Developing a vehicle is an arduous process of design and evaluation, trial and error - constant improvement and adaptation. Initial design concepts go through a range of stages to bring them closer to realisation and modelling is key to evaluating a design at each stage.
Modelling can take several forms. Traditionally, clay models have been used at various scales to help understand and resolve the form and proportions of a vehicle. To varying degrees, this has been supplemented, sometimes even replaced, by CAD modelling. Whilst clay is still a medium used to evaluate predominantly visual characteristics, CAD systems can additionally help evaluate other factors such as aerodynamics, impact scenarios and other physical considerations
Clay Modelling
Clay modelling is one of the most established 3D visualisation techniques used in the automotive industry.
Clay modelling is one of the oldest a nd most traditional methods used in car design. Studios are divided in their preferences relating to CAD or clay but many believe that it remains one of the best ways to visualise developing designs in three-dimensions
GM modellers use renderings, sketches and tape drawings as reference to create a 1/4 scale half model. Using a mirror in this way enables modellers to produce results more quickly. With full proportioned models, substantial time is spent balancing one side with the other.
In this view it is possible to see the rig beneath the clay. In the rear wheel arch the base can be seen along with the core of light blue modelling foam.
Clay has been used since the earliest stages of car design and emphasises the strong links between three-dimensional automotive styling and sculpture. Working on the form of a vehicle in clay is a very tight form of sculpture, reliant upon a expert eye and an advanced perception of form and proportion.
Clay modellers work on the Holden FJ many decades ago. This practice is still common today. The modellers shown here are using, amongst other things, gauges to measure height and depth (to balance both sides) and profile guides to ensure the model corresponds to the design. Manual Method
With the rig configured, clay is applied. Using a system of '10-lines', reference points are transferred from the drawings to the model. Clay is built up to match the profile from the drawings and is then added to fill out all the proportions.From here, designers can either rigidly follow their drawings, creating guides and templates to help develop the model from the package drawing, or they can begin to experiment and develop the form freely. The beauty of automotive styling clay is its ability to be reworked and continually adjusted. This freedom of form development is rarely matched by computer.Chevrolet designers work on a full scale Corvette model. Dynoc has been applied to give the impression of real glass and upper body paintwork. Real wheels add to the effect whilst designers make final adjustments to the surfaces Automated Method
Instead of designers and modeler labouring over a clay for weeks, many car firms are now in the habit of sending a CAD model directly to a specialist milling machine. The machine can precisely mill out the form and proportions of the 3D computer design in a relatively short period of time, although humans may still be called in to finish the surfaces or make slight adjustments. Although most aspects of a design can be resolved on computer, especially with the aid of virtual reality evaluation, almost all companies will still produce a full size clay towards the end of the process. The cold light of day can produce suprie that manufacturers want to be aware of before
a vehicle enters tooling and production phases.
Once a vehicle is completed, one of several next steps may be taken. If the vehicle is to be shown as a concept, it might be painted and detailed but will more likely become the template for 'hard modellers' to use to create a production look-a-like with individual panels, real glass and details as well as an interior.
If the vehicle is ready for production, it will usually be scanned using 3D digital equipment which will in turn create a new CAD wireframe model. This will be tweaked by CAD specialists to remove imperfections before being passed on to engineers who will begin the arduous process of creating panels, componentry, drivetrain and propulsion based on the design.
Of course, if a vehicle was simply an in-house research project, as many are, it may never be seen by the public; in fact the clay may be reused in later projects. These Holden models give an idea of the processes involved and their purpose. Both vehicles are full-size clays that give an accurate representation of the proposed vehicles. Applying a neutral coloured paint and sitting the model outside in a typical working environment is about the most accurate way to assess a concept's visual impact without actually building it.
The vehicle in the upper image appears to be in the later stages of development. Details such as light graphics, shut lines and Dynoc to imitate glass allow designers to quickly and effectively evaluate the model.
Sketching
The earliest stage of the design process is the creation of initial concept sketches. The sketches are a relatively quick way to visualise ideas, themes and styles. In a typical design studio, a team of designers may be asked to submit initial ideas for a vehicle which will subsequently be narrowed down and further developed. Often, a dozen or so initial ideas will be evaluated, with further development of two or three before a final solution is chosen. At each stage, designers whose work is not chosen will be redeployed to assist in the development of the chosen ideas or posted to another project. Typically, one team is responsible for the interior whilst another takes charge of the exterior.As the sketches develop, more time will be spent on creating resolved an accurate views. These drawings will form the basis for a simple package and, in the later stages, will be developed alongside a scale model clay or CAD model.The interior rendering above is a hand-drawn, highly finished view of the dashboard of the Avantime. Following initial ideas, after resolving the view, proportions and perspective a rendering like this is produced. It is drawn lightly in pencil before colour is added using markers. This illustration uses mainly light yellows and cool greys. The metallic effect is achieved by banding white with very light blues. Additional light, shade and line definition is added with coloured pencil. Light mapping lines (as visible vertically on the driver's door) are sometimes used to help illustrate changes in form in addition to colour and tone. Image courtesy & ?Renault.This illustration of Ford's Mustang GT Coupe concept has most likely been developed from a sketch and then reworked in a programme such as Adobe Photoshop. The image is particularly powerful because of its crisp lines and blurred movement effect. Creating this effect is arduous with traditional airbrush techniques but is far more straight-forward in Photoshop. First of all, an image is scanned in and cleaned up, removing unwanted elements and adjusting the brightness and contrast. To create the airbrushed effects, a path is drawn around an area - accurately demarcating the section to be airbrushed.then, the path is made into a selection marquee, a new layer is created and the desired brush tool can be used within the specific area. This can be repeated and adjusted until the right result is achieved.
Each section in turn is treated this way; this is not the only process involved, but it is the most significant.
CAD Modelling
Computers are now used to accelerate virtually every aspect of vehicle development. Computer aided design (CAD) modelling allows designers and engineers to resolve increasingly large amounts of a vehicle before even the first model is made.
CAD - Computer Aided Design
Computers have been used in the design of cars for many years. The automotive industry has been one of the leading forces for CAD development alongside aerospace and the military. In fact, some years ago, the British military research unit - DERA - and Ford initiated a joint development programme to investigate new computer design technologies.
As with all the things in the world of computers, things started big and expensive and eventually became cheaper and smaller. Although design studios may now have large CAD walls to visualise developing vehicles, it is also possible to work on the design of a car from a single PC. There are a few, core systems and programmes used in the automotive industry. In this section, we look at the key features of each ranging from specifications to usage.
Key CAD Programmes
1 Alias AutoStudio
Alias began in the early 80's in Toronto as 'Alias Research'. In 1995, Silicon Graphics (SGI) bought Alias Research of Toronto and Wavefront Technologies of Santa Barbara forming 'Alias Wavefront'. In 2003, twenty years after its inception, the company took the name 'Alias'.
Alias produces the leading automotive design software AutoStudio. AutoStudio is a programme to design and visualise full scale automotive projects. It is accompanied by a range of hardware and software products including sketching tools and advanced rendering and visualisation functions. AutoStudio customers include: BMW, Fiat, Ford, General Motors, Honda and Italdesign.
What it does
Alias AutoStudio allows a user to access a range of features which assists them in everything from concept sketches to Class-A surfacing.
Principle Features
Sketching
Concept Design
Cloud Data Processing
Advanced Modelling
Advanced Surface Evaluation
Visualisation
CAD Integration
In Brief
User Interaction
A user interface that enables creativity and efficiency
Sketching
A complete set of tools for 2D design work tightly integrated into a 3D modelling environment 2D / 3D Integration
Take advantage of your sketching skills throughout the design process. Add details and explore
ideas quickly by sketching over 3D forms before taking the time to model them.
Modelling (Modeling)
Industry-leading, NURBS-based surface modeller.
Advanced Automotive Surfacing Tools
Surface creation tools that maintain positional, tangent or curvature continuity between surfaces - for high quality, manufacturable results.
Reverse Engineering
Tools for importing and configuring cloud data sets from scanners for visualising, as well as extracting feature lines and building surfaces based on cloud data.
Evaluation Tools
Tools to analyse and evaluate the styling and physical properties of curves and surfaces interactively, while creating and editing geometry.
Rendering
Create photorealistic images using textures, colours, highlights, shadows, reflections and backgrounds.
Animation
Animations can be used for high quality design presentations, design analysis of mechanisms, motion and ergonomic studies, manufacturing or assembly simulation.
Data Integration
Support for industry-standard data formats and a wide range of peripheral devices.
2 Alias SurfaceStudio
Alias SurfaceStudio? is a technical surfacing product designed for the development of Class-A surfaces. It offers advanced modeling and reverse engineering tools, real-time diagnostics and scan data processing technology. SurfaceStudio is comprised of a complete suite of tools for creating surface models to meet the high levels of quality, accuracy and precision required in automotive styling.
Key Features
Cloud data processing
Direct, Patch-based modelling
Procedural, curve based modelling
Real-time diagnostic feedback
Dynamic surface evaluation
CAD integration
In Brief
User Interaction
A user interface that enables creativity and efficiency
Sketching
A complete set of tools for 2D design work tightly integrated into a 3D modelling environment Modelling (Modeling)
Industry-leading, NURBS-based surface modeller.
Advanced Automotive Surfacing Tools
Surface creation tools that maintain positional, tangent or curvature continuity between surfaces - for high quality, manufacturable results.
Reverse Engineering
Tools for importing and configuring cloud data sets from scanners for visualising, as well as extracting feature lines and building surfaces based on cloud data.
Evaluation Tools
Tools to analyse and evaluate the styling and physical properties of curves and surfaces interactively, while creating and editing geometry.
Data Integration
Support for industry-standard data formats and a wide range of peripheral devices.
3 ICEM Surf
ICEM Surf is an industry standard in automotive A-Class surfacing. In the final stages of a vehicle design, ICEM Surf is used to clarify and fully resolve vehicle surfaces before beginning tool and die fabrication. Designers can use ICEM Surf to create extremely accurate computer visualisations, through static and dynamic renderings as well as 3D virtual reality views using stereo mode.
In order to facilitate end-stage design evaluation and development, ICEM Surf can process data from digitised physical models which can in turn be modified, corrected, balanced and otherwise resolved as required.
Key Features
It is possible to create and modify aesthetic free-form surfaces directly and in real-time
'Virtual clay modelling' can be performed by direct modelling and diagnosis of point clouds or facet data without prior surface generation
Direct surface modelling is possible through stereo, shaded display and real-time renderer modes
Safety analyses (Head Impact Diagnoses) allow for early detection and resolution of possible safety issues
ICEM Surf is used for Class A surfaces for automotive exterior and interior design as well as consumer goods, structural surfaces (Body-in-White) and free form surfaces in tool and die design.
Digitised physical model or CAD data can be used to create free-form surfaces with automated smoothing and approximation
Surface models can be quickly developed from ordered or unordered (point clouds) digitised data
Fully feasible, high-quality aesthetic designs can be developed quickl
With the 'Global Modelling' feature, whole detailed models can be modified in total, interactively and dynamically
The rendering process is independent; rendering can be computed in the background or remotely whilst work continues
4 ICEM Style
Style is ICEM's designer-orientated vehicle creation programme. Style builds on ICEM's existing expertise in the field of advanced CAD surfacing and provides the user with a more direct transition from the design stages through to advanced surface preparation and ultimately tooling. Key to the appeal of ICEM Style is the programme's abilities for real-time visualisation. "No longer are third-party, stand-alone visualisation products required to visualise the complete design, nor a time-consuming wait for a static rendering to be generated".
The nature of ICEM Style's interoperability with the down-stream ICEM Surf means that input
from designers can be taken from tablet sketches, through preparatory stages and full scale models ready in anticipation of final A-Class surfacing. This simplifies the flow of work, eliminating certain transition stages which in turn saves time and translation discrepencies. ICEM Surf can then be used earlier to resolve a design and finalise production quality surfaces
5 CATIA
CATIA is an integrated suite of Computer Aided Design (CAD), Computer Aided Engineering (CAE), and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) applications for digital product definition and simulation. It is ideal for true integration of people, tools, methodologies and resources within an enterprise. CATIA provides advanced 3D Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) solutions for collaborative product development.
Made up from many different elements, or 'products', CATIA can perform a range of tasks depending upon its configuration. Within the automotive industry these tasks include Class A surfacing, body-in-white template design, body-in-white fastening design and many more. Some of the main applications are listed below. Shape design talks directly to people’s heart. Successful products in the market are usually those with designs that elicit positive emotional response from their consumers. Creative designers must be equipped with software tools that enable them to easily craft and adjust the product's emotional content through their designs, all while collaborating with the engineering department to ensure proper coverage of product functional scope.
Vehicle Synthesis
Analysis and decision support throughout the vehicle development process
Body
The full BODY in WHITE Process from the first stylist idea to tool generation
Chassis
Suspensions and steering wheels, integration of the chassis in the vehicle.
Powertrain
CATIA is used to design and evaluate the full spectrum of powertrain components and is used to design the processes and tooling required for manufacture.
Electrical and Electronics
Software to manage the electrical behavior of components and their integration into the 3D digital mock-up.
Interior and Exterior Trim
Automotive Interior process is handled by the whole Dassault Systemes V5 line of product, covering all aspects of automobile plastic parts conception from design to manufacturing. Some of the Available CATIA Automotive Products
Automotive Body-In-White Fastening 3 (ABF) is dedicated to the design of Automotive Body In White Fasteners. It supports Welding technologies and mechanical clinching, along with Adhesives, Sealers, and Mastics.From eletronics to automotive and consumer packaged goods, design plays an important part in determining product success in the market. How do you deliver aesthetically pleasing and functionally superior products? CATIA covers all product shape design needs from industrial design to Class A, enhancing designer abilities to produce any kind of complex shapes
Automotive Body in White Templates is an advanced product that uses unique
skilled features to boost body in white design phase productivity. These powerful features allow body in white design teams to quickly create or modify a car body in an associative styling and engineering context. For instance, a user can create an associative shape, place welding poi nts on it, and then assemble the two parts with unprecedented rapidity.Automotive Class A Optimizer 3 (ACO) offers extended tools to create and model aesthetic and ergonomic shapes to highest Class A quality. Powerful tools like using global surface modelingtechniques, Shape Modeling, and global feature creation methods, Global Flange, on top of the ACA product speed up the total development styling process.
外国语学院2018届毕业论文文献综述（示范） 一、研究背景 近来多篇论文中出现零翻译的提法（杜争鸣，2000；邱懋如，2001；刘明东，2002；袁斌业，2002a，2002b，2002c，2002d；石琳，2003；余清萍，2003；余清萍，秦傲松，2004；肖耀田，2004），但国内学者所编三本译学词典（林煌天，1997；孙迎春，1999；方梦之，2004）均未出现零翻译这一词条，国外三本词典/术语著作（Shuttleworth & Cowie，1997；Baker，1998；Delisle，2004）亦未收入这一条目，只有国内孙迎春（2001）编著的《汉英双向翻译学语林》收进了“零翻译（音译、形译之一种）zero translation”（58页）及“zero translation零翻译（音译、形译之一种）”（268页）两个条目，同时又有贾影（2002）反对零翻译提法，并认为承认不可译有“积极作用”。但零翻译现象确实存在，如DIY（自己动手），IQ（智商），EQ（情商），这些零翻译词汇经常在汉语中出现。英语中也有类似情况，如美国《时代》周刊中报道中国特色事物时经常使用拼音，如aizi(矮子)，pizi（痞子），shiganjia（实干家），yuan（缘）（王祥兵，2002），shuangying(双赢)，guanxi(关系)（顾静，2005）。 这些研究成果揭示了零翻译现象的存在，引进了零翻译的概念，促进了翻译理论概念的扩大，但是从发表的论文及孙迎春（2001）的这两个条目来看，各自运用的名称虽同（也有不同，如杜争鸣称为不译），但概念的内涵及外延均有出入，因此有必要探讨当前零翻译研究的问题并提出相应研究对策。 二、研究现状及不足 1. 定义不统一、模糊不清 传统翻译理论多把零翻译归结为“音译法”、“移译法”，只看到技巧层面的意义，如秦建栋（1999）讨论“英汉词汇空缺现象刍议”列举“音译法”、“移译法”，袁斌业（2001）论及“英语本族人音译汉语词汇的语用分析”，虽然看到“音译在我国只能用来翻译名词，而在国外则可以用来翻译包括名词在内的各种词语”，但未能从中提炼出零翻译的概念，实际上这里已包含有零翻译与音译的某些区别。 国内最早使用zero translation这一术语的是杜争鸣（2000），但他称之为“不译”，并分析了直译、意译与不译三种翻译策略。他不停留于策略本身，从跨文化交际的视角分析了三种策略的社会语言学与跨文化交际涵义，并看到了不译的三层文化含义。不译背后体现译者对于翻译目的的认识，“而翻译的目的必然直接或间接地反映反映译者本人对翻译的文化含义的意识与潜意识，反映他翻译时所采取的文化姿态与立场。”即翻译观的问题。但从术语的精确性来说
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
文献综述 大学生时间管理研究——以郑州大学西亚斯国际学院为例 姓名：代永寒学号：20091211205 专业：工商管理班级：工本2班 史蒂芬?柯维的《要事第一》 “要事第一”，顾名思义是指重要的主要的事情要放在第一时间去完成。而在实际工作中我们往往是将认为急迫的紧要的事情放在第一时间完成； 本书通过四个象限来告诉我们如何区分事情的紧急性与重要性，从而告诉我们在平常的工作中应怎样去区分事情属轻属重，以及造成事情紧急性的原因，在平常工作中要注意哪些方面以避免出现紧急事件的情况。 第一象限包括四点：A危机 B 急迫的问题C最后期限迫近的项目 D 会议准备工作等。第一象限显得紧迫与重要，但我们要知道形成第一象限的紧迫与重要主要是因被延误及没有进行计划与预测及计划所致。第二象限包含准备工作、预防、价值、筹划、建立关系、真正的再创造与赋予能力。第二象限属于质量象限，属于重要但不紧迫的事情，但我们必须要去做，因只有这样才能避免出现第一象限包含的情况。第三象限包含干扰、电话；邮件、报告；某些会议；很多临近、急迫的事情及很多流行的活动。第三象限包括“紧急但不重要的事情”，而事实上它易给人造成假象，从而形成第一象限情况。第四象限包含琐事、打发时间的工作、某些电话，解闷，“逃避”行为、无关紧要的邮件及过多地看电视；第四象限属于既不紧急也不重要的事情，它是浪费象限，第四象限中的行为是堕落行为。这四个象限告诉我们如果在办事过程中不是以重要性而是以紧要性为出发点，就会出现第一第三甚至第四象限的情况，在平常的工作中，我们要加以区分，日常工作生活中往往事情越是紧迫，反而说明事情越不重要！像最近存货系统因急着想能早日上线，在运作过程中被卡住，故一心想着去解决软件中存在的问题，而忽略了与其他人员的沟通协调，存货上软件固然重要，但与公司整体运作相比就稍显其次，没合理分配其他人员手头事项，这样会导致其他问题的增多，从而会出现第一第三象限甚至于第四象限的浪费情况。 “要事第一”，告诉我们在日常的工作与生活中要从以下方面着手加以区分、
汽车系统专门名词英文缩写 ABS anti-lock brake system 防抱死制动系统 ASR acceleration slip regulation 加速防滑转调节（控制）系统 AT（ATM） automatic transmission 自动变速器 ABV air bypass valve 旁通空气阀 CCS cruise control switch（system）巡航控制开关（系统） CDM
chassis dynamometer 底盘测功仪 CKP crankshaft position 曲轴位置 CMP camshaft position sensor 凸轮轴位置传感器 CCM central control module 中央控制模块 EBD electronic brake（force）distribution 电子控制的制动力分配（系统） ECM engine control module 发动机控制模块
ECTS engine coolant temperature 发动机冷却液温度传感器 ECU electronic control unit 电子控制单元 EGR exhaust gas recirculation 废气再循环 EFI electronic fuel injection 电子控制燃油喷射 EPI electronic petrol injection 电子控制汽油喷射 EVAP
evaporative emission control system 燃油蒸发排放控制系统 ESP electronic stability program 电控稳定系统 EVAP-CPCS EVAP-canister purge control solenoid EVAP碳罐净化控制电磁阀 EVAP-TPCV EVAP-tank pressure control valve EVAP油箱压力控制阀 FPR fuel pump relay 燃油泵继电器 HO2S heated oxygen sensor 加热型氧传感器
https://www.doczj.com/doc/19474153.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
附录 图像科学综述 近几年来，图像处理与识别技术得到了迅速的发展，现在人们己充分认识到图像处理和识别技术是认识世界、改造世界的重要手段。目前它己应用于许多领域，成为2l世纪信息时代的一门重要的高新科学技术。 1.图像处理与识别技术概述 图像就是用各种观测系统以不同形式和手段观测客观世界而获得的，可以直接或间接作用于人眼而产生视知觉的实体。科学研究和统计表明，人类从外界获得的信息约有75%来自于视觉系统，也就是说，人类的大部分信息都是从图像中获得的。 图像处理是人类视觉延伸的重要手段，可以便人们看到任意波长上所测得的图像。例如，借助伽马相机、x光机，人们可以看到红外和超声图像：借助CT可看到物体内部的断层图像；借助相应工具可看到立体图像和剖视图像。1964年，美国在太空探索中拍回了大量月球照片，但是由于种种环境因素的影响，这些照片是非常不清晰的，为此，美国喷射推进实验室(JPL)使用计算机对图像进行处理，使照片中的重要信息得以清晰再现。这是这门技术发展的重要里程碑。此后，图像处理技术在空间研究方面得到广泛的应用。 总体来说，图像处理技术的发展大致经历了初创期、发展期、普及期和实用化期4个阶段。初创期开始于20世纪60年代，当时的图像采用像素型光栅进行扫描显示，大多采用巾、大型机对其进行处理。在这一时期，由于图像存储成本高，处理设备造价高，因而其应用面很窄。20世纪70年代进入了发展期，开始大量采用中、小型机进行处理，图像处理也逐渐改用光栅扫描显示方式，特别是出现了CT和卫星遥感图像，对图像处理技术的发展起到了很好的促进作用。到了20世纪80年代，图像处理技术进入普及期，此时购微机已经能够担当起图形图像处理的任务。VLSL的出现更使得处理速度大大提高，其造价也进一步降低，极大地促进了图形图像系统的普及和应用。20世纪90年代是图像技术的实用化时期，图像处理的信息量巨大，对处理速度的要求极高。 21世纪的图像技术要向高质量化方面发展，主要体现在以下几点：①高分辨率、高速度，图像处理技术发展的最终目标是要实现图像的实时处理，这在移动
汽车英文系统大全4C:四区域独立可调空调 4H：高速四驱 4HLC：高速四轮驱动配中央差速器 4L：低速四驱 4LC：低速锁止四驱 4MATIC：全轮驱动系统 4WD:四驱驱动 4WS：四轮转向 Ａ A/D:模/数转换 A：安培 AACN：全自动撞车通报系统 ABC：主动车身控制 ABD：自动制动差速系统 ABS：防抱死制动系统 ABSV：空气旁通电磁阀 ABVS：安全气囊保护系统 AC：空调、交流电 ACC：附件 ACC：自适应巡航控制系统车距感应式定速巡航控制系统
ACD：主动中央差速器 ACE：高级兼容性设计 ACG/ALTR：交流发电机 ACIS：电子控制进气流程系统丰田可变进气歧管系统Active light function :主动灯光功能 ACU：安全气囊系统控制单元 ADC：模数转换器 ADECS：柴油机电子控制系统 ADS：自适应减振系统 AF：空燃比 AFM:动态燃油管理系统 AFS：自适应照明系统主动前轮转向系统 AGF:亚洲吉利方程式国际公开赛 AHC：油压式自动车身高调整 AHSZ:双模完全混合动力系统 AI：人工智能换挡控制 AIAC：奥迪国际广告大赛 AII-speed TCS：全速段牵引力控制系统 ALS：自动车身平衡 ALU：运算器 AM：调幅、电枢 AMG：快速换挡自动变速箱
AMP：电流表 AMT：电子自动变速箱电控机械式自动变速器AOP：电子控制按需要传动装置 AP：恒时全轮驱动 AP：压缩机、大气压力传感器 APC：预喷量控制 APEAL：新车满意度中国汽车性能运行和设计调研APRC：亚太汽车拉力锦标赛 AQS：空气质量系统 ARP：主动防侧翻保护 ARS：防滑系统 ARTS：智能安全气囊系统 ARTS：自适应限制保护技术系统 AS：转向臂 ASC：主动式稳定控制自动稳定和牵引力控制ASC+T：自动稳定和牵引力系统 ASF：奥迪全铝车身框架结构 Asian festival of speed:亚洲赛车节 ASL：音量自动调节系统排挡自动锁定装置ASM：动态稳定系统 ASPS：防潜滑保护系统 ASR：防滑系统
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
at89c52单片机简介 中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述 A T89C52 Single-chip microprocessor introduction Selection of Single-chip microprocessor 1. Development of Single-chip microprocessor The main component part of Single-chip microprocessor as a result of by such centralize to be living to obtain on the chip，In immediate future middle processor CPU。Storage RAM immediately﹑memoy read ROM﹑Interrupt system、Timer /'s counter along with I/O's rim electric circuit awaits the main microcomputer section，The lumping is living on the chip。Although the Single-chip microprocessor r is only a chip，Yet through makes up and the meritorous service be able to on sees，It had haveed the calculating machine system property，calling it for this reason act as Single-chip microprocessor r minisize calculating machine SCMS and abbreviate the Single-chip microprocessor。 1976Year the Inter corporation put out 8 MCS－48Set Single-chip microprocessor computer，After being living more than 20 years time in development that obtain continuously and wide-ranging application。1980Year that corporation put out high performance MCS －51Set Single-chip microprocessor。This type of Single-chip microprocessor meritorous service capacity、The addressing range wholly than early phase lift somewhat，Use also comparatively far more at the moment。1982Year that corporation put out the taller 16 Single-chip microprocessor MCS of performance once
汽车英文代码大全 AFS：自适应照明系统主动前轮转向系统 AYC：主动偏航控制系统主动横摆控制系统 ASC：主动式稳定控制系统自动稳定和牵引力控制车轮打滑控制 ABS：防抱死制动系统 ASR：防滑系统 ASL：音量自动调节系统排档自动锁定装置 AUX：音频输入端口 ADS：自适应减振系统 ACC：自适应巡航控制系统车距感应式定速巡航控制系统 AWD：全时四轮驱动系统 ACD：主动中央差速器 AMT：电子自动变速箱电控机械式自动变速器 All-Speed TCS:全速段牵引力控制系统 ACIS：电子控制进气流程系统丰田可变进气歧管系统 ABD：自动制动差速系统 AGF：亚洲吉利方程式国际公开赛 AUTO：自动切换四驱 ASC+T：自动稳定和牵引力控制系统 ABC：主动车身控制 AXCR：亚洲越野拉力赛 ARP：主动防侧翻保护 AFM：动态燃油管理系统 APEAL：新车满意度中国汽车性能、运行和设计调研 AT：自动变速器 Asian festival of speed：亚洲赛车节 AOD：电子控制按需传动装置 AACN：全自动撞车通报系统 ARTS：智能安全气囊系统 AWS：后撞头颈保护系统 AIAC：奥迪国际广告大赛 AVS：适应式可变悬架系统 Audi AAA：奥迪认证轿车 ATA：防盗警报系统 ALS：自动车身平衡系统
ARS：防滑系统 ASPS：防潜滑保护系统 ASS：自适应座椅系统 AQS：空气质量系统 AVCS：主动气门控制系统 ASF：奥迪全铝车身框架结构 A-TRC：主动牵引力控制系统 AHC：油压式自动车高调整 AMG：快速换档自动变速箱 AHS2：“双模”完全混合动力系统 AI：人工智能换档控制 APRC：亚太汽车拉力锦标赛 ARTS：自适应限制保护技术系统 ACU：安全气囊系统控制单元 AP：恒时全轮驱动 AZ：接通式全轮驱动 ASM：动态稳定系统 AS：转向臂 APC：预喷量控制 Active Light Function：主动灯光功能 ACE：高级兼容性设计 Audi Space Frame：奥迪全铝车身技术 AWC：全轮控制系统 ASTC：主动式稳定性和牵引力控制系统 B BA：紧急制动辅助系统 BEST：欧盟生物乙醇推广项目 Brake Energy Regeneration：制动能量回收系统 BLIS：盲区信息系统 BAS：制动助力辅助装置 BRIDGESTONE：普利司通轮胎 Biometric immobilizer：生物防盗系统 BCI：蓄电池国际协会国际电池大会
NET-BASED TASK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer Wisdom ABSTRACT In net-based collaborative design environment, design resources become more and more varied and complex. Besides com mon in formatio n man ageme nt systems, desig n resources can be orga ni zed in connection with desig n activities. A set of activities and resources linked by logic relations can form a task. A task has at least one objective and can be broken down into smaller ones. So a design project can be separated in to many subtasks formi ng a hierarchical structure. Task Management System (TMS) is designed to break down these tasks and assig n certa in resources to its task no des. As a result of decompositi on. al1 desig n resources and activities could be man aged via this system. KEY WORDS : Collaborative Design, Task Management System (TMS), Task Decompositi on, In formati on Man ageme nt System 1 Introduction Along with the rapid upgrade of request for adva need desig n methods, more and more desig n tool appeared to support new desig n methods and forms. Desig n in a web en vir onment with multi-part ners being invo Ived requires a more powerful and efficie nt man ageme nt system .Desig n part ners can be located everywhere over the n et with their own organizations. They could be mutually independent experts or teams of tens of employees. This article discussesa task man ageme nt system (TMS) which man ages desig n activities and resources by break ing dow n desig n objectives and re-orga nizing desig n resources in conn ecti on with the activities. Compari ng with com mon information management systems (IMS) like product data management system and docume nt man ageme nt system, TMS can man age the whole desig n process. It has two tiers which make it much more flexible in structure. The lower tier con sists of traditi onal com mon IMSS and the upper one fulfills logic activity management through controlling a tree-like structure, allocating design resources and
大数据外文翻译参考文献综述 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Data Mining and Data Publishing Data mining is the extraction of vast interesting patterns or knowledge from huge amount of data. The initial idea of privacy-preserving data mining PPDM was to extend traditional data mining techniques to work with the data modified to mask sensitive information. The key issues were how to modify the data and how to recover the data mining result from the modified data. Privacy-preserving data mining considers the problem of running data mining algorithms on confidential data that is not supposed to be revealed even to the party
running the algorithm. In contrast, privacy-preserving data publishing (PPDP) may not necessarily be tied to a specific data mining task, and the data mining task may be unknown at the time of data publishing. PPDP studies how to transform raw data into a version that is immunized against privacy attacks but that still supports effective data mining tasks. Privacy-preserving for both data mining (PPDM) and data publishing (PPDP) has become increasingly popular because it allows sharing of privacy sensitive data for analysis purposes. One well studied approach is the k-anonymity model [1] which in turn led to other models such as confidence bounding, l-diversity, t-closeness, (α,k)-anonymity, etc. In particular, all known mechanisms try to minimize information loss and such an attempt provides a loophole for attacks. The aim of this paper is to present a survey for most of the common attacks techniques for anonymization-based PPDM & PPDP and explain their effects on Data Privacy. Although data mining is potentially useful, many data holders are reluctant to provide their data for data mining for the fear of violating individual privacy. In recent years, study has been made to ensure that the sensitive information of individuals cannot be identified easily. Anonymity Models, k-anonymization techniques have been the focus of intense research in the last few years. In order to ensure anonymization of data while at the same time minimizing the information
广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部城建学部 专业土木工程 年级 2011级 班级名称 11土木工程9班 学号 23031109000 学生姓名刘林 指导教师卢集富 2015 年5 月
目录 一、项目成本管理与控制 (1) 二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (2) 三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (3) 四、The Contractor's Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (5)
一、外文文献译文（1） 项目成本管理与控制 随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大，在每一个项目中，进行成本控制越发重要。本文论述了在施工阶段，项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。本文讨论了很多方法。它表明，要取得成功，项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法。 1.简介 调查显示，大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本。 2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的 Erel and Raz (2000)指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。监控的目的就是纠偏措施的...标范围内。 3.建立一个有效的控制体系 为了实现预算成本的目标，项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。项目成功与良好的沟通密...决( Diallo and Thuillier, 2005)。 4.成本费用的检测和控制 4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序 在施工阶段，很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。第四，项目管理者应该检测高风险活动，高风险活动最有...重要(Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。 4.2成本控制的方法 一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。为了控制这些成本费用，项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统： a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员 b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化 --在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰...围、变更、进度、质量）相结合由于一个工程项目......虑时间价值影响后的结果。 4.3变化的检测和控制 Voropajev (1998)指出，施工环境的动态….更控制体系。可以从以下几个方面考虑： a) 为确保良好的结果，应检测...要因素，应该保证变更必须由合适的人员检查b）一旦被批准，变更应该发生....文件资料中(Voropajev, 1998,pl8) 5.结论 本文介绍了控制预算的最佳方法。首先，必………目的成功。
汽车系统英文大全 A AFS：自适应照明系统主动前轮转向系统 AYC：主动偏航控制系统主动横摆控制系统 ASC：主动式稳定控制系统自动稳定和牵引力控制车轮打滑控制ABS：防抱死制动系统 ASR：防滑系统 ASL：音量自动调节系统排档自动锁定装置 AUX：音频输入端口 ADS：自适应减振系统 ACC：自适应巡航控制系统车距感应式定速巡航控制系统 AWD：全时四轮驱动系统 ACD：主动中央差速器 AMT：电子自动变速箱电控机械式自动变速器 All-Speed TCS:全速段牵引力控制系统 ACIS：电子控制进气流程系统丰田可变进气歧管系统 ABD：自动制动差速系统 AGF：亚洲吉利方程式国际公开赛 AUTO：自动切换四驱 ASC+T：自动稳定和牵引力控制系统 ABC：主动车身控制
AXCR：亚洲越野拉力赛 ARP：主动防侧翻保护 AFM：动态燃油管理系统 APEAL：新车满意度中国汽车性能、运行和设计调研AT：自动变速器 Asian festival of speed：亚洲赛车节 AOD：电子控制按需传动装置 AACN：全自动撞车通报系统 ARTS：智能安全气囊系统 AWS：后撞头颈保护系统 AIAC：奥迪国际广告大赛 AVS：适应式可变悬架系统 Audi AAA：奥迪认证轿车 ATA：防盗警报系统 ALS：自动车身平衡系统 ARS：防滑系统 ASPS：防潜滑保护系统 ASS：自适应座椅系统 AQS：空气质量系统 AVCS：主动气门控制系统 ASF：奥迪全铝车身框架结构 A-TRC：主动牵引力控制系统
AHC：油压式自动车高调整 AMG：快速换档自动变速箱 AHS2：“双模”完全混合动力系统 AI：人工智能换档控制 APRC：亚太汽车拉力锦标赛 ARTS：自适应限制保护技术系统 ACU：安全气囊系统控制单元 AP：恒时全轮驱动 AZ：接通式全轮驱动 ASM：动态稳定系统 AS：转向臂 APC：预喷量控制 Active Light Function：主动灯光功能ACE：高级兼容性设计 Audi Space Frame：奥迪全铝车身技术AWC：全轮控制系统 ASTC：主动式稳定性和牵引力控制系统B BA：紧急制动辅助系统 BEST：欧盟生物乙醇推广项目