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考研英语真题1998年

考研英语真题1998年
考研英语真题1998年

1998年

Part ⅠS tructure and Vocabulary

Section A

Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)

1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ______ the last bus,

[A] to have caught [B] to catch [C] catching [D] having caught

2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ______ so formally.

[A] needn't dress up [B] did not need have dressed up

[C] did not need dress up [D] needn't have dressed up

3. I apologize if I ______ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.

[A] offend [B] had offended [C] should have offended [D] might have offended

4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ______ what to do and what not to do.

[A] to be told [B] having been told [C] being told [D] to have been told

5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ______ avoided.

[A] is to be [B] can be [C] will be [D] has been

6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ______ it comes to classroom tests.

[A] before [B] as [C] since [D] when

7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter ______ he does.

[A] how [B] where [C] what [D] when

8. I've kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ______ twenty years ago.

[A] about [B] since [C] till [D] with

9. He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______ insufficiently popular with all members.

[A] being considered [B] considering [C] to be considered [D] having considered

10. ______ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.

[A] Had it not been [B] Were it not [C] Be it not [D] Should it not be

Section B

Directions:

Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)

11. According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species' ability for surviving are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generations.

A. a species'

B. for surviving

C. are

D. to succeeding

12. Neither rain nor snow keeps the postman from delivering our letters which we so much look forward to receive.

A. keeps

B. which

C. so much

D. to receive

13. If they will not accept a check, we shall have to pay the cash, though it would be much trouble for both sides.

A. will not accept

B. shall have

C. the cash

D. would be

14. Having been robbed off economic importance, those states are not likely to count for very much in

international political terms.

A. Having been

B. off

C. not

D. very much

15. The message will be that neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their uncontrollable practices.

A. will be

B. that

C. their

D. practices

16. The logic of scientific development is such that separates groups of men working on the same problem in far - scattered laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.

A. such

B. separates

C. on

D. far - scattered

17. Y et not all of these races are intellectual inferior to the European races, and some may even have a freshness and vitality that can renew the energies of more advanced race.

A. intellectual inferior

B. and

C. a

D. energies

18. The more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than ample destroying every city in the world several times over.

A. The

B. more than

C. destroying

D. over

19. The universe works in a way so far remove from what common sense would allow that words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it.

A. remove

B. would

C. that

D. it

20. The integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central organization with authorities over technical economic tasks.

A. could best be

B. first

C. with authorities

D. technical

Section C

Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B] , [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)

21. The machine needs a complete ______ since it has been in use for over ten years.

[A] amending [B] fitting [C] mending [D] renovating

22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a ______ of him.

[A] glance [B] glimpse [C] look [D] sight

23. I don't think it's wise of you to ______ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.

[A] show up [B] show out [C] show in [D] show off

24. The returns in the short ______ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.

[A] interval [B] range [C] span [D] term

25. A thorough study of biology requires ______ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.

[A] acquisition [B] discrimination [C] curiosity [D] familiarity

26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ______ her long effort.

[A] justify [B] testify [C] rectify [D] verify

27. I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ______ my debt in return for certain services.

[A] take away [B] cut out [C]write off [D] clear up

28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ______.

[A] explosion [B] sensation [C] exaggeration [D] stimulation

29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post ______ no responsibility with it at all?

[A] shoulders [B] possesses [C] carries [D] shares

30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ______ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.

[A] comment [B] reaction [C] impression [D] comprehension

31. Please ______ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.

[A] restrain [B] hinder [C] restrict [D] prohibit

32. Without telephone it would be impossible on carry on the functions of ______ every business operation in the whole country.

[A] practically [B] preferably [C] precisely [D] pres umably

33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ______ file $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.

[A] in proportion to [B] in reply to [C] in relation to [D] in contrast to

34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ______ at the end of this month.

[A] expire [B] exceed [C] terminate [D] cease

35. All the off - shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families.

[A] sentimental [B] affectionate [C] intimate [D] s ensitive

36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______ , or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s,

[A] revolt [B] revolve [C] reverse [D] revive

37. I was unaware of the critical points involved so my choice was quite ______.

[A] arbitrary [B] rational [C] mechanical [D] unpredictable

38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ______ according to the weather.

[A] altered [B] converted [C] fluctuated [D] modified

39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ______ their prospect of promotion.

[A] spur [B] further [C] induce [D] reinforce

40. In what ______ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.

[A] applies [B] accounts [C] attaches [D] amounts

Part ⅡGloze T est

Directions:

For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter it; the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)

Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They, (41) that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the (42) man. But they insisted that its (43) results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the (44) of the English population. (45) contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a (46) agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.

This view, (47) is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists (48) history and economics, have (49) two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was (50) by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.

41. [A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted

42. [A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal

43. [A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate

44. [A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude

45. [A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By

46. [A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely

47. [A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover

48. [A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for

49. [A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated

50. [A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] marked

Part ⅢReading Comprehension

Directions:

Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points ) Passage 1

Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.

The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.

But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the stoops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Gzechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.

Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go - ahead to the even more wrong - headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.

Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts, Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. Y ou don't need a dam to be saved.

51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ______.

[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality

[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted

[C] over - excited people tend to neglect vital things

[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight

52. In Paragraph 5," the powerless" probably refers to ______.

[A] areas short of electricity [B] dams without power stations

[C] poor countries around India [D] common people in the Narmada Dam area

53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?

[A] They bring in more fertile soil. [B] They help defend the country.

[C] They strengthen international ties. [D] They have universal control of the waters.

54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ______.

[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk" [B] "More haste, less speed"

[C] "Look before you leap" [D] "He who laughs last laughs best"

Passage 2

Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.

The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978 - 87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.

Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.

Two other explanations are mom speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years, may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.

Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "re-engineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost, His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's A1 Rosen shine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of m-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- "the worst sort of ambulance - cashing."

55. According to the author, the American economic situation is ______.

[A] not as good as it seems [B] at its turning point

[C] much better than it seems [D] near to complete recovery

56. The official statistics on productivity growth ______.

[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle [B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation

[C] meet the expectation of business people [D] fail to reflect the true state of economy

57. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because ______.

[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"

[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works

[C] he wonders ff the official statistics are misleading

[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses

58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?

[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.

[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.

[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.

[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings,

Passage 3

Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo's 17th - century trial for his rebelling brief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.

Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critic s -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "antiscience" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of V irginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon -Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.

Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason, "held in New Y ork City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.

Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academies who have questioned science's objectivity, Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview,

A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated de creased funding for basic research.

Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.

The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrtich of Stan ford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warning, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'antiscience' can lump together too many, quite different things, "notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science."They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard them- selves as more enlightened."

59. The word "schism" (Line 3, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ______.

[A] confrontation [B] dissatisfaction

[C] separation [D] contempt

60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ______.

[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power [B] show the author's sympathy with scientists

[C] explain the way in which science develops [D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities

61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

[A] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.

[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti- science.

[C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as anti-science.

[D] Tagging environmentalists as "anti - science" is justifiable.

62. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. anti-science" is ______.

[A] impartial [B] subjective [C] biased [D] puzzling

Passage 4

Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.

This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America's most densely-populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.

Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people--numerically the third-largest growth ever re corded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.

Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War Ⅱ, and the pattern still prevails.

Three sun-bait states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington DC, dropping out of the top 10.

Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too--and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.

Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: more and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances:

Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate --37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.

Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.

The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.

Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.

In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.

As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.

63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ______.

[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history

[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population

[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth

[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ

64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ______.

[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution

[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants

[C] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living

[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"

65. We can see from the available statistics that ______.

[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US

[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West

[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration

[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population

66. The word "demographers" (Line 1, Paragraph 7) most probably means ______.

[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy [B] advocates of migration between states

[C] scientists engaged in the study of population [D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life

Passage 5

Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots, Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.

That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 mil lion years.

The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, tile material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).

67. The author believes that ______.

[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior

[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be truse

[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions

[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart

68. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced front the fact that ______.

[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions

[B] they have been found to share certain geological features

[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years

[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe

69. The hot spot theory may' prove useful in explaining ______.

[A] the structure of the African plates

[B] the revival of dead volcanoes

[C] the mobility of the continents

[D] the formation of new oceans

70. The passage is mainly about ______.

[A] the features of volcanic activities

[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plate

[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies

[D] the process of the formation of volcanoes

Part ⅣEnglish - Chinese T ranslation

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese . four translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ. ( 15 points)

They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientist had ever detected: a strip at enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71 But even more important, it was farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).

72 The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward m all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.

Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. 73 Astrophysicists working with ground - based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.

74 If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea. a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of' antigravity. 75 Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary -particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

Part ⅤWriting

Directions:

A. Study the following cartoon carefully' amt write an essay in no less than 150 words.

B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.

C. Your essay should meet the requirements below.

1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.

2. Give your comments.

[1998年]

Part ⅠStructure and V ocabulary

Section A

1.B

[试题分析] 本题考查非谓语动词的用法。

[详细解答] 动词不定式和分词都可做名词的后置定语,但是不定式一般表示目的。因此,选项[B]为正确答案。

2.D

[试题分析] 本题考查need一词作情态动词时的用法。

[详细解答] 当need做情态动词构成疑问句或否定句时,不用助动词do。因此可排除选项[B]和[C]。另外,当我们说sb. needn't have done sth.时,意思是某人已经做了本来不必做的某事。根据题意,我们知道“他们已经参加了家庭聚会”,所以选项[D]为正确答案。

3.B

[试题分析] 本题考查考生对虚拟语气的掌握。

[详细解答] 由于本题为虚拟句,所以选项[A]不对;而由but分句中的时态可知事情是发生在过去,因此条件句应用过去完成时,故选项[B]为正确答案。

4.C

[试题分析] 本题考查考生对非谓语动词和语态的掌握。

[详细解答] 动词resist后接名词或动名词做宾语,又由于主语是动作的承受者,且动作“反抗”与“被告知”是同时发生的,故选项[C]为正确答案。

5.A

[试题分析] 本题考查考生对于be to do sth.结构的掌握:

[详细解答] 当be to do sth,结构用于条件句时,意为“如果……的话,设想”等。因此,根据题意,本题正确选项为[A]。

6.D

[试题分析] 本题考查连词when的用法。

[详细解答] 本题四个选项中,只有连词when可用于when it comes to…这一固定句式,意为“当谈到……时”。

7.C

[试题分析] 本题考查考生对句子结构的掌握。

[详细解答] 从句子结构上来看,此处需要的是动词does的宾语,而选项[A]、[B]和[D]都是副词,只有[C]what是连接代词,可做动词does的宾语,故选项[C]为正确答案。

8.D

[试题分析] 本题考查考生对句子结构及固定搭配的掌握。

[详细解答] 从本句的四个选项来看,这是一个带介词的定语从句,也就是说定语从句的先行词是从句中某个介词的宾语。而be with sb. at school是固定搭配,意为“在学校与某人是同学”,因此选项[D]为正确答案。

9.A

[试题分析] 本题考查考生对非谓语动词的掌握。

[详细解答] 由于状语从句的主语与从句的主语都是he,从句可用分词结构替代;又因为此处主语是动作的承受者,分词应为被动式,故选项[A]为正确答案。

10.A

[试题分析] 本题考查考生对虚拟语气的掌握。

[详细解答] 在本句中,条件从句和主句表示的动作不一致,从句与现在事实相反,而主句与过去事实相反。由于公众的投资发生在过去,而公司的繁荣却是现在的事情。所以,主句的虚拟应与现在事实相反,而从句的虚拟却应与过去事实相反。故只有选项[A]为正确答案。

Section B

11.答案B. 改for surviving为to survive

[试题分析] 本题考查非谓语动词的用法。

[详细解答] 由于ability一词要求不定式做后置定语来修饰,故只有将for surviving改为to survive。

12.D,改receive为receiving。

[试题分析] 本题考查考生对固定搭配的掌握。

[详细解答] 句中的look forward to是固定搭配,意为“盼望……”,而这里的to是介词,后面应接名词或动名词,故应将receive改为receiving,作介词to的宾语。

13.C,改the cash为in cash。

[试题分析] 本题考查考生对固定搭配的掌掘。

[详细解答] to pay in cash是固定搭配,意为“用现金支付”,故应将the cash改为in cash。

14.B,改off为of

[试题分析] 本题考查考生对固定搭配的掌握。

[详细解答] to rob sb.of sth.是固定搭配,意为“使丧失,(非法)剥夺”,故应将off改为of。

15.C,改their为its。

[试题分析] 本题考查考生对句子结构的掌握。

[详细解答] neither...nor…是否定连词,当它连接两个主语时,其后的谓语动词或代词要与第二个主语保持一致关系。这里的后一个主语是the government,是单数形式,故其后的代词要与它保持一致。

16.B,改separates为separate。

[试题分析] 本题考查考生对句子结构的掌握。

[详细解答] 在such...that.,.结构中,that是连词,那么本句中的that不是从句的主语。separate在此不是一个动词,而是一个形容词,意为“分开的,隔离的”,故其后不能加s。

17. A,改intellectual为intellectually。

[试题分析] 本题是形容词和副词的误用。

[详细解答] 本句中的inferior是形容词,应该由副词来修饰,故应将intellectual改为副词intellectually。

18. C,应在destroying前加介词for。

[试题分析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。

[详细解答] be ample for sth.或be ample for doing sth.为固定搭配,意为“足以……”。故必须在destroying 前加介词for。

19.A,改remove为removed。

[试题分析] 本题考查对句子结构的掌握。

[详细解答] 从本句的结构来看,remove应为away的后置定语,故应将remove改为过去分词做定语。

20.C,改authorities为authority。

[试题分析] 本题考查对名词数的掌握。

[详细解答] authority的单数形式意为“权威,权利”,而复数形式则是“官方,当局”的意思。to have authority over sth.为固定搭配,意为“对……有(行使)权”。故这里应将authorities改成authority。

Section C

21.C

[试题分析] 本题为动词词义辨析题。

[词义辨析] amend意为“修改,修正(法规)”,指修正缺点,弥补不足;renovate意为“修理,翻新”,具体是指对建筑物翻新,使之现代化;mend意为“修补”,指把用坏了的东西修好再用;fit意为“装配,安装”。根据题意,选项[C]为正确答案。

22.B

[试题分析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。

[词义辨析] 本题的四个选项均有“看一眼”的意思,重点在于区分不同的搭配。即:take a glance at,have a look at意为“看一眼”,它们强调动作过程;catch(get)a glimpse of,catch sight of意为“一瞥”,它们强调行为结果。根据题意和句子结构,选项[B]为正确答案。

23.D

[试题分析] 本题为动词短语词义辨析题。

[词义辨析] show up意为“到达,出现”;show in意为“领某人进入”;show out意为“领某人出去”;show off意为“卖弄,炫耀”。根据题意和句子结构,选项[D]为正确答案。

24.D

[试题分析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。

[详细解答] in the short term是固定搭配,意为“在短期内”。虽然interval、span也可表示一段时间,但不能与in the short搭配,range只能表示范围,没有表示时间的含义。故选项[D]为正确答案。

25. D

[试题分析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。

[详细解答] 本题四个选项分别与不同的介词搭配。acquisition与介词of连用;discrimination与against 或between连用;curiosity与about或for连用;familarity常与介词with连用。根据题意和句中的介词with 可知,选项[D]为正确答案。

26.A

[试题分析] 本题为动词词义辨析题。

[词义辨析] justify意为“提供正当理由,为……辨护”;testify意为“证明”,常与介词to连用;rectify 意为“改正”;verify意为“查证,核实”。根据题意,选项[A]为正确答案。

27.C

[试题分析] 本题为动词短语词义辨析题。

[词义辨析] take away意为“拿走”;cut out意为“切去,剪下”;write off意为“把……(尤指债务)勾销”;clear up意为“找到答案,解释,澄清”。根据题意,选项[C]为正确答案。

28.B

[试题分析] 本题为名词词义辨析题。

[词义辨析] sensation意为“轰动”;explosion意为“爆炸”;exaggeration意为“夸张,夸大”;stimulation 意为“激励,鼓舞”。根据题意,选项[B]为正确答案。

29. C

[试题分析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。

[词义辨析] 本题四个供选择的动词都可与名词responsibility搭配,但其后的介词及意义不同shoulder responsibility/for…意为“承担……的责任”,但其主语应为某人而非某物,句中主语为his new post,故不能选shoulders;carry responsibility with意为“带有……的责任”;possess responsibility for…意为“对……负有责任”;share responsibility of…with sb.意为“与某人共同承担……的责任”。根据题意,选项[C]为正确答案。

30.B

[试题分析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。

[详细解答] reaction与介词to搭配,意为“对……的反应”;comment常跟介词on,意为“对……进行评论”;impression与介词of搭配,意为“对……的印象”;comprehension常跟介词of,意为“理解……”。根据句意和后面的介词to可知,选项[B]为正确答案。

31.A

[试题分析] 本题为动词词义及用法辨析题。

[详细解答] 本题四个选项的词义接近,且[A]、[B]、[C]三项都可跟介词from。但只有restrain可接反身代词,即re strain oneself from doing sth.意为“抑制自己不做某事”;hinder sb.from doing sth.意为“妨碍、阻碍某人做某事”;prohibit sb. from doing sth.意为“禁止、不准某人做某事”;restrict后可接介词to,意为“限制”。根据句意和后面的介词from可知,选项[A]为正确答案。

32.A

[试题分析] 本题为副词词义辨析题。

[词义辨析] practically意为“几乎”;preferably意为“较适合,更可取地”;precisely意为“准确,精确地”;presumably意为“可能地”。根据句意,选项[A]为正确答案。

33.D

[试题分析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。

[详细解答] in proportion to意为“依照比例”;in reply to意为“答复”;in relation to意为“关于”;in contrast

to意为“和……对比起来,与……完全不同”。根据句意,选项[D]为正确答案。

34.A

[试题分析] 本题为动词词义辨析题。

[词义辨析] expire意为“期满,终止”;exceed意为“超过,超出,胜过”;terminate意为“使终止,结束”;cease意为“停止”,尤指停止活动。要说明护照到期,expire应为正确选项。

35.B

[试题分析] 本题为形容词词义辨析题。

[词义辨析] intimate意为“亲密的,亲切的”;affectionate意为“充满柔情的”,;sensitive意为“敏感的”,常用作表语;sentimental意为“伤感的”。人们只有在收到充满挚爱的家信时才会情绪高涨,故选项[B]为正确答案。

36.C

[试题分析] 本题为动词词义辨析题。

[词义辨析] revolt意为“叛乱,造反”;revolve意为“旋转”;reverse意为“逆转,倒转”;revive意为“复活,苏醒”。由句中的at least weaken,the trends可推断,事件有可能出现“逆转”的趋势,故选项[C]为正确答案。

37.A

[试题分析] 本题为形容词词义辨析题。

[词义辨析] arbitrary意为“随意的,武断的”;rational意为“合理的,有理性的”;mechanical意为“机械般的”;unpredictable意为“不可预知的”。还没有认识到问题的关键就做出选择,当然是“武断的”,故选项[A]为正确答案。

38.C

[试题分析] 本题为动词词义辨析题。

[词义辨析] alter意为“使改变”;convert意为“使改变(形式、状态、用途等);fluctuate意为“波动,涨落”;modify意为“修改(计划、意见等)。用“波动”来形容物价是最准确的,故选项[C]为正确答案。

39.B

[试题分析] 本题为动词词义辨析题。

[词义辨析] spur意为“驱策,激励”;further意为“促进,增进”;induce“诱导,劝导”;reinforce意为“增强力量”。根据句意,选项[B]为正确答案。

40.D

[试题分析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。

[详细解答] 本题四个选项均可与题中介词to搭配。apply to意为“使用,应用”;account to意为“答复”;attach oneself to…意为“附属于……”;amount to意为“等于”。根据句意,选项[D]为正确答案。

Part ⅡCloze Test

41.A

[试题分析] 本题测试语篇中的语义搭配。

[详细解答] admit意为“承认……”;claim意为“声称,说某事是事实”;believe意为“相信,认为”;predict意为“预言,预测,预示”。文章起始句指出,直到最近许多历史学家对工业革命持强烈的批评态度。而文章的第二句与第三句的逻辑关系是:第二句含有让步意义,故选项[A]为正确答案。

42.B

[试题分析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。

[详细解答] the average man是惯用搭配,意为“普通的人”。此处的average意为“通常的,普通的,平常的”。

43.D

[试题分析] 本题为形容词词义辨析题。

[详细解答] immediate意为“(时间方面)直接的”;instant也有“直接的”意思,但它用作此意时,是指使用上不必多费时间和精力;momentary意为“瞬间的”;prompt意为“敏捷的”。根据题意,选项[D]

为正确答案。

44.A

[试题分析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。

[详细解答] the bulk of为固定搭配,意为“大半,大部分”,符合题意,故选项[A]为正确答案。

45.D

[试题分析] 本题测试惯用搭配。

[详细解答] by contrast为固定搭配,意为“对比起来,与之相比”,故选项[D]为正确答案。

46.D

[试题分析] 本题测试语篇意义上的词义搭配。

[详细解答] 短文第三句讲到工业化的直接后果,而第四句则指出,这些历史学家认为,对比之下,从1650年到1750年的100年期间,英国还是一个完完全全的农业国,这一时期是富裕和繁荣的时期。可见,这两句是对比工业化前后英国的状况。既然是工业化前,英国当然还是一个“完全的”农业国,所以选项[D]completely为正确答案。

47.A

[试题分析] 本题测试逻辑搭配。

[详细解答] 根据题意,短文第二段的语气与第一段是转折关系,因此,选项[A]however为正确答案。

48.B

[试题分析] 本题考查介词的用法。

[详细解答] 本空的前面有specialists,后面是history and economics,显然是说“某方面的专家”,而介词in正有“在……方面”的意思。所以选项[B]为正确答案。

49.C

[试题分析] 本题为动词词义辨析题。

[详细解答] manifest意为“明白显示,清楚表示”,是正式用语;approve意为“同意,认可”;show 意为“出示,证明”;speculate意为“思索,推测”。从本题的上下文来看,历史学和经济学的专家必须用事实来证明过去多数历史学家见解的虚妄,而他们已经做到了这一点,因此show在此是“证明”的意思,为正确选择。

50.D

[试题分析] 本题为动词词义辨析题。

[详细解答] mark意为“为……的特征”;label意为“贴标签”;impress意为“给……留下印象”;note 意为“注意,留心;记下,记录”。根据题意,选项[D]为正确答案。

Part ⅢReading Comprehension

Passage 1

51.C

[详细解答] 作者在文章首段告诉我们:或许是由于长期遭受旱涝之灾的缘故,人类才会如此迷恋于治水。但这种迷恋所带来的后果是什么呢?这在本段末句可以看到:几个巨型大坝工程其结果有可能弊大于利。根据此意判断:本段第三句中的“fascinated”一词显然是指上文提到的对建坝的迷恋,“blind”一词也与它的表层意思“眼睛失明的”相去甚远,在此指的是因迷恋而产生的“盲目”。故选项[C]“过于激动的人容易忽视关键的事情”为正确答案。

52.D

[详细解答] 本段开头作者提到:尽管有人向世界银行提出忠告,说Narmada大坝的修建不但会对“the powerless”不利,同时还可能造成对环境的破坏。但世界银行仍一意孤行,还是给这不合理的建坝工程开了绿灯。那么兴建大坝究竟谁能从中获益?作者在本段末句道出了真相:获益者当然是那些当权者(the powerful)。由此可以推断:第二句中的“the powerless”与此意相反,应为“无权者”或“平民百姓”,故选项[D]为正确答案。

53.D

[详细解答] 文章第四段首句告诉我们:“……治水的神话仍在继续着”。由此可见,选项[D]为正确答

案。

54.C

[详细解答] 作者在短文末段告诉我们:只有对建坝的影响、耗资、及治水所带来的益处作出合理、科学地研究才有助于解决利弊冲突。接着他又提醒人们:如果人们相信神话,就难以做到合理或科学。阿斯旺大坝所带来的教训,全世界早该引以为戒……,故选项[C]“三思而后行”最能体现作者的上述观点。[A]“事已如此,后悔也没用”;[B]“欲速则不达”;[D]“最后笑的人笑得最好”均与作者的看法不一致。

Passage 2

55. A

[详细解答] 作者在第一段中对美国经济复苏的传闻提出了质疑:商家自认为他们为提高生产效益所进行的改革是否真的产生了效果?接着在第二段中,作者又通过官方的统计数字对美国的经济形势进行了分析:尽管从表面上看生产率有了很大提高,但其部分原因是由于在每个商业循环的同一阶段通常都会出现的反弹造成的。因此还不能以此作为结论性的证据来说明美国经济已呈现出复苏的势态。选项[A]“不如表面看上去的那么好”恰恰反映了作者的上述观点,其它各项均属于商业家的乐观估计。

56. B

[详细解答] 短文第二段最后一句,财政大臣Robert Rubin说:“商业界有关生产率大幅度提高的传闻与官方统计数字所展示的情景并不吻合”,这句话与选项[B]“官方有关生产率提高的调查统计结果并未达到商业家们所期望的目标”的内容一致。选项[A]“不包括商业循环中通常会出现的反弹”,[D]“没能反映出美国经济的真实情况”,[C]“达到了商业家所期望的目标”,均不合题意。

57.B

[详细解答] 本篇开头作者引用了一句谚语:没有辛劳,就没有收获。接着话锋一转,提出反问:那么只有辛劳,没有收获呢?这一反问与文章的主题有关。第二段中,作者通过官方统计数字说明美国的经济形势远非商业家们估计的那样乐观。随后,作者又在下面的三个段落中通过具体事实说明在美国所进行的提高生产效益的改革并未取得预期的效果:许多公司的机构重组(re-engineering)很不成熟,致使“收益上的损失远远超出了成本的降低”;为数更多的公司则以简单机械的方式进行机构重组,他们考虑的只是降低成本而对长远利益(long-term profitability)缺乏充分考虑……这样既不完善又问题重重的改革其结果必然是劳而无功的。选项[B]“他认为为提高生产效益所进行的改革未见成效”,正是作者提出反问的寓意所在,故为正确答案。

58.A

[详细解答] 选项[B]“新型的组织工厂车间的方法可能会有助于生产效益的提高”与文章第三段第二句:“新型的组织工厂车间的方法——包括机构重组及缩小规模——只不过是促进某一经济总体生产效益提高的一个因素”在意思上相吻合。选项[C]“降低成本并不一定能获得长远利益”可以从文章末段倒数第二句中获得依据。选项[D]中的a bunch of good-for-nothings与本篇尾句的mere rubbish相对应。唯有选项[A]“彻底的改革是提高生产效益所必不可少的”文中没有提及,故为正确答案。

Passage 3

59.C

[详细解答] “schism”一词的含义须根据上下文的意思来判断。短文开头作者提到:科学与文化的其它方面存在着极不和谐的关系。在随后的几个段落中,我们又看到,自然科学与人文科学之间的分歧不但没有消除,反而更加严重,以至于分裂成科学与反科学两大阵营。由此可以推断,文章首段第四行中的“schism”一词应理解为“不和”或“分裂”,故选择项[C]“separation”为正确答案。其它选项[A]“对抗”,[B]“不满”,[D]“藐视”均不合题意。

60.D

[详细解答] 在文章首段,作者通过Gallileo及William Blake的实例,说明了自然科学与人文科学之间的分歧是由来已久的。并由此引出全文主题:自然科学与人文科学的不和,如果说有变化,就是到了本世纪又进一步加深了。在第二和第三段中,作者又通过列举科学向反科学提出挑战,发起进攻等大量事实,进一步证明了两大阵营的不和已加深这一主题。因此选项[D]“举例说明科学与人文科学之间出现分裂”为正确答案。

61.A

[详细解答] 本文第六段第二句讲,“但这并不是对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环保工作者是反科学的”,这与选项[A]“有文章批评环保主义者是反科学的”相一致。

62.A

[详细解答] 通读全文,可以看到作者并没有对于两大阵营之间的分歧直接发表评论,而是通过大量具体事实向读者展示两派之间所进行的论战及其分歧所在;因此.可以说作者对这一问题的态度是“公平的”,故选项[A]为正确答案。

Passage 4

63.B

[详细解答] 短文第四段告诉我们:美国人口一直大批向南部和西部迁移,至今这一趋势仍然没有减弱,这与选项[B]“美国人口在70年代经历了向西南地区的迁移”相一致.故为正确答案。

64. C

[详细解答] 作者在短文的第七段开头写道:人口统计学家看到,在不断向南部和西部迁移的趋势中又出现了与之相关却又与以往不同的现象:美国人寻找的不再只是能够提供更多工作机会的地方,同时也是人口密度较小的地方,而且这一现象正变得越来越明显。选项[C]“它揭示了美国人对宽敞生活空间的新的追求”正是上面所述的不同于以往的新的现象,故为正确答案。

65. D

[详细解答] 作者在第七段中提到:在这次人口普查中,增长速度最快的地区当数落基山脉周围各州,其中内华达州和亚利桑那州增长最快,分别为63.5%和53.1%。由此可知选项[D]“在所有的各州中,亚利桑那州的人口增长率名列第二”为正确答案。

66.C

[详细解答] 从短文第七段的首句可知,demographers所提出的两个数字统计都是在谈人口问题,故他们应是研究人口问题的科研人员。

Passage 5

67.答案B

[详细解答] 短文第二段段首句告诉我们:对于板块漂移这一理论现已无人质疑,及随后列举的有关非洲及南美洲板块的实例,我们可以判断选项[B]“关于板块漂移这一理论现已被证实是正确的”为正确答案。

68.B

[详细解答] 短文第二段第三句告诉我们:两大洲海岸线所具有的互补特征以及某些似乎跨越大样的地形地貌使人想到两大洲曾经是连在一起的,因此,选项[B]“人们发现它们具有一些相同的地质特征”为正确答案。

69. D

[详细解答] 作者在短文最后一段说:“热点”理论的意义不只局限于它们所起的参照体系的作用,现在看来,热点还对推动板块在地球表面漂移这一地质过程产生重要影响。当大陆板块漂移到热点上方并停留时,从地层深处涌出的物质使板块凸起,形成一个大的圆丘。圆丘不断增大,并出现许多深深的裂纹。至少有若干次.大陆板块沿其中的一些裂纹完全断开,因此热点推动了新海洋的形成。由此可知,选项[D]为正确答案。

70.C

[详细解答] 短文开头作者介绍了分布于地球内部、被科学家称之为“热点”的火山活动区,并阐述了板块漂移对它们的影响。第二段中,作者又通过与大陆漂移理论的对比,说明热点理论对于理解板块与地球内部之间的运动具有重要的意义。在文章末段,作者则较为详尽地阐述了热点对海洋形成的影响。上述三段内容充分论证了热点对于地质学研究具有极为重要的意义这一主题。故选项[C]“热点在地球物理学研究中的意义”为正确答案。

Part ⅣEnglish-Chinese Translation

全文参考译文

离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系是科学家至今所发现的最大、最遥远的物体。71. 更

为重要的是,这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。研究人员所发现的宇宙云系既令人惊讶,又是人们所期待的,因为美国国家航空航天局的宇宙背景探索者Cobe号卫星已经发现了划时代的证据,证明宇宙确实起源于最早的一次爆炸,即人们一直所称的“大爆炸”(此理论认为宇宙起源于一大块能量)。

72.巨大的宇宙云的存在,实际上是使20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。根据这一理论,宇宙的形成是由一团亚微观的、极其稠密的纯能量团朝四面八方向外发散,随着放出辐射线,浓缩成粒子,然后形成气体原子。数十亿年来、这种气体受引力的压缩形成星系、恒星,并最终产生人类。

Cobe卫星设计的目的就是观察这些最大的物体结构,但宇航员还是想看到更为微小的热区,即像星系中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子。看来他们不必长期等待。73. 天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器,正越来越近地观测这些云系,也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。

74. 假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致,那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利.这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论,亦称宇宙膨胀说。膨胀说告诉我们,早在很久以前,宇宙的体积在不到一秒钟内被—种反引力驱动而发生了无数倍的膨胀。75. 宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特,但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学七、八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。

Part ⅤWriting

[写作指导]

这幅图画的是一只母鸡公开承诺其所下蛋的质量,非常可笑。其实,这是从侧面讽刺当前行业的不正之风,即本是份内事竟成了为你服务。

[参考范文]

A Promise

Here is a cartoon of a hen proclaiming her promise that she would undertake to lay eggs without edges of corners and her eggs would contain eggshell, egg white and yolk,

We find it easy to spot the humor in the cartoon: the hell is raising her voice high to announce something which as a matter of fact, she does naturally, without much effort. This cartoon also re minds us of a social phenomenon, i.e. many units such as schools, hospitals, shops and even administrative offices, publicly and unequivocally declare that they guarantee the fulfillment of their obligatory duties. However, it would be funny if a teacher promises to teach or a doctor to provide medical treatment. In other words, there is no need for teachers to undertake to teach students or doctors to treat patients. These things are within their duties, i, e. the obligations that they should fulfill. Otherwise, they fail to be professionals. By offering this kind of undertakings they simply reduce their professional ethics, not to mention the improvement of their service qualities. And we may well doubt about their sincerity in making such promises. We are now embarking on the path of a market economy and what we really need is high efficiency and high quality in every undertaking. This, and only this, is something that requires our genuine and sincere promise.

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