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不定式

不定式
不定式

Was man über Infinitivs?tze wissen sollte.

In der deutschen Sprache enden die meisten Verben mit " -en ", (lachen, laufen, machen, ...). Die Grundform eines Verbs, also die nicht konjugierte Form eines Verbs, nennt man "Infinitiv". Verben im W?rterbuch stehen immer im Infinitiv. Unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen kann auch ein " Infinitiv " im Satz stehen. Dies ist oft der Fall, wenn 2 Verben im gleichen Satz stehen sollen. Als Verbform kann der Infinitiv mit oder ohne "zu" im Satz stehen.

德语里,人们把那些动词的原形,即那些不变形的动词形式,称为“不定式”。动词在字典当中都是以不定式的形式存在的。在一些条件下,一个不定式也会存在在句子当中,那是因为2个动词同时存在于一个句子当中。作为动词形式,不定式可以以带zu或者不带zu的形式存在于句子当中。

Infinitiv ohne " zu ": Ich kann die Prüfung schaffen.

Infinitiv mit " zu ": Ich hoffe, die Prüfung zu schaffen.

S?tze werden Infinitivs?tze genannt, wenn der Infinitiv mit "zu"gebildet wird.

Infinitiv ohne " zu ".

In folgenden F?llen wird der Infinitiv ohne " zu " gebraucht:

?Beim Gebrauch der Modalverben(dürfen, k?nnen, müssen, ... ).

o Man soll sich morgens und abends die Z?hne putzen.

o Jedes Lebewesen muss eines Tages sterben.

o Bei Rot darf man nicht über die Am pel gehen.

?Beim Gebrauch der Verben " bleiben " und " lassen ".

o Sonntags bleibt meine Frau liebend gerne bis mittags im Bett liegen.

o Seit Anfang des Monats lasse ich mir morgens die Br?tchen an die Tür bringen.

?Beim Gebrauch der Verben " gehen " und " fahren ", sowie " sehen " und " h?ren ".

o Jeden Samstag gehen meine Eltern stundenlang in der Stadt einkaufen.

o Mein Bruder f?hrt am liebsten mit seinem Auto spazieren.

o Bei klarem Himmel sieht man am Horizont viele Flugzeuge fliegen.

o Früh morgen s h?rt man auf dem Land sehr viele V?gel zwitschern.

叽叽喳喳叫

?Bei der Bildung des Futur I mit dem Hilfsverb " werden ".

o N?chste Woche wird unser Chef für eine Woche nach Amsterdam fliegen.

?Bei der Bildung des Konjunktivs II mit dem Hilfsverb " würden ".

o Am liebsten würde ich jetzt ins Bett gehen.

Infinitiv mit " zu ".

Wenn man von Infinitivs?tzen spricht, ist immer die

Infinitivkonstruktion mit "zu" gemeint.

?Bestehst du die Prüfung? - Ja, ich bestehe die Prüfung. Na ja, ich hoffe es zumindest.

?Reparierst du das Auto? - Ja, ich repariere es selbst. Na ja, ich versuche es.

Eine Infinitivkonstruktion mit "zu"ist ein subjektloser Nebensatz, dem ein Hauptsatz vorausgeht. Das Subjekt wird im Hauptsatz bestimmt.

?Bestehst du die Prüfung? - Ja, ich hoffe, die Prüfung zu bestehen.

?Reparierst du das Auto? - Ja, ich versuche, selbst das Auto zu reparieren.

o Infinitivkonstruktionen haben kein Subjekt. Es entf?llt.

o Infinitivk onstruktionen k?nnen sich entweder auf eine Person oder Sache im Hauptsatz beziehen.

o Da Infinitivs?tze kein Subjekt haben, k?nnen sie auch nicht konjugiert werden und stehen deshalb im Infinitiv.

o Der Infinitiv steht am Satzende der Infinitivkonstruktion.

o" zu " + Infinitiv sind zwei W?rter, sie werden getrennt geschrieben.

Handelt es sich um ein trennbares Verb, so steht " zu" zwischen Verbzusatz (Vorsilbe) und dem Verb. Der Infinitiv der trennbaren Verben wird demnach zusammengeschrieben.

?Er versucht, das Fenster auf zu machen.

?Er versucht, das Fenster wieder zu zu machen.

Infinitivsatz oder dass-Satz?

Infinitivs?tze und dass-S?tze geh?ren zu der Familie der Satzerg?nzungen. Sie sind also irgendwie miteinander verwandt. Bestimmte Verben k?nnen sowohl einen dass-Satz als auch eine Infinitivkonstruktion bilden. Bestimmte Verben bestimmen also, ob man einen Erg?nzungssatz bilden kann o der nicht. "Hoffen" ist so ein Verb, das einen Erg?nzungssatz einleiten kann. (Weitere Verben werden weiter unten vorgestellt.)

?Ich hoffe, dass ich meine Jugendliebe bald wiedersehe.

?Ich hoffe, meine Jugendliebe bald wiederzusehen.

o Ein dass-Satz ist je derzeit m?glich, sofern das Verb im einleitenden Satz einen Erg?nzungssatz zul?sst.

o Wenn sich der einleitende Satz (Ich hoffe, ... ) und der folgende Erg?nzungssatz (dass...) auf eine identische

Person / Sache (ich) bezieht, kann eine

Infinitivkonstruktionen gebildet werden.

o In einer Infinitivkonstruktion f?llt das Subjekt(ich) sowie die Konjunktion (dass) weg. Der Infinitiv mit "zu" wird ans

Satzende gestellt.

o Es wird empfohlen, die beiden S?tze mit einem Komma zu trennen, ist aber fakultativ.

?Ich hoffe, dass mein Sohn die schwierige Prüfung besteht.

?Peter freut sich darüber, dass seine Tochter die Fahrprüfung bestanden hat.

o In den Beispielen ist keine Infinitivkonstruktion m?glich, da die Personen nicht identisch sind

( ich / mein Sohn /// Peter / seine Tochter ).

o Nur bei identischen Personen ist eine Infinitivkonstruktion m?glich!!!

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