第一章汉英语言对比
第一节汉英词汇对比
一、词汇语义对比
各民族都是通过词汇把自己心目的世界分解成无数概念，词汇越丰富，对世界的认识也就越精细。汉语和英语虽属不同语系，特点迥异，但都有丰富的词汇量。在汉英语言对比研究中，人们发现了大量的对应词语，这是汉英翻译的语言基础。
但是，由于自然环境、思维方式、社会历史、文化传统的不同，两种语言中存在许多不相对应的词语，主要表现为词语的空缺（无对应）和词义的差别（部分对应）。例如
山hill（小山,丘陵），mountain(高山；山岳,山脉)
鸡hen(母鸡)，chick(小鸡)，cock(公鸡)，rooster(雄禽,<主美>公鸡)
青green，blue
借lend(借给)，borrow（借入）
兔hare（野兔），rabbit（家兔）
鼠mouse（耗子），rat（老鼠）
乌鸦rayon(渡乌)，crow（乌鸦）
你，您you江，河river父，母parent
兄，弟brother枪，炮gun嫁，娶marry
叔，伯uncle
上列两词语左右两端都不完全对应。从汉英翻译的角度讲，第一组右端的单个英文词无法传达出汉语的概括意义；第二组右边的英文词又无法精确地限定左边词语所表达的具体含义。
这些不对应现象给汉英翻译造成一定的可译度障碍，需要通过适当的翻译技巧加以克服。如
1、舅舅从桌上把花瓶拿去了。
Mother's brother has taken the vase away from the table.
2、我属蛇。
I was born in the Chinese lunar year of the snake.
单词：lunar阴历的
二、词汇的语法对比
语言中单个词的语法归类称为该词的词性，一种语言中共有多少种词性叫做该语言的词类。
汉语的词类
实词类：名词、动词、形容词、数词和量词、代词、副词
虚词类：连词、介词、叹词、助词
英语的词类
实词类：名词、动词、形容词、数词、代词、副词
虚词类：连词、介词、叹词、冠词
1、两种语言词类划分的异同显而易见。
（1）英语的冠词和汉语的量词分别为各自所独有，而没有直接对应。
（2）汉英中名词、动词、实容词三大实词类基本对应，虚词中的介词、连词也基本对应。
（3）汉语的助词是个特殊的词类，它包括结构助词、时态助词、语气助词等，英语虽无此类助词，但其动词的时态与体式，句式的陈述与疑问，词语之间的修饰关系都分别与汉语的助词的功能相对应。
（4）英语的副词较复杂，只有一小部分能与汉语的副词相当（程度、疑问、时间、范围、连接副词等）。汉语中也没有英语的关系（代、副）词，但关系词在词义上相当于名词，所以汉语的名词、代词有时译成英语的关系词。
（5）汉语名词中的方位名词在语义上与英语的介词有共通之处。
2、从数量上比较，也可发现汉英词类的不同特点。
（1）汉英语言中的名词、动词和形容词作为开放性词类在词汇中各占较大比重,彼此相当。
（2）副词在汉语中数量相对较少，有的划为虚词类。而在英语中副词为实义词，大概因为英语中很大一部分副词由形容词派生而来，而且数量众多。
（3）介词与连词都是英语多汉语少。拿介词来说，汉语中的介词总共不过30个左右，英语中仅简单介词就有40个左右，若加上
复合介词（如into,outside）、短语介词（如in front of），则数不胜数。就连词而言，汉英也有类似不同。
3、从词类使用的频率上分析，汉语多用动词而英语多用名词。
由于英语具有强大的派生构词法，英语的动词大多都有其相应的名词形式，英语的形容词也有名词形式。而汉语的动词和形容词却没有语法上的名词形式。
汉语的动词在使用频率上远远高于英语，因为英语动词的使用要受限制，一句话只要一个动词谓语，而汉语的动词却无此限制。英语中代词、介词、连词的使用频率也比汉语高。
英语数词的使用不如汉语多，因为汉语的成语及缩略语依靠数词(词素)构成。
汉语的量词同英语的冠词一样，附属于各自的名词，使用频率也同名词.
练习：给出下列词语相应的英文
1、大小
2、高矮
3、长短
4、冷暖
5、东西
6、粗细
7、是非
8、先后9、轻重10、参差
答案
1.size
2.height
3.length
4.temperature
5.directions
6.thickness
7.trouble
8.priority9.weight10.variations
三、汉英词类划分的理据比较及对汉英翻译的意义
汉语词类的划分主要依据词义，即词义的实与虚、动与静、具体与抽象等。
英语的词类依据是语法，词类与句子成分有严格的对应关系，词义倒在其次。
如：一个表示动作的概念，放在英语的主语位置上，就要以名词形式来表达，放在谓语的位置上，就要以动词形式出现，表达静态含义时，还可用介词形式。
汉语用形容词归类表示事物性质、特征时，到了英语中就要用语法的模子重塑一番：在主语、宾语位置上化为名词，修饰名词时化为形容词，说明动词时则又化为副词。
正是这种理据的不同，造成汉英词类的名同实异。这种“同名异质”恰恰解释了语言现实中不同形式（词类）表达相同内容（词义）的“形异实同”现象。
从翻译理论上说，就是词语“转类法”这一翻译技巧的语言理据。下面从翻译的角度作如下归纳：
(一)由于汉英词汇意义存在不对应现象，翻译时应通过各种手段对译入语（英语）的词义加以补充或限定，技巧上表现为词语的增减、阐释、借用、音译等手段的运用。如：
1、我进去看了，只记得门警是瑞士兵士，穿着黄色制服，别的没有印象了。
I went there to have a look.All I remember now is that the guards at the entrance were Swiss soldiers in yellow uniforms.
汉语为了加强语气，对于一件事，往往从一个方面说了之后，还要从另一个方面说一说。英语则不然。这句话前面有了
All I remember now is...，后面如果再说and I don't remember anything else，就显得多余了。
2、范畴词指的是“方面”、“方式”、“问题”、“情况”之类的词，它们在句子里没有多少实际意义，但很有用，可以使句子流畅。汉译英时，范畴词可以不译，英译汉时，可以酌情使用。
中国有12亿多人口，陆地自然资源人均占有量低于世界平均水平。
China has a population of more than1.2billion,and its land natural resources per capita are lower than the world's average.
在此“水平”就未译。
单词：
per capita:used to describe the average amount of something in a particular place,calculated according to the number of people who live there
3、1998年是联合国确定的国际海洋年，中国政府愿借此机会介绍中国海洋事业的发展情况。
The year1998has been designated by the United Nations as International Ocean Year,and on this occasion the Chinese Government would like to introduce the progress of China's work in this particular field to the world.
原文“介绍......的发展情况”句子是完整的。但在译文里却需要说明向谁介绍，因此加了to the world。
单词：designate：to choose someone or something for a particular job or purpose
the United Nations:an international organization that tries to find peaceful solutions to world problems
International Ocean Year国际海洋年
on this occasion在这种场合，借此机会
the Chinese Government中国政府
4、长得好看的人用不着浓妆艳抹。
Physically attractive people don't need heavy make-up.
在时在英语里不一定能找到恰当的相对应的成语，那就用比较概括的说法把成语的基本意思译出来。
（二）由于词汇使用频率的不对应，翻译时不能拘泥于字面的对应，而应以整体意义为重，灵活变通。
技巧上表现为：某些词汇手段表达的意义，可以用另外的词汇来表达，甚至使用非词汇手段达到目的。如：
1、前门驱虎，后门进狼。
Fend off one danger only to fall prey to another.不见了“前门”、“后门”、“虎”和“狼”。
单词：
fend off:to defend yourself against someone who is attacking you
prey:an animal,bird etc that is hunted and eaten by another animal
2、汉语里表示疑问部用语气助词“吗”，英语则使用词序倒装。
3、汉语用时态助词表时间，英语里用动词变化表时态。
4、汉语用的是词汇手段，英语用的是语法手段。
（三）由于词类的性质不同，词类的转换便成了汉英翻译中经常使用的技巧。
常见的有：1、名词、动词、形容词、副词之间的互相转换。
2、名词向代词的转换。
3、动词向介词的转换。
词类转换法的采用可以使译文多样化。
如：1、代词的使用，在英语和汉语里有很大的不同。总的来说，英语代词用得多，汉语代词用得少。因此，英译汉时，有些代词可以不译。汉译英时则要在适当的地方增加代词，特别是物主代词。有时要用代词避免重复，才符合英语的说法。
(1)朱德想起自己的年龄，他已三十六岁....
Chu Teh remembered his age.He was thirty-six...
(2)英语有时在句子里先出代词，然后再出它所指的人或物。汉语一般总是先出实词，然后才用代词。
朱德顾不得拉过的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十几岁的青年面前，用平衡的语调说明自己的身份......
Ignoring the chair offered him,Chu Teh stood squarely before this youth more then ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was......
2、形容词与副词在英语里是两个非常活跃的词类。其词义往往随前后搭配而变化，其用法也特别灵活。若与汉语相比较，则会发现有时与汉语是一致的，有时则有很大的差距。这两个词类有些共同的特点，而且翻译时往往可以互相转换。
周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴......
Chou was a quiet and thoughtful man......
3、她满意地走了。
She went away with satisfaction.
She went away satisfied.
4、他对她的行为有些怀疑。
He was suspicious of her behaviour.
Her behaviour aroused his suspicion.
He suspected her behaviour.
练习：按照要求翻译下列句子
1、我们对这件事当然有发言权。（matter）
Of course we have a say in this matter.
2、真是想不到的事。（surprise）
What a surprise!
3、这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。(event)
The new book was the cultural event of the year.
4、各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事。(affairs)
Representatives from different nationalities gather in the same hall to discuss affairs of the state.
5、这绝不是轻而易举的事。(job)
It's certainly no easy job.
6、从政治思想上关心学生是教师份内的事。(duty)
It's the teacher's duty to be concerned about the students'ideology.
7、我已把事情讲清楚了。(case)
I'v already put the case clear.
8、我可以举出好几件事来证明。(instance)
I can cite quite a few instances to illustrate it.
9、这不是开玩笑的事儿。(joke)
This is no joke.
10、那是件普通小事。(incident)
This is an ordinary incident.
第二节汉英句子对比
一、语义型句子和语法型句子
汉语句子为语义型或意合型，英语句子为语法型或形合型。换言之，汉语句子的根据在语义，英语句子的根据在语法。
在汉语中，衡量一串词语是否成立为句子，要看这串词语能否表达出相对完整的意思。相比而言，汉语句子标准较宽松，句号的位置也有弹性。
比较下例原言语及译文中的标点使用：
正在热闹哄哄的时节，只见那后台里，又出来一位姑娘，（。）年纪约十八九岁，装束与前一个毫无分别，（。）瓜子脸儿，白净面皮，（。）相貌不过中人之姿，（。）只觉得秀而不媚，清而不寒。（刘鹗《老残游记》第二回）
Amidst the feverish bustling,there appeared on the stage a girl about eighteen or nineteen years old,dressed up just like the former.Her face was shaped like melon-seed.Her beauty was above the average woman-charming but not coquettish,and a clarity of complexion but not coldness.
midst:among or surrounded by things
melon:a large round fruit with sweet juicy flesh
coquettish:a woman who frequently tries to attract the attention of men without having sincere feelings for them adj.
clarity:the quality of being clear and easy to see or hear
complexion:the natural colour or appearance of the skin on your face[countable]
语义型句子重内在的逻辑关系，语法型句子重外在的形式连接，因此英语连接词（connective word）的使用远远多于汉语。
语法型句子的英语必须含有具备一致关系
（Concord:in grammar,concord between words happens when they match correctly,for example when a plural noun has a plural verb following it）的“主-谓”结构（S-V），具有的这种主谓结构的句子，才给人一种语法的完整感。否则，即便表达了明确的意思，也不能算作句子，不能加句点。
因此，汉语中无主语的句子和无动词的句子比比皆是，英语句子的主语和动词则不可或缺。
英语句子从结构上分析有五种基本句型：SV,SVO,SVOO,SVOC,SVC,每一句式都少不了S与V，即使充当句子主语或谓词并无实际意义，也须加上这个词以满足语法形式的要求。如：
1、看样子要变天了。
It seems the weather is changing.
2、当时我在北京。
I was in Beijing at the time.
3、——是谁呀？——是我。——Who is it?——It's me.
4、叶子黄了。
The leaves turned brown. 5、不行！
It won't do!
以上句子中红色部分表示原文中不需要而译文必须具备的词语。
下面是一些比较典型的汉语单句，比较其英译文并找出汉英对应的句式来：
1、鲁迅是绍兴人。[主语+名词谓语]
Lu Xun was from Shaoxing.[SVC]
2、这个姑娘很漂亮。[主语+形容词谓语] That girl is very pretty.[SVC]
3、老舍是北京人。[主语+判断谓语]Lao She was from Beijing.[SVC]
4、这花儿是白的。[主语+判断谓语]
The flower is white.[SVC]
5、水库是1958年修建的。[主语+判断谓语] The reservior was built in1958.[SV(passive)]
6、他打破了杯子。[主语+谓语+宾语]
He broke the glass.[SVO]
7、李先生教我们地理。[主语+谓语+宾语+宾语] Mr.Li teaches us geography.[SVOO]8、他要我投寄这封信。[主语+谓语+宾/主语+谓语(兼语式)] He asked me to post the letter.[SVOC]
9、天上挂着一轮明月。[主语(处所)+谓语+宾语（存现句）]
A bright round moom hangs in the sky.[SVA]
二、“话题-说明”结构与“主语-谓语”结构
赵元任先生在《汉语口语语法》（1986）一书中指出：“在汉语里把主语、谓语当作话题和说明来看待，比较合适。”
的确，我们用“话题-说明”的观点看待分析汉语句子，比用传统的“主语-谓语”名称，能更客观地反映汉语句子的实际，更清楚地显示汉英句式结构上的异同，从而避免语法概念的混淆。
汉语句子的“话题”与“说明”是从句子顺序上说的。“话题”是说话人想要说明的对象，总是放在句子开头处。如果语言环境或上下文能暗示话题，也可能省略不提。“说明”部分位于话题之后，对话题进行说明、解释或质疑。“说明”部分与“话题”部分不存在一致关系。“说明”可以是一个名词或动词，也可以是一连串的名词短语或连动结构，还可以由形容词及各种词组充当，对结尾没有限制，可长可短，视语义而定。
汉语的连动句典型地反映出话题的后面一长串说明的特点（因为凡与话题有关的内容都可放在后面对其进行说明），这与英语句子一个主语和一个谓语相一致的结构大不相同。
请分析下列例句中的“话题-说明”部分是如何转化为英语的“主语-谓语”结构的：
1、有个叫毛满珠的哑巴姑娘，翻过几重山来找王斌，痛苦地做着各种手势，要求得到帮助。
There was a dumb girl called Mao Manzhu,who travelled over ranges of mountains to come to Wang Bin.With various painful gestures,she begged for Wang's help.
2、他五岁时候，生了一场伤寒，变成了聋子。
He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.
typhoid:a serious infectious disease that is caused by dirty food or drink
3、老拴正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看见一条丁字街，明明白白横着。他便退了几步，寻到一家关着门的铺子，蹩进檐下，靠门停住了。（鲁迅《药》
Absorbed in his walking,Old Shuan was startled when he saw the crossroad lying distantly ahead of him.He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop in front of its closed door.
eave:屋檐
三、“板块”或结构与“多枝共干”结构
由于汉语的“意合”特点，有些汉语句子的内部成分常常一一罗列，呈现并排式结构，外形上没主从之分，层面之间没有明显的逻辑标记。有人形象地把这种句子称为“板块”式结构，也有人称为“竹节”式结构。
这与上下文讨论过的“话题-说明”结构和“主语-谓”结构不无关系。与汉语相比，英语句子的“主谓结构”为句子主干，其他成分则通过各种连带附加关系附着在这条主干上，犹如树枝与树干的关系。人们把英语句子的这种结构称作“多枝共干”型。
从下面的译例中可以发现，原文用逗号分隔的小句表面上呈并列关系，到了英文里都变成了主从关系或偏正关系：
1、话说天下大势，分久必合，合久必分。
They say the momentum of history was ever thus:the empire,long divided,must unite;long united,must divide.
momentum:the force that makes a moving object keep moving
2、他们进行挑衅活动，制造紧张局势，必须马上停止。
They must stop all their provocations at once,which create tensions.
provocation:an action or event that makes someone angry or upset,or is intended to do this
练习：
下面的句子在翻译时需要在英文句中增加表示逻辑关系的词语，使原文隐含的语义关系显现出来。试译：
1、跑得了和尚跑不了庙。
The monk may run away,but the temple won's run with him.
2、你死了我去当和尚。
If you died,I would go and become a monk.
3、他不去我去。
I would like to go if he wouldn't go.
4、他不去我也去。
I'd go there even if he wouldn't go with me.
5、他不去我才去。
I'd go there only if he won't.
6、知人知面不知心。
A man's face one can know,but not his heart.
7、人穷志短。
When a man is poor his ambition is not far-reaching.
Poverty stifles ambition.
stifle:to stop something from happening or developing
8、人穷志不短。
Though one is poor,he has high aspirations.
aspiration:a strong desire to have or achieve something
One maybe poor,but with lofty ideas.
lofty:lofty ideas,beliefs,attitudes etc show high standards or high moral qualities-use this to show approval
9、人有脸，树有皮。
The face is as important to a man as the bark to a tree.
10、人不犯我，我不犯人。
We will not attack unless we are attacked.
四、“左分支”结构与“右分支”结构
汉语句子的语序一般以思维的顺序自然展开，而中国人的思维模式基本上是首先考虑事物的环境和外围因素，然后考虑具体事物或中心事件。西方人的思维模式正相反，首先考虑中心事物，然后才加上外围因素。
这种中西思维方式的差异，表现到句子结构上，就是汉语中的状语总放在谓语或句子主体前边，定语无论长短，都置于中心词之前，形成“左分支”结构。这种结构特点往往使得汉语的状语部分长，主谓部分短；主语部分长，谓语部分短；修饰成分长，中心成分短。整体上显得头大尾小，有人将其比作“狮子头”形状。
如：村东头的王大妈来了，受坏人欺骗的村民们也来了。
There came Aunt Wang who dwelt at the eastern end of the village,and also came the villagers who had been deceived by the scoundrel.
dwell:to live in a particular place
scoundrel:a bad or dishonest man,especially someone who cheats or deceives other people
英语句式正相反。英语的定语成分除单词外，多数都置于中心词之后。多数英语状语的正常位置也是置于主干成分之后，由此形成了英语的右分支结构。另外，英语重视末端重量，凡较长的词语或累赘的成分均需后移，有时甚至须使用假主语来避免句子头重脚轻。这样，英文句子多为前短后长，有人将其形容为开屏的孔雀，头小尾大。
例如：去年他为了完成一个项目在实验室用计算机努力地干了十个月。
He worked hard with a computer in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year.
第三节汉英语体风格对比
第四节汉英节奏特点以及对语言的影响
汉语是声调语言（tone language），英语是重音语言（stress language），两种语言各有自己的节奏特点。
一、音节扩充
汉语为了顺应句子节奏的需要，有时需将单音词扩充为双音词，或把双音节词扩充为四音节词。所以为此目的而增加的字词与其说是语义成分，不如说明结构成分。所以为此目的而增加的字词与其说是语义成分，不好说是结构成分。英语的构词与音节搭配与汉语完全不同，所以在同类情况下不需要添加这样的结构成分。
1、他于是蹲下便拔，而门口突然伸出一个很圆的头来。（《阿Q正传》阿Ｑ仿佛文童落第似的觉得很冤屈，他慢慢走近园门去，忽而非常惊喜了，这分明是一畦老萝卜。他于是蹲下便拔，而门口突然伸出一个很圆的头来，又即缩回去了，这分明是小尼姑。小尼姑之流是阿Ｑ本来视若草芥的，但世事须“退一步想”，所以他便赶紧拔起四个萝卜，拧下青叶，兜在大襟里。然而老尼姑已经出来了。）
He knelt down and began pulling,when suddenly a round head appeared from behind the gate.
翻译时，要真正理解这类词语，不要逐字死译。汉语双音及多音节词中，有些字是义素，用来表意，有些字是形素，可能只用来补充音节。
2、没有父母兄弟，没有本家亲戚，他的唯一的朋友是这座古城。（《骆驼祥子》）
He had no parents or brothers,no relatives at all;the only friends he had was this ancient city.
3、这是增强保健，避毒免灾的。（叶对陶《倪焕之》）
They will make him strong and healthy and keep him out of harm's way.
二、汉语为了追求音节的平衡和句法的完整性，往往需要重复，而英语没有平衡音节的顾虑，以简洁为宗旨，尽量避免词语的重复。
1、他的工作是洗桌子和漆桌子。
He was to wash[]and paint tables.
2、我劝你应像躲避瘟疫那样躲避这种歌谣。
My advice is that you should try to avoid such rhymes as you would[]a pestilence.
rhyme:a short poem or song,especially for children,using words that rhyme
pestilence:a disease that spreads quickly and kills a lot of people
3、好办法，美国人出钱出枪，蒋介石出人......
What a splendid idea!The United States supplies the money and[]guns and Chiang Kai-shek[]the men.
4、但是她都能忍受，......没有屈服，没有讨饶，没有流泪，（《新凤霞回忆录》）
But she bore all this with fortitude,never submitting,[]pleading for mercy or weeping...
fortitude:courage shown when you are in great pain or experiencing a lot of trouble
submit:to agree to obey a person,group,set of rules,especially when you have no choice
plead:to ask for something that you want very much,in a sincere and emotional way
练习：
一、翻译下列词语，注意由于音节关系而增加或减少的词语的译法
1、老虎a tiger
2、老头an old man
3、老兵an army veteran
veteran:someone who has been a soldier,sailor etc in a war
4、老板boss
5、科技science and technology
6、劳模a model worker
7、军属a solider's dependentdefendant:someone,especially a child,who depends on you for food,clothes,money etc.
8、人大National People's Congress
9、扫盲to eliminate illiteracy
10、高校institutions of higher learning
11、文革the Cultural Revolution in China(1966-1976)
12、丰功伟绩signal contributions
13、雄心壮志lofty aspirations
14、真凭实据hard evidence
15、奇形怪状grotesque in shape
grotesque:extremely ugly in a strange or unnatural way
二、翻译下面的段落
太阳醒过来了，披上红妆，在东山之巅冉冉升起。她容光焕发，笑容可掬，向人们问候晨安。快活的百灵一向早起，在枝条间婆娑起舞，向太阳娇啼婉啭，唱着颂歌。向日葵戴着亮闪闪的露珠点缀的花冠，争先恐后地迎着朝阳盛开。一群群多情的蜜蜂，哼着轻快的恋歌，飞入绿丛之中与可心的花儿喁喁私语。接着便是缕缕炊烟，缭绕空际，人欢马叫，汽笛长鸣，酣睡了一夜的大地苏醒了。
The sun wakes,throws on(means:to put on a piece of clothing quickly and carelessly,用在这里合适
吗？)red dress and gently on the crest of the eastern mountain,radiating with glory,beaming with smiles and greeting"Good morning"to people.The merry larks,habitual early risers,dance from twigs to twigs,warbling out ode to the sun.Heliotropes, putting on coronas decorated with twinkling dewdrops,vie to burst in all their glory toward the first gleams.Swarms of sentimental bees,humming out gay madrigals,fly into the green clusters to bill and coo with the blossoms after their heart.Immediately ensue the puffing off of chimney smoke in the air,the blending of laughter with neigh,and the wailing out of siren.The great earth has
come to herself from a full night's lethargic slumber!
练习：
1、我认为资金的问题是我们目前最大的困难。（用插入语）
The short of fund,I think,is the biggest problem we're facing at the present stage.
2、朱彦夫虽然肢体残疾，但意志坚强，所以做出了常人都难以做到的事情。（用关系从句）
Zhu Yanfu,a man who is handicapped with all limbs,has achieved with his strong will what a normal person would find difficult to accomplish.
handicap:if someone has a handicap,a part of their body or their mind has been permanently injured or damaged.Many people think that this word is offensive.
limb：an arm or leg
3、地球的周围是一层厚度莫测的空气。（用倒装句）
Surrounding the earth is a layer of air of unknown thickness.
4、她虽然年纪大了，可腿脚灵便、耳聪目明。（用简单句）
She is easy with movement and good with vision and hearing despite her great age.
5、他在报上说这场罢工不好。（用被动式）
He is quoted in the paper as saying that the strike was evil.
6、孩子大哭起来，伤倒是没伤着，只是吓的。（not so much）
The child burst out crying.It was not so much that he was anyhow injured but that he was terribly frightened.
7、若不是我抓住她，她就跌倒了。(but that)
She would have fallen but that I caught her.
8、小孩子的鞋子很快就穿不进去了。（outgrow）
Small children outgrow their shoes at a fast rate.
9、现在可以明了这种系统为什么称为“相位控制”（phase control）。（用形式主语it）
It is evident now why this system is called"phase control".
10、年轻人顶着风，冒着雨，出去骑马。（用一个动词）
The young people went out,against the wind and through the rain,for a ride on horseback.
汉英文化比较
第一节文化和语言的关系
第二节语言中的文化因素解析
一、词汇中的文化
中英两种文字大都具有相对应的词语。有些是反映中国文化特有的事物和现象的词语，如“盘古”、“女娲”、“秀才”、“八股文”、“太极拳”、“个体户”等。从翻译的角度看，这类词虽然在英语里找不到意义完全对等的词语，却不是语义转换的主要障碍，通过阐释或注解总有办法的把它们的意思解释清楚并传达出去。我们这样说，仅仅是对这些词语的所指意义而言。所以上述词语只能属于概念意义的空缺，而不列入本章所讲的文化意义。
我们所说的文化意义是指词语意义之外的、能产生联想的内涵意义。具有这类双重意义的词语往往构成翻译的主要障碍，因为它们常常兼指多意，甚至以内涵意义为主。这样的词语，虽然在英语里能找到概念相同的词语，却可能出现文化含义的不对应或假对应。如下面意义相同的词语在文化内涵上就有差别：
红（喜庆）——red(暴力)
白（丧服）——white（婚妙？不知书上是不是印错了）蓝（蓝色）——blue（清高、忧郁、淫秽）
黄（王权）——yellow（怯懦）
牧童(悠闲)——cowboy(冒险)农民(忠厚朴实)——peasant(心胸狭窄)狗(鄙视)——dog(同情)
龙(高贵)——dragon(凶恶)
月亮(团圆)——moon(虚幻)
宣传(中性词)——propaganda(贬义词)
二、成语中的文化
汉语和英语都有大量的成语、谚语和比喻手段。它们的结构、语义和用法在很大程度受到所处具体文化环境的制约，因此一般能够比较突出地反映文化和语言的差异。这类词语在理解上就超出了文字的本意，其交际价值在于语用意义，具有强烈的文化特征。
下列汉英成语具有相似的概念意义，其语用意义却不同，请试作说明
1、打草惊蛇——to beat about the bush
打草惊蛇——to alert enemy by rash or accidental events before carrying out the planned attack
to beat about the bush——to approach a subject without coming to the point,try to say something indirectly(旁敲侧击)
2、亡羊补牢——to lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen
亡羊补牢——to repair the stable after a sheep is gone,still in time to avoid further losses
to lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen——take precautions when it is too late(贼去关门)
3、骨鲠在喉——to have a bone in one's throat
骨鲠在喉——have an opinion that one cannot suppress
to have a bone in one's throat——to avoid making one's opinion know(难于启齿)
4、同舟共济——to be in the same boat
同舟共济——to cooperate and help each other in order to ride out a difficulty
to be in the same boat——to be in the same difficult situation or dangers
5、怒发冲冠——to make one's hair stand on end
怒发冲冠——bristle with anger,to fly into a rage,to be in violent anger
to make one's hair stand on end——to be in the same difficult situation or dangers
6、翻天覆地——to move heaven and earth
翻天覆地——epoch-making,earth-shaking
to move heaven and earth——to do one's utmost(竭尽全力)
7、蜀犬吠日——to bark at the moon
蜀犬吠日-----to make a fuss about something that one alone finds strange,un-called for alarm or exciement out of sheer ignorance
to bark at the moon——to make fruitless efforts(吠月,徒劳)
8、洗手不干——to wash one's hands of
洗手不干——to stop doing wrong and reform oneself
to wash one's hands of sb.or sth.——to refuse to take any more responsibility for sb.or sth.
9、食言——to eat one's words
食言——to go back on one's word,to break one's word
to eat one's words——to take back what one has said
10、扯后腿——to pull somebody's leg
扯后腿——to hinder,to be a hindrance to sb.
to pull someone's leg——to tell someone something untrue as a joke,try to make somebody believe something that is untrue as a joke
三、语用方面的文化差异
话语的语用意义与文化环境关系密切，某些具有典型语用意义的话语总是以特定的社会文化背景为前提的；失去这个大背景，原有的语用意义就无从体现，或在不同文化背景中被赋予始料不及的其他意义。
语言中凡涉及社会应酬与人际关系的词语无不打有独特的民族文化的烙印。中国人说自己时用谦称，指对方时用敬称。叫对方“老李”能表示亲热，称呼“李老”则表示恭敬。而英美人则怕“老”字，也最恨“老”字。中国人有一大串指代自己或与己有关的谦词，如“寒舍”、“菲酌”、“薄酒”、“敝人”“窃以为”、“愚见”等；对对方有一串敬称，如“您”、“令尊”、“令堂”、“贵舍”、“鸿论”等。英美文化中没有这种厚彼薄己的“自贬”传统。因此在语言上也找不到对应的词语。接受礼品或谢意对中国人也要自谦一番，说“不敢当”、“有愧”、“过奖”之类的话，西方人则坦率地认可，使用"I'm so glad..."、"It's so lovely"、"Thank you"等语句。
练习
将下列句子译成英文
1、惭愧(不敢当，哪里)
I'm pleased that you think so.
(I'm pleased to hear that.You flatter me.
Thank you for your compliment.)
2、欢迎，欢迎(幸会；久仰)Glad to meet you.
(I'm pleased to see you.
It's such a pleasure to see you.)
3、再会(保重；有空来玩儿) Good-bye.
(Take care.See you.Do come again.)
4、请笑纳(别嫌弃，一点意思)
I hope you will like it.
(Please accept it.)
5、您太客气(让你破费，不好意思)
It's so lovely!
(Thank you for the gift.)
6、多谢(有劳您呢，累您了)
Thanks.
(Many,many thanks.I'm much obliged.)
7、别客气(别见外，没什么)
Don't mention it.
(It's a pleasure.Not at all.You're welcome.Never mind.)
8、劳驾(请问，有劳您)
Excuse me...
(Could you be so kind as to...Would you please...?
May I trouble you...Would you mind...?)9、不见不散啊！
Please be there on time.
(Till then.See you.)
10、恭喜发财！
Good luck!
11、一路顺风！
Plain sailing.
(Have a good journey.
May the favourable wind accompany you.)
12、该死！
Damn it.
13、没错。
You bet.
(No mistake.Certainly.)
14、没门儿！
No way.
15、完全同意I couldn't agree more.
(How right you are!)
第三节文化与翻译
翻译中，文化因素的处理便成为十分重要的任务。绵延数千年的华夏文化与历史悠久的汉语言文字有千丝万缕的联系。
汉语译成英语时，不但文化的载体改变了，文化的读者环境也不复存在了。这时就会出现两种情形：首先，译入语没有相应的词语来承载源语种的文化因素，形成词语空缺。其次，译文受众缺乏理解原文所需要的汉文化背景知识，或者以自己的文化背景去理解译文，造成误解。
翻译时，我们应原文文字中的文化含义有敏锐的察觉、准备的把握，对原文蕴含的文化背景在译言语中进行适当的补充，对在异族文化中容易误解的概念进行必要的澄清，帮助译文读者跨越文化障碍。
一．概念意义与文化意义完全相同
这类词语属于能够＂直译＂的词句，原文的概念意义和文化意义、形象与寓意同进传达到译文当中。
如：
１
露面to show one's face,to show up 丢脸to lose face,face-losing
老手an old hand
笑柄a laughing stock
碰壁run one's against a wall
好心kind-hearted 祸不单行Misfortunes never come singly
趁热打铁Strike while the iron is hot.
混水摸鱼to fish in troubled waters
花钱如流水to spend money like waters
一只耳朵听，一只耳朵冒to go in at one ear and out at the other
2、姥姥既是这么说，况且当**也见过这姑太太一次，为什么不你老人家明于就去走一趟，先试试风头儿去？（曹雪芹《红楼梦》）Since this is your idea,mother,and you've called on the lady before,why not go there tommorrow and see how the wind blows?(Tr.
Yang Xianyi&Gladys Yang)
3、三月里刘熏宇来信，说互生病了，而且是没有希望的病，医生说只好等日子了。四月底在《时事新报》上见到立达学校的通告，想不到这么快互生就殁了！（朱自清《哀互生》）
In March I heard from Mr.Liu Xunyu that Husheng was sick and hoplesly sick at that.The doctor saId there was nothing he could do
but wait for the day to arrive.Toward the end of April,I came across an obituary issued by Lida School in the newspater Current
Affairs.How quickly the day had arrived!
二、概念意义对应，文化意义空缺
原文的词语在译入语里有概念意义的对应词，但没有原文的文化意义，常见于比喻性词语。
如，"胸有成竹"译为英文的"He has long had fully-grown bamboo in his bosom",就丧失了比喻意义。这时的词语的概念意义仅仅是手段，比喻意义才是目的。
翻译时，如果找不到表达相同比喻义的词语，就只能采取意译的办法。（He has long had a well-thought-out plan in his mind）或者借用英
不到这么快互生就殁了！（朱自清《哀互生》）
In March I heard from Mr.Liu Xunyu that Husheng was sick and hoplesly sick at that.The doctor saId there was nothing he could do
but wait for the day to arrive.Toward the end of April,I came across an obituary issued by Lida School in the newspater Current
Affairs.How quickly the day had arrived!
二、概念意义对应，文化意义空缺
原文的词语在译入语里有概念意义的对应词，但没有原文的文化意义，常见于比喻性词语。
如，"胸有成竹"译为英文的"He has long had fully-grown bamboo in his bosom",就丧失了比喻意义。这时的词语的概念意义仅仅是手段，比喻意义才是目的。
翻译时，如果找不到表达相同比喻义的词语，就只能采取意译的办法。（He has long had a well-thought-out plan in his mind）或者借用英语的喻体。
例
1、接着他们用绳子五花大绑，把节振国捆得象个粽子似的，又是一阵拳打脚踢。节振国的嘴里鼻孔里鲜血直冒。（王义《赤胆忠心》）They gave him a good cuff and kick,trussed him up like a fowl and then went on walloping and kicking him till his nose and mouth were a bloody pulp.
分析：文化的不同决定了比喻的不同，原文中的比喻形象"粽子"在译文里换成了"fowl"，"鲜血直冒"的形象换成了比喻"bloody pulp"。单词：
cuff:A blow or slap with the open hand.
truss:To tie up or bind tightly.
fowl:A bird,such as the duck,goose,turkey,or pheasant,that is used as food or hunted as game.
pulp:A mixture of cellulose material,such as wood,paper,and rags,ground up and moistened to make paper.
2、老王和我算是柳家大院最"文明"的人了。"文明"是三孙子。（老舍《柳家大院》）
Old Wang and I are considered the genteel folk in the compound.Gentility be hanged!(Gentility be blowed!Gentility,the deuce take it!) genteel:Refined in manner;well-bred and polite
folk:The common people of a society or region considered as the representatives of a traditional way of life and especially as the originators or carriers of the customs,beliefs,and arts that make up a distinctive culture:
deuce:Used as an intensive
本例子中的"三孙子"是中国尊卑文化所产生的骂人词语，如直译为"third grandson"，肯定不会为长幼观念淡漠的英美人士所领悟，故改译为具有西方特色的咒骂语。
3、心较比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分。（《红楼梦》）
译文（1）She looked more sensitive than Pikan,more delicate than Hsi Shih.(Tr.Yang Xianyi)
She had more chambers in her heart than the martyred Bi Gan;And suffered a tithe more pain in it than the beautiful Xi Shi.(Tr.David Hawkes) chamber:An enclosed space in the body of an organism;a cavity
martyr:To make a martyr of,especially to put to death for devotion to religious beliefs
tithe:A very small part
本例可以说集中体现了汉语的文化意义、修辞手法以及比喻用法。"比干"与"西子"所包含的文化含义及典故一时是无法向译文读者交代明白的，所以译文（1）仅传达原文的基本用意，即聪颖灵气和孱弱的美姿。译文（2）试图传达这两个词的文化含义，却忽略了更为重要的比喻用意。致使整体上的意义不够忠实。
4、（赵辛楣）一肚皮的酒，几乎全化成酸醋......（钱钟书《围城》）
The wine in Hsin-mei's stomach turned to sour vinegar in his jealousy.
英美人很难把醋与妒忌联系起来，译文中的"vinegar"起不来保留原文形象的作用。故改译作"妒火中烧"。
The considerable amount of wine Hsin-mei had consumed earlier was burning inside and made him sick with jealously.(Tr.Sun Yifeng)
三、概念意义不同，语用意义不同
1、一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我"胖了"，说我"胖了"之后大骂其新党。（鲁迅《祝福》）
When we met,after exchanging a few polite remarks he said I was fatter,and after saying that immediately started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.(Foreign Languages Press,1972)
分析：中国读者对于"说我胖了"容易理解，这是中国人重逢时的寒暄语之一。英美人士不明个中缘由，且忌讳肥胖，很容易以为是一种规劝和告诫。因此应增添解释性词语。试改译如下：
After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met,he observed that I looked"fat",and having made that complimentary remark he lauched a
violent attack on the revolutionaries.
2、毛主席问陈妻："你们俩感情好不好？"陈妻答："好。"主席听了感到非常高兴。
Then Chariman Mao talked with Chen's wife.He was pleased to know that they had a happy home life.
分析：在中国文化中，长辈或上司询问如年龄、婚姻、家庭等个人问题，是一种关心的表示。在西方，这类问题被认为属于个人隐私。因此译者化直接为间接，化具体为模糊，既巧妙表达了原文的含义，又避免了可能产生的直译与译文读者的文化的冲突。
3、（凤姐：）"这通身的气派竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟是嫡新的孙女儿似的。"（《红楼梦》）
译文1："And everything about her so distingue!She doesn't take after your side of the family,Grannie,she's more like a Jia."(Tr.David Hawkes) distingue:显赫的，高雅的,高尚的，上流的
译文2：
"Her whole air is so distinguished!She doesn't take after her father,son-in-law of our Old Ancestress,but more like a Jia."(Tr.Yang Xianyi& Gladys Yang)
分析：凤姐在贾母面前称赞林黛玉，又说她不像贾母的外孙女，而像亲孙女，是在借黛玉恭维贾母。文中的"外"与"亲"字很关键。译文1中的"your side"讲的虽然也是真话，却并不中听，肯定不讨贾母的欢喜，也不是凤姐的用意。译文2用"her father"替代了贾母，既澄清了"外孙女"所含的语义关系，又达到了原文语用的目的。
练习
1、翻译时要特别小心英语某些词语的负面联想意义，注意避免无意间产生的有悖于原文用意的意思。下面的英译文在英语文化中有可能引起不好的联想，试改译：
1、"白象'牌电池-------"White Elephant"brand battery
2、"芳草"牌牙膏-------"Fang Cao'brand tooth paste
3、"金鸡'牌鞋油-------"Gold Cock"brand shoe blacking
4、"银耳'汤-------------"white fungus"soup
5、"金三角"经济开发区------a special economic development zone:a"Golden Triangle"
2、下列成语性词语多含有比喻，基本意思相同，但比喻的形象在中文和英文中有区别。在英译文的空线上加上适当的词，以完成该习语的翻译。
1、缘木求鱼to seek a hare in a hen's nest
2、大海捞针to look for a needle in a hay stack
3、一箭之遥at a stone's throw
4、守口如瓶dumb as an oyster
5、面如土色as white as a sheet
6、胆小如鼠as timid as a hare
7、一模一样as like as two peas
8、蠢得像猪as stupid as a goose
9.瓮中之鳖like a rat in a hole
10.犟得像牛as stubborn as a mule
11.睡得死沉sleep like a log
12.对牛弹琴to cast pearls before swine
13.一丘之貉birds of a feather
14.掌上明珠the apple of one's eye
15.像落汤鸡as wet as a drowned rat
16.满腹文章have a mind crammed with knowledge
17.聋得像石头as deaf as a post
18.像没对苍蝇as blind as a bat
19.无风不起浪no smoke without fire
20.挂羊头卖狗肉cry up wine and sell vinegar
答案
一、
1."Baixiang"or"Silver Elephant"
("White elephant"means a costly or troublesome possession useless to its owner.)
2."Fragrant Grass"
(The transliteration"fang"is a homonym of English word"fang",meaning snake's poison-tooth,or the long,sharp tooth of dogs and wolves.)
3."Golden Rooster"
(The English"cock"has acquired a jesting,pejorative sense through association with the male sexual organ.)
4."silver mushroom soup"
(The word fungus also refers to other species which are inedible and perhaps distasteful.)
5."Golden Delta"
(The phrase"Golden Triangle'is customarily used to refer to an area in Southeast Asia,a name with a stigma of drug producing and smuggling)
第四章汉译英的理解与表达
第一节汉译英中的理解问题
理解的反面是误解、曲解，而误解和曲解多是因为阅读原文时停留在字面上，或是因为对原语的文化背景缺乏了解。下面从三个方面讨论汉译英中的理解问题。
一、借助语言学理论，提高对文字各种意义的识别能力
语言是一种符号，20世纪20年代，奥格登和理查兹提出的符号三角理论，如图所示，对我们理解原文不无指导意义。
Thought or Reference
（思想或所指关系）
Symbol Referent
（符号）（所指）
其中，符号(Symbol)指语言成分，如词语等；所指(Referent)指外部经验世界中的事物；思想或所指关系(Thought or Reference)指人们大脑中的概念。
符号的意义不是单一的，而是多重性的。确定符号的意义，除了考虑其所指意义之外，还要考虑符号使用者的意图（语用意义）以及与其它符号（语境）的关系。认识符号的意义，必须透过现象看本质，抓住词语的真正的含义，切忌不求甚解，望文生义。如
1、武松吃了道：“这酒略有点意思。”
译文1：Wu Sung drank it and said:"This wine has a little more meaning to it."(Ftp.Pearl Buck)
译文2：Wu Sung tried it."Now this wine has something to it,"he said.(Ftp.Sidney Sharing)
2、王小玉便启朱唇、发晧齿，唱了几句书儿。
译文1：Now open her rosy lip and her ivory white teeth shine,her song begins!
译文2：Little Jade Wang then opened her vermilion lips,displaying her sparking white teeth,and sang several phrases.
译文3：Little Jade then parted her lips and sang a few lines.
原文用“启朱唇、发皓齿”描述小玉唱歌时口型优美，这是中国评书常见的表达手法。译文1和2都把“发皓齿”直译出来，效果却不如译文3的略译好，译文2读起来让人有先咧嘴、后吱牙、再唱歌的印象。
二、通过上下文，掌握隐含意义
原文的意思不一定通过具体的词汇表达，有可能体现在上下文的逻辑关系、或全句的语气上。这时，要善于从整体上把握这种弥漫在全文中的意义，并用适当的方式表达出来。
如：贾母因笑道：“外客未见，就脱了衣裳，还不去见你妹妹！”（《红楼梦》）
显然这里的“脱了衣裳”指脱下外套、礼服之类，不能照字面译成“take off one's clothes”，所以译文是：
With a smile at Ftp-tue,the Lady Dowager soldier:"Fancy changing your clothes before greeting our visitor.Hurry up now and pay your respects to you cousin."(Tr.Yang Xianyi&Gladys Yang)
三、把握修辞特点
理解时要留意原文的感情色彩、形象色彩及语体色彩，这些联想意义多用来达到修辞目的。只有透彻理解了原文的这些语义色彩，才能在表达时通过恰当的选词或结构将原文色彩意义传达出来。
1、阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻。（陶渊明《桃花源记》）
It was checkered with highways and paths between the fields;cock-crow and dog-bark in one village were heard in another.
原文中的“鸡犬相闻”用意在于表现乡村里平安祥和的生活气氛。如果照字面直译就成了“鸡鸣狗叫”，在不同文化背景的英美人心目中是十分令人不快的景象。为了避免产生这种意外的负面效应，奈达博士改译进加上了"friendly"一词。
The area was crisscrossed with hihgways and paths between the fields,and from one village to another,one could hear the friendly crowing of cocks and the barking of dogs.
2、直起身又看看豆，自己摇摇头说：“不多不多！多乎载？不多也。”（鲁迅《孔乙己》）
Then straightening up to look at the peas again,he would shake his head."Not much!Verily,not much,forsooth!"
原文中的孔乙己用文言文给小孩子说话，属于语体的混淆和误用。这里作为修辞手法，使孔己的迂腐形象跃然纸上。译文亦选用了两个古色古香的英文词"Verily"与"forsooth"，贴切地传达出了原文通过语体变异而达到的修辞效果。汉译英中的表达问题
一、表达的形式：词语的增减与置换
在透彻理解的基础上，译文要忠实传达出原文的各种意义，必须在句式、词语方面加以调整，因此译文与原文字面上不再一一对应。从表达的形式上，可分为译文加词、译文减词和译文换词。
1、译文加词
为了充分传达原文含义，必须增补词语，以求达意。如
北京是中国的政治、文化中心。这里你可以游览万里长城...
Beijing is a political and cultural center that offers some scenic attractions:Badaling...
本例是一段落的首句，英文段落的起始句一般概括全段内容点明主题，亦称“主题句”。该段的原文讲的是北京的名胜，而非政治和文化。译文若不加译文红色部分限定，主题句和段落内容就不相符。这类加译是为了使译文内容文理通达。
2、译文减词
汉译英时，如果译文的上下文能够衬托出原文的某些意义，就不必在字面译出来，否则会显得重复、累赘。这样的译文在形式上就表现为减词。如
希伯牺牲了。他是一个著名记者，却是以一个战士的身份在战场上牺牲的；他是一个欧洲人，却是在中国的抗日战场上牺牲的。
Shippe was a journalist who shed his blood was a soldier,a European who died on a battle field in China.
3、易词而译
即用字面意义不同的英文词语去译原文的某个词。这样做有两方面的原因。其一是理解上的原因，如果具有相同表层含义的译文词语无法表达出原文词的深层含义，故而换一个词，表面上与原文不同，深层里恰恰是原文的真实含义。其次是出于表达上的原因，两个在原文里搭配的词语到英文里要搭配起来可能不再合适，只好易词而译。如：
1、这个旅游项目不会使您失望。
A tour of these cities will be a most rewarding experience.
译者把"disappointing"换成了"rewarding".人们都喜欢听那些含有正面意义或吉利的话，回避具有负面含义的词语，作为旅游文章的翻译，用正面的表达法代替反面的表达法，在语用上是得体的。
4.易序而译
单从译文的行文上考虑，有时需要对原文的词序作一番调整，以适应英文的修辞习惯，或者为了避免因结构而产生的歧义。
例如：
（1）到西安你可以买兵马俑、唐三彩。
Unique local creations are available in Xi'an,such as the three colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty and terra-cotta figure.
原文中的“兵马俑”与“唐三彩”到译文中交换了位置，是为了避免修饰语“of the Tang Dynasty”在结构上产生歧义。（2）我橇开小木箱，是四条鲜鱼。Carcassonne教授一定是怕鱼在路上搁坏了，在鱼的上下两旁都放了冰，冰有点融化，水从木箱的空隙中流出来了。
I opened the little box to find four fresh fish in it.There was ice all round them.Since the ice was melting,water ran through the cracks on the box.It was clear that Porf.Carcassonne had place ice in it for fear that the fish would go bad during the delivery.
原文的句序是按照汉语典型的时间顺序排列的，即按照事情发生的客观时间“（主人翁）怕——放冰——冰化——水流”排列。英文则按照故事叙述的行文逻辑“（讲述人）发现冰——冰化——水流——推断（怕——放冰）”排列，原文的时间关系改由译文的时态表示。
二、弄清原文脉络，保证行文连贯
翻译过程中需要不时地改变句式，或前后颠倒，或更换主语。调整句型时，不要忽略上下文的语义联系；表达时，应注意译文行文的衔接和连贯，务必保证逻辑清楚，层次分明，前后一致，文气贯通。
山谷顶端，残留着一座道教建筑，名叫“黄龙古寺”。寺前有一溶洞，深邃莫测。寺后有一石峰，除碑檐外，几乎被碳酸钙沉积淹没，碑文已不可辨认。
On the hill top stands the Yellow Dragon Monastery,a Taoist retreat built in the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644).A karst cave lies before it,and a stone tablet was erected behind.All but the top of the tablet has been eroded by calcium carbonate,and the in script ions have become unreadable.
原文通过“山谷顶端”~“古寺”、“寺前”~“溶洞”、“寺后”~“石碑”~“碑檐”、“碑文”等一系列的“主题-说明”结构，将古寺的方位及其周围的事物交代得一清二楚，空间关系十分明确。译文虽然把原文的每一事物也做了详细交代，但由于断句不当且频频更换主语，使是原文空间关系有些凌乱。
所以，表达时不仅要注意句子内部成分的意义是否忠实无误，还要特别重视各成分之间的语义关系是否也正确无误。这就要依靠词序安排及对句子主语的选择。建议改译如下：
On top of the hill stands the Yellow Dragon Monastery,a Ming Dynasty(1368-1644)structure for a Taoist retreat.In front of the monastery is a karst cave of infinite depth,and behind it stands a stone tablet,all but the top having been eroded by calcium carbonate and the in script ions on the tablet hardly distinguishable.
文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译
第一节文法与翻译
文法包括字、句法和章法等。汉译英中的文法问题包括两个方面，一是汉语原文的语法，特别是文言文语法，一是英语译文语法，前者涉及理解，后者涉及表达。
例：请分析下面的译例，注意划底线部分的译法：
1、借您的电话用用好吗？
May I use your telephone?
2、坐在花园的篱笆旁，一个黄蜂刺了我一下。
Sitting against a fence in my garden,I was stung by a wasp.
3、聚也不易，散也不易。
It is not easy to gather,nor is it to par with each other.
4、昨晚他们家被偷了。
Their house was robbed last night.
5、市政府终于批准了建设高科园的资金项目。
差不多是时候了。不知为什么拖了这么长时间。
The municipal govenment has finally voted the funds for building a high-tech park.
It's about time that it did.I don't know what took it so long a time.
Dillydally:
下面是一些比较典型的汉语单句，比较其英译文并找出汉英对应的句式来：
9、天上挂着一轮明月。[主语(处所)+谓语+宾语（存现句）]
A bright round moom hangs in the sky.[SVA]
The moon hung in the sky,full and bright.
The moon hung in the sky,full and shimmering,
Dillydally:
英语句式正相反。英语的定语成分除单词外，多数都置于中心词之后。多数英语状语的正常位置也是置于主干成分之后，由此形成了英语的右分支结构。另外，英语重视末端重量，凡较长的词语或累赘的成分均需后移，有时甚至须使用假主语来避免句子头重脚轻。这样，英文句子多为前短后长，有人将其形容为开屏的孔雀，头小尾大。
例如：去年他为了完成一个项目在实验室用计算机努力地干了十个月。
He worked hard with a computer in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year.
To complete a project,he worked hard for ten months on the lab computer last year.
Dillydally:
汉英翻译作业 一、单句翻译 1、自信人生二百年，会当击水三千里。 2、教育要面向现代化，面向世界，面向未来。 3、创新是一个民族进步的灵魂，是一个国家兴旺发达的不竭动力，也是一个政 党永葆生机的源泉。 4、要进一步增强忧患意识，始终保持开拓进取的锐气；要进一步增强公仆意识， 始终牢记全心全意为人民服务的宗旨；要进一步增强节俭意识，始终发扬艰苦奋斗的精神。 5、在科学上没有平坦的大道,只有不畏劳苦沿着陡峭山路攀登的人,才有希望达 到光辉的顶点。 6、正确的道路是这样：吸取你的前辈所做的一切，然后再往前走。 7、生命，如果跟时代崇高的责任联系在一起，你就会感到它永垂不朽。 8、历史使人明智；诗词使人灵秀；数学使人周密；自然哲学使人深刻；伦理使 人庄重；逻辑修辞学使人善辨。 9、天生的才干如同天生的植物一样，需要靠学习来修剪。 10、只有那些不辞辛劳的人，才能使生命发出耀眼的光辉。 11、天才，就是百分之一的灵感加百分之九十九的汗水。 12、一个人的价值，应该看他贡献什么，而不应当看他取得什么。 13、千里之行，始于足下。 14、学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。 15、满招损，谦受益。 16、它山之石，可以攻玉。 17、天行健，君子以自强不息；地势坤，君子以厚德载物。 18、一年之计，莫如树谷，十年之计，莫如树木，百年之计，莫如树人。 19、锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。 20、志不强者智不达，言不信者行不果。 21、博学之，审问之，慎思之，明辨之，笃行之。 22、谁言寸草心，报得三春晖。 23、业精于勤，荒于嬉；行成于思，毁于随。 24、先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。 25、博观而约取，厚积而薄发。
汉译英 1.广场舞是社区中老年居民以健身、社交等为目的在广场、公园等开敞的地方进行的健身操或舞蹈，通常以高分贝的音乐伴奏。广场舞在中国大陆无论南北皆十分普遍。对于广场舞的确切认识，社会学界及体育界目前均未达成共识。广场舞的高分贝音乐常常造成噪音滋扰，因此许多居民反对在小区中跳广场舞。 The square dancing is a bodybuilding exercise or dance performed in wide and open places such as squares and parks among the middle-aged and old residents in communities, with the purpose of bodybuilding, socializing and so on, generally accompanied with high-pitched music. The square dancing is very popular all over mainland China, whether in the north or in the south. Neither the sociological circle nor the sports circle has currently reached a consensus on the exact perception of the square dancing. The high-pitched music of the square dancing often causes noisy disruption, and therefore many residents are opposed to the square dancing in communities. 2.故宫，又称紫禁城，是明、清两代的皇宫，二十四位皇帝在此生活起居和处理政务。它是世界现存最大、最完整的木质结构的古建筑群(architectural complex)。宫殿墙壁的色调以红色和黄色为主,红色代表快乐、好运和财富，而黄色代表帝王的神圣和尊贵。近十几年来，故宫平均每年接待中外游客600-800万人次，随着旅游业的繁荣，游客人数有增无减，可见人们对故宫的兴趣长盛不衰。 The Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, was the palace in Ming and Qing Dynasties where 24 emperors lived and handled government affairs. It is the largest and most complete existing ancient wooden architectural complex in the world. The palace wall was painted mainly in red and yellow. Red represents happiness, luck and fortune while yellow symbolizes imperial holiness and dignity. In recent decades, the Imperial Palace is visited annually by six to eight million tourists at home and abroad. Moreover, with flourishing tourism industry, the number of tourists keeps increasing. It shows people’s everlasting and unfading interest in the Imperial Palace. 3.《新闻联播》是中国中央电视台（CCTV）每日播出的一个新闻节目。节目每次播出时长一般为30分钟。它被中国大陆大多数地方频道同时转播，这使得它成为世界上收看人数最多的节目之一。自从1978年1月1日首次播出以来，它就以客观、生动、丰富的纪实手段记录着中华大地每一天的变化。作为中国官方新闻资讯类节目，《新闻联播》以沉稳、庄重的风格著称。 Xinwen Lianbo is a news program broadcast by China Central Television (CCTV) every day. It generally takes 30 minutes every time to broadcast the program. It is relayed simultaneously by most local television channels in the mainland of China, which makes it one of the world’s most-watched programs. Since it was first broadcast on January 1st, 1978, it has been recording the changes of every day throughout China by documentary means that is objective, vivid and rich. As the Chinese official news information program, Xinwen Lianbo is well-known for its
汉译英三步骤： 1.理解原文 包括原文逐字逐句的理解、对原文整体思想、观点和态度的理解，也包括对原文句子之 间和各部分之间相互关系的理解。 2.英语表达 在正确理解原文的基础上进行的，不是一对一的死译，而是在理解原文的基础上用相应 的英语结构、词汇和表达习惯准确的表达原文的意思。 3.核对检查 认真阅读自己的译文，要用挑错的眼光来检查译文是否正确表达了原文的意思，是否有 漏译、错译，译文语法如时态、语态、单复数形式和拼写上是否有错误。 汉译英翻译技巧： 1.选择恰当的英语词汇 有些英语词汇不仅有字面意思，还有内含意思。 e.g.“国家”：country, nation, state, land 分别内涵：疆土、人民、政府、感情 有些英语词汇本身含有贬义或一些委婉的意思，运用时要特别注意。 e.g.“宣传”publicize, propaganda （带贬义） 汉译英选词原则： （1）选适合上下文的词汇 e.g.“观众”：audience,viewer, spectator 分别表示：听音乐会或看戏的观众、电视观众、看体育表演的观众 “条件”不同情况下应用不同的英语词表达： 工作条件：working condition 有利的条件：favorable situation 录取条件：admission requirement 付款条件：terms of payment 词汇选择首先要忠于原文的意思。 e.g.近年来由于就业问题日益严重，有些人建议让没有工作的未婚妇女来替换那些 家务繁重的女工。 “就业问题”：employment problem, unemployment problem（找不到工作就业已 成问题，即失业问题） “没有工作的妇女”: women without jobs, women hunting for jobs（没有工作又 需要找工作的妇女，不需找工作的并不包括在内） （2）要注意词的广义、狭义、具体的意思和抽象意思的不同 e.g. ①他讲的笑话逗得我们都笑了。 ②他讲的话使我们大家都笑了。 ①His joke made us laugh. ②What he said make us laugh. We all smile at what he said. （3）选词时不要望文生义，不要死译，要考虑与汉语对应的英语词汇真正的意思。 e.g.①他们的好奇心得到了满足。
The Prettiest Mother In The World At that time,I was teaching in a rural middle school of Zhang Jiakou countryside.Every morning,I always saw a woman who came into our campus with a bicycle slantly walking through the corridor between offices and classrooms,and she sent bean curd to the refectory.She wore a military cotton-padded clothes which changed into yellow,and there was a cloth rope binding tangly around her waist.Underneath there were black cotton-padded trousers and a pair of galoshes which were not fit for the season.Her hair disheveled was like the habijabi.The woman became waner and sallower when the hair was stired into skeins by wind.Her feet limped severely with one foot deep shallow foot and the bicycle was pushed unstably.I was worried about her bean curd which would dropped for several times. One day,I read over the familiar essay handed in.A girl by the name of Wang Xiaoli wrote these: This weekend I went home and felt unwell.Father still lies on the kang and could not move.No matter how drugs he eats,it does n’t have any effect on his health.He has lain up for 3 years.My brother is young,and my mother carries all the life burden alonely.Every time I want to cry when she is busy with everything. At the beginning of this semester,I made a requ est that I didn’t want to go to school and helped mother do farm work.Father lain on the kang
Please translate the following passage into English. 女儿夫妇约我晚膳，我们大家见面的时候，聊个不停，女儿忽然脸色凝重对我说：“昨晚我很伤心，大哭了一场。”她还没把话说完，我已急着问她到底发生了什么事？ My daughter and her husband invited me to dinner. We chattered a lot over the meal. All of a sudden, my daughter looked very grave and said to me, “I was very sad last night. I cried for a long time.” Before she had quite finished, I hastened to ask what had happened. [注释] “见面的时候，聊个不停”，根据前文应理解为“见面、进餐时聊个不停”，故译为“chattered a lot over the meal”。 “脸色凝重”译为“looked very grave”。 女儿看见我很认真的问她，她又满脸笑容向我解释：“妈，你放心，我只是看了一个韩国电影，因为剧情凄怨感人，使我愈看愈伤心，跟着情绪非常的激动，我按捺不住，便放声大哭了，看完戏之后，眼睛已揉得又红又肿、鼻子也捏痛了。” Sensing the anxiety in my face, she quickly broke into a smile and explained, “Mom, don’t be alarmed. It’s the South Korean film I watched. The story is very sad. As the plot developed, I became more and more responsive and grief-stricken. Unable to control myself, I burst out crying. When the show was over, my eyes were red and swollen, and my nose hurt badly with too much wiping. ” [注释] “认真的（地）”在此处不宜译作seriously，seriously 是认真地，非玩笑地。根据淑婉着急的心态，试译为anxiety。 “满脸笑容”不译为full of smiles, 而译为broke into a smile, 以此描述她女儿表情瞬间的转换。 “你放心”，按上下文推论，译作don’t be alarmed，因为淑婉以为大事不妙，十分惊慌；她女儿请她不必担心。 “……，使我愈看愈伤心，……”。此处的“愈……愈……”，不译作the … , the …，因为淑婉的女儿在这里的意思只可能是故事展开后，剧情更令人伤心。所以译为：as the plot developed, …。 “情绪非常的激动”，如译作excited，则远未刻画出当时她女儿的悲伤心态。根据前文试译为grief-stricken一词。 “看完戏之后，……”不宜译作I’ve finished seeing the film。试译作更为地道的表达：When the show was over, …。 “……，眼睛已揉得又红又肿、鼻子也捏痛了。”这里的两个动词（“揉”和“捏”）都不宜按字典直译。 我听后，真替她难受，我从没看过有人因看戏而令自己悲伤心情达到极点的。我劝她不要自寻烦恼，每天下班回家已经疲累不堪，要纾解自己的工作压力，却为一个苦情戏，耗掉这么多眼泪，值得吗？ Having heard her out, I felt sorry for her sake. I have never known a person saddened to such an extreme over a mere play. “Don’t look for misery, ”I advised her. “You are exhaust ed enough after a very long day’s work. What you need is relaxation and recreation. Do you think it is worthwhile to shed so many tears over a sentimental tale?” [注释] “我听后，……，…….达到极点的”。这部分可用拆分法译成独立的两句。 “因看戏”的参考译文是“…over a mere play”，“mere”为加强语气而增添，与后面
汉英语篇翻译练习答案： 1．Retirement Attitudes toward retirement vary from person to person. Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed. Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap, they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provide. Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives. Tired out after all exhaus ting life revolving around work, they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved. As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion, they now have enough time to fulfill an old dream, such as writing, painting, growing flowers and traveling around. On the whole, female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers. Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man. 2. Good-bye, My Ill-fated Motherland! The moment I set foot on the deck of the ship, there began my temporary separation from Chinese oil and a feeling of parting sorrow welled up in my heart. At sailing time, I stood on deck watching the ship receding slowly from the bank until I was out of sight of the towering waterfront buildings and the foreign warships on the Huangpu River. Thereupon I turned round with hot tears in my eyes, murmuri ng, “Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland!” Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! I own what I am to the upbringing you have given me during the past 22 years. I have spent every day of my life in your warm bosom and under your loving care. Y ou have given me joy and sorrow as well as food and clothing. This is where my close relatives were born and brought up and where I have friends here and there. Y ou gave me a wide variety of happiness in my early childhood, but you have also been the source of my sorrow ever since I began to understand things. Here I have witnessed all sorts of human tragedy. Here I have come to know the times we live in. Here I have undergone untold sufferings. I have been struggling, fighting and, time and again, found myself on the brink of destruction and covered all over with cuts and bruises. I have laid to rest, with tears and sighs, some of my close relatives—relatives victimized by old feudal ethnics. Here, besides beautiful mountains and rivers and fertile farmland, we have ghastly prisons and execution grounds as well. Here bad people hold sway while good people suffer and justice is trodden down underfoot. Here people have to wage a savage struggle in order to win freedom. Here man eats man. O the numerous terrible scenes! O the numerous sad memories! O the grand Y ellow River! O the mysterious Y angtze River! Where on earth are your glories of the past? O my native land! O my people! How can I have the heart to leave you! Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! Much as I hate you, I’ve got to love you as ever. （选自《英语世界》2004年第三期，张培基译）
最新全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 分析《女勇士》中的女性形象 2 模糊语在新闻报道中的语用研究 3 论《亚瑟王之死》中的骑士精神 4 简析商务沟通中的非语言沟通 5 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 6 论《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》的悲剧成因 7 激发幼儿学习英语兴趣 8 多媒体网络教学和传统教学对大学生情感的影响 9 探讨中英文化差异——以宗教习语翻译为案例 10 浅谈高中英语教师课堂提问与课堂互动 11 撒旦和孙悟空的形象和文化内涵对比 12 《阿Q正传》中文化负载词的翻译 13 从生态视角解读《瓦尔登湖》 14 解读《最蓝的眼睛》中的姐妹情谊 15 On the Dramatic Conflicts Contributing to Eliza Doolittle’s Pursuit of Self-identity in Pygmalion 16 中美两国家庭文化差异 17 音意兼译—外来词中译之首选法 18 仿拟在商业广告中的应用 19 原创+⑧+ 0 +⑤+⑨+⑨+ 0+⑦+④+⑨ 20 An Analysis of the Characters in the Call of the Wild from the Perspective of Social Darwinism 21 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 22 从关联理论的角度看英语广告中隐喻的翻译 23 战后美国对伊拉克娱乐文化的影响 24 论童话《小王子》的象征创作 25 从跨文化交际的角度看广告翻译 26 足球评论员的评论语气对球迷看球的影响 27 《了不起的盖茨比》中色彩的象征意义 28 从《喜福会》母女冲突看中美家庭教育差异 29 比较《西游记》与《哈利波特》中的英雄形象 30 《红字》中的圣经典故与象征意义 31 自然会话中会话结构的分析 32 网络语言风格的性别差异 33 中式英语的潜在价值 34 英语课堂中的非传统学习策略 35 From Dormancy to Revival—A Feminist Study on Kate Chopin’s Awakening 36 沃尔玛策略研究 37 浅析霍桑罪恶观在《拉帕西尼的女儿》中的体现 38 伦敦英语在英语标准化过程中的作用 39 论跨文化交际中的体态语
本周主要做汉译英翻译练习，作业多，但是简单。请各位同学确保这些句子都会翻译。如果对自己不确定，请用作业本写出来。如果觉得没问题，可以熟悉一下这些基本句型结构，不必每道题都翻译出来。 Ⅰ.基本句型汉译英练习主谓结构 说明：本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如，The sun rises. 主语可有修饰语---定语，如，The red sun rises. 谓语可有修饰语---状语，如，The red sun rises in the east 翻译练习： 你应当努力学习。 她昨天回家很晚。 那天早上我们谈了很多。 会议将持续两个小时。 在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。 1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。 每天八时开始上课。 这个盒子重五公斤。 五年前我住在北京。 爱丽丝很会游泳。 约翰的父亲昨晚去世了。 秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。 我的爷爷早晨起得很早。 每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。 Ⅱ.基本句型汉译英练习主系表结构 说明：本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有 （1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound. （2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand. （3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow. 翻译练习： 我的兄弟都是大学生。 冬季白天短，夜晚长。 布朗夫人看起来很健康。 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 孩子们，请保持安静。 这本书是有关美国历史的书。 她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。 他失业了。 树叶已经变黄了。 这个报告听起来很有意思。 Ⅲ.基本句型汉译英练习主谓宾结构（一）
1. 她连水都不愿喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。(much less) 2. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。(whereas) 3. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？(account for) 4. 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。(due to) 5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) 5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) 6. 我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。(pour into) Unit2 1. 尽管她是家里的独生女，她父母也从不溺爱她。(despite) 2. 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没给我打电话作任何解释。(nor) 3. 坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但决不是什么大作家。(next to; by no means) 4. 他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。(be indifferent to) 5. 经理需要一个可以信赖的助手，在他外出时，由助手负责处理问题。(count on) 6. 这是他第一次当着那么多观众演讲。(in the presence of sb.) Unit3 1. 你再怎么有经验，也得学习新技术。(never too... to...) 2. 还存在一个问题，那就是派谁去带领那里的研究工作。(Use an appositional structure) 3. 由于文化的不同，他们的关系在开始确实遇到了一些困难。(meet with) 4. 虽然他历经沉浮，但我始终相信他总有一天会成功的。(ups and downs; all along) 5. 我对你的说法的真实性有些保留看法。(have reservations about) 6. 她长得并不特别高，但是她身材瘦，给人一种个子高的错觉。(give an illusion of) Unit4 1. 有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？(Use "it" as the formal subject) 2. 不管黑猫白猫，能抓住老鼠就是好猫。(as long as) 3. 你必须明天上午十点之前把那笔钱还给我。(without fail) 4. 请允许我参加这个项目，我对这个项目非常感兴趣。(more than + adjective) 5. 人人都知道他比较特殊：他来去随意。(be free to do sth.) 6. 看她脸上不悦的神色，我觉得她似乎有什么话想跟我说。(feel as though) Unit5 1. 他说话很自信，给我留下了很深的印象。(Use "which" to refer back to an idea or situation) 2. 我父亲太爱忘事，总是在找钥匙。(Use "so... that..." to emphasize the degree of something) 3. 我十分感激你给我的帮助。(be grateful for) 4. 光线不足，加上地面潮湿，使得驾驶十分困难。(coupled with) 5. 由于缺乏资金，他们不得不取消了创业计划。(starve of) 6. 每当有了麻烦，他们总是依靠我们。(lean on) Unit6 1. 就像机器需要经常运转一样，身体也需要经常锻炼。(as... so...) 2. 在美国学习时，他学会了弹钢琴。(while + V-ing) 3. 令我们失望的是，他拒绝了我们的邀请。(turn down) 4. 真实情况是，不管是好是坏，随着新科技的进步，世界发生了变化。(for better or worse) 5. 我班里的大多数女生在被要求回答问题时都似乎感到不自在。(ill at ease) 6. 当地政府负责运动会的安全。(take charge of)Unit7
汉译英翻译技巧 一、分清主从(Subordination) 汉语句中各分句关系比较松散，所以在动笔前应认真分析句子要旨所在。句中重点往往在后。英译时，要突出重点或主句，其他部分可分别用介词短语，非谓语动词形式或各种从句表示。 1、没有农业，人们就不能生存，社会生产就不能继续下去。 Without agriculture, people cannot exist, neither can social production proceed. 2、他们一听到“反霸”就火冒三丈,这充分暴露了他们那霸权主义的蛮横嘴脸。 The fact that they fly into a rage at a mere mention of the expression“anti- hegemony”is enough to reveal their true colours as a domineering hegemonists. 3、有人以为社会主义就了不起，一点缺点也没有，哪有这个事? Some believe that socialism is just perfect, without a single flaw. How can that be true? 4、但是，象我们常说的那样，道路总是曲折的，前途总是光明的。 But as we have often said, while the road ahead is tortuous, the future is bright. 二、选词用字（Diction） 在汉译英时应特别注意选找与原文中在意义上和风味上尽可能都类似的词语。 1、每个民族都有它的长处，不然它为什么能存在？为什么能发展？ Every nation has its own strong points. If not, how can it survive? How can it progress? 2、树雄心，立壮志，向科学技术现代化进军。 Foster lofty ideals, set high goals and march forward for the revolution of modernization of science and technology. 3、我国的社会主义建设，需要一个和平的国际环境，需要一个国内安定团结， 天下大治的局面。 For its socialist construction, China needs an international environment of peace and a domestic situation of stability, unity and great order. 4、论技术，她那时还不如我，但思想却比我高得多。 Professionally she was then not yet my equal, but ideologically she was head and shoulders above me. 三、增益（Ampification） 汉译英时的“增益”技巧的运用,有时是为了使英美人理解原文的精确含义,有时是为了遵循英语的行文习惯。 1、交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。这样才能把工作做好。 Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only then can you do your work well. （英语行文时人称代词，物主代词用得较多） 2、她挑水，生炉子，洗东西，忙个不停。 Fetching water, building the fire, washing --- she had her hands full every minute. (增益为了意译) 3、他们一听说有新任务，就坐不往了。
姓名：张金朵 班级：11级11班 学号：1125011115 “无债一身轻”的回味 Recapturing the Feeling of “Out of Debt” 二十多年前，当我第一次来到西方国家时，有一件事颠覆了我的传统概念，那就是不要怕借债。在中国传统文化里，是“无债一身轻”，证明你可自食其力，不依靠别人；而在西方社会里，是“有债一身轻”，因为那样证明你有信用，有人肯把钱借给你，同时也说明了你挣钱的能力。 About twenty years ago, when I first came to a western country, I was shocked by one thing--debt. In traditional Chinese culture, it is the saying＂out of debt, out of pressure＂that indicate you can support yourself without relying on others; however, in the west, it is just opposite-- when you are in debt, you are trustworthy and financially capable. 就经济的发展规律而言，随着财富的积累，资源的消耗，物价总是上涨的，货币总是要贬值的，因而“今天花明天的钱”、“拿别人的钱来赚钱”便总是上算的。所以，结论是一定要借钱。 In terms of the economic law, it’s believed that paper currency will always be depreciated as wealth is accumulated, resources reduced and price inflated. The golden rule therefore is always to purchase future goods using today’s money, or making money by borrowing from others. 然而，任何事情都有“限度”，超过了便会走向反面；同时，在长期的总体规律之中，又有着短期的阶段性。 However, everything can go wrong if it goes over the limit, during which the short-term stage can co-exist with the long term economic cycles. 以美国人的生活为例，大部分都为债务人，或者说是靠债务来维持其很高的生活水准。在正常情况下，似乎一切都没有问题。但是，一旦经济周期进入低谷，
1.Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。 2.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls （环礁）. 在那里，由于地心引力的剧烈干扰，一道道山脉，一座座火山升出水面。千百年来，微小的珊瑚虫在这里繁衍、死亡，形成了数不胜数的被称为环礁的环状岛屿。 3.Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we now have. 由于我们今天的信息太多，那些旧的通讯线路和方法已不能灵便有效地处理他们了。 4. Scarcely can any law be made which is beneficial to all; but if it benefits the majority, it is useful. 法律难顾及所有人，于大多数人有利足矣。 5.The water spread out for miles in places in Kenya and Somalia, cutting off villages and forcing herders to crowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land. 在肯尼亚和索马里的某些地方，河水漫出河床，宽达数英里。洪水切断了村与村之间的联系，迫使牧民们和家畜挤在一起，困缩在一块块狭小的陆地上动弹不得。 6. The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice is forgotten; by the river and pond, on the hill and in the valley. 雪，在四处飘落着。雪花撒在树上，撒在田野里，撒在河边、湖畔、山上、谷底——没有一条岩缝墙隙里不飘满雪花。 7. When his door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.