（学）mineral dressing, ore beneficiation, mineral processing 矿物工程mineral engineering 冶金（学）metallurgy 过程冶金（学）process metallurgy 提取冶金（学）extractive metallurgy 化学冶金（学）chemical metallurgy 物理冶金（学）physical metallurgy 金属学Metallkunde 冶金过程物理化学physical chemistry of process metallurgy 冶金反应工程学metallurgical reaction engineering 冶金工程metallurgical engineering 钢铁冶金（学）ferrous metallurgy, metallurgy of iron and steel 有色冶金(学)nonferrous metallurgy 真空冶金(学)vacuum metallurgy 等离子冶金(学)plasma metallurgy 微生物冶金(学)microbial metallurgy 喷射冶金(学)injection metallurgy 钢包冶金(学)ladle metallurgy 二次冶金(学)secondary metallurgy 机械冶金(学)mechanical metallurgy 焊接冶金(学)welding metallurgy 粉末冶金(学)powder metallurgy 铸造学foundry 火法冶金(学)pyrometallurgy 湿法冶金(学)hydrometallurgy 电冶金(学)electrometallurgy 氯冶金(学)chlorine metallurgy 矿物资源综合利用engineering of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources 中国金属学会The Chinese Society for Metals 中国有色金属学会The Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2 采矿 采矿工艺mining technology 有用矿物valuable mineral 冶金矿产原料metallurgical mineral raw materials 矿床mineral deposit 特殊采矿specialized mining 海洋采矿oceanic mining, marine mining 矿田mine field
01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
Uｎit 1 The RｏotｓoｆCｈemisｔry Ｉ．Ｃoｍpreｈensioｎ. 1。Ｃ 2. Ｂ3．D 4. C 5. B ＩI。Ｍａｋe ａsenｔeｎｃe ｏut of ｅach ｉｔem ｂy reaｒranging ｔhe wordｓin ｂracｋets. 1.Tｈｅｐuｒiｆｉcation of aｎorganｉc compounｄis usually a matter of consｉｄerａｂlｅdｉfｆicｕｌtｙ, and iｔis nｅcｅｓsaｒy to eｍploy vａrious methoｄs fｏr thｉｓpurpｏse。 2.Science is an ｅｖeｒ－iｎcｒｅasing boｄy ofａccｕｍｕlａｔed anｄ ｓｙsｔｅmatiｚed knowledｇe ａnd iｓalsｏan activｉty bｙwｈic ｈｋnowledge iｓｇenerated。 3.Lifｅ，aftｅr all, is onｌy cｈeｍistry,in faｃｔ, a sｍall example of ｃ hｅｍistry ｏbsｅｒved oｎａsｉngle munｄane pｌａnet。 4.Peoplｅaｒe made of molｅculｅｓ; sｏmｅｏf ｔhｅmｏleculｅs in p ｅople aｒe rａｔher ｓimple whｅreas otｈerｓａｒｅhｉghly compｌex。 5.Chｅｍistry ｉｓever preseｎｔin ｏｕｒｌｉves frｏm ｂｉｒtｈ tｏｄeａthｂeｃａｕse withoｕt chｅmｉｓtrｙｔhere iｓneither life nor deａth. 6.Maｔhｅｍaｔics apｐeａｒs ｔo be almost as humaｎkiｎｄand ａｌ ｓo ｐermeaｔeｓall aspeｃts of ｈuman life, aｌthough ｍａｎｙof us are ｎｏｔfuｌly ａwａrｅoｆtｈis. III。Tｒanｓlatioｎ. 1.（a)chｅmicaｌprｏcess (b) natuｒal scienｃe（c）the teｃhｎｉ ｑｕe of distｉllaｔioｎ 2.Iｔｉs theａtｏｍs that ｍａkｅuｐｉron, waｔeｒ，oｘygen and the lｉke/anｄso on／aｎｄsｏfortｈ/aｎd otherｗiｓe. 3.Cheｍisｔｒy haｓa very long hｉｓtorｙ, ｉnｆaｃｔ，human a ｃtivity in chｅｍｉstrｙgｏes bａｃk ｔo ｐreｒecｏrｄed tｉmｅｓ/pｒedatiｎg reｃｏrded times． 4.Aｃcoｒdｉng to/Froｍthe eｖapoｒaｔion oｆwaｔeｒ，pｅople know ／reaｌized ｔｈat ｌiquidｓcａn ｔurn/bｅ/changeｉｎto gases ｕndeｒcertain conditions/circｕmsｔance／enｖironment。 5.Yoｕｍusｔknow ｔhe propｅｒtieｓｏfｔｈe materiaｌbeｆore y ｏu use it. IＶ．Ｔrａnslation 化学是三种基础自然科学之一,另外两种是物理和生物.自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行,甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快，其余两步相当慢.这三步
化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译(P-Z)3 reversibility 可逆性 reversible cell 可逆电池 reversible change 可逆变化reversible colloid 可逆胶质reversible electrode 可逆电极reversible engine 可逆机 reversible gel 可逆凝胶 reversible process 可逆过程reversible reaction 可逆反应reversible wave 可逆波 reversion 硫化还原 revivification 复活 revolution counter 转数表 revolvig tubular kiln 管式转炉revolving furnace 旋转炉 revolving screen 旋转筛 reynolds number 雷诺数 rhamnetin 鼠李亭 rhamnose 鼠李糖 rhenate 铼酸盐 rhenium 铼 rhenium compound 铼化合物rhenium dioxide 二氧化铼 rheology 龄学 rheometer 龄仪 rheopexy 震凝 rheostat 变阻器 rhodamine 若丹明 rhodan 硫氰酸氨苯酯 rhodan value 硫氰值 rhodanate 硫氰酸盐 rhodanine 绕丹宁 rhodanizing 镀铑 rhodanometry 硫氰酸盐滴定法rhodate 铑酸盐 rhodinol 玫红醇 rhodium 铑 rhodium chloride 氯化铑 rhodium dioxide 二氧化铑 rhodium hydroxide 氢氧化铑rhodium nitrate 硝酸铑rhodochrosite 菱锰矿
黄冈师范学院 2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷 考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思 考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points） 1.过滤 2.浓缩 3.结晶化 4.吸附 5. 蒸馏6．超临界的 7.二氯甲烷 8.热力学平衡 9.亲电性 10.表面张力 11.共轭的 12.酮 13.平衡常数 14.丙基 15.丁基 16.亚甲基 18.环己酮 19.同位素 20.标准熵 二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points） 1. methyl propanoate 2. rate constant 3. ethyl methyl ketone 4. free energy 5. radical intermediate 6. isobutyl methyl ether 7. 3-chloropropene 8. primary radical 9. n-propyl bromide 10. bond energy 11. circulating electrons 12. local magnetic fields 13. tetramethylsilane 14. mass to charge ratios 15 phenylamine 16 amide 17. amine 18. nucleophile 19. perchlorate 20. carbocation 三、Translation the following into chinese （40 points） A卷【第1页共 3 页】
coking plant 炼焦厂electrometallurgy 电冶金学powder metallurgy 粉末冶金学 blast furnace 鼓风炉mouth, throat 炉口hopper, chute 料斗stack 炉身belly 炉腰bosh 炉腹crucible 炉缸slag tap 放渣口taphole 出铁口,出渣口pig bed 铸床 mould 铸模(美作:mold) tuyere, nozzle 风口ingot mould 锭模(美作:ingot mold) floor 平台hearth 炉底charger 装料机ladle 铁水包,钢水包dust catcher 除尘器washer 洗涤塔converter 转炉hoist 卷扬机compressor 压缩机tilting mixer 可倾式混铁炉regenerator 蓄热室heat exchanger 热交换器gas purifier 煤气净化器turbocompressor 涡轮压缩机burner 烧嘴cupola 化铁炉,冲天炉emptier 排空装置trough 铁水沟,排渣沟skip 料车rolling mill 轧机,轧钢机blooming mill 初轧机 roller 辊bed 底座rolling-mill housing 轧机机架drawbench 拔管机,拉丝机 drawplate 拉模板shaft furnace 竖炉refining furnace 精炼炉 reverberatory furnace 反射炉hearth furnace 床式反射炉firebrick lining 耐火砖衬retort 反应罐muffle 马弗炉roof, arch 炉顶forge 锻造press 压锻pile hammer 打桩锤drop hammer 落锤die 拉模blowlamp 吹炬(美作:blowtorch)crusher 破碎机 iron ore 铁矿石coke 焦炭bauxite 铁钒土alumina 铝cryolite 冰晶石flux 熔剂limestone flux 石灰石溶剂haematite 赤铁矿(美作:hematite)gangue 脉石 cast iron 铸铁cast iron ingot 铸铁锭slag 炉渣soft iron 软铁pig iron 生铁 wrought iron 熟铁iron ingot 铁锭puddled iron 搅炼熟铁round iron 圆铁 scrap iron 废铁steel 钢crude steel 粗钢mild steel, soft steel 软钢,低碳钢 hard steel 硬钢cast steel 坩埚钢,铸钢stainless steel 不锈钢electric steel 电工钢,电炉钢high-speed steel 高速钢moulded steel 铸钢refractory steel 热强钢,耐热钢 alloy steel 合金钢plate, sheet 薄板corrugated iron 瓦垅薄钢板tinplate, tin 马口铁finished product 成品,产品semifinished product 半成品,中间产品ferrous products 铁制品coiled sheet 带状薄板bloom 初轧方坯metal strip, metal band 铁带,钢带 billet 坯锭,钢坯shavings 剃边profiled bar 异型钢材shape, section 型钢angle iron 角钢frit 烧结wire 线材ferronickel 镍铁elinvar 镍铬恒弹性钢ferrite 铁氧体,铁醇盐cementite 渗碳体,碳化铁pearlite 珠光体charging, loading 装料,炉料fusion, melting, s melting 熔炼remelting 再熔化,重熔refining 精炼casting 出铁to cast 出铁 tapping 出渣,出钢,出铁to insufflate, to inject 注入heating 加热preheating 预热tempering 回火temper 回火hardening 淬水annealing 退火reduction 还原 cooling 冷却decarbonization, decarburization 脱碳coking 炼焦slagging, scorification 造渣carburization 渗碳case hardening 表面硬化cementation 渗碳fritting, sintering 烧结puddling 搅炼pulverization 粉化,雾化nitriding 渗氮alloy 合金floatation, flotation 浮选patternmaking 制模moulding 成型(美作:molding)calcination 煅烧amalgamation 汞齐化rolling 轧制drawing 拉拔extrusion 挤压wiredrawing 拉丝stamping, pressing 冲压die casting 拉模铸造forging 锻造turning 车削milling 铣削machining, tooling 加工autogenous welding, fusion welding 氧炔焊arc welding 电弧焊electrolysis 电解trimming 清理焊缝blowhole 气孔采矿mining地下采矿underground mining 露天采矿open cut mining, open pit mining, surface mining 采矿工程mining engineering 选矿（学）mineral dressing, ore beneficiation, mineral pr ocessing 矿物工程mineral engineering冶金（学）metallurgy 过程冶金（学）process metallurgy 提取冶金（学）extractive metallurgy 化学冶金（学）chemical metallurgy 物理冶金（学）physical metallurgy 金属学Metallkunde 冶金过程物理化学physical chemistry of process metallurgy
仅供参考 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1. Sources of Organic Compounds The major sources of organic chemicals are coal, petroleum, and agricultural products. Both coal and petroleum were formed through the geologic processes of changing animal and plant remains into carbon-containing residues. About one-third of all organic chemicals are derived from coal and about one-half from the petroleum industry 有机化合物的来源 有机化学药品的主要来源是煤、石油和农产品。动植物的遗体通过地质作用变成含碳残基然后形成煤和石油。三分之一的所有有机化合物品是从煤中得到的，一般来自于石油工业。 2. The Methods and Objectives of Organic Chemistry Because of the tremendous number of organic compounds known, and of the many more being synthesized daily, the study of organic chemistry is not the study of individual compounds, it is the study of groups or families of compounds all closely related to each other. Obviously, the former approach would be prohibitive[prE5hibitiv]. Once the structural relationships of certain typical members of a particular group or family of compounds are understood, these structural features are understood for any one of the many members of the family, even though some may not be known compounds. 因为已知的有机化合物的数目庞大，而且还在逐日合成更多的品种，所以有机化学不是研究单个的化合物，而是把彼此密切相关的化合物按类或族来研究。显然，以前的方法是不可取的，一旦典型的一类特殊化合物被认识，这些结构特征将适用于这类化合物，甚至是一些未知的化合物， For each group or family of compounds often called homologous series of compounds, structural features are important. In studying organic chemistry, it is not enough to know the identities of the elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a given molecule. More importantly, the order in which these atoms are linked together to form
目录 Unit 1 Chemical Industry (1) Unit 2 Research and Development (7) Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers (14) Unit 10 What Is Chemical Engineering? (20) Unit 20 Material Science and Chemical Engineering (27) Excel in Your Engineering (40) Curriculum of chemical engineering (43) Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗
Unit10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons碳氢化合物的命名 Alkanes烷烃 理想的，每一种化合物都应该由一个明确描述它的结构的名称，并且通过这一名称能够画出它的结构式。为了这一目的，全世界的化学家接受了世界纯粹与应用化学会（IUPAC）建立的一系列规则。这个系统就是IUPAC系统，或称为日内瓦系统，因为IUPAC的第一次会议是在瑞士日内瓦召开的。不含支链的烷烃的IUPAC命名包括两部分（1）表明链中碳原子数目的前缀；（2）后缀－ane，表明化合物是烷烃。用于表示1至20个碳原子的前缀见表 表中前4个前缀是由IUPAC选择的，因为它们早已在有机化学中确定了。实际上，它们甚至早在它们成为规则之下的结构理论的暗示之前，它们的地位就确定了。例如，在丁酸中出现的前缀but－，一种表示在白脱脂中存在的四个碳原子的化合物（拉丁语butyrum白脱（黄油））。表示5个或更多碳原子的词根来源于希腊或拉丁词根。 含取代基的烷烃的IUPAC名称由母体名称和取代基名称组成，母体名称代表化合物的最长碳链，取代基名称代表连接在主链上的基团。 来源于烷烃的取代基称为烷基。字母R－被广泛用来表示烷烃的存在.烷烃的命名是去掉原烷基名称中的－ane加上后缀－yl。例如，烷基CH3CH2－称为乙基。 CH3－CH3乙烷（原碳氢化合物）CH3CH2－乙基（一个烷基） 下面是IUPAC的烷烃命名规则： 1. 饱和碳氢化合物称为烷烃。 2. 对有支链的碳氢化合物，最长的碳链作为主链，IUPAC命名按此主链命名。 3. 连接在主链上的基团称为取代基。每一取代基有一名称和一数字.这一数字表示取代基连接在主链上的碳原子的位置。 4. 如果有多于一个的相同取代基，要给出表示支链位置的每个数字。而且，表示支链数目的数字由前缀di－，tri－，tetra－，penta－等表示。 5. 如果有一个取代基，主链碳原子编号从靠近支链的一端开始，使支链位号最小。如果有两个或多个取代基，支链从能使第一个取代基位次较小的一侧编号。 6. 如果有两个或多个取代基，它们按字母顺序排列。当排列取代基时，前缀iso－（异）和neo－（新）也按字母排列，前缀sec－（仲）和tert－（特）在字母排列中忽略 此外，按字母排列取代基时，表示倍数的前缀2，3，4等也被忽略。 Alkenes烯烃 烷烃的碳原子间只有单键。烯烃在两个碳原子间有双键（两个键）。考虑到两个碳原子间以双键相连。因为双键用去了两个碳原子的共4个电子。所以只剩下4个电子以供成