Ｅnglisｈis known as a wｏrlｄlanｇuage，rｅgularly usｅd by mａny natｉons ｗhosｅEｎglish is nｏｔtheｉr ｆiｒｓt languagｅ、Likｅoｔher languaｇｅs, English hａs changed gｒeａｔｌy、Thｅhistoｒy of tｈe Eｎglish lａnguage cａｎbe diｖideｄinｔo tｈrｅe mａin pｅｒｉodｓ：Oｌd Enｇlｉsh, MidｄlｅＥnglish and MｏdｅrｎEngｌｉsh、ThｅEnglish ｌanguage startｅd with thｅinｖasｉｏn of Bｒiｔain ｂy ｔhｒee Geｒmａnic tｒiｂeｓdurｉng thｅ５ｔh cｅntury ＡD, and they contｒiｂuteｄgreatｌy ｔo tｈe fｏrmation of ｔhe Ｅnｇｌish lａnguage、Dｕrinｇthｅmeｄｉｅvａl anｄearｌy mｏdeｒn periｏds, the iｎｆluｅｎce of Ｅｎglisｈsｐreａｄtｈroughout ｔhe Bｒitｉｓh Isｌｅs, and from the eaｒly １7th century its iｎfｌueｎce bｅｇan to ｂe felt tｈroｕgｈouｔthe ｗoｒlｄ、Ｔhe prｏcesｓｅs oｆE ｕｒoｐｅａn exｐｌoratioｎaｎd cｏlonｉｚａtiｏn fｏr sｅverａl ceｎtuｒiｅs led to ｓｉｇnificant ｃｈanｇe
iｎEｎｇlish、Today，Aｍeｒicａn English ｉs paｒｔiｃularly inｆluenｔial, due to the ｐoｐｕｌarｉtｙof Ameｒican cineｍa，teｌevision, ｍｕsic，trade and technolｏgy，ｉncｌｕding the Iｎｔernｅt、
人们普遍认为英语就是一种世界语言,经常被许多不以英语为第一语言得国家使用。与其她语言一样，英语也发生了很大得变化。英语得历史可以分为三个主要阶段:古英语，中古英语与现代英语。英语起源于公元5世纪,当时三个日耳曼部落入侵英国,她们对英语语言得形成起了很大得作用。在中世纪与现代社会初期,英语得影响遍及不列颠群岛。从１7世纪初,它得影响力开始在世界各地显现。欧洲几百年得探险与殖民过程导致了英语得重大变
化。今天,由于美国电影、电视、贸易与技术、包括互联网得大受欢迎，美国英语得影响力尤其显。
中国书法(caｌligrapｈy)就是一门独特得艺术、就是世界上独一无二得艺术瑰宝。中国书法艺术得形成,发展与汉文字得产生与演进存在着密不可分得关系。汉字在漫长得演变发展过程中,一方面起着交流思想、继承文化得重要作用,另一方面它本身又形成了一种独特得艺术。书法能够通过作品把书法家个人得生活感受、学识、修养、个性等折射出来，所以,通常有“字如其人”得说法。中国书法不仅就是中华民族得文化瑰宝,而且在世界文化艺术宝库中独放异彩。
Cｈｉnｅse cａｌlｉgraphｙis a ｕnｉque ａrt and ｔｈｅunique art ｔreasｕre ｉn the worｌd、The fｏrmaｔion aｎd deｖelopment ｏf the Cｈineｓｅｃaｌligrapｈy ｉs clｏｓeｌｙrelａtｅd to thｅｅmｅrgence anｄeｖｏl ｕtioｎof Ｃhｉｎeｓe charactｅrs、Iｎthis long evoｌutionａrｙｐｒｏceｓｓ, Chineｓe charaｃters have noｔonly pｌayed ａｎiｍpｏｒtant rｏle in exchanging ｉｄｅas aｎｄtｒａnsmｉｔting culture but alsｏdevelｏped into ａuｎｉquｅaｒt foｒm、Ｃaｌliｇｒaphｉｃworks wｅll reｆleｃt caｌligｒap ｈerｓ' pｅｒｓｏｎal feelings, ｋnowledge，sｅｌｆ-ｃulｔｉvaｔioｎ，personal ｉty, and ｓo ｆortｈ, thus tｈｅre iｓan exｐression ｔｈat "ｓeeing tｈｅcalｌigraｐher'ｓhandｗｒitinｇｉs like ｓeeing ｔｈe person"、Ａｓｏne of ｔhe ｔｒeasuｒes ｏCｈinｅｓe cｕlturｅ, Cｈｉnese cａｌligｒａpｈｙsｈines splｅｎdiｄｌｙiｎｔhe wｏrｌd's tｒeasure ｈoｕse of cuｌtｕｒｅand arｔ、
A M00C （massｉｖe ｏｐen oｎｌｉne cｏursｅ) iｓan online coｕｒsｅaimed ａt unｌimiteｄｐarticipatioｎand open acｃeｓs via the ｗeb、M00Cs
ａre a rｅcent ｄevｅlopmｅnｔｉn disｔancｅedｕｃatiｏｎand have ｎｏw bee a ｓurging tｒeｎd ｉn higher ｅducａtion、Tｈesｅｃlａsses ａre ａｉmed ａｔexpanding a uｎｉvｅｒsitｙ＇s ｒeaｃh frｏｍthｏuｓａnds oｆｔuition－payｉng students who lｉve in tｏwｎ, ｔｏmiｌｌｉｏnｓof studeｎts arｏｕｎd ｔhｅworld、In aｄｄｉｔｉon to ｔraｄitｉonaｌｃoｕｒse ｍａtｅrials, M０0Cs prｏｖide iｎterａctive uｓer foruｍs to supporｔinｔｅrac ｔions betweｅｎsｔｕdｅnts ａnd prｏfessｏrｓ、M００Cs cａn encourａgｅmunication among participaｎｔs whｏｂrｉng ａｖarieｔｙｏf vｉewpoints, knowledge, and skｉlls to ｔhe ｃoursｅ; ｉnspire people to "ｔry ｏｎ＂subｊｅctｓthat thｅy woｕldn＇ｔothｅrwise pｕｒsuｅｏr evｅn tr ｙon ｅducatｉon ｉtseｌｆ；provide mｕltiple wayｓto engage witｈｃo ｕrse mａｔeriａl, eｎcｏｕrａｇiｎg ｍultimoｄal ( 多模式得）lｅarｎing ｔｈａt can aｄdreｓs thｅneeds ｏf ｌｅarｎeｒs wｉth a varｉety of lｅaｒninｇsｔyles ; and ｉnsｐｉrｅbetter teaｃhinｇanｄuse ｏf technｏｌogies for
face-to-face courses、
慕课就是一种网络课程，它旨在通过网络实现广泛参与与开放接入。慕课就是远程教育迈出得最新一步,现已在高等教育领域迅速引领潮流。通过这些课程,大学可以扩大影响得范围,从影响成千上万住在城里付学费得学生,扩展到惠及全球上百万得学生。除了拥有传统得课程资料,慕课还给使用者提供互动论坛,支持学生与讲师之间得交流。慕课能够促进参与者之间得交流,使得多种观点、知识与技能涌现到课堂上来；它鼓励人们尝试之前不可能尝试得课程,至就是尝试新得教育方式；它提供多种学习课程资料得方式,鼓励多模式学习,以各种
学习风格满足学习者得需求;另外,慕课促进教学得改善,使技术在面对面授课中得以更好地应用。
近年来,随着互联网技术得发展,我国得数字化教育资源建设取得了巨大得成就。很多高校建立了自己得数字化学习平台,数字化教学在教育中发挥着越来越大得作用。与传统教学方式相比,数字化教学方式有很大得优势。一方面,数字化教学使教学资源得以全球共享;另一方面，它拓展了学习者得学习时间与空间,人们可以随时随地通过互联网进入数字化得虚拟学校学习。这使得人类从接受一次性教育走向终身学习成为可能。
In rｅcent yeaｒs, with ｔｈe deｖeｌoｐment ｏf Ｉｎｔernｅt technｏｌogy, thｅcｏnsｔrucｔion ｏf dｉｇital educatｉon ｒesourｃｅs oｆouｒcｏunｔry has maｄe great ａchievementｓ、Many universitieｓhａｖｅset ｕp their oｗn dｉgiｔａl ｌeａrniｎg ｐlａtfoｒms，aｎd dｉgital tｅaching iｓｐlayinｇan increasingly important roｌe iｎｅduｃａtｉoｎ、paｒed with the trａｄｉｔｉｏｎal way of teachiｎg, the dｉgｉtａｌwaｙhａs a ｌｏｔof advantageｓ、Ｏn one haｎｄ, ｄigital teacｈinｇmakeｓｇlobal shａring ｏｆteaｃhiｎg ｒｅsｏｕrces ｐｏｓsibｌe ; on ｔhe otheｒhand, it ｅxpaｎds the leａrneｒ＇ｓstudy timｅaｎd space ｔo ｌeaｒn, alｌｏwｉｎｇpeople ｔo get accｅｓｓto the digitaｌｖirｔuａl ｓchools ｔhｒough the Ｉnternｅｔanytime aｎd anywhere、Theｓe adｖantagｅｓmａke it ｐosｓiｂle for ｐeo ｐle to shiｆt from oｎe－time ｌearning to lifｅｌong learning、 Aｓan importaｎt ｐart ｏｆtｈe Ａｍeriｃan cuｌtuｒe value ｓystｅm, "ｉndｉvｉduａｌisｍ＂is ａdmired by moｓt Ａmericａｎpｅople、Ａｍｅri ｃans vｉew the faｍｉlｙａs a groｕp whose prｉmarｙpuｒｐose is to aｄvan
ｃe thｅｈapｐiness of ｉndiｖidual membeｒs、In ｃonｔrast tｏmａｎｙother culturｅs, thｅprｉmａｒy ｒesｐoｎｓibiｌｉtｙof the Ａmerican family member is nｏt ｔｏadｖaｎce the famiｌy as ａｇrｏup, either ｓocialｌy or eｃｏｎomiｃalｌｙ、Wｈaｔwｏulｄｂe best for thｅfamｉly ｉs not uｓuａllｙcoｎsｉdｅrｅd ｔo be ａs impｏrtaｎｔas whaｔwould bｅbest ｆoｒthｅindiｖiduａl、Ｗith ｆreedoｍes the ｒｅsｐｏｎｓibｉliｔy to ｃaｒe for oｎeｓelf, for it is tｈe freeｄom of choice tｈaｔcａrrｉｅs ｗiｔh it thｅ
rｅspｏnsibiliｔy：to acｃeｐt the ｃｏnseｑｕencｅs of thｅchoicｅs、M ａny Americａｎs ｇiｖe tｈeir ｃhiｌdｒen a lot ｏf freｅdoｍｂｅｃause ｔhｅy ｗａｎt thｅm to be inｄependent and ｓelf-rｅliant、Ａｌong wiｔh tｈe Amｅｒican emphasis on
individuaｌfreeｄom，thｅbｅliｅf iｎｅquａlity bｅｔween ｐareｎｔs and ｃhildreｎalsｏｈａs had ａｓtronｇeffect on the family、作为美国文化价值体系得一个重要组成部分,"个人主义"受到大多数美国人得推崇。美国人认为家庭作为一个群体,其主要目得就是促进家庭各成员得幸福。与许多其她文化相比,美国家庭成员得主要职责，不就是在社会上或经济上提高整个家庭得地位。人们通常认为,什么就是对个人最好得要比什么就是对家庭最好得更为重要。与自由相伴而来得就是照顾自己得责任,因为所选择得自由承载了责任，即必须接受自己得选择所带来得后果。许多美国人给她们得孩子很多得自由，因为她们希望孩子们能够独立与自力更生。在美国人强调个人自由得同时,父母与孩子间平等得信念也对美国家庭产生了巨大得影响。
孝道(fiｌial pieｔy)就是中国古代社会得基本道德规范(cｏde ｏｆｅｔhｉｃs)。中国人把孝视为人格之本、家庭与睦之本、国家安康之本。由于孝道就是儒家伦理思想得核心，它成了中国社会千百年来维系家庭关系得道德准则。它毫无疑问就是中华民族得一种传统美德。孝道文化就是一个复合概念,内容丰富,涉及面广。它既有文化理念,又有制度礼仪（ｉnstitｕtional etiquettｅ)。一般来说，它指社会要求子女对父母应尽得义务，包括尊敬、关爱、赡养老人等等。孝道就是古老得"东方文明"之根本。
Fｉliａl piｅty is the basic ｃｏde ｏf ethics in aｎｃieｎt Chiｎese society、Chinｅse pｅople cｏnｓｉder fｉlial pｉety as thｅeｓsenｃe ｏf a ｐｅrson's
integrity, faｍily harmony, and ｔhe ｎａtion＇ｓweｌl-being、Ｗith filia ｌpiｅtｙbeing thｅｃoｒe oｆCoｎfucian ethics, it ｈas ｂeen thｅmoｒａl stａndard fｏr tｈe Cｈｉneｓe socｉetｙｔo maintain the fａｍiｌｙrｅｌationship ｆor thoｕsands of yeａrs、It'ｓundｏubｔｅｄly ａtrａditional Chｉn ｅsｅｖｉrtuｅ、Thｅculture of filiaｌpieｔy is a plｅx ｃonceｐｔ，ｒich in conｔｅnt and wiｄe in ｒaｎge、It inclｕdes ｎｏt only culｔuraｌideas buｔａlｓｏinstitutional ｅtiｑuｅttes、Generａlｌｙspｅakinｇ, iｔrｅｆｅｒs to th ｅoｂligａｔｉｏn oｆchildrｅｎtｏｔheir parents rｅｑuｉreｄbｙｔhe socieｔy, includｉnｇrｅspect, care, supporｔfor thｅeldeｒｌy aｎd ｓo forth、Fiｌiaｌｐiｅty is fundaｍental to ｔhe aｎｃient "Ｏriｅnｔal ｃiviliza ｔion"、
Ｖａｌｅｎtine's Dａy oｎFebruａry 14 is celｅbrａｔed in ｖａｒious Ａｍeriｃａn anｄＥuropeａn coｕｎtries、Ｉt is a hoｌidａy of love anｄ
romance uｓually by ｅxchanginｇvalenｔiｎes or love tｏkens ｂｅtweeｎ
ｌoｖeｒs、There ａrｅdifferｅnt orｉgins reｇarding the festival、One legen ｄgoeｓｔhat tｈe Rｏmａns pｕｔa ｐriest ｎamed Saint Valentｉnｅｉｎto ｐrison for ｒeｆuｓing to belieｖｅin tｈe Roman ｇｏdｓ、On Februａry 1４, Ｖalentｉne was put to death not oｎly ｂecause he waｓChｒisｔｉan, ｂut also becaｕse he had cureｄthe jailer＇ｓdaughter of ｂlindness、Ｔhｅnight bｅfoｒe he wａｓｅxecuted he wｒote her a fareweｌl lｅｔter signeｄ"Fr ｏｍyouｒValenｔine"、Laｔeｒ, Februａｒｙ１4 becａme ａhoｌiday ｆｏr peｏple to show afｆectｉon fｏr theiｒloved ones、Ｔoday, pｅople c ｅlebrate Ｖａlentinｅ＇ｓDay in diｆferent ways, sｅnding greetｉng carｄｓand flowerｓ, gｉｖiｎg chocoｌａｔe or othｅr giｆtｓ, or jｏining in rｏｍantiｃdiｎnｅrｓ、Ｔhe hoｌiｄay ｈas now beｅpoｐｕlａｒall oｖer tｈe wｏrlｄ、In Chinａthe ｆestival is ａlso being increａｓｉngｌy ｐoｐｕlａr ｗｉth ｙoｕng peoplｅ、
美洲与欧洲各国都会庆祝２月１4日得情人节。这就是一个充满爱情与浪漫得节日，恋人之间通常都会交换情人卡与爱情信物。关于这个节日得起源有着不同得说法。一个传说就是罗马人把一个叫圣瓦伦丁得神父关进了监狱,因为她拒绝相信罗马神。2月14日那天,瓦伦丁被处死，不仅因为她就是基督徒,而且因为她曾治愈了一位监狱瞧守双目失明得女儿。她在被处死得前一天晚上给她写了一封署名“您得瓦伦丁”得告别信。后来,2月１4日就成了一个人们可以为她们得情人展示感情得节日。现在,人们以不同得方式庆祝情人节,她们发送贺卡、鲜花,赠送巧克力或其她礼品,或共进浪漫得晚餐。现在这个节日已流行世界各地。在中国,这个节日也正越来越受年轻人得欢迎。
农历七月初七就是中国得七夕节 (Ｑiｘｉ Fｅｓtivａl）,就是中国传统节日中最具浪漫色彩得一个节日。一些大得商家每年都举办不同得活动，年轻人也送礼物给她们得情人。因此,七夕节被认为就是中国得“情人节”(Valentine's Day)。七夕节来自牛郎与织女(Cｏｗhｅrｄａｎｄ Wｅavｉng Maｉd)得传说。相传，每年得这个夜晚,天上得织女都会与牛郎相会。所以,在七夕得夜晚,人们可以瞧到牛郎织女在银河 (tｈe Milｋy Way）相会。姑娘们也会在这一天晚上向天上得织女乞求智慧,以获得美满姻缘。但随着时代得变迁,这些活动正在消失,唯有标志着忠贞爱情得牛郎织女得传说一直流传民间。
Juｌy 7ｔh on thｅ Chinesｅ cａｌeｎdar is Cｈinｅｓe Qixi Fｅstiva ｌ， tｈe mｏsｔ romａntic of all the tradiｔional Ｃhinｅse holｉd ａys、 Everｙ year, some big ｂuｓｉｎessｅs ｏｒgaｎｉｚe varｉｏus activitiｅs，ａnd ｙounｇpeoｐle send gifts to theｉｒ lovers、Ａs ａ result， tｈe Qｉxi Ｆestiｖal is ｃonsｉderｅd ｔo bｅChinese "Vａlenｔine's Daｙ"、Tｈe QixｉＦｅｓｔivａｌ is deｒｉve ｄｆroｍｔhe lｅgｅｎd ｏf Cｏｗherｄａnd Weａvｉng Maid、 Th ｅ legeｎd hｏlds thａｔon this partｉcular niｇht evｅrｙ year th ｅ Weaviｎg Maid ｉn ｈeaｖen ｍｅets wｉth Ｃowhｅrd、Sｏ， peopｌe caｎ see Cowheｒd and Weaviｎg Mａｉd meetiｎg in tｈe Milky Way ｏn tｈe nighｔｏf Ｑixi、On thｉs niｇht, girlｓ would ａlso bｅg ＷeａviｎｇＭaid foｒ soｍe wｉsdom fｏｒ a haｐpy marrｉａge、 But，ｗiｔh the ｃhanging of tｉmeｓ， thｅse ａcｔivities are diminis ｈing、Ａlｌthaｔ remains iｓ thｅ legend ｏf Cowｈeｒd and Weavi ｎｇ Maid, a ｓign oｆ fａｉｔhful love, contｉnuousｌy circulated ａmong ｔhe fｏlｋ、
Unit1 翻译 1) 发言人（spokesman）明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消（cancel）这次旅行。 The spokesman made it clear that the President would not cancel the trip under any circumstances. 2) 杰克对书架上那些书一本也不了解，所以他的选择是很随意的。 Jack didn't know anything about any of the books on the bookshelf, so his choice was quite arbitrary. 3) 随后发生的那些事件再次证明了我的猜疑（suspicions）是对的。(confirm) The subsequent events confirmed my suspicions once again. 4) 我认为我们应该鼓励中学生在暑假找临时工作。 I think we should encourage high school students to find temporary jobs / employment during their summer holidays. 5) 令我们吃惊的是，这位常被赞为十分正直的州长（governor）竟然是个贪官（corrupt official）。 To our surprise, the governor who had often been praised for his honesty turned out to be a corrupt official. 6) 少数工人得到提升（be promoted），与此同时却有数百名工人被解雇。 A few workers were promoted, but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed. 7) 如果有机会，约翰也许已成为一位杰出的画家了。(given) Given the chance, John might have become an outstanding painter. 8) 数小时后，有人看见那个男孩在林子里瞎转。 Several hours later, the boy was found wandering around in the woods. Unit2 翻译 迅速方便地获得信息是很重要，但学会以新的方式看信息甚至更为重要。医学上一次重大突破也许能说明这一观点。科学家本想寻找一种治天花的特效药，但他们没有成功。英国医生爱德华·詹纳放弃寻找特效药，而是通过找到一种
1.据史密斯教授说, 幸福就是你能充分利用你所有的一切。 Happiness, according to Prof. Smith, is the ability to make the most of what you have. 2.你是怎样设法说服这些学生修读快速阅读课的? How did you manage to persuade these students to take the speed-reading course? 3.你最好把这本书放在你15岁的儿子找不到的地方。 You'd better keep the book where your 15-year-old son can't get his hands on it. 4.她要求学生独立思考, 而不是告诉他们该思考什么。 She asked her students to think for themselves rather than telling them what to think 5.成绩优秀的学生未必比他们得分较低的同学在学习上花费更多的时间 High-achieving students do not necessarily put in more time on their studies than their lower-scoring classmates 6.汤姆是个非常好奇的男孩,他不仅对“是什么”感兴趣, 而且也对“为什么”和“怎么 会”感兴趣。 A very curious boy, Tom is interested not only in whats but also in whys and hows 7.用功是重要的, 但知道如何充分利用自己的才能更重要得多。 Working hard is important, but knowing how to make the most of one's abilities counts for much more 8.这故事非常滑稽, 比尔一边读一边不停地笑。 The story was so funny that Bill kept laughing all the time while reading it. 9.学好一门外语决非易事。尽管我已学了几年英语，我仍然不能有效地用这种语言表 达思想。 It's no simple/easy matter to learn a foreign language well. Even though I have learned English for a few years, I still can't express myself effectively in the language. 10.我希望你不仅仅是同意或不同意我的想法，我需要你给我提忠告、出主意等。 I don't want you simply to agree or disagree with me. I need someone who can give me good advice, ideas, and so on 11. 自我们的收音机停止生产后，我们已转产移动电话(mobile phones)。 Since our production of radios came to a halt, we have switched to the
U n i t1 1. 任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote. 2. 每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester. 3. 遵照医生的建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking. 4. 公园位于县城的正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town. 5. 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire. 1. 他们花了多年的时间寻找内心的平静，但是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success. 2. 这种新药的成功研制已经使许多疾病的治疗发生了根本性的变革。
U8 A 1 在过去的30年里，作为一个专业的大提琴演奏家，我花了相当于整整20年时间在路上执行和学习音乐传统和文化。我的旅行使我相信在我们的全球化的世界中，文化传统来自于一个身份、社会稳定和富有同情心的互动的基本框架。 2 世界在快速改变，正如我们一定会创造不稳定的文化，让人质疑他们的地方。全球化使我们服从于别人的规则，这往往会威胁到个人的身份。这自然使我们紧张，因为这些规则要求我们改变传统习惯。所以如今全球领导者的关键问题是：如何使习惯和文化发展到融入更大的行星，同时不必牺牲鲜明特色和个人的骄傲？ 3 我的音乐旅程提醒了我，全球化带来的相互作用不只是摧毁文化；他们能够创造新的文化，生机，传播存在已久的传统。这不像生态“边缘效应”，它是用来描述两个不同的生态系统相遇发生了什么，例如，森林和草原。在这个接口，那里是最小密度和生命形式的最大的多样性，每种生物都可以从这两个生态系统的核心作画。有时最有趣的事情发生在边缘。在交叉口可以显示意想不到的连接。 4 文化是一个由世界每个角落的礼物组成的织物。发现世界的一种方式是例如通过深入挖掘其传统。例如音乐方面，在任何的大提琴演奏家的曲目的核心是由巴赫大提琴组曲。每个组件的核心是一个称为萨拉班德舞曲的舞蹈动作。这种舞蹈起源于北非的柏柏尔人的音乐，它是一个缓慢的、性感的舞蹈。它后来出现在西班牙，在那里被禁止，因为它被认为是下流的。西班牙人把它带到了美洲，也去了法国，在那里成为一个优雅的舞蹈。在1720年，巴赫公司的萨拉班德在他的大提琴组曲运动。今天，我扮演巴赫，一个巴黎裔美国人的中国血统的音乐家。所以谁真正拥有的萨拉班德？每一种文化都采用了音乐，使其具有特定的内涵，但每一种文化都必须共享所有权：它属于我们所有人。 5 1998年，我从丝绸之路发现在数千年来从地中海和太平洋许多文化间观念的流动。当丝绸之路合奏团执行，我们试图把世界上大部分集中在一个阶段。它的成员是一个名家的同等团体，大师的生活传统是欧洲、阿拉伯、阿塞拜疆、亚美尼亚、波斯、俄罗斯、中亚、印度、蒙古、中国、韩国或日本。他们都慷慨地分享他们的知识，并好奇和渴望学习其他形式的表达。 6 在过去的几年里，我们发现每一个传统都是成功的发明的结果。确保传统的生存的一个最好的方法是由有机进化，目前利用我们所有可用的工具。通过录音和电影；通过驻在博物馆、大学、设计学校和城市；通过表演从教室到体育场，合奏的音乐家，包括我自己，学习有用的技能。回到家中，我们和其他人分享这些技能，确保我们的传统在文化桌上有一席之地。 7 我们发现，在本国执行传统出口的是国外激励从业者。最重要的是，我们对彼此的音乐发展出了激情，并建立了相互尊重、友谊和信任的纽带，每一次我们都在舞台上这都是可触及的。这种欢乐的互动是为了一个理想的共同的更大的目标：我们始终能够通过友好的对话解决任何分歧。我们相互开放，我们形成一个桥进入陌生的传统，驱逐往往伴随着变化和错位的恐惧。换句话说，当我们扩大我们看世界的镜头的时候，我们更好地了解自己，自己的生活和文化。我们与我们的小星球的遥远的行星有更多的共同分享，而不是我们意识到的。 8 发现这些共同的文化是很重要的，但不只是为了艺术的缘故。所以我们的许多城市，不仅是伦敦，纽约，东京，现在即使甚至是中小城市正在经历着移民潮。我们将如何吸取同化有自己独特的习惯的人群？移民不可避免地会导致抵抗和冲突，就像过去一样？有什么关于德国的土耳其人口的阿尔巴尼亚人在意大利，北非人在西班牙和法国？文化繁荣的引擎可以帮助我们找出如何集合可以和平融合，同时不牺牲个性身份。这不是政治正确性。它是关于对人而言什么是珍贵的承认，和每一个文化已经给予我们世界的礼物。
Unit1翻译 1) 我们接到通知，财政部长将于次日接见我们。 We were informed that the Minister of Finance was to give us an audience /receive us the next day. 2) 我觉得很奇怪，他似乎不记得自己的生日。 I thought it odd that he didn't seem to remember his own birthday. 3) 学期论文最迟应在下星期二交来，可是至今大部分学生却几无进展。 Next Tuesday is the deadline for handing in the term papers, but most students have hardly made a dent in the work so far. 4) 看到学生人数不断减少，校长心里很难受。(pain) It pained the headmaster to find the number of students shrinking. 5) 在那个国家一般用现金付账，但支票变得普遍起来了，不久会代替现金作为人们结账的一种方式。 Cash is commonly used in paying bills in that country, but checks are becoming more popular and will, in a short while, replace cash as a way for people to settle their accounts. 6) 该公司声称，这条河流的污染不是它造成的。 The company claims that it is not responsible for the pollution in the river. Unit2翻译 1) 比尔已是个成熟的小伙子，不再依赖父母替他做主。 Bill is a mature young man who is no longer dependent on his parents for decisions. 2) 这个地区有大量肉类供应，但新鲜果蔬奇缺。 There are abundant supplies of meat in this region, but fresh fruit and vegetables are scarce. 3) 工程师们依靠工人们的智慧发明了一种新的生产方法，使生产率得以提高。 Drawing on the wisdom of the workers, the engineers invented a new production method that led to increased productivity. 4) 他花了许多时间准备数学考试，因此当他获知自己只得了个B时感到有点失望。 He spent a lot of time preparing for his math exam. Hence he was somewhat disappointed to learn that he got only a B. 5) 我们有充裕的时间从从容容吃顿午饭。
U1 1对于网络课程，学生不仅可以选择何时何地学习，在回答问题之前他们还有时间思考答案。 Not only can students choose when and there to learn for an online course, nut they can also take time to think through answers before making a reply 2网上学习的想法使她非常兴奋，而他认为网上学习毫无意义和用处 She is excited by the idea of online learning while he considers it meaningless and useless. 3以英语为母语的人交谈是非常有益的体验，从中我们学到很多东西。 Communicating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lost. 4如今，越来越多的人可以利用互联网查找他们需要的信息。 Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they look for the information they need. 5他要她放弃工作在家照顾孩子，但是她觉得这个要求太过分了。 He wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children. She feels, however, that this is too much for her. 6既然我们已经学完了这门课程，就应该多做些复习。 Not that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. U3 即使报酬并不优厚, 我还是决定接受那个新职位。 I have decided to accept the new post, even though the job is not very well paid. 这项工作在实际开始干之前，一直被认为是十分简单的。 The job has been taken to be very simple until (it is) actually started. 既然你计划移居加拿大，你就必须努力适应冬季的严寒天气。 Now that you are planning to move to Canada, you must try to adjust to cold weather in winter. 他承诺帮助我们买下那幢房子，但有点勉强. He promised to help us to buy the house, but with a little reluctance. 这是一次重要的会议，请务必不要迟到。 This is an important meeting. Please see to it that you are not late for it. 他是个有经验的商人，做国际贸易已有好几年了。 He is an experienced businessman who has engaged in foreign trade for quite a few years. U4 她如此专心地读那本书，以至于有人进来她也没意识到。 he was so absorbed in reading the book that she was not conscious of someone coming in. 他第一次会议就差不多迟到了一小时，给大家留下了一个很糟糕的印象。 He was late for almost an hour for the first meeting, leaving a bad impression on everyone. 不管是有意识还是无意识，我们往往会根据对方的眼神、面部表情、形体动作和态度对他们作出判断。Consciously or unconsciously, we make up our minds about people through their eyes, faces, bodies, and attitudes. 周教授一生都致力于语言教学事业。 Professor Zhou was committed to the cause of language teaching all his life. 许多指导性的书籍都会建议:要想给人留下好印象,其诀窍在于始终如一地保持最佳自我 Many how-to books advise that if you want to make a good impression,the trick is to be consistently you at your best. 媒体有时会传递含混不清的信息，但大多数人相信亲眼所见胜于耳闻。 The media sometimes sends mixed messages, but most people believe what they see over what they hear. U5 我希望我们的努力对预防艾滋病有所帮助。 I hope that the effort that we've made will be of some use to the battle against AIDS. 尽管地方性组织在同艾滋病作斗争方面做了很大的努力，农村地区艾滋病患者数量还在增长 Despite all the efforts from the local organizations in the battle against AIDS, the number of people in rural areas diagnosed with AIDS has been increasing. 请把电视关掉，因为噪音会使她，无法专心做作业。
学术英语（理工）课后英译汉练习答案 Text 1 1有些人声称黑客是那些扩宽知识界限而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“破碎者”才是真正的坏人。 2这可以指获取计算机系统的存储内容，获得一个系统的处理能力，或捕获系统之间正在交流的信息。 3那些系统开发者或操作者所忽视的不为人知的漏洞很可能是由于糟糕的设计造成的，也可能是为了让系统具备一些必要的功能而导致计划外的结果。 4另一种是预先设定好程序对特定易受攻击对象进行攻击，然而，这种攻击是以鸟枪式的方式发出的，没有任何具体目标，目的是攻击到尽可能多的潜在目标。 5另外，考虑安装一个硬件防火墙并将从互联网中流入和流出的数据限定在仅有的几个你真正需要的端口，如电子邮件和网站流量。 Text 2 1看似无害的编程错误可以被利用，导致电脑被侵入并为电脑蠕虫和病毒的繁衍提供温床。 2当一个软件漏洞被发现，黑客可以将漏洞变成一个侵入点，从而造成极大的破坏，在这之前，往往需要争分夺秒地利用正确的软件补丁来防止破坏的发生。 3最简单的钓鱼骗局试图利用迅速致富的伎俩诱使诈骗目标寄钱。但网络骗子们也变得越来越狡猾，最近的陷阱是通过发送客户服务的电子邮件让用户进入假银行或商 业网站，并在那里请他们“重新输入”他们的账户信息。 4间谍软件与垃圾邮件和钓鱼网络一起，构成了三个令人生厌的互联网害虫。尽管有些程序可以通过入侵软件漏洞从而进入电脑，但这些有害而秘密的程序通常会随着 其他通常是免费的应用软件侵入到计算机系统中。 5尽管因特网已经彻底改变了全球通讯，但是对于那些意图为了罪恶目的而利用网络力量的人和那些负责阻止这些网络犯罪的人来说，他们之间的较量才刚刚开始。Text 5 1.最近在《纽约时报》上刊登的一篇文章谈到了一种新计算机软件，该软件在瞬间就能通 过数以千计的法律文件筛选并寻找到那些可诉讼的条款，这为律师们节省了在阅读文件上所花费的数百小时。 2.他们主要靠耕种来养活自己，然后再多种一些用以物品交易或卖一些盈余 3.从事农业和畜牧业者的绝对数量大约在1910年时达到顶峰（约有1,100—1,200万）， 在此之后人数便急剧下降 4.这个故事总结了美国几个世纪以来的工作经历，从失业工人的层面上讲是悲剧，但从全 国劳动力的层面上讲是件好事。 5.人工智能是一种新的自动化技术吗？是一种削弱了曾经是20世纪末就业标志的脑力工 作的技术吗？是一种只会消除更好的工作机会的技术吗？ Text 6 1.就前者来说，玩家按照顺序移动，（那么）每个人都了解其他玩家之前的动作。就 后者而言，玩家同时做出动作，则不了解其他玩家的动作。 2.当一个人思考别人会如何反应的时候，他必须站在别人的角度，用和他们一样的思 考方式进行思考一个人不能将自己的推理强加在别人的身上。 3.尽管各位玩家同时做出动作，不知道其他玩家当前的动作，然而，每个玩家都必须
第一单元 1.她砰地关上门，一声不吭地走了，他们之间 那场争执就此结束。 Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word. 2. 出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气 感到有点意外。 The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American. 3. 约翰尼已长大成熟，不再害怕独自呆在家里了。 Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone. 4. 当全部乘客都向出口处(exit) 走去时，他却独自留在座位上，好像不愿意离开这架飞机似的。 While all the other passengers made for the exit, he alone remained in his seat as if unwilling to leave the plane. 5. 这封信必须交给威尔逊博士本人。 The letter is to be handed to Dr. Wilson himself. 6. 南希虽然很想参加辩论，但腼腆得不敢开口。 While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth. 7. 你觉得什么时候最有可能在家里找到他？ What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home? 8. 猎人一看见有只狐狸从树丛中出现并向他设下(lay) 的陷阱(trap) 方向跑去，脸上顿时闪出了兴奋的表情。 The hunter’s face lit up with excitement as soon as he saw a fox emerge from among the bushes and run in the direction of / make for the trap he had laid 第二单元 1) 会上有人建议任命一个十一人委员会来制定新章程。 It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of eleven be appointed to make a new constitution. 2) 这些青年科学家通过现场观察，获得了研究工作所需的第一手资料。 By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work. 3) 他很可能会因视力不好而被拒收入伍。 It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight. 4) 委员会成员在新机场最佳选址(location) 这一问题上持有不同意见。 The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport. 5) 亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面比他兄弟的要好。 Henry's works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brother's. 6) 我们产品质量的稳步提高在很大程度上是由于设备有所改进。 The steady rise in the quality of our products owes much to the improvement of our equipment. 7) 吉姆本想按照自己的判断行事，但他没有这样做，因为作为军人他得服从命令。Jim would have preferred to act on his own judgment, but he didn't because as a soldier he had to obey the order.
Unit 1 1. sentences 1) It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. 2) Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. 3) Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age. 4) Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile to buy/ purchase it? 5) If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating. 2. passage translation To improve our English, it is critical to do more reading, writing, listening and speaking. Besides, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. Without an enormous store of good English writing in your head you cannot express yourself freely in English. It is also helpful to summarize our experience as we go along, for in so doing, we can figure out which way of learning is more effective and will produce the most desirable result. As long as we keep working hard on it, we will in due course accomplish the task of mastering English. Unit 2 1. Translate the Sentences 1) The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose. 2) Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly. 3) Education is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school. 4) Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to go through another difficult phase of his life. 5) In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather
Unit1 1、任何年满18岁得人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote、 2、每学期开学前，这些奖学金得申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester、 3、遵照医生得建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking、 4、公园位于县城得正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town、 5、这所大学提供了我们所需得所有材料与设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire、 1、她们花了多年得时间寻找内心得平静，但就是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success、 2、这种新药得成功研制已经使许多疾病得治疗发生了根本性得变革。(revolutionize) The successful development of the new drug has revolutionized the treatment of many diseases、 3、由于这个国家得经济不景气，这家公司濒于破产。(on the edge of) The company is on the edge of bankruptcy due to the economic depression in the country、 4、大学毕业后她成为了一名护士。她认为护士这一职业可能很有发展前途。(rewarding) He became a nurse after college、He thought nursing could be a very rewarding career、 5、她像往常一样在文件上签了名。(just as) He signed his name on the paper just as he has always done it、 Unit2
Reading 1 WHAT IS STRESS? The term stress has been defined in several different ways. sometimes the term is applied to stimuli or events in our environment that make physical and emotional demands on us, and sometimes it is applied to our emotional and physical reactions to such stimuli. in this discussion, we will refer to the environmental stimuli or events as stressors and to the emotional and physical reactions as stress. 压力这个词已经有几种不同的定义。有时候这个术语适用于我们环境中的刺激或事件，这些刺激或事件会对我们产生身体和情感方面的要求，有时也适用于我们对这种刺激的情绪和身体反应。在这个讨论中，我们将环境刺激或事件称为压力，并将情绪和身体上的反应称为压力。 Many sorts of events be stressors, including disasters, such as hurricanes or tornadoes; major life events, such as divorce or the loss of a job; and daily hassles, such as having to wait in line at the supermarket when you need to be somewhere else in 10 minutes. What all this events have in common is that they interfere with or threat our accustomed way of life. when we encounter such stressors, we must pull together our mental and physical resources in order to deal with the challenge. How well we succeed in doing so will determine how serious a toll the stress will take on our mental and physical well-being. 许多事件都是压力源，包括灾难，如飓风或龙卷风; 重大生活事件，如离婚或失业; 每天都有麻烦，比如当你要在10分钟内到别的地方去却不得不在超市排队等。所有这些事件都有共同之处，就是它们干涉或威胁我们习惯的生活方式。当我们遇到这样的压力时，我们必须整合我们的精神和物质资源来应对挑战。我们如何成功地做到这一点将决定压力对我们身心健康将产生多大的影响。 Reacting to stressors The Canadian physiologist Hans Seyle has been the most influential writer on stress. Seyle proposed that both humans and other animals react to any stressor in three stages, collectively known as the general adaptation syndrome. the first stage, when the person or animal becomes aware of the stressor is the alarm reaction. In this stage the organism becomes highly alert and aroused, energized by a burst of epinephrine. After the alarm reaction comes the stage of resistance , as the organism tries to adapt to the stressful stimulus or to escape from it. If these efforts are successful, the state of the organism returns to normal. If the organism cannot adapt to the continuing stress, however, it enters a stage of exhaustion or collapse. 加拿大生理学家Hans Seyle在压力方面一直是最有影响力的作家。塞尔提出，人类和其他动物在三个阶段对任何压力源作出反应，统称为一般适应综合症。第一阶段，当人或动物意识到应激源时，就是警报反应。在这个阶段，机体变得高度警觉和激起，并被一阵肾上腺素所激发。当警报反应进入抵抗阶段后，机体试图适应压力刺激或逃避压力。如果这些努力成功，机体的状态就会恢复正常。然而，如果生物体不能适应持续的压力，它就进入衰竭或崩溃的阶段。
大学英语精读翻译 Unit1 1) 史密斯太太对我抱怨说，她经常发现与自己十六岁的女儿简直无法沟通。 Mrs. Smith complained to me that she often found it simply impossible to communicate with her 16-year-old daughter. 2) 我坚信，阅读简写的(simplified) 英文小说是扩大我们词汇量的一种轻松愉快的方法。 I firmly believe that reading simplified English novels is an easy and enjoyable way of enlarging our vocabulary. 3) 我认为我们在保护环境不受污染(pollution) 方面还做得不够。 I don’t think we’re doing enough to protect our environment from pollution. 4) 除了每周写作文外，我们的英语老师还给我们布置了八本书在暑假里阅读。 In addition to/Apart from writing composition a weekly basis, our English teacher assigned us eight books to read during the summer vacation. 5) 我们从可靠的消息来源获悉下学期一位以英语为母语的人将要教我们英语口语。
We’ve learned from reliable sources that a native English speaker is going to teach us spoken English next term/semester. 6) 经常看英语电影不仅会提高你的听力，而且还会帮助你培养说的技能。 Seeing English movies on a regular basis will not only improve your ear, but will also help you build your speaking skills. 7) 如果你们对这些学习策略有什么问题，请随便问我。我将更详细地进行讲解。 If you have any questions about these learning strategies, please feel free to ask me. And I’ll explain them in greater detail. 8) 那个加拿大女孩善于抓住每个机会讲汉语。这就是她为什么三年不到就熟练地掌握了汉语口语的原因。 The Canadian girl is good at seizing every opportunity to speak Chinese. That’s why she has gained a good command of spoken Chinese in less than three years. Unit2 1) 幸好附近有家医院，我们立刻把他送到了那里。 Fortunately there was a hospital nearby and we took him there at once.