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iOS APP 开发

iOS APP 开发
iOS APP 开发

Developing for the App Store

Contents

About the Application Development Process5

At a Glance5

Developing for Apple’s Platforms Is a Mix of Administrative and Coding Tasks5 Apps Published on the App Store Must Be Approved by Apple5

Apps Published on the App Store Must Be Cryptographically Signed6

The Majority of Your Coding Time Is Spent in Xcode6

Administrative Tasks are Performed with Several Resources6

Many Behaviors of an App Are Defined by Data,Not Code7

How to Use This Document7

Building an App for the App Store8

Prepare the Development Team8

Configure the Project8

Develop the App9

Publish the App in the App Store9

Preparing the Development Team10

Enrolling in an Apple Developer Program10

Adding Members to a Team11

Understanding Membership Privilege Levels11

Organizing the Team in iTunes Connect13

Organizing the Development Team14

Creating Your Team’s Signing Certificates17

An Example:Signing an iOS App During Development17

Setting Up a Developer for Code Signing20

To Learn More21

Creating a Project22

Configuring an Xcode Project for an App22

Creating Provisioning Profiles for Your App23

App Concepts23

A Bundle ID Uniquely Identifies an App24

App IDs Are Used to Match Apps to Services and Development Teams25

Provisioning Profiles Authorize an App to Launch26

Contents

Distributing an App Requires a Distribution Profile28

To Learn More28

Developing an App29

Designing an App30

Use the Model-View-Controller Pattern31

Use Data-Driven Designs32

Writing Code33

Treat Warnings as Errors33

Use the Analyze Action in Xcode to Find Less Obvious Coding Errors34 Implement Unit Tests and User Interface Tests34

Polishing and Testing an App35

Test on Various Devices35

Use the Archive Action to Create Test Versions of an App35

Use Instruments to Guide Your Efforts35

Ensure That Your App Meets the Approval Guidelines36

Creating Great Apps36

Design User-Focused Apps36

Develop a Security Model36

Ensure Your App Runs Reliably37

Tune Your App’s Performance38

To Learn More38

Best Practices in Coding and App Design39

Publishing an App in the App Store40

Configuring App Data in iTunes Connect40

Submitting the App for Approval41

Shipping an App41

Responding to User Issues42

To Learn More42

Document Revision History44

Glossary45

Figures and Tables

Building an App for the App Store8

Figure1-1Development process overview8

Preparing the Development Team10

Figure2-1Steps to create a development team10

Figure2-2An individual is the team agent15

Figure2-3A small development team15

Figure2-4A large development team16

Figure2-5Overview of the iOS development provisioning process18

Figure2-6The process for approving a device and getting a signing certificate20 Table2-1Team roles12

Table2-2Privileges assigned to each membership level12

Table2-3iTunes Connect roles and responsibilities13

Table2-4Abbreviated list of iTunes Connect modules,including availability by role14

Creating a Project22

Figure3-1Starting a new project22

Figure3-2Common uses for an app’s bundle ID24

Figure3-3Explicit app ID25

Figure3-4Wildcard app IDs26

Figure3-5Examples of wildcard matching26

Figure3-6Overview of the development provisioning process27

Developing an App29

Figure4-1The development process29

Figure4-2The development process is an iterative process29

Figure4-3Distribution between development tasks varies over time30

Figure4-4Model-View-Controller pattern31

There has never been a better time to create apps for iOS and OS X.Apple provides tools that make development easy and straightforward.This document presents a high-level view of the stages in developing an app,from creating a team to responding to feedback from

users.

Develop Test Distribute

At a Glance

This document walks you through the process of developing apps for the App Store.By the time you finish reading this document,you should be ready to organize your development team and devise a plan to design,code,and publish an app on the App Store.

Developing for Apple’s Platforms Is a Mix of Administrative and Coding Tasks Most of the time spent developing your app is spent on coding tasks,but throughout the development process,there are also a number of administrative tasks you must perform.This mix of tasks can be handled by a single developer,or the work can be divided between different people on a development team.

Most administrative tasks appear at the start and the end of a development project.For example,when you develop your first app,one person must sign an agreement with Apple to become an Apple developer.This person,known as the team agent ,bears the legal responsibility for the team,adds people to the team and defines each person’s responsibilities and privileges.

Chapters “Building an App for the App Store” (page 8)

Apps Published on the App Store Must Be Approved by Apple

The App Store is a curated store and restricts what apps may be sold on the App Store.Apple takes these precautions to provide the best experience possible for our users.For example,apps that are sold on the App Store must not crash or exhibit other major bugs.A major part of the publishing process is to submit your app to Apple for approval.

About the Application Development Process

At a Glance

Relevant Chapters “Publishing an App in the App Store” (page 40)

Apps Published on the App Store Must Be Cryptographically Signed

Code signing is used to provide a layer of security to users,your development team,and Apple.Signing an app makes it resistant to malicious tampering;if an attacker modifies the app,it can no longer be executed because the code signing has been broken.Code signing also provides a clear chain of responsibility if malicious code is included in a signed app.Although both iOS and OS X require code signing to publish an app on the App Store,iOS takes this security a step further;no apps can execute on an iOS device,even during development, unless they are signed.

When you organize a development team,the team agent(or a person that task is delegated to)decides which members of your team are permitted to sign your apps and creates the necessary code signing resources for those developers.

Relevant Chapters “Preparing the Development Team” (page 10),“Creating a Project” (page 22)

The Majority of Your Coding Time Is Spent in Xcode

Xcode integrates coding,debugging,and user interface design in a single development environment.You use Xcode throughout the development process,even using it when you are ready to submit an app for approval. When you install Xcode,other apps are installed with Xcode that you can use to improve the quality of your apps.For example,the Instruments application provides many tools to record and analyze data about how an app acts while https://www.doczj.com/doc/1a11239422.html,ing the data,you can formulate plans to ensure that your apps run correctly and efficiently.

Relevant Chapters “Creating a Project” (page 22),“Developing an App” (page 29)

Administrative Tasks are Performed with Several Resources

When you manage a team,you use various resources to perform tasks.Here are the most frequently used resources:

●The Member Center website is primarily used by the team agent to invite members to join the development

team and to configure their privilege levels.

●The iOS Provisioning Portal(or for OS X development,the Developer Certificate Utility app)is used to

create the code signing resources for your team.A team admin(either the team agent or a member of the team this task has been delegated to)uses these tools to provide the necessary code signing resources to members of your team.

How to Use This Document

●The iTunes Connect website is used to manage information related to the business side of your app

development,including sales and financial information,information displayed in the App Store for your app,and information stored on Apple’s servers for your apps.As with the Member Center,the team agent decides how much access each person on your team is permitted on iTunes Connect.

Relevant Chapters “Preparing the Development Team” (page 10),“Creating a Project” (page 22),

“Publishing an App in the App Store” (page 40)

Many Behaviors of an App Are Defined by Data,Not Code

In addition to the code you write,data you provide is used to define how the store displays your app as well as how your app executes.The data can even affect what the operating system displays about your app when it isn’t running.

Some data is contained in files stored alongside an executable;this combination of data and files is referred to as an application bundle.Other data is stored on Apple servers—for example,information displayed for your app on the App Store is primarily stored on iTunes Connect.Regardless of where the data is stored,keep in mind that an app is more than a simple executable;it exists in an ecosystem of code,data,and services.

Relevant Chapters “Creating a Project” (page 22),“Developing an App” (page 29),“Publishing an

App in the App Store” (page 40)

How to Use This Document

Regardless of the role you play on a development team,you should read this document to get a better understanding of steps the team must follow to develop an app for the App Store.

If you are a programmer,some concepts described in this document will make more sense to you if you finish one of the following app tutorials before reading this document:

●iOS:Start Developing iOS Apps Today

●OS X:Start Developing Mac Apps Today

Building an App for the App Store

Here are the steps to create and ship an app for the App Store.Although these steps are presented in a specific, logical order,occasionally the needs of your app or your development team require you to perform these steps in a different order or even backtrack to a step you have already performed.For example,any time you add someone to your team,you have to go back and perform some administration tasks.

Figure1-1shows a high-level overview of the development process;each of these steps is primarily an administrative step or a coding step.Administrative steps are usually handled by the team agent or someone the team agent has delegated some authority to.Coding tasks are primarily handled by programmers on the team.

Figure1-1Development process overview

The remainder of this chapter explains each of these https://www.doczj.com/doc/1a11239422.html,ter chapters go into more detail about the steps and the kinds of tasks that must be performed to complete them.

Prepare the Development Team

One person signs up as a team agent and in the process creates a new development team.The team agent can invite other people to join the team and set their access privileges.Finally,the team sets up code signing certificates and other resources necessary for developers on the team to sign apps.

Configure the Project

The next step is to create a new Xcode project for the app.You choose an Xcode template that most closely corresponds to the kind of app you want to make and customize the initial settings for the app.You also create other items required to sign and publish your app.

Building an App for the App Store

Develop the App

Depending on the design of your app and the services you plan to use in it,you may find yourself performing other kinds of app configuration in this step.Some Apple technologies require a combination of code you write and data you configure to operate properly.For example,Apple Push Notification Service requires you to create special certificates used to authenticate your server to the push notification service.If you know up front that you plan to use push notification in your app,you may also create these push notification certificates during this step.

Develop the App

This step is what most people think of when they talk about developing an app:Designing user interfaces and functionality,implementing those ideas in code,and testing the resulting app to ensure it works correctly. While a lot of this work is programming,this step also includes other important tasks,such as creating data assets used by the app.These assets,including but not limited to icons,sound files,and artwork,are used directly by the app or by the operating system on the app’s behalf.Many assets need to be localized into other languages or locales;an important part of designing your app is planning for the assets you need to create and knowing which assets should be localized.

You continue to polish and refine your app until it is ready to ship.

Publish the App in the App Store

Publishing an app on the App Store requires a few administrative tasks.Your team provides the information displayed for the app by the App Store.You also submit the app to Apple for approval.Once the app is approved, you set the date the app should appear for sale in the App Store.Then,you use Apple’s tools to monitor the sales of the app,customer reviews,and crash reports.These data can help you prepare bug fixes and help you decide on what improvements to make in a major revision to the app.When you have bug fix or a major revision ready to ship,you send it for approval and set a publication date,just as you did for the initial release.

Preparing the Development Team

Most people think of a development team as a group of programmers,designers,and artists who work together to develop an app.That explanation is also true when you develop for iOS or OS X,but it isn’t complete.A development team takes on the additional meaning of a group created and managed on the Apple Developer website.Some additional tasks during the development process are performed using this development team you’ve created.If you create a team with yourself as the only member,you take on all of these tasks.If you are part of a larger team,the work and the responsibilities may be divided between the group.

Each person on the development team has a unique Apple ID,an account used by the developer programs to authenticate that person.Further,access privileges can be configured separately for each person.This flexibility allows your team to restrict critical tasks,such as publishing the app on the App Store,to a small subset of its participants.

This chapter starts by describing the various roles that members of a team may fill.It then provides guidance about how you may want to go about organizing the team.Finally,it describes work the team must do to allow people of the team to sign apps.Figure2-1shows all of the required steps.

Figure2-1Steps to create a development team

Administrative

Enrolling in an Apple Developer Program

To start,one person must enroll in either the iOS or OS X developer program;this person becomes the team agent for the team.The team agent may enroll in both programs if your team intends to develop apps for both operating systems.During this step,the team agent signs the legal agreements required to become an Apple developer and prepares the financial paperwork so that the team can be paid for purchases from the App Store.

The team agent is special;he or she has unrestricted access to the team and is legally responsible for the team. The team agent also performs most of the tasks to organize the team.If desired,after others have joined the team,the team agent can delegate some of this authority to other members of the team,allowing those others to perform these tasks instead.

Important Because the team agent is the person with legal responsibility for the team,the team may not demote the team agent using the tools on the website,nor can the team agent’s privileges be restricted. To change the person acting as the team agent,you must contact Apple directly.

The team agent might need to sign updated or new licensing agreements,particularly when the team wants to incorporate specific technologies into an app.For example,an app that uses the iAd service requires your team agent to sign a separate agreement.

Adding Members to a Team

After the team agent has joined a developer program,he or she adds other people to the team and sets their privileges.If you are the team agent and the sole developer on your team,no additional configuration is needed,because the team agent always has access to all account features.However,you should continue to read this section to understand the kinds of tasks you may need to perform throughout the rest of the development process.

To add a new person to the team,the team agent sends an invitation to the person;part of sending an invitation includes setting that person’s privileges on the team.When he or she accepts the invitation,that person is automatically added to the team.

Understanding Membership Privilege Levels

A person’s membership level on the team defines the level of access he or she has to the Apple developer webpages and the team information stored there.This privilege level extends to the kinds of tasks that developer is allowed to perform on behalf of the team.For example,only certain members of the team are allowed to publish apps on the App Store.By giving you control over these task privileges,Apple makes it easier for you to maintain good security practices for the team.

If the team has joined multiple developer programs,when you configure a person’s privileges,you set a separate privilege level for each program.You can also choose to not give someone access to a program.

Table2-1lists the roles a team participant can play and provides a basic description of each.Each level of access includes all the capabilities of the levels below it.

Table 2-1

Team roles Description

Role A team agent is legally responsible for the team and acts as the primary contact with

Apple.The team agent can change the access level of any other member of the team.

Team agent A team admin can set the privilege levels of other participants,although a team

admin cannot demote the team agent.Team admins manage all assets used to sign

your apps,either during development or when your team is ready to distribute an

app.Team admins are the only people on a team that can sign apps for distribution

on nondevelopment devices.Team admins also approve signing certificate requests

made by team members.

Team admin A team member gains access to prerelease content delivered by Apple on that

program’s portal.A team member can also sign apps during development,and but

only after he or she makes a request for a development signing certificate and has

that request approved by a team admin.Team member

Table 2-2drills deeper into this list of privileges granted to members of your team.Although this document hasn’t explained all these privileges,most will be clear to you by the time you finish reading it.

Table 2-2

Privileges assigned to each membership level Team

member

Team admin Team agent Privilege Legal responsibility for the team

Primary contact with Apple

Invite team admins and team members

Approve a request for a development signing

certificate

Add devices for development and user testing

Create app IDs

Request a distribution signing certificate from Apple

Create development and distribution provisioning

profiles

Team

member

Team admin Team agent Privilege Enable app IDs to use Apple Push Notification or

In-App Purchase

Create SSL certificates for the Apple Push Notification

Service

Request a development signing certificate

Download development provisioning profiles

View prerelease website content

Organizing the Team in iTunes Connect

The privileges set in the previous section primarily pertain to the development process:They define who is allowed to sign apps,who is allowed to create signing certificates,and so on.However,the team agent also manages access privileges to the iTunes Connect website.For example,changing the price of an app is a task you likely want to limit to a small number of people on your team.Access to the iTunes Connect website is configured separately and is designed to be more fine-grained than the access you set in Member Center.On iTunes Connect,each person on the team can be assigned one or more roles;each role has different privileges.Table 2-3describes the roles at a high level.

Table 2-3

iTunes Connect roles and responsibilities Responsibilities

Role The legal role is automatically assigned to the team agent,and only the team agent is

permitted to have this access.The legal role allows the team agent to sign legal contracts

and other agreements.

Legal The admin role grants access to all tasks in iTunes Connect except for those assigned to

the legal role.A team agent is always assigned the admin role,and this access cannot be

revoked without changing which person on the team acts as the team agent.An admin

can assign iTunes Connect roles to other people on the team.

Admin The finance role grants access to financial reports and sales information.The finance role

also authorizes the person to view contract,tax,and banking information.

Finance The sales role grants access only to sales data.Sales

Organizing the Team in iTunes Connect

Responsibilities

Role

Technical

The technical role grants the ability to edit the app information stored in iTunes Connect

and to create test accounts needed to test In-App Purchase support in an app.

Table2-4lists the most common modules you need to access in iTunes Connect,along with the roles that are allowed to access each module.The legal role is not shown,because only the team agent has those rights.All participants have the ability to edit their own personal details stored in their accounts in iTunes Connect.

Table2-4Abbreviated list of iTunes Connect modules,including availability by role

Admin

Responsibility

Finance

Technical

Sales

Manage Users

Manage Your Applications

Manage Test Users

Sales and Trends

Contracts,Tax,and Banking

Payments and Financial Reports

Organizing the Development Team

Now that you understand the roles people can assume in Member Center and iTunes Connect,you should consider how you want to organize the https://www.doczj.com/doc/1a11239422.html,anizing the team requires more than setting privileges described above.The size of the team affects how you organize it and its assets.

The smallest team is a single person—you.You act as the team agent and have full privileges to perform any task.The disadvantage of a one-person team is that you have to do all the work.You need to set up the assets needed to sign and publish an app,configure all the information in iTunes Connect,develop an app,and market it.

Figure2-2An individual is the team agent

Agent

Admin

Members

A more common configuration is a small developer team.On a small team,the team agent is also a programmer, but defers some of the administration overhead to another person on the team.The team agent handles all of the financial and sales operations for the team,while the team admin ensures that the developers on the team have what they need to get the job done.

Figure2-3A small development team

Source code server

Agent

Admin

Members

If your team is large,you can divide the tasks further.Some people on the team might not be programmers,including the team admin.The sales and financial roles might be filled by people with a business background.You might even have in-house testers who are not also programmers.The task of creating and shipping apps could be delegated to one or more dedicated team admins.You might even partition the work further and divide the team between iOS and OS X development.

Figure 2-4A large development

team

Build bot

Agent

Admins

Finance

Sales

Testers

Members As the team grows,the need for coordination between the different people on the team increases.In particular,the cost of development errors increases when you have more programmers on the team.For example,if you are the sole member of the team,you can store all your work on a single computer and do all of the work there.Xcode even allows you to create a local source code repository to store your code.But what happens when the team grows in size?

When the team grows to a moderate size,you need more infrastructure.You want a separate computer to act as a remote source code repository;members of the team pull down the code from the remote repository to their computers,make changes,and send those changes back to the server.But when multiple developers are syncing code,the chance of an error being checked into the code increases.To minimize problems,you usually want multiple branches of development,including stable branches that hold the code you use to build your

shipping app and experimental or developmental branches used for new development.These strategies require a deeper understanding of the underlying source code repository and require you to define specific policies that describe how code gets integrated between the different branches you maintain.

If your team grows very large,checking erroneous code into developmental branches could impair your team’s productivity.By the time you discover an error,it might already have been synced to other people’s computers. After you correct the error,propagating the fixes to everyone on the team still takes time.The frequency of such incidents and the time lost for each incident increase as the size of the team increases;these losses,when aggregated,cripple your team’s effectiveness.To avoid this lost productivity,you should add additional infrastructure for code management.For example,you might adopt a process of continuous integration by creating a dedicated build machine(known as a build bot)that automatically checks out each change and rebuilds your app.By building new changes as they arrive,you discover errors earlier;you might even configure the server to back out such changes before others on the team pull down the offending code.If your project includes unit tests or automated user tests,the build computer can also run those tests to verify that your source code still passes the tests.This process,known as smoke testing,increases the team’s confidence that code stored in the development branches builds and works properly.

As the team grows larger,you want to automate tasks that are repeatable,predictable,and costly to perform by hand.By automating common tasks,you reduce the burden on the team and allow it to focus on designing and implementing code.

Creating Your Team’s Signing Certificates

Apps distributed on the App Store must be cryptographically signed.You may also need to sign the app during development.

●On OS X,an app must be signed during development if it uses iCloud or application sandboxing.

●On iOS,all apps must be signed during development.

Regardless of which platform you are developing for,everyone on the team should understand the code signing process.This section describes the assets that are needed to sign an app and authorize it to run on a device,and then explains how people on the team acquire the assets they need to sign apps.Some of these assets should be created now as you organize your team;the rest are created each time you start a new project.

An Example:Signing an iOS App During Development

Figure2-5shows everything that is needed to build and sign an iOS app during development.Signing apps during OS X development or signing to distribute an app on either platform follows similar procedures.For now,focus on this example.While you are developing an iOS app,it can only be installed on iOS devices

specifically marked for development.To run an app on such a development device,you install a signed version of the app and a development provisioning profile that authorizes the signed app to be launched.Without a profile that authorizes it to launch,iOS prevents the app from launching.

Figure 2-5Overview of the iOS development provisioning process

Build and sign

Signed application

Team admin

Development device

Creating development provisioning profiles is described in detail in “Creating a Project” (page 22);for now,understand that a development provisioning profile is a signed file whose contents define the scope of the profile:

●The development profile authorizes a specific set of apps to run.

●The development profile authorizes a specific list of devices to run those apps.

The development profile authorizes a specific list of development certificates to sign those apps.

In addition to being installed on the development device,the profile must be installed on your development computer also.The profile authorizes the copy of Xcode to sign the app.Xcode only signs an app and installs it on the device if the profile authorizes the signing certificate and the app being signed.Logically,this makes sense;if a profile that authorizes the app to launch is not available,such an signed app would serve no purpose.

Next,take a close look at the left side of Figure2-5.To sign code during development,you need the following items installed in the keychain on your development system:

●A private key.

●A development signing certificate(authorized by a team admin).This signing certificate includes the

public key associated with the private key.

●An intermediate signing certificate(provided by Apple).This certificate acts as an intermediary between

your development signing certificate and the signing authority.

The combination of a signing certificate and the corresponding private key is called a code signing identity. When you build an iOS app,Xcode compiles it,signs it using your code signing identify,and installs it on the device.If a provisioning profile compatible with the signed app is also installed on the device,you can launch and debug the app.

Setting Up a Developer for Code Signing

Figure2-6shows the process for setting up a new developer on the team.The full details of this process are spelled out in documents listed later in this chapter;see“To Learn More” (page 21).For now,you only need to understand this process at a high level.Team members make requests;team admins authorize or deny these requests.There are two separate pieces that need to be authorized:adding a development device to the team’s devices and creating the code signing identity used to sign apps during development.

Figure2-6The process for approving a device and getting a signing certificate

To add a device to the team,you send the unique device ID(UDID)for the device to a team admin;this process happens outside of any tools provided by Apple.For example,you might send an email to the team admin with the device’s device ID.The team admin adds the device to the team’s devices.Typically,the team admin also adds this device to any development provisioning profiles associated with the team,although that is not strictly required.For example,if your team wants to limit an app to specific devices,then you might choose to add the device only to a subset of the team’s profiles.

To get a signing certificate,a team member uses Xcode to request a signing certificate.Xcode automatically creates a new public and private key and requests that a new development signing certificate be created for the team member.After a team admin receives and approves the certificate request,the team member can use Xcode to automatically install the required pieces into the keychain.

Although setup is described here as a single process,you do not need to perform both steps for every member of your team.For example,you might want internal testers to be associated with the development team on the Apple Developer website but not allow those testers to build and sign your app.In this case,the team

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