Period Six Grammar
单元语法(一)——被动语态
[语法图解]
[语法感悟]
单句语法填空
1．The Group of Eight, or G8, was_formed (form) by eight of the world's wealthiest nations in 1998.
2．The G8 is_made (make) up of political leaders from France, the United States, Britain, Germany, Japan, Italy, Canada and Russia.
3．It is going to be remembered as a historical meeting this year, as the topic of Africa will_be_discussed (discuss) in detail.
4．Reforms have_been_demanded (demand) by people all over the world.
5．We can't use the bridge now, because it is_being_repaired (repair)．
一、动词语态的基本概念
语态是动词的一种形式，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态，主动语态(Active V oice)和被动语态(Passive V oice)。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。同一件事往往既可以用主动句又可以用被动句来表达，但侧重点有所不同。一般来说，主动语态侧重于行为者即动作的发出者，而被动语态侧重于动作的对象即动作的承受者。
They have caught a snake.
他们抓住了一条蛇。
All the old houses along the street have been pulled down.
沿街所有的旧房子都已经被拆掉了。
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态的基本形式是由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。
时态被动语态的构成
一般现在时is/am/are＋动词的过去分词
一般过去时was/were＋动词的过去分词
一般将来时will＋be＋动词的过去分词；
is/am/are＋going to be＋动词的过去分词
过去将来时would be＋过去分词
现在进行时is/am/are＋being＋动词的过去分词过去进行时was/were＋being＋动词的过去分词现在完成时have/has＋been＋动词的过去分词过去完成时had＋been＋动词的过去分词
含情态动词情态动词＋be＋动词的过去分词我们的教室每天都被打扫。
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
我的自行车现在正在被汤姆修理。
This book has been translated into many languages.
这本书已经被翻译成了许多种语言。
Young trees must be watered often.
小树一定要经常被浇水。
The topic was talked about at the last meeting.
这个话题在上次的会议上就讨论了。
He knew he would be punished for it.
他知道自己会为此受到惩罚。
[即学即用1]单句语法填空
1．The lost boy hasn't_been_found (not find) so far.
2．Last year a large number of trees were_cut (cut) down.
3．The students are often told (tell) to take care of their desks and chairs.
4．The old man is ill. He must_be_sent (must send) to the hospital.
5．It's said that the long bridge will_be_built (build) in two months.
三、被动语态主要用于以下几种情况
1．不知道动作的执行者，或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。
All the work has been finished by now.
所有的工作现在都已经完成了。
2．强调动作的承受者。
Health is valued above everything.
健康高于一切。
3．动作的执行者是无生命的事物时。
The window glass was broken by a stone.
窗户的玻璃被石头打碎了。
4．在文章标题、广告、新闻等中。
It's reported that many people have been killed in the earthquake.
据报道，地震已造成多人伤亡。
5．在现代英语中大量地出现了由“get＋及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态，这叫“get型被动语态”。其中get相当于be动词，起助动词的作用。并且一般不可接by短语引出动作的执行者。
The computer got (was) damaged when we were moving.
我们搬家的时候，电脑被碰坏了。
Peter and Mary got married last year.
彼得和玛丽于去年结了婚。
四、非谓语动词的被动语态
不定式to be done; to have been done
现在分词being done; having been done
动名词being done; having been done
building, where many scientists worked.
有人带领我们参观了这所大学，然后我们被带到了许多科学家工作的大楼。
Harry Potter is said to have been translated into over twelve languages by the end of last year.
据说到去年年底《哈利·波特》已经被译成超过12种语言了。
Many children are afraid of being blamed for making mistakes in speaking English.
许多孩子害怕讲英语时因犯错误而受责备。
[即学即用2]单句语法填空
1．And he would be very pleased to know the reactions to his compositions being_performed (perform) beyond this nation.
2．The lecture having_been_given (give), a lively question－and－answer session followed.
3．The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without being_recognized (recognize)．
4．Having_been_trapped (trap) in the mine for two days, the miners finally were rescued.
5．Everyone dislikes being_made (make) fun of by others.
五、其他特殊形式的被动语态
1．某些可用来表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的及物动词，如：lock, shut, open, move, read, write, sell, wash, clean, catch, draw, cut, drink, eat等常用主动表被动。这些词后常有副词修饰，如well, easily等。
The cloth washes well and is comfortable to wear.
这种布很容易洗而且穿起来很舒服。
So terrible! The door won't shut.
真糟糕！这个门关不上。
2．be worth表示“值得”及want, need, require等动词表示“需要”时后面跟动词的－ing形式表示被动意义。其中want/need/require doing相当于want/need/require to be done。
The professor's lecture is well worth listening to.
那个教授的讲座很值得一听。
Your room needs tidying.
＝Your room needs to be tidied.
你的房间需要整理了。
3．某些作表语的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, heavy, light, strange, impossible, comfortable, dangerous等，后用动词不定式主动形式表示被动。若不定式为不及物动词(短语)时，需加上相应的介词。
This article is difficult to read. I need someone to explain it to me.
这篇文章很难读懂，我需要一个人给我解释一下。
Don't lose heart. English is easy to learn.
不要气馁。英语容易学。
Jimmy is easy to get along with.
吉米很容易相处。
4．不定式作定语修饰名词，与前面的名词有动宾关系，且句中有不定式的逻辑主语时，用动词不定式主动形式表示被动。
I have a lot of homework to do this afternoon.
今天下午我有很多的家庭作业要做。
Please give me something to eat.
请给我些东西吃。
5．某些动词不定式如to blame, to let等，作表语时用主动表被动。
The boy was to blame for what he had done.
这个男孩为他的所作所为受到了批评(责备)。
This house is to let.
此房出租。
6．某些表示状态的动词，如have, own, possess, lack, suit, fit, want(缺乏)等，不可用于被动语态。
One should possess courage, determination and wisdom.
一个人应该拥有勇气、决心和智慧。
[即学即用3]单句语法填空
1．The problem is difficult to_deal (deal) with. We need our teacher to help us.
2．The book sold (sell) well and was reprinted many times.
3．Who is to_blame (blame) for the accident?
4．Your car looks too dirty and it needs washing/to_be_washed (wash)．
5．I'm sorry. I would like to attend your party, but I have something to_finish (finish) at once.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Don't lose your heart! The problem can be_prevented (prevent) from getting worse.
2．The meeting is going to_be_held (hold) the day after tomorrow.
3．The floor of the hall is so dirty and it needs cleaning/to_be_cleaned (clean)．
4．To my delight, I was_chosen (choose) from hundreds of applicants
to attend the opening ceremony.
5．We won't start the work until all the preparations have_been_made (make)．
6．Shakespeare's play Hamlet has_been_made (make) into at least ten different films over the past years.
7．—So what is the procedure?
—All the applicants are_interviewed (interview) before a final decision is made by the authority.
8．If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city to be_cheered (cheer) by their enthusiastic supporters.
9．It is reported that many a new house is_being_built (build) at present in the disaster area.
10．—What do you think of the book?
—Oh, great. It's worth reading (read) a second time.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．He said that the people's living standard would_be_greatly_improved.
他说人们的生活水平将会有很大的提高。
2．The flowers need_watering/need_to_be_watered or they will die.
这些花需要浇水，否则它们会死。
3．The boy was_injured_yesterday,_which made his parents worried.
这个男孩昨天受伤了，使得父母很担心。
4．Three thousand words have_been_learned by him by the end of this month.
到本月底，他已经学习了3 000个单词。
5．The man is very kind and he is_easy_to_get_along_with.
这个人很善良，很好相处。