石油钻井概述
Finished on July 12, 2006, Egypt
CONTENTS目录
VOLUME ONE卷1
AN INTRODUCTION TO RIG TYPES AND BASIC D RILLING STRING COMPONENTS
钻机类型介绍和基本的钻具组合
Rig types钻机类型 (10)
Overview概述
Land Rigs陆地钻机
Mobilizing Land Rigs装载钻机
Jack-Up Rigs自升式平台
Mobilizing Jack-Up Rigs
Platform Rigs
Submersibles座底式平台
Semi-submersibles半潜式平台
Semi-submersible Mobilization
Drill ships钻井船
Kelly & Top Drives方钻杆和顶驱 (11)
Making Hole钻进
Overview概述
Top Drive System顶驱系统
Top Drive Operation顶驱操作
Kelly Systems方钻杆系统
Kelly Operation方钻杆操作
Drilling String Components钻具组合 (12)
Overview概述
Drill Pipe钻杆
Drill Pipe Specs钻杆规格
Box & Pin公母接头
Drill Pipe Make Up接钻杆
Heavy Walled Drill Pipe加重钻杆
Spiral Heavy Walled Drill Pipe旋转加重钻杆
Drill Collars钻铤
Slick & Spiral Drill Collars平滑&螺旋钻铤
Crossover Subs 转换接头
Reamers & Stabilizers扩孔器&扶正器
Bottom Hole Assembly底部钻具组合
Pipe Rack排管架
Drill Bits............钻头. (15)
Overview概述
Roller Cone Bits
Steel Tooth Bit铣齿钻头
Tungsten Carbide Bit
Fixed Cutter Bit固定切削齿钻头
PDC Bit PDC钻头
PDC Compact
Diamond Bit金刚石钻头
Core Bit and Barrel取芯钻头和取芯筒
Special Drill String Tools特殊钻柱工具 (16)
Overview概述
Drilling Jars震击解卡器
Drilling Jar Operation震击解卡器操作
MWD随钻测量仪
Mud Motor井下动力钻具
Directional Wells定向井
Horizontal Wells水平井
VOLUME TWO卷二
BASIC BLOWOUT PREVENTION EQUIPMENT基本防喷器设备Pressure Control压力控制 (17)
Overview概述
Blowout井喷
Taking a Kick 井涌
Blowout Preventers防喷器 (18)
Basic Concepts基本概念
BOP Operation 防喷器操作
Basic BOP Equipment基本防喷器装备 (20)
Overview概述
Driller’s BOP Control司钻防喷器控制
Accumulator储能器
Hydraulic Lines 液压管线
Operating Lever on Accumulator储能器操控杆
Choke Manifold / Chokes节流管汇/节流
Choke Operation节流操作
Choke Control Panel节流控制面板
Mud-Gas Separator泥气分离器
Separator Operation泥气分离器操作
Flare Line & Flare Pit
Trip Tank
Trip Tank Operation
Subsea BOP Equipment (22)
Overview
Marine Riser System
Riser & Guideline Tensioner
Drill String Valves & IBOPs (23)
Overview
Upper / Lower Kelly Cocks
Full-Opening Safety Valve
Safety Valve Usage
Float Valves
VOLUME THREE
INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING FLUIDS
Mud Types (24)
Overview
Water Based Mud
Oil Mud
Drilling with Air
Foam Drilling
Aerated Drilling
Drilling Fluid Function (25)
Overview
Cleaning the Hole
Cooling / Lubrication
Protecting Wellbore Walls
Controlling Formation Pressure
Obtaining Downhole Information
Mud Properties & Additives (26)
Bentonite
Barite
PH
Caustic Soda
Gelled Mud
Mud Tests (27)
Overview
Mud Balance
Marsh Funnel
Rotational Viscometer
Filter Press
Chloride Test
VOLUME FOUR
MUD CIRCULATION & TREATING EQUIPMEN T
Mud System Overview (29)
Overview
Mud Tanks
Mud Pumps
Standpipe & Rotary Hose
Bit & Annulus
Return Line, Shaker & Mud Tanks
Mud Storage, Tanks & Reserve Pit (30)
Overview
Mud House
Bulk Tanks
Active Tanks
Sand Trap
Settling Tanks
Reserve Tanks
Slug Tank
Suction Tank
Chemical Tank
Reserve Pit
Mud Pumps (31)
Overview
Triplex Pump
Triplex Pump Operation
Duplex Pump
Pump Components
Bladder-Type Pulsation Dampener
Nonbladder-Type Pulsation Dampener
Suction Dampener
Discharge Line Relief Valve
Suction Line Relief Valve
Pump Discharge Line
Mud Conditioning (34)
Overview
Shale Shaker
Degasser
Vacuum Degasser Operation
Hydrocyclone Operation
Centrifuge
Agitator
Pit Volume Totalizer
Centrifugal Pump
Hopper
Jet Hopper
VOLUME FIVE
HOISTING EQUIPMENT Overview (37)
Function of Hoisting Equipment
Hoisting System Components
Hoisting System Operation
Crown Block (38)
Crown Block Operation
Traveling Block & Hook
Overview
Motion (Heave) Compensator
Motion Compensator Operation
Combination Hook-Block
Separate Hook & Traveling Block
Hook, Links & Elevator
Elevator
Types of Elevators
Hook Positioner & Swivel Lock Assembly
Hydraulic Snubber
Drilling Line (40)
Drilling Line
Reeving Drilling Line
Supply (Storage) Reel
Wear Points on Line
Slipping and Cutting Drilling Line
Deadline Anchor Drawworks (41)
Overview
Braking System
Disk Brake System
Electrodynamic Brake
Latest Drawworks
Crown Saver
VOLUME SIX
ROTATING EQUIPMENT, MAST & SUBSTRUCTURE
Rotating Equipment (43)
Overview
Kelly & Rotary Table (43)
Kelly Assembly
Kelly Detail
Rotary Table Operation
Setting Slips
Swivel & Rotary Hose
Swivel Operation
Top Drive (Power Swivel) (45)
Overview
Top Drive Advantages & Disadvantages
Top Drive Assembly
Mast & Derricks (46)
Overview
Mast
Height & Capacity
Stands
Crown Walkaround (Water Table)
Monkeyboard
Stabbing Board Substructure (47)
Overview
V-Door, Pipe Ramp & Catwalk
VOLUME SEVEN
PIPE HANDLING EQUIPMENT
Pipe Handling (48)
Overview
Pipe Handling Operation (48)
Making a Connection with Kelly
Making a Connection with a Top Drive
Tripping out with Kelly
Tripping in with Kelly
Tripping with Top Drive, 1
Tripping with a Top Drive, 2
Tripping with a Top Drive, 3
Slips & Elevator Systems (50)
Slips
Safety Clamp on Drill Collar
Slips & Spiders
Elevator
Lifting Sub
Elevator on Top Drive
Spinning & Torquing Devices (52)
Tongs
Makeup Cathead
Breakout Cathead
Hydraulic Cathead
Power Tongs
Spinning Wrench
Kelly Spinner
Iron Roughneck
Pipe Transfer (54)
Pipe Racking System
Rathole
Mousehole
Air Hoist
Pipe Transfer System
Controls for Equipment (54)
Driller’s console
Weight Indicator, Gauges, Controls
VOLUME EIGHT
CASING & CEMENTING
Casing & Cement (55)
Overview
Casing Specifications
Running Casing
Casing String (55)
Overview
Progressive Casing Strings (56)
Conductor Casing
Surface Casing
Intermediate Casing Strings
Production Casing Strings
Liner Strings
Casing Accessories (57)
Overview
Guide Shoe
Float Collar & Shoe
Centralizers
Scratcher Cementing (59)
Overview
Casing Point
Conditioning the Hole
Running the Casing
Mixing the Cement
Finishing the Job
VOLUME NINE
WELL LOGGING, MUD LOGGING & DRILL STEM DESTING
Well Evaluation (60)
Overview
Mud Logging / Testing, 1 (60)
Mud Logging & Testing
Mud Logging Unit
Rig Monitors
Chromatograph
Core Plugging Apparatus
Fluoroscope
Microscope
Computers
Vacuum Oven
Mud Logging / Testing, 2 (62)
Core Heat Sealer
Analytical Balance
Porosimeter
Gas Analyzer
X-Ray Diffractometer
Centrifuge
Dry Sample Tray
HCL Testing
Mud Logs
Well Logging (63)
Overview
Basic Logging Operation
Logging Unit
Logging Unit Details
Logging Tools
Electric Log
Nuclear Log
Sonic Log
Other Logs
Drill Stem Testing (64)
Overview
DST Tool Components
Lowering DST Tool
Sealing the Hole
Water Cushion
Fluid Flow
Pressure Charts
Reverse Circulating
Removing DST Tool
VOLUME TEN
POWER SYSTEM & INSTRUMENTATION
Power System (67)
Overview
Prime Movers
AC to DC Power System
DC to DC Power System
Mechanical Power System
AC to DC Power System (67)
Overview
Diesel & AC Generator
SCR Switch & Control Gear
DC Motors
AC Motors
DC to DC Power System (69)
Overview
DC Motors
AC Generator (Alternator)
Mechanical Drive Power (70)
Overview
Compound Drive
Hydraulic & Pneumatic Power Systems (70)
Overview
Hydraulic Force
Hydraulic Power Pack
Pneumatically Powered Equipment
Rig Air Compressor
Rig Instruments (73)
Overview
Driller’s Console
Weight Indicator
Pump Rate Gauge
Pump Pressure Gauge
Rotary Tachometer
Rotary Torque Gauge
Tong Torque Gauge
Mud Return Flow Rate Indicator
Mud Tank Level Indicator
Trip Tank Volume Indicator
Drilling Recorder
H2S Instrumentation
VOLUME ONE
AN INTRODUCTION TO RIG TYPES AND BASIC DRILLING STRING COMPONENTS 钻机类型介绍及基本钻具组合
RIG TYPES钻机类型
Overview:概述
Drilling rigs like these bore or drill holes into the earth. Usually they drill to find oil or gas. They work both on land and offshore. Some are big and some are relatively small. Big rigs drill very deep holes, 20000 feet (ft), 3000 meters (m) or more; small rigs may only drill to a few thousand ft or meters. People in the oil land describe groups of rigs into 6 basic types: Land, Jack up, Platform, Submersible, Semi-Submersible and Drill Ship.
钻机就像这些，在地上钻孔。通常是为了找油或者找气。既在陆上也在海上作业。一些钻机挺大，一些也挺小。大钻机钻的很深，能钻20000英尺，3000米或者更深。小钻机可能只能钻几千英尺或米。
A land rig drills on dry land. There is the most common rig. Light duty rigs drill holes from 3000-5000ft, or 1000-1500m; Medium duty rigs drill to depth ranging from about 4000-10000ft or 1200-3000m; Heavy duty rigs drill holes from about 12000-16000ft deep or 3500-5000m; Ultra-heavy duty rigs drill holes from about 18000-25000ft or more (5500-7500m or more).
陆地钻机在干地上钻进。这是一些最普通的钻机。小钻机作业深度3000-5000英尺，或者1000-1500米，中型钻机作业深度4000-10000英尺，或者1200-3000米，大型钻机作业深度12000-16000英尺，或者35000-5000米，超大型钻机作业深度18000-25000英尺或者更深，或者5500-7500米或者更深。
Crew members can move land rigs on trucks, tractors, trailers, barges, helicopters, heavy rolling gear, skids and in rare cases, on specialized air-pressurized equipment.
Small light duty rigs are pretty simple to move. Ultra-heavy land rigs can be difficult to move.
井队人员用卡车、拖拉机、拖车、驳船、重型盘车装置、爬犁，有时还用特殊的气压装置。
小钻机比较好搬迁，大型钻机就比较难以移动。
Jack-Up
A Jack up rig, drills offshore wells. It has legs that support deck and hole. When positioned over the drilling site, the bottom of the legs rest on the sea floor. Jack up rigs can drill in water depth ranging from a few feet or meters up to more than 400ft, over 120 meters. Boats to a Jack Up rig to a location with its legs up. Once the rig up crew gets the legs firmly positioned on the bottom of the ocean, they can adjust the level of the deck and the hole-height.
自升式平台
自升式钻机钻海上油井。有桩腿来支撑甲板和井口。当定位于井位之后，桩腿底部插入海底。自升式平台作业水深从几英尺或者米到超过400英尺（120米）。一旦井队人员把桩腿牢固定位在海床，就可以开始调整加班和井口高度。
Platform
A platform rig is a non-mobile offshore structure, that is once built, it never moves from the drill site. Companies drill several wells from the platform. Platform rigs can be Tender-Assisted Rig. The tender floats next to the rigid platform, which is firmly pent to the sea floor. Many platform rigs do not have a tender; they’re so large that they’re self-contained. Big platform rigs include the Steel-Jacket Platform, the Caisson Type, and the Concrete Gravity Type.
In deep water, rig builders have to make platforms that yield to water and wind movements. Two Compliant Platform Rigs are the Guyed-T ower and the Tension-Leg.
平台
平台钻机是一种不可移动的海上钻井装置，一旦建造，就不能移动井位了。油公司要在平台钻好几口井。平台钻机也可以是辅助钻机供应船。辅助平台靠在牢牢固定在海底的平台旁边。许多平台没有辅助平台，它们很大，可以自持。大型平台钻机包括导管架平台、箱式平台，混凝土重力平台。
Submersible Rig
A submersible rig rests on the sea floor when it is drilling. Workers flood compartments that cause the rig to submerge and rest on the bottom. When ready to move, workers remove the water from the compartments, this makes the rig float. Boats can then tow the rig to the next site. Rig builders design submersibles to drill in shallow water and in water up to about 175 ft deep, a little lower 50 meters.
Submersible drilling rigs include the Posted Barge Submersible, Bottle-Type Submersible, and the Arctic Submersible.
坐底式平台
坐底式平台钻井时坐在海平面。工人注水隔舱使钻机坐底。当准备搬迁时，工人把隔舱里的水排出来，平台上升。然后可以拖往下一个作业地。平台生产商设计坐底式平台是为50米左右浅水区域。
坐底式平台包括瓶式和北极坐底平台。
Semi-Submersible
A Semi-Submersible rig is a floating offshore drilling rig. It has Pontoons and Columns. When flooded with water, the Pontoons cause the unit to partially submerge to a predetermined depth. The working equipment is assembled on deck. On the drill site, workers can either anchor the rig to the sea floor or use a system of thrusters and
positioners to keep the rig over the hole. Here, they have it anchored. Crew members mount the wellhead and blow-out preventers on the ocean floor. Special hollow pipe called riser pipe connects the top of the blowout preventer to the rig.
In some cases, the crew uses thrusters to keep the rig over the hole, called Dynamic Positioning. The thrusters, which are connected to an onboard computer, keep the rig in position. Some Dynamically Positioned Semi-Submersibles can drill in water depths of more than 7500ft, or over 2200 meters. When keeping a rig over the hole, drilling crews use the term ―On-Station‖. Here is a semi-submersible rig loaded on a special carrier. The carrier thus allows moving the rig far distance over the ocean. For shorter moves, the rig owner tows the rig to the drill site, or, some semi-submersibles are self-propelled.
半潜式平台
半潜式平台是一种浮动式移动钻井装置。有沉箱和立柱。沉箱里面充水后可以半潜于预定水深。甲板上装配工作设备。井场上工人可以通过锚固定于海床，还可以通过由推进器和定位器组成的系统来使平台固定于井口上方。这里，他们固定它。船员在海底安装井口和防喷器。特殊的中空管叫做隔水管，连接防喷器和钻机。
一些情况下，船员利用推进器来保持钻井在井口上方，叫做动力定位。推进器通过船上电脑连接控制，使平台位置固定。一些动力定位系统半潜平台能在超过7500英尺，即2200米的水深工作。当使平台保持在固定位置时，船员称之为就位。这里有一个半潜平台装载在一艘拖船上。这种拖船可以跨洋远距离移动平台。短距离移动，一般用拖轮或者依靠自身推进器。
Drill Ship
A drill ship is a self-propelled floating offshore drilling unit. It usually uses a sub sea blowout control system similar to the one on the semi-submersible.
钻井船
钻井船是自航的海上浮动钻井装置。它通常使用和半潜式平台相似的水下防喷器控制系统。KELLY & TOP DRIVES
方钻杆和顶驱
Making a Hole
钻进
Many pieces of equipment make up a rotary drilling rig. Part of it is on surface and part of it is underground, or subsurface. All the equipment has one main purpose: to put a bit at the bottom of the hole, or it can drill or make hole. To put the bit on the bottom, rig crew members screw it into a special pipe. The pipe is called the ―Drill String‖. Crew members lower the drill string and attach a bit into the hole. For the bit to drill, surface rig equipment has to rotate it, unless it is rotated by a mud motor. Equipment also has to put weight on it to force the bit’s teeth, or cutters into the formation. As the bit rotates, a circulating fluid has to take the drill cuttings away from the bit, otherwise, the hole will clog up. The fluid which circulates is called drilling mud.
许多设备一起组成旋转钻机。部分在地面上，部分在井下。所有设备有一个主要目的，就是把钻头钻到地下，称作钻进或者打孔。为了把钻头钻至地底，井队把钻头拧到一种特殊的管子上，这种管子就叫钻柱。
Overview
To impart rotary motion to the drill string so that the bit can turn, either a top drive or a Kelly & rotary table system is used. Power is transferred from the surface down hole, via
the drill string.
Top Drive Systems
Some rigs rotate the drill string with a top drive unit. Top drives are expensive but very efficient. Crew members can add drill pipe and joints to the drill string very quickly and safely and they can drill the well more efficiently with less chance of sticking the drill string in the hole as compared with the Kelly & rotary table. A powerful motor turns the drive shaft which is connected to the top drive. Crew members make up or attach the drill string to the drive shaft. The drive shaft turns the drill string and bit. Notice that the drill string go through an opening in the rotary table, the table does not, however, rotate.
Top Drive Operation
A link system suspends the top drive unit from the rig’s traveling block. Drill mud enters the unit through the gooseneck to the rotary hose, a flexible line that conducts drilling mud from the pump. A motor and a gear box power the main drive shaft; the crew makes up the drill string to the drive shaft. The built-in inside blowout preventers, IBOP or safety valve keeps fluids from back flowing up the drill string when the driller closes it. The crew uses the Torque Wrench assembly to make up and break out (connect & disconnect) the drill string. The elevator links suspend the elevator; the rig crew latches the elevator around the drill string to allow the top drive unit to lift it up or down.
Kelly Systems
A Kelly, a Kelly Drive Bushing, a Master Bushing and a Rotary Table rotate the drill string and bit on some rigs. The Kelly is a heavy tubular device; it usually has either 4 or 6 sides, that is it either has a square or hexagonal cross section. Square kellys are less expensive than hexagonal ones, but the hex kellys are stronger. So rigs drilling deep holes often use them. Whether four or six-sided, crew members attach or make up the Kelly to the top joint of pipe in the drill string.
Kelly Operation
The Kelly, four-sided or square as an example, moves through a square opening in the Kelly drive bushing. The Kelly drive bushing meets with the master bushing, which the rotary table turns. This rotates the entire drill string and attached bit. The Kelly moves down as the hole deepens.
DRILL STRING COMPONENTS
Overview
There’re many components which make up the drill string as shown in this graphic.
Drill Pipe
Drill pipe is strong but relatively light weight pipe. Crew members attach it to a top drive or Kelly. Drill pipe forms the upper part of the drill string. Usually the drill pipe rotates, which also rotates the bit. Each section of pipe is called a joint. Crew members screw together or
make up several joints and put them into the hole as the bit drills. Drill pipe as well as other tubulars can be specified according to these characteristics: Diameter, Grades or Strength, Weight of steel, Length. The diameter, weight and strength used depends on the size of the hole, the depth of the well and the well properties. Here is a typical oil field tally book, many of these have sections in them which show standard drill pipe specifications.
DP Spec
Drill pipe comes in three ranges of length: range one is 18-22 ft or 5.5-6.7 m; range two is 27-30 ft, or 8.2-9.1 m; and range three is 38-45 ft, or 11.6-13.7m. The most common length is range two, 27-30 ft, or 8.2-9.1 m. Since a hole may be thousands of ft deep, crew members may connect together hundreds of joints of pipe.
Drill pipe diameter can be as small as 23/8inches or 60.3 mm. This size weighs 4.85 pounds per foot or 7.22 kg per meter. It can be as large as 65/8 inches, or 168.3 mm. This pipe weighs about 27.70 pounds per foot or 41.21 kg per meter. However, 5 in (127mm) drill pipe is one of the more common sizes. It weighs 191/2 pounds per foot or 29.01 kg per meter.
Normal drill pipe grades are E75, X95, G105 and S135. S135 is the strongest.
Box & Pin
The rig crew makes up or connects drill pipe using threaded sections at each end of the drill pipe. These threaded sections are tool joints. The female tool joint is the box end at the drill pipe; the male tool joint is the pin end. Tool joints come in several sizes and types.
Drill Pipe Make Up
Tool joints threads are rugged because the crew makes them up and breaks them out over and over during the drilling process. But they have to take care not to damage them. Proper care and handling of drill pipe and other oil field tubulars can prevent corrosion later on the life of the well.
Heavy Walled Drill Pipe (HWDP)
Crew members make up a heavy walled drill pipe in the drill string below the drill pipe. HWDP (often called heavy weight drill pipe) is made up between the drill pipe and drill collars. HWDP is used to provide a transition between the limber drill pipe and the drill collars, which are quite stiff. They use a HWDP reduces the stress that stiff drill collars put on the drill string, as a result, HWDP reduces fatigue on the regular drill pipe. It also helps keep the drill pipe in tension and may sometimes provide weight on the bit, just as drill collars do, especially in directional drilling. Heavy walled DP (or Heavy weight DP) has thicker walls and longer tool joints than standard DP. The longer tool joints reduce wear on th e pipe’s body. They keep the body away from the side of the hole. The wear pad also prevents wear; it keeps the middle of the pipe’s body away from the side of the hole.
Spiral HWDP
Spiral HWDP is another type of HWDP. Spiral HWDP has a spiral groove in t he pipe’s body. Regular HWDP has no groove, but spiral HWDP has no wear pad. When spiral
HWDP contacts the side of the hole, only a small part of the pipe body actually touches it. In fact, only the part of the pipe body between the spiral grooves touches it. The groove doesn’t touch the wall of the hole, thus reducing the surface contact area. Reducing the surface contact area helps prevent the pipe from sticking.
Drill Collars (DC)
Crew members make up drill collars at the bottom of the drill string. Drill collars have thick walls and are very heavy. They put weight on the bit to make the bit’s cutters bite into the rock and drill. Drill collars range in diameter from 3-12 inches (or 76.2-304.8) mm; they range in weight from about 650-11500pounds (or 300-5100kg). This particular 6 inch drill collar weighs about 2700 pounds (1225kg). Since the crew usually installs several DCs, you can see that a bit requires a lot of weight to drill properly.
How much weight depends on the type of formation and the size and type of bit, where it can be several thousand of pounds. DCs are normally 30-31 ft (9.4-9.5m) long and have a threaded female connection at on end and a treaded male connection at the other end. It is an interesting observation that in the drilling business tubular equipment diameters and hole-diameters are almost always measured in inches but lengths are usu. measured in meters or ft.
[TOOL BOX]: Let’s see how well you’ve been paying attention. In the section on drill pipe, we told you what the names of the male and female connections record on oil field terminology. Using the mouse, label the photo of the drill collar and then press ―accept‖ to see if you’re right.
Slick & Spiral DCs
[TOOL BOX]: Some DCs are slick. They have a smooth wall; some have spiral groove machined into the wall. The rig uses slick collars under normal circumstances. The rig uses spiral collars when drilling in formations where the collars may stick to the wall of the hole.
Large diameter collars are fairly close to the diameter of the well bore. Under certain circumstances, they can contact the wall of the well bore and get stuck. The spiral in the DC helps prevent the DC from sticking to the wall by reducing its contact area.
Crossover Subs
Crossover subs go on the drill string between the DP & DCs and other points. A crossover sub has a special box and pin threads. Manufacturers design them to join parts of the drill string that have different thread designs. For example, a drill pipe’s pin may not screw directly into a drill collar’s box so crew members make up a crossover sub in the last joint of the DP where joins the first DC’s joint. The crossover sub’s box threads match the D P’s pin threads and the crossover sub’s pin threads match the DC’s box threads. These matching treads allow crew members to join the drill pipe string to the drill collar string. Drilling rigs typically have a large variety of crossover subs.
Reamers & Stabilizers
Crew members often make up reamers and stabilizers in the drill collar string. Usually they place one or more at various points on the drill collar string near the bottom.
Reamers and stabilizers hold the DC off the wall of the hole to prevent wear on the collars, but even more important, reamers and stabilizers help guide the bit in the direction that should drill.
Reamers have cutters on rollers that actually cut the rock they contact. Stabilizers have blades that touch the wall of the hole but do not cut it.
Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)
Notice the lower portion of the drill string. It includes the bit, DCs, stabilizers (or reamers), and HWDP. Crew members call this part of the drill string the Bottom Hole Assembly or BHA for short. They can make up many different BHAs, which one depends on the type of formation, whether the rig is drilling straight or directional hole and so on.
Pipe Rack
The pipe rack is not part of the drill string but plays an important supporting role. The rig crew cannot put drill pipe and collars on the ground or deck due to the debris will ruin them. So they store them on the pipe rack. They also clean and inspect the drill string and other tubulars or pipe on the rack.
DRILL BITS
Overview
As we discussed in the last section, crew members install the bit on the bottom drill collar. Two kinds of bits are Roller Cone Bits and Fixed Cutter Bits. Fixed cutter bits are also called fixed head bits. Roller cone bits usually have 3 cone-shaped devices with teeth or cutters. As the bit rotates, the cone and cutters rotate to drill ahead. Fixed head bits also have cutters, but manufacturers embedded them in the bit’s head. The bit’s head moves only when the bit rotates. It has no moving parts like the cones on the roller cone bit. Both roller cone bits and fixed head bits come in sizes ranging from only 2 or 3 inches (or about 50-75mm) in diameter to more than 36 inches (about a meter) in diameter.
Roller Cone Bits
Two basic kinds of roller cone bits are available: one has steel teeth and the other has tungsten carbide inserts.
Steel Tooth Bit
On a Steel Tooth Bit, also called a Milled Tooth Bit, the manufacturer mills or forges the teeth out of the steel that makes up the cone. Steel tooth bits are the least expensive bits. When used properly, they can make hole for many hours. Manufacturers design steel tooth bits to drill soft, medium and hard formations.
Tungsten Carbide Bit
With tungsten carbide insert bits, the manufacturer presses very hard tungsten carbide buttons or inserts into holes drilled into the bit’s cones. Tungsten carbide is a very hard metal. Tungsten carbide insert bits cost more than steel tooth bits. However, they usually last longer because tungsten carbide is more resistant to wear than steel. In general, tungsten carbide insert bits drill medium to extremely hard formations, but can also drill soft formations. Soft formation bits usually drill best with a mud of moderate weight and high rotary speeds. Hard formation bits, on the other hand usually drill best with high weight and moderate rotary speeds.
Fixed Cutter Bit
Three types of fixed cutter bits are available: Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (or PDC bits), Diamond Bits and Core Bits.
PDC bit
This PDC bit has cutters made from man-made diamond crystals and tungsten carbide. Each diamond and tungsten carbide cutter is called a compact. Manufacturers place the compacts in the head of the bit. As the bit rotates over the rock, the compact shears it. PDC bits are very expensive, however, when used properly, they can drill soft, medium or hard formations for several hours without failing.
PDC Compact
A compact PDC layer is very strong and wear resistant. Manufacturers bond the diamond crystals to the tungsten carbide backing under a high pressure and temperature. The tungsten carbide backing gives the compact high impact strength; it also reinforces the wear resistance properties of the cutters.
Diamond Bit
Manufacturers make diamond bits from industrial diamonds; the diamonds are the bit’s cutters. Diamond is one of the hardest substances. A diamond bit breaks down the rock during drilling by either compressing it, shearing it or grinding it as shown in this edimation Here, the diamond is acting like sand paper wearing the rock away. They embed the diamonds into the metal matrix that makes up the head of the bit. Diamond bits are expensive. When properly used, however, diamond bits can drill for many many hours without failing.
Core Bit and Barrel
Crew members run a core bit in barrel when the geologist wants a core sample of the formation being drilled. A core bit is normally a fixed head PDC or diamond bit. It has a hole in the middle. This opening allows the bit to cut the core. Diamonds or PDC’s line the opening and sides of the bit. The rig crew fix the core to a core barrel, the core barrel is a special tube, usually about 30-90 ft (or 9-27 meters ) long. They run the core barrel at the bottom of the drill string; it collects the core cut by the core bit. Cores allow geologists to take a look at an actual sample of the formation rock. From the sample, they can often tell whether the well will be productive.
SPECIAL DRILL STRING TOOLS
Overview
Special equipment of the drill string includes the drilling jars, measurement while drilling (or MWD) tools and mud motors.
Drilling Jars
The rig crew installs a drilling jar in the drill string if there is a concern of becoming stuck. Drilling jars are usually made up on the upper part of the bottom hole assembly with drill collars placed above and below the jars. When activated, a drilling jar provides a heavy blow to the stuck portion of the drilling string below the jar. Often the blow delivered by the jar is enough to knock loose the stuck string.
Drilling Jar Operation
To create a jarring blow up with a hydraulic jar, the driller lowers the drill string to cock the jar. Then the driller applies an upward pull. The upward pull puts the up jar in tension and allows the jar trip mechanism to slowly bleed. Eventually, the jar trips when the hydraulic oil bleeds past the ports. The drill string contracts, rapidly accelerating the bottom hole assembly above the jars. When it reaches full stroke, the jar mechanism suddenly stops the motion energy of the string. When the motion suddenly stops, it converts the kinetic energy (or energy in motion) into impact force on the stuck point. This heavy upward blow may free the stuck string below the jar.
MWD
Measurement while drilling—MWD tools are a big help to the driller as the bit drills. Crew members usually place the tool in a special drill collar close to the bit. MWD tools send down-hole conditions and transmit them to the surface. There, the driller monitors the conditions in real time. Most MWD tools create pulses in the drilling mud; these pulses carry the down-hole information up to drilling string to the surface. Information collected by an MWD tool includes: Rock Properties, the Direction that the bit is drilling, Torque and Weight on bit.
Mud Motor
Often, when drilling a directional or a horizontal well, a mud motor is made up at the bottom of the drill string just above the bit as shown here. I t’s called a mud motor because drilling mud rotates the bit. That is, when using a mud motor, only the bit rotates, not the rest of the drill string. Mud pumped down the drill string enters the top of the mud motor when pressurized drilling fluid is forced between the elastic stator and the eccentric steel rotor. A torque is applied which cause the rotor to rotate. The rotor is connected to a drive shaft which is connected to the bit. Note that all the drill string does not rotate.
Directional Wells
Sometimes a well is drilled in an angle. This is called a directional well. The well is steered
Carry out drilling operation in accordance with the drilling program. 按钻井程序进行钻井作业. Prepared bell nipple. 准备”喇叭口”短节. Make up 2 joints of drill pipe. 接两根钻杆. Break out this connection. 卸开该接头. Run hole opener to sea bed. 下扩眼器到海底 Mix gel fluid for drilling conductor hole. 为钻导管井眼配制高粘度泥浆. Make up bottom hole assembly. 组合下部钻具 Check and reset crown-saver on every tour. 每个班都要检查并重新调整天车防碰装置. Number stands on trip out and trip in. 起下钻时给立柱编号. Pick up BHA and run to seafloor. 将下部钻具下到海底. Pick up stands. 接立柱 Don’t drill faster than 15 minutes for 1 stand. 钻进速度别超过15分钟1根立柱 Drop TOTCO. 投(陶特)测斜仪 Fish TOTCO with overshot. 用打捞筒捞起测斜仪 Resume drilling to T.D. 继续钻进到总深 Circulate 15 minutes.循环15分钟 Run in hole. 下钻 Put out of hole. 起钻 Make an inventory of all ring gaskets. 开一个所有垫圈的清单 Use spinning tong. 使用气动扳手 Operate the air winch. 操作气动绞车 Lay down 57 joints of 5” drill pipe. 甩57根钻杆 Pick up drill stem test tool. 提起钻杆测试工具 Circulate mud for 2 hours. 循环泥浆2小时 Move string during circulation. 在循环时注意活动钻具 Circulate hole clean. 循环清洗井眼 Circulate bottoms up. 循环泥浆几周 Fill up every 5 stands. 每5柱灌泥浆一次 Check mud weight every 15 minutes. 每15分钟检查泥浆比重 Reverse out excess cement. 反循环替出多余的泥浆 Change/replace old mud by new mud. 用新的泥浆替换出旧的泥浆 Stop drilling. 停止钻进 Drilling ahead. 钻进 Pull out of hole bit. 起出钻头 Change bit. 换钻头 Run the wear bushing. 下抗磨补心 The bit thread type is regular pin. 钻头丝扣是正规公扣 What’s the make-up torque? 上扣扭矩要多大? Run in 9” collars. 下9”钻铤 The cathead can’t give enough torque. 猫头力量不够 Connect crossover sub. 接上配合接头 The tong angle is too small. 大钳的角度太小了 Stop circulating. 停止循环泥浆 Break out the stand. 卸立柱
最新人教版七年级数学上册 第一章 有理数 1.1 正数与负数 在以前学过的0以外的数前面加上负号“—”的数叫负数. 与负数具有相反意义，即以前学过的0以外的数叫做正数（根据需要，有时在正数前面也加上“+”）. 【说明】1.有理数由“符号”和“数值”两部分组成.（符号问题是我们在今后的学习中经常忘记的问题.） 2.正数前面的符号可以省略，负数前面的符号不能省略. 3.正数大于0，负数小于0，正数大于负数. 4.0既不是正数，也不是负数. 5.正、负数通常表示相反意义的量，这些量包括：向东与向西；收入与支出；盈利与亏损；（温度）零上与零下；（水位）上升与下降；高于与低于（水平面）；（出口）增长与减少……例如：向东走2米，记作：+2米；那么向西走3米，记作—3米. 6.用正负数表示加工允许误差 例如：①图纸上注明一个零件的直径是2.03.030+-Φmm ， 表示零件的直径标准是30mm ，但是，在生产的过程中，由于生产工艺存在的误差，因此直径可以比30mm 大0.2mm ，也可以比30mm 小0.3mm.即零件的直径在29.7mm~30.2mm 之间都合格.但在这个范围以外的就不合格了. 1.2 有理数 1.2.1 有理数 有理数的概念：整数和分数统称有理数. 分类：（1）按定义分类： （2）按性质符号分类： ?????????????????负分数正分数分数负整数正整数整数有理数0???? ???????????负分数负整数负有理数正分数正整数正有理数有理数0
（掌握分类方法应注意两点：①不重复：即同一事物不能归纳到两个类别中； ②不疏漏：即某一事物不能在所有类别中找不到.） 【说明】1.整数分为正整数、0、负整数. 2.分数分为正分数、负分数. 1 3.无限循环小数是有理数，它可以化成分数.如0.333…= 3 阅读材料：教材95页《无限循环小数化分数》. 4.无限不循环小数是无理数，如：π. 5.没有最大的有理数，也没有最小的有理数. 6.最大的负整数是-1，最小的正整数是1。 7.几个常见的概念：非负数：指正数和零；非正数：负数和零； 1.2.2 数轴 规定了原点、正方向、单位长度的直线叫做数轴； 【说明】1.数轴有三要素：原点、正方向、单位长度。 2.数轴的画法： ①先画一条水平的直线； ②在直线的右边画箭头，表示正方向； ③在直线上任取一点，作为原点，表示数0； ④以适当的长度作为单位长度，在原点的左右两边分别标出刻度. 3.数轴的性质： ①数轴上的点与有理数一一对应关系； ②正数都大于0，负数都小于0，正数大于负数； ③数轴上的点表示的数从左往右依次增大，从右往左依次减小。 ④数轴上到原点的距离相等的点有2个，一个在原点左边，一个在原点右边，他们互为相反数.
对照实物确认的钻井词汇 一、井口与井控 1.套管头升高短节（上下由法兰连接，中间是三通或四通）casing spool 2.油管悬挂器tubing hanger 3.油管悬挂器上边接有阀门的盖子tubing bonnet 4.（可焊接的）导管头（接箍）conductor connector 5.（可焊接的）套管头（接箍）casing connector 6.井口帽blanking cap & plug 7.三闸板防喷器triple slide-lok preventer 8.双闸板防喷器double slide-lok prevente 9.油/套管升高短节tubing/casing riser 10.整体式升高短节integral union riser 11.法兰×丝扣井口转换头wellhead adapter 12.井口四通两边的横向阀门wing valves 13.油管悬挂器上边的变径法兰大小头bonnet 14.上边是法兰的套管头casing flange 15.只上边是法兰，下边与表层套管焊接的套管头casing head 16.套管头内的卡瓦casing slips 17.（上法兰小，下法兰大）变径套管头casing spool crossover 18.与导管焊接的坐在圆井底的套管头landing head flange top 19.卡瓦密封套管悬挂器slips seal casing hanger
20.（上下是法兰，中间是四通的）油管升高短节tubing spool 21.柔性封隔闸板flexpacker ram 22.可变径闸板variable bore ram 23.剪切闸板shearing blind ram 24.卡瓦型套管悬挂器slip-type casing hangers 25.高负荷悬挂器high-load hanger 26.悬挂器断开式密封圈hanger isolation seal ring 27.井口封隔变径变压法兰（中间有几道密封圈，下边是低压，上边是高压）packoff/crossover flange 28.油管头（下法兰大，内带密封圈；中间是四通，上法兰小）tubing heads 29.底（下）变径法兰（下边内径大，上边内径小）basic adapter 30.单密封变径法兰（下内径大，上内径小）single seal bore adapter 31.变径大小头（下边是法兰，上边是本体上钻孔攻丝扣）coupling adapter 32.油管悬挂器转换大小头短节（上法兰小，下法兰大，下法兰内有丝扣）tubingsuspension adapter 33.双油管悬挂器dual completion tubing hanger 34.双密封孔连接法兰dual seal bore adapter 35.锁紧螺丝lockdown screw 36.（地面）单油管密封总成single packer completion 37.法兰式采油树盖子flanged tree caps 38.扰性油管悬挂器coiled tubing hanger
目录 一、函数与极限 (2) 1、集合的概念 (2) 2、常量与变量 (3) 2、函数 (4) 3、函数的简单性态 (4) 4、反函数 (5) 5、复合函数 (6) 6、初等函数 (6) 7、双曲函数及反双曲函数 (7) 8、数列的极限 (8) 9、函数的极限 (10) 10、函数极限的运算规则 (11)
一、函数与极限 1、集合的概念 一般地我们把研究对象统称为元素，把一些元素组成的总体叫集合（简称集）。集合具有确定性（给定集合的元素必须是确定的）和互异性（给定集合中的元素是互不相同的）。比如“身材较高的人”不能构成集合，因为它的元素不是确定的。 我们通常用大字拉丁字母A、B、C、……表示集合，用小写拉丁字母a、b、c……表示集合中的元素。如果a是集合A中的元素，就说a属于A，记作：a∈A，否则就说a不属于A，记作：a A。 ⑴、全体非负整数组成的集合叫做非负整数集（或自然数集）。记作N ⑵、所有正整数组成的集合叫做正整数集。记作N+或N+。 ⑶、全体整数组成的集合叫做整数集。记作Z。 ⑷、全体有理数组成的集合叫做有理数集。记作Q。 ⑸、全体实数组成的集合叫做实数集。记作R。 集合的表示方法 ⑵、列举法：把集合的元素一一列举出来，并用“｛｝”括起来表示集合 ⑵、描述法：用集合所有元素的共同特征来表示集合。 集合间的基本关系 ⑴、子集：一般地，对于两个集合A、B，如果集合A中的任意一个元素都是集合B的元素，我们就说A、B有包含关系，称集合A为集合B的子集，记作A B（或B A）。。 ⑵相等：如何集合A是集合B的子集，且集合B是集合A的子集，此时集合A中的元素与集合B中的元素完全一样，因此集合A与集合B相等，记作A＝B。 ⑶、真子集：如何集合A是集合B的子集，但存在一个元素属于B但不属于A，我们称集合A是集合B的真子集。 ⑷、空集：我们把不含任何元素的集合叫做空集。记作，并规定，空集是任何集合的子集。 ⑸、由上述集合之间的基本关系，可以得到下面的结论： ①、任何一个集合是它本身的子集。即A A ②、对于集合A、B、C，如果A是B的子集，B是C的子集，则A是C的子集。 ③、我们可以把相等的集合叫做“等集”，这样的话子集包括“真子集”和“等集”。 集合的基本运算 ⑴、并集：一般地，由所有属于集合A或属于集合B的元素组成的集合称为A与B的并集。记作A ∪B。（在求并集时，它们的公共元素在并集中只能出现一次。） 即A∪B＝｛x|x∈A，或x∈B｝。 ⑵、交集：一般地，由所有属于集合A且属于集合B的元素组成的集合称为A与B的交集。记作A ∩B。 即A∩B＝｛x|x∈A，且x∈B｝。 ⑶、补集：
井下工具服务 Well Completion & Working Service 1.修井作业W orkover service 2.防砂作业Gravel packing service 3.酸化作业Acidizing service 4.油套管作业Casing and tubing service 5.完井液过滤服务Completion fluid filtration service 6.电潜泵服务ESP service 7.纳威泵服务Navi pump service 8.生产测试Production logging 9.井下工具服务Downhole tools service 固井服务 Cementing Service 1.固井工程设计,施工和评价 Cementing Engineering design, operation & Evalution 2.固井水泥浆密度自动控制系统 Slurry Automatic Density Control System 3.固井液外加剂自动添加系统 Cementing Liquid-Additive System 4.超深井,丛式井,水平井,高温高压井和小间隙井固井作业 Cementing for Deep Well, Multiple Well, Horizontal Well, HTHP Well & Small Hole well
5．尾管悬挂及注水泥作业 Liner hang & Cementing 5.挤水泥和注水泥塞作业 Cement squeezing & back-cement 6.试压和压井作业 Pressure test & kick-killing 7.下可钻式和可回收式桥塞以及风暴阀作业 Running the RTTS packer ,storm packer and SQ packer 8.API水泥浆性能实验 API cement slurry lab, testing 负压钻井-----UBD 盘油管钻井-----CT 钻井液服务 Drill Fluids Service 1.钻井液，完井液现场服务技术 Drilling fluid & completion fluids engineering service at well site 2.钻井液，完井液室内配方研究与性能评价 Formula research and properties analysis of drilling fluids & completion fluid in laboratory 3.钻井液，完井液材料供应 Additives and chemicals supply 4.钻井液，完井液材料检验
人教版小学数学教材1-6 年级知识点汇总 一年级上册 ①数一数②比一比③1~~5 的认识和加减法④认识物体和图形⑤分类⑥6~~10 的认识和加减法⑦11~~20 各数的认识⑧认识钟表⑨20 以内的进位加法⑩总复习 一年级下册 ①位置②20 以内的退位减法③图形的拼组④100 以内数的认识⑤认识人民币⑥100 以内的加法和减法⑦认识时间⑧找规律⑨统计⑩总复习 二年级上册 ①长度单位②100 以内的加法和减法③角的初步认识④表内乘法（一）⑤观察物体⑥表内乘法（二）⑦统计⑧数学广角⑨总复习 二年级下册 ①解决问题②表内除法（一）③图形与变换④表内除法（二）⑤万以内数的认识⑥ 克与千克⑦万以内的加法和减法一⑧统计⑨找规律⑩总复习 三年级上册 ①测量②万以内的加法和减法二③四边形④有余数的除法⑤时、分、秒⑥多位数乘一位数⑦分数的初步认识⑧可能性⑨数学广角⑩总复习 三年级下册 ①位置与方向②除数是一位数的除法③统计④年、月、日⑤两位数乘两位数⑥面积⑦小数的初步认识⑧解决问题⑨数学广角⑩总复习 四年级上册 ①大数的认识②角的度量③三位数乘两位数④平行四边形和梯形⑤除数是两位数的除法⑥统计⑦数学广角⑧总复习 四年级下册 ①四则运算②位置与方向③运算定律与简便计算④小数的意义和性质⑤三角形⑥ 小数的加法和减法⑦统计⑧数学广角⑨总复习 五年级上册 ①小数乘法②小数除法③观察物体④简易方程⑤多边形的面积⑥统计与可能性⑦数学广角⑧总复习 五年级下册 ①图形的变换②因数与倍数③长方体和正方体④分数的意义和性质⑤分数的加法和减法⑥统计⑦数学广角⑧总复习 六年级上册 ①位置②分数乘法③分数除法④圆⑤百分数⑥统计⑦数学广角⑧总复习六年 级下册 ①负数②圆柱与圆锥③比例④统计⑤数学广角⑥数与代数⑦空间与图形⑧统计与概率⑨综合应用⑩生活中的数学问题
顶驱&钻井英文常用词汇表 （第一版） 盘锦辽河油田天意石油装备有限公司 2010年9月
一、顶驱英文 顶部驱动系统Top drive system 车载钻机truck-mounted rig 机械的mechanical 电学的electrical 液压的hydraulic 钻井设备drilling equipment 大斜度井high-inclination well 深井deep well 丛式定向钻井cluster directional well 低温顶驱low-temperature top drive system 超深井ultra-deep well 定向井directional well 载荷load capacity 工作高度working height 电动机motor 功率power 转速rotary speed 钻井扭矩drilling torque 过载能力over load capacity 卸扣break out 上扣make-up 循环压力circulation pressure 额定压力rated pressure 电源电压power voltage 电源频率power frequency 工作电流working current 通风机ventilator 接线箱junction box 平衡油缸counterbalance cylinder 盘式刹车disc brake 电缆接插件cable connector assembly 主电机main motor 液压阀组hydraulic valve block 提环bail 鹅颈管gooseneck 油箱tank 蓄能器accumulator 齿轮箱gearbox 冲管总成wash pipe assembly 液压马达hydraulic motor 回转头rotating head 导轨guide beam 倾斜油缸tilt cylinder 防松法兰lock flange 背钳back-up tong 导向器stabbing guide 遥控IBOP upper IBOP 手动IBOP lower IBOP 吊环link 吊卡elevator 齿轮轴gear shaft 冷却风机Cooling motor 交流电机 AC motor 水龙头 Swivel 主齿轮 Driving gear 编码器 Encoder 散热器 Radiator 油道 Oil passage 密封槽Seal groove 轴承 bearing 滚轮 Roller 滑套 IBOP actuator shell 曲柄 Crank 销pin 钳牙tongdies 活塞piston 螺栓bolt 黄油grease 小车总成 Carriage accessory 气流 Air current 风道 Air duct 进风口 Air inlet 出风口 Air outlet 梨型环 Pear link 卡箍clamping band 键key
行业英语之实用词汇
现场实用词汇短语 一、甲方乙方 1. 承包商人员 ( Contractor’s Personnel ) Equipment Supervisor 设备总监 Materials Supervisor 材料总监 Senior Toolpusher 高级队长 Junior Toolpusher 值班队长 Driller 司钻 Sub Sea Engineer (SSE) 水下工程师 Assistant Driller (AD) 副司钻 Derrick Man 井架工 Floor Man (roughneck) 钻工 Crane Operator 吊车工 Mechanic 机械师 Electrician 电气师 Repairman 修理工 Welder 焊工 Radio Operator 电报员 Warehouse Man (stock Keeper) 材料员 Medic 医生
Safety Supervisor 安全监督 Interpreter (translator) 翻译 Chief Steward 管事 Cook 厨师 2、作业者及服务公司人员 ( Operator’s Personnel and Service Company Personnel) Drilling Superintendent 钻井监督 Company Man (Operator’s Representative) 公司代表 Geologist 地质师 Mud Logging Engineer (Mud logger) 泥浆录井工程师 Sample Catcher 捞砂工 Mud Engineer 泥浆工程师 ROV Engineer 潜水工程师 Cementer 固井工 Cement Engineer 固井工程师 Testing Engineer 试油工程师 Coring Engineer 取芯工程师 Wireline Logging Engineer电测工程师
最新人教版七年级数学上册 第一章有理数 1.1 正数与负数 在以前学过的0以外的数前面加上负号“—”的数叫负数. 与负数具有相反意义，即以前学过的0以外的数叫做正数（根据需要，有时在正数前面也加上“+”）. 【说明】1.有理数由“符号”和“数值”两部分组成.（符号问题是我们在今后的学习中经常忘记的问题.） 2.正数前面的符号可以省略，负数前面的符号不能省略. 3.正数大于0，负数小于0，正数大于负数. 4.0既不是正数，也不是负数. 5.正、负数通常表示相反意义的量，这些量包括：向东与向西；收入与支出；盈利与亏损；（温度）零上与零下；（水位）上升与下降；高于与低于（水平面）；（出口）增长与减少……例如：向东走2米，记作：+2米；那么向西走3米，记作—3米. 6.用正负数表示加工允许误差例如：①图纸上注明一个零件的直径是0.2?30?表示零件的直径标准是30mm，但是，在生产的过程中，由于生产工艺存mm，30.?在的误差，因此直径可以比30mm大0.2mm，也可以比30mm小0.3mm.即零件的直径在29.7mm~30.2mm之间都合格.但在这个范围以外的就不合格了. 1.2 有理数 1.2.1 有理数 有理数的概念：整数和分数统称有理数. 分类：（1）按定义分类：（2）按性质符号分类： ??正整数正整数??正有理数????0整数正分数???????负整数有理数有理数0?????负整数?正分数???负有理数分数????负分数负分数???? 1 （掌握分类方法应注意两点：①不重复：即同一事物不能归纳到两个类别中；②不疏漏：即某一事物不能在所有类别中找不到.） 【说明】1.整数分为正整数、0、负整数. 2.分数分为正分数、负分数. 13.无限循环小数是有理数，它可以化成分数.如0.333…= 3阅读材料：教材95页《无限循环小数化分数》. 4.无限不循环小数是无理数，如：π. 5.没有最大的有理数，也没有最小的有理数. 6.最大的负整数是-1，最小的正整数是1。 7.几个常见的概念：非负数：指正数和零；非正数：负数和零； 1.2.2 数轴 规定了原点、正方向、单位长度的直线叫做数轴；
Accumulator 储能器 Active tank 循环池 Adjusting bolt （刹把）调节螺栓Admission pipe 进气管 Agitator 搅拌器 Air chamber 空气包 Air line 气管线 Air-operated hoist 气动绞车Alternating current drive 交流电驱动Annular BOP 环形BOP Ato-muffler 消音器 Ball valve 球阀 Bell nipple 井口喇叭管 Bench vise 老虎钳 bit breaker 钻头装卸器 bit gauge 钻头规 blind ram preventer 盲板防喷器BOP control panel 防喷器控制盘BOP deck 防喷器平台 Bottom plug 底塞 Brake lever (brake handle) 刹把Brake line (brake staple) 刹带Bridge plug 桥塞 Buttress 梯形扣 Butterfly valve 蝶阀 By-pass 旁通 By-pass plug 旁通塞 Calipers 卡钳 Casing coupling 套管接箍 Casing cutter 套管割刀 Casing elevator 套管吊卡 Casing hanger 套管悬挂器 Casing head 套管头 Casing monkey board 套管平台Casing scraper 刮管器 Casing shoe 套管鞋 Casing slip 套管卡瓦 Casing spear 套管打捞矛 Casing spool 套管四通 Casing tong 套管大钳 Cat line 猫头绳 Cat line grip 猫头绳爪 Cat shaft 猫头轴 Cat-head 猫头 Cellar deck 井口甲板Cement 水泥 Cement basket 水泥伞 Cement plug 水泥塞 Cement retainer 水泥阻流环 Cementing bond log 固井质量检查Cementing head 水泥头 Cementing line 固井管线 Cementing pump 固井泵 Chain 链 Chain pipe tong 链钳 Chain tong 链钳 Chamber 房间，寝室 Chamber gate 阀箱，闸室 Charge pump 灌注泵 Check valve 止回阀，回压凡尔 Choke 节流器，阻流器 Choke line 阻流管线 Choke position indicator 节流阀位置指示器Choke valve 节流阀 Choke-line manifold 阻流管汇 Clutch 离合器 Conductor 导管 Cone 牙轮 Cone fisher 牙轮打捞器 Cone lock 牙轮卡死 Cooling-water pump 冷却水泵 Core barrel shoe 取心筒鞋 Core basket 取心爪 Core bit 取心钻头 Core catcher 取心爪 Core catch case 取心爪外套 Core drying oven 岩心烘箱 Crossover joint(x/o) 变换接头 Crown block 天车 Crown block beam 天车梁 Dead line 死绳 Dead line diaphragm 死绳固定器膜片Dead line anchor 死绳固定器 Degasser 除气器 Derrick 井架 Desander (desilter) 除砂器（除泥器）Direct current drive 直流电驱动Discharge line 排除管线 Double ram type preventer 双闸板防喷器Down hole tool 入井工具
COMPANY STRATEGY 公司战略 专利权具有严格的地域性，要使一项新发明技术获得多国专利保护，就必须将该发明创造向多个国家申请专利。同一项发明创造在多个国家申请专利而产生的一组内容相同或基本相同的文件出版物，称为一个专利族。在每一专利族中，向第一国申请专利的文件出版物称为基本专利。目前，全球范围内约2/3的专利申请是申请人为了在多个国家和地区获得专利保护，就基本专利的技术内容向多个国家和地区进行专利申请。 全世界每年90％～95％的发明创造成果能在专利文献中查到，基本专利申请状况真实体现了企业技术发展重点和技术实力，是研究企业技术发展策略的重要手段。 在2007年《财富》世界500强企业排名中，斯伦贝谢（Schlumberger ）公司在油气设备和服务领域利 润排名第一，营业收入排名第二。本文以德温特专利数据库（Derwent Innovations Index，DII）申请日截至2007年底的数据为依据，通过对申请日分布、申请人分布、德温特专利分布等展开分析，同时结合企业的市场表现、科研投入等信息，探讨斯伦贝谢公司基本专利策略，希望相关企业能够从中得到启示与借鉴。 一、斯伦贝谢公司 基本专利布局和特点分析 截至2007年底，斯伦贝谢公司拥有的基本专利数为3397件，其上游基本专利拥有量占世界石油上游基本专利的3.4%。检索结果显示，斯伦贝谢公司基本专利具有以下特点。 斯伦贝谢公司基本专利布局及其发展趋势 张运东 李春新 赵 星* （中国石油集团经济技术研究院） * 本文合作者还包括万勇、张丽。 摘 要 斯伦贝谢公司是全球最大的跨国石油技术服务公司，截至2007年底，该公司在石油上游主要技术领域拥有基本专利3397件，占全球石油上游基本专利的3.4%。其中在测井领域，该公司基本专 利拥有量占全球测井基本专利的16.8%；在美国和英国的分支机构申请的基本专利占公司基本专利的 65.5%。斯伦贝谢公司基本专利的11.9%是与其他机构或企业合作申请的，共同申请是该公司专利申请 的重要方式之一。斯伦贝谢公司的专利申请以市场为导向进行重点布局。欧洲和北美既是该公司的市场重点，也是专利申请的重点地区。1996年以来，斯伦贝谢公司对科研的投入不断增加，对科研成果的知识产权保护力度不断加强，其基本专利年均增长率达到21%，在钻井、采油、测井、物探领域的基本专利申请量几乎每年都上一个新台阶。其中，钻井领域技术研发重点为旋转钻井井控设备；测井领域研发重点为电测井、随钻测井和声波测井；采油领域的研发重点为完井/增产。 关键词 斯伦贝谢 基本专利 布局 技术研发 发展策略
人教版小学数学教材全套目录精编W O R D版 IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】
人教版小学数学教材全套目录 一年级上册 第一单元数一数 第二单元比一比： 1、比多少 2、比长短 3、比高矮 第三单元 1-5的认识和加减法： 1、1-5的认识 2、比大小 3、几和第几 4、2-5的分与合 5、加法 6、减法 7、0的认识和加减法 第四单元认识物体和图形：1、长方体、正方体、圆柱、球 2、长方体、正方形、三角形、圆第五单元分类 第六单元 6-10的认识和加减法： 1、6和7的认识 2、6、7的分与合 3、和是6、7的加法与6、7减几 4、解决问题 5、8、9的知识 6、8、9的分与合 7、和是8、9的加法和8、9减几 8、解决问题 9、10的认识 10、和是10的加法与10减几 11、填（）
12、连加连减 13、加减混合14、整理和复习（一） 15、整理和复习（二）
第七单元 11-20各数的认识： 1、数数、读数 2、写数 3、10或十几加几和相应的减法第八单元认识钟表 第九单元 20以内的进位加法： 1、9加几 2、解决问题 3、8、7、6加几 4、解决问题 5、5、4、3、2加几 6、整理和复习 第十单元总复习： 1、20以内的数 2、20以内的加法、10以内的加减法
第一单元位置： 1、位置（1） 2、位置（2） 第二单元 20以内的退位减法： 1 、十几减9 2、十几减8 3、十几减7 4 、十几减6、5、4、3、2 第三单元图形的拼组： 1 、图形的拼组（1） 2 、图形的拼组（2） 第四单元 100以内数的认识： 1、数数、数的组成 2、读数、写数 3、数的顺序、比较数的大小 4、整十数加一位数、相应的减法第五单元认识人民币： 1、认识人民币 2、简单的计算 第六单元 100以内的加法和减法（一）： 1、整十数加和减整十数 2、两位数加一位数和整十数 3、两位数减一位数和整十数 第七单元认识时间： 1、认识时间（1） 2、认识时间（2） 3、单元测试题 第八单元找规律： 1、找规律（1） 2、找规律（2）
一、钻井作业 1．钻台构造，设备，器材类： drilling equipment mast, derrick free standing mast drill floor v-door monkey board substructure mouse hole, rat hole gin pole setback crown block travelling block hook swivel power swivel draw works rotary table kelly kelly cock drum shaft cat head cat line deadline anchor sand line 钻井装置，钻机 井架 无绷绳轻便井架 钻台 坡板，井架大门 二层台 井架底座 鼠洞 人字架 立根盒 天车 游动滑车 大钩 水龙头 动力水龙头 绞车 转盘 方钻杆 方钻杆 滚动轴 猫头 猫头绳 死绳固定装置 捞绳器 work line ，drilling line deadline tong power tong kelly drive safety clamp elevator center latch elevator elevator chain block air hoist bushing master bushing inside BOP pipe wrench lifting sub kelly spinner geolograph cable jacket finger board slip rotary slip power slip 大绳 死绳 大钳 动力大钳 方钻杆滚子补心 安全卡子 吊卡 中开门吊卡 吊环 倒链 气动绞车 补心 转盘大补心 回压凡尔 管子扳手 提升短节 方钻杆旋转器 气测引绳 导管架 指梁 卡瓦 转盘卡瓦 动力卡瓦 2．钻头 3. Bit cone bit tri-cone bit bit noggle insert bit milled teeth bit diamond bit cone bit breaker hole openner 钻头 牙轮钻头 三牙轮钻头 钻头水眼 镶式钻头 铣齿钻头 金刚石钻头 牙轮 钻头装卸器 drilling assembly drill strings drill stem bit sub stabiliger wing stabiliger reamer drill pipe(drill collar) heavy weight drill pipe crossover sub 钻具组合 钻杆柱 钻柱 钻头接头 扶正器 翼状扶正器 辊轮扶正器 钻杆（钻铤） 加重钻杆
目录 第一节钻井英语单词 (2) 第二节井场用语，钻井常用短语及句子 (10) 第三节钻井泥浆术语 (29) 第四节常用安全术语 (31) 第五节钻井设备英语 (33) 第六节石油钻井英语情景会话 (40) 附录一：平台人员、作业者及服务公司人员名称 (47) 附录二：主要设备名称 (48) 附录三：钻具、井口工具、打捞工具名称 (52) 附录四：材料和工具名称 (53) 附录五：常用缩写形式 (55)
第一节钻井英语单词 drilling crew 钻井队 drill floor,rig floor,floor 钻台drawworks 绞车 well-site, rig-site 井场 rig manager 平台经理 DC (drill collar) 钻铤 drilling engineer 钻井工程师 DP (drill pipe) 钻杆 toolpusher 带班队长 rotary table 转盘 driller 司钻 assistant driller 副司钻derrickman, monkeyman 井架工roughneck, floorman 钻工roustabout 场地工 liner 缸套 motor fire man 司机（motorman）wellhead 井口 circulation & solid system 循环固控系统 machinist 机械师,机工,机械大班electrician 电器师,电工,电器大班operation program 作业程序(指令) cathead 猫头 caravan 营房，大篷车 tong 大钳 elevator 吊卡 well depth 井深 slip 卡瓦makeup 上扣 spud in 开钻 breakout 卸扣 ROP (rate of penetration),drilling speed, penetration rate 钻速 trip 起下钻 diesel-engine 柴油机 loss circulation 井漏，循环漏失working uniform 工作服 brake handle, brake bar 刹把 water well condition 水井井况circulating tank, circulation tank 循环罐 normal drilling 正常钻进 reserve tank 储备罐 parameter 参数 trip tank 补给罐，尖底罐, 起下钻泥浆罐（起下钻计量罐） rotary speed 转盘转速（转速）shale shaker 振动筛 pump pressure 泵压 WOB (weight on bit) 钻压 mesh 目,网孔;啮合,编织 torque 扭矩 screen cloth 筛布 displacement 排量 safety meeting 班前会 pump stroke 泵冲 shift exchange 交班、（倒班）
七年级上册 第一章有理数 1.1正数和负数 1.2有理数 1.3有理数的加减法 1.4有理数的乘除法 1.5有理数的乘方 第二章整式的加减 2.1整式 2.2整式的加减 第三章一元一次方程 3.1从算式到方程 3.2解一元一次方程（一）合并同类项与移项 3.3解一元一次方程（二）去括号与去分母 3.4实际问题与一元一次方程第四章几何图形初步 4.1几何图形 4.2直线、射线、线段 4.3角 4.4课题学习设计制作长方体形状的包装纸盒七年级下册 第五章相交线与平行线 5.1相交线 5.2平行线 5.3平行线的性质 5.4平移 第六章实数 6.1平方根 6.2立方根 6.3实数 第七章平面直角坐标系 7.1平面直角坐标系 7.2坐标方法的简单应用 第八章二元一次方程组 8.1二元一次方程组 8.2消元—解二元一次方 程组 8.3实际问题与二元一次 方程组 8.4三元一次方程组的解 法 第九章不等式与不等式 组 9.1不等式 9.2一元一次不等式 9.3一元一次不等式组 第十章数据的收集、整理与 描述 10.1统计调查 10.2直方图 10.3课题学习从数据谈节 水 八年级上册 第十一章三角形 11.1与三角形有关的线段 11.2与三角形有关的角 11.3多边形及其内角和 第十二章全等三角形 12.1 全等三角形 12.2 三角形全等的判定 12.3角的平分线的性质 第十三章轴对称 13.1轴对称 13.2画轴对称图形 13.3等腰三角形 13.4 课题学习最短的路径 问题 第十四章整式的乘法与 因式分解 14.1整式的乘法 14.2乘法公式 14.3 因式分解 第十五章分式 15.1分式 15.2分式的运算 15.3分式方程 八年级下册 第十六章二次根式 16.1二次根式 16.2二次根式的乘除 16.3二次根式的加减 第十七章勾股定理 17.1勾股定理 17.2勾股定理的逆定理 第十八章平行四边形 18.1平行四边形 18.2特殊的平行四边形 第十九章一次函数 19.1函数 19.2一次函数 19.3课题学习选择方案 第二十章数据的分析 20.1数据的集中趋势 20.2数据的波动程度 20.3课题学习体质健康测 试中 九年级上册 第二十一章一元二次方程 21.1一元二次方程 21.2解一元二次方程 21.3实际问题与一元二次方程 第二十二章二次函数 22.1二次函数的图像和性质 22.2二次函数与一元二次方程 22.3实际问题与二次函数 第二十三章旋转 23.1图形的旋转 23.2中心对称 23.3课题学习图案设计 第二十四章圆 24.1圆的有关性质 24.2点和圆、直线和圆的位置 关系 24.3正多边形和圆 24.4弧长和扇形面积 第二十五章概率初步 25.1随机事件与概率 25.2用列举法求概率 25.3用频率估计概率
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