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情态动词and主谓一致

情态动词and主谓一致
情态动词and主谓一致

情态动词的定义:情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。

We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。

May I have your name?我能知道你的名字吗?

Shall we begin now?我们现在就开始吗?

You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。

情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:can (could), may (might), must,mustn't , need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) .

情态动词的位置:情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前, 谓语动词前若有助动词,则在助动词之前,疑问句中, 情态动词则在主语之前。

I can see you. Come here。我能看见你,过来吧。

He must have been away.他一定走了。What can I do for you?你要什么?

How dare you treat us like that!你怎能那样对待我们!

情态动词的特点:情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去,现在或将来。

He could be here soon。他很快就来。We can't carry the heavy box.我们搬不动那箱子。I'm sorry I can't help you。对不起,我帮不上你。

情态动词的用法:

can (could) 表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及

客观条件许可,could 为 can 的过去式。Can you pass me the books你能给我递一下书吗 ? Could you help me, please?请问,你能帮助我吗?What can you do?你能干点什么呢? Can you be sure?你有把握吗?

can 和could 只能用于现在式和过去式两种时态,将来时态用 be able to 来表示。

He could help us at all.他完全可以帮助我们。

With the teacher's help,I shall be able to speak English correctly.

由于老师的帮助,我将能准确地讲英语。

may (might) 可以, 表示说话人同意,许可或请求对方许可。

You may take the book home.你可以把书带回家去.May I come in?我可以进来吗?

May I use your dictionary?我可以用你的词典吗?

You may put on more clothes.你可以多穿点衣服.

He said he might lend us some money.他说他可以借给我们一些钱。

may 否定式为 may not, 缩写形式是 mayn't.

might 是may 的过去式, 有两种用法, 一种表示过去式,一种表示虚拟语气, 使语气更加委婉, 客气或对可能性的怀疑。

He told me he might be here on time.他说他能按时间来。

Might I borrow some money now.我可以借点钱吗?He might be alive.他可能还活着。Must 必须,应该,一定,准是, 表示说话人认为有必要做某事, 命令, 要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。

must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。

I must finish my work today.我今天必须完成我的工作。

You mustn't work all the time.你不能老是工作。

Must I return the book tomorrow?我必须明天还书吗?

After such a long walk, you must be tired.走了这么长的路,你一定困了。

He must be the man I am looking for.他一定是我要找的人。

He had to go because of somebody's calling him that day.那天他要走是因为有人叫他。must + have + 过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测。

He must have told my parents about it. 他一定把这件事情告诉我父母亲了。

He must have received my letter now. 他现在一定收到我的信了。

It's six o'clock already, we must have been late again.已经六点钟了,我们一定又迟到了。

must 和 have to 的区别: must 表示说话人的主观思想, have to 表示客观需要。

You must do it now.你必需现在就干。(说话人认为必须现在干)

I have to go now. 我得走了。(客观条件必须现在走)

回答must 提问:(1)肯定回答:Yes,----must.(2)否定回答:No,--

needn't./No,---don't/doesn't have to.need 需要多用在否定式或疑问句.

Need I attend the meeting tomorrow? 我需要明天参加会议吗?

You need not hand in the paper this week. 这一周你不必交论文。

need 是一个情态动词, 他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样, 但 need 还可当作实义动词使用, 这时 need 就象其他动词一样,有第三人称,单复数, 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。

I need a bike to go to school. 我上学需要一辆自行车。

Do you need a dictionary?你需要词典吗?She needs a necklace. 她需要一条项链。needn't + have + 过去分词表示过去做了没必要做的事情。

You needn't have taken it seriously.这件事情你不必太认真。

dare 敢多用在否定或疑问句中。

The little girl dare not speak in public.小女孩不敢在公众面前说话。

Dare you catch the little cat? 你敢抓小猫吗?

dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。

Do you dare to walk in the dark?你敢黑夜走路吗?

He doesn't dare to tell the teacher what happened that day。他不敢告诉老师那天发生的事。

ought 应当,应该后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。

You ought to read these books if you want to know how to repair the motorcar. 如果你想知道如何修理汽车,你应该读这些书。

You ought to bring the child here.你应该把孩子带来。

ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。

You ought to have been here yesterday. 你昨天就应该来。

ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。

You ought not to have taken the book out of the reading-room.你不应该把书带出阅览室。

will (would)决心,愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式,可用于各人称。

I'll do my best to catch up with them. 我要尽全力赶上他们。

I'll never do it again, that's the last time. 我再不会做那件事情了,这是最后一次。He said he would help me. 他说他会帮助我。

will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气。It's hot. Will you open the windows?天气太热了,你能打开窗户吗?

Will you help me to work it out?你能帮我解这道题吗?

Would you like some coffee?给你来点咖啡怎样?

Shall, should表示命令,警告,允诺,征求,劝告,建议惊奇。

You should hand in the exercise book.你应该交作业本儿了。

This should be no problem.这应该没问题。Shall we go now.我们现在可以走了吗? Why should I meet him?为什么我要见他?

情态动词练习题Ⅰ. 单项选择(45%)

1.I thought you like something to read, so I have brought you some books.

A.may

B.might

C.could

D.must

2.You to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do.

A. needn't to come

B. don't need come

C. don't need coming

D. needn't come

3. He you more help, even though he was very busy.

A. might have given

B. might give

C. may have given

D. may give

4.─I help you with some shoes, madam?

─ Yes, I would like to try on those brown ones.

A. Will

B. Should

C. May

D. Must

5. The reason why they leave wasn't explained to us.

A. had

B. had to

C. must

D. might

6. I searched for my wallet and it wasn't there. I thought I it at home.

A. left

B. have left

C. might have left

D. could have left

7. I asleep because it took me a long time to realize that the telephone was ringing.

A. could have fallen

B. should have fallen

C. must have fallen

D. mustn't have fallen

8. The only thing that really matters to the children is how soon they return to their school.

A. can

B. must

C. have to

D. ought to

9. I want to go to the chemist's, but you go with me.

A. need not

B. must not

C. need

D. must

10. I thought it over, but come to no conclusion.

A. can

B. could

C. should

D. would

11. What we get seems better than what we have.

A. can

B. could

C. can't

D. couldn't

12.─My goodness! I've just missed the train.

─That's too bad. I am sure you it, if you had hurried.

A. could have caught

B. had caught

C. would catch

D. could catch

13. Look! What you've done! You more careful.

A. may be

B. had to

C. should have been

D. would be

14. I repeat the question?

A. Shall

B. Will

C. Do you want that

D. Do

15. Professor Li, many students want to see you. they wait here or outside!

A. Do

B. Will

C. Shall

D. Are

16. You read that book if you don't want to.

A. haven't

B. can't

C. mustn't

D. needn't

17. Johnny, you play with the knife; you hurt yourself

A. won't; can't

B. can't; shouldn't

C. shouldn't; must

D. mustn't; may

18. It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack be here at any moment.

A. must

B. need

C. can

D. should

19. ─ There were already 5 people in the car, but they managed to take me as well.

─ It a comfortable journey.

A. can't be

B. shouldn't be

C. couldn't have been

D. mustn't have been

20. Tom ought not to me your secret, but he meant no harm.

A. have told

B. tell

C. be telling C. having told

21. Everyone is here. we start the meeting?

A. Can

B. Must

C. Should

D. Shall

22. I parked my car right here but now it's gone. It .

A. must be stolen

B. may be stolen

C. must have stolen

D. must have been stolen

23. He the work yesterday, but he didn't.

A. must have finished

B. need have finished

C. finished

D. should have finished

24. He did not pass the examination. As a good student, he .

A. mustn't have failed

B. may not have failed

C. needn't have failed

D. shouldn't have failed

25. it be true that Albert passed the test in geography?

A. May

B. should

C. Could

D. would

26. You lead a horse to the water but you not make it drink.

A. will; can

B. may; can

C. may; dare

D. dare; can

27. ─Must we finish the composition in class?

─No, you .

A. needn't

B. mustn't

C. won't

D. shouldn't

28. Her eyes were red. She .

A. must cry

B. must be cried

C. must have been crying

D. may cry

29. Mary his letter, otherwise she would have replied before now.

A. has received

B. must receive

C. couldn't have received

D. shouldn't have received

30. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I for her.

A. had to write it out

B. must have written it out

C. should have written it out

D. ought to write it out

Ⅱ. 用所给动词的适当形式填空(10%)

─Hello. Gerry speaking.

─Hello, Gerry. It's me John here. Why aren't you here at the meeting?

─Well, I'm terribly sorry, but I'm not feeling very well.

─Is that all? We thought you might (have) an accident or (forget) the day or something. ─No, I'm sorry. I was sick all night. I think it must (be) the fish I ate last night. ─Well, I think you should at least (phone) Kate and (tell) her you weren't coming to the meeting.

─Yes, I suppose I should (do) so. I'm sorry about that. Anyway, I think I'll be able to get in to work tomorrow.

─OK, Take care and don't eat any more fish.

─I won't. Thanks for calling.

─That's all right.

Ⅲ. 用would, should, must , have to 填空 (20%)

1.─ I have not a raincoat with me.

─That's why I wait until the rain stops.

2. you be so kind as to keep an eye on my house while I am away?

3. It is important that I see him at once.

4. the pain return,take one of these pills.

5. They didn't dare to leave the train lest they be attacked by wolves.

6. He ordered that Tom leave the house at once.

7. The last bus has left. We walk home.

8. The weather was bad. We wait for two hours at the airport before we took off.

9. You come and see us sometime.

10.The letter be translated into English.

Ⅳ. 把下列句子译成英语 (25%)

1.她一定把钥匙丢了.

2.他们一定走了,可是应当给我留一个条子呀!

3.你本不必要把整个课文都译成汉语.

4.我是可能早一些来的,可是我在路上碰到一个朋友.

5.下一次你应该更小心些

答案Ⅰ. 1.B 2.D 3.A 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. A 9. A 10. B 11.C 12.A 13.C 14.A 15.C 16.D 17.D 18.D 19.C 20.A 21.D 22.D 23.D 24.D 25. C 26.B 27.A 28.C 29.C 30.CⅡ. have had; forgotten; be; hav;honed; told;have done;Ⅲ. 1. have to 2. Would 3. should 4. Should5. should 6. should

7. have to/will have to 8. had to 9. must 10. mustⅣ.

1. She must have lost her key.

2. The must have left, but they should have left us a note.

3. You needn't have translated the whole text into Chinese.

4. I could have arrived a little earlier, but I met a friend of mine on the way.

5. You should be more careful next time.

主谓一致的种类:

⑴语法形式上的一致

主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词为复数形式。如:

I often help him and he often helps me. 我经常帮助他,他经常帮助我。

We often help each other and learn from each other. 我们经常互相帮助,互相学习。

⑵意义上的一致 a.主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。

如:The crowd were surrounding the government official.人群包围住了这位政府官员。

单数形式代表复数内容的词有:people, police, cattle等。如:

The Chinese people are brave and hard-working. 中国人民勇敢而又勤劳。

b.主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。

news以及以ics结尾的学科名称(如:physics,politics,maths,economics等)。

⑶就近原则

就近原则即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。

a. 并列主语用连词or, either…or, neither…nor,not only…but also等连接,谓语应同相邻的主语保持人称和数的一致。如:

Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music.

不仅学生而且这位老师也喜欢听这种音乐。

Are either you or he wrong? 要么是你错,要么是他错吗?

b. 在there be 表存在的句式中,主语是两个或多个名词(短语)的并列时,be 的形式与最前边的一个名词(短语)一致。如:

There is a pen, two knives and several books on the table═ There are

two knives, a pen and several books on the table.桌子上有一支钢笔、两把小刀和几本书。

C. 副词或介词短语在句首的倒装句中,必须认准哪是主语。如:

Between the two buildings stands a monument. 两幢楼之间耸立着一块纪念碑。

On the ship were over 2,200 people. More than 1,500 people lost their lives. Among those was the young woman.船上有2,2001人,1,500多人丧生,这位年轻妇女也在其中。

难点释疑:

名词作主语

1、当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。

如:Two hours is enough for me to finish the work.

两小时对我来说完成这项工作足够了。

Two hundred dollars gives Jack much help.两百美元帮了Jack大忙。

2、如果主语有more than one… 或many a…构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词仍然用单数形式。

如:More than one comrade has asked to stay. 不止一位同志已经要求留下。

Many a passenger was killed in the accident.许多乘客在这一次事故中丧生。

但是“more+复数名词+than one”结构及“more than one

hundred+复数名词”结构之后,谓语动词一般用复数形式。如:

More members than one are against your plan. 不止一位成员反对你的计划。

3、不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词及each…and each…, every…and every…, no…and

no…, many a …and many a…结构作主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。

如:Every man and every woman is at work. 所有男的和女的都在工作。

Many a desk and many a bench is to be taken out of the hall.

许多课桌和凳子将被搬出大厅。

4、表示成双成套的名词,如:chopsticks (筷子), compasses, clothes, glasses, jeans, scissors, shoes, socks, trousers等,作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式;但如与a kind of, a pair of, the pair of, a series of 连用,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。

如:The trousers are in the drawer. 裤子在抽屉里。

There is a pair of shoes under the bed. 有一双鞋在床下。

The pair of shoes is rather expensive. 这双袜子很贵。

5. 由连接词连接的名词作主语.https://www.doczj.com/doc/1215057516.html,/kb/top1_i173_t7_p1

6.htm

1)、用and或both…and连接并列主语,表示不同概念,谓语动词常用复数。

如:You and he both stand up. 你和他都站了起来。

Water and air are both important. 和空气都很重要。

Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不待人。

但并列结构充当主语表示整体概念时,即指的是同一人,同一事物或同一概念,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。

英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有:

2)表示兼职或有多个称呼的人。

如:the worker and poet这位工人兼诗人

The writer and teacher is speaking at the meeting. 这位教师兼作家正在会上发言。

6、当主语后面跟有as well as, along with, with, like, rather than, together

with,等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。

如:Your father as well as you is very kind to me.不仅你而且你的父亲对我都非常好。He, like you and Xiao Li, is very clever. 他象你和小李一样非常聪明。

Mr Robbins, together with his wife and children, is leaving London

for Paris. Robbins先生明天将和妻子和孩子离开伦敦去巴黎。

D. 分数、量词作主语.

1、“分数或百分数+of+名词”构成的短语及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, half of, a

heap of, heaps of +名词”构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词的数与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致。如:More than

70 percent of the surface of ouor planet is covered by water.我们星球的表面百分之七十多都被水覆盖着。

One third of the students are girls in our group. 我们队三分之一的学生是女生。

2、a great deal of/ a large amount of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,如:A great deal of rice was taken from the country to the city by railway.很多大米通过铁路从乡下运往城市。

3、a number of+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数:the number of+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。如:

A number of students are going for a picnic this weekend.这个周末许多学生将去野炊。The number of days in February this year is 28.今年二月份的天数是二十八天。

E. 名词化的形容词作主语“the+形容词(或过去分词或现在分词)”

如:the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the wounded, the injured, the unemployed, the dying, the living 等结构担任主语表示一类人时,谓语动词常用复数形式,如:

The young are more active than the old. 青年人比老年人积极。

F.动名词、不定式短语和从句作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。如:

To learn a foreign language is not so difficult as you think.

学一门外语并不象你想象的那么难。

Smoking is bad for health.吸烟有害健康。

That he has won the game is known to us all.他赢了这场比赛是我们众所周知的事。

但what引导的主语从句所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。如:What we need is more time.我们需要的是更多的时间。

What we need are good teachers.我们需要的是好老师。

主谓一致练习题

1. The old ____well looked after by the government in China.

A. is

B. are

C. has been

D. was

2. The secretary and manager ____very busy now.

A. is

B. are

C. was

D. were

3. Both the secretary and the manager _____agreed to attend the meeting.

A. has

B. have

C. are

D. was

4. Tom as well as two of his classmates _____invited to the party.

A. was

B. were

C. have been

D. had been

5. Either you or I _____going to the teachers‘ office after class.

A. am

B. is

C. are

D. will

6. Most of his spare time ____spent in reading.

A. are

B. were

C. was

D. have been

7. This is one of the best novels that ____appeared this year.

A.have been

B. has

C. had been

D. have

8. Ten thousand dollars _____quite a large sum.

A.are

B. is

C. were

D. have

9. About 20 percent of the work ____done yesterday.

A. are

B. is

C. were

D. was

10. Mr Smith, together with his children, ____arrived.

A.are

B. has

C. is

D. have

11. It ____I who _____leaving for London.

A.is…is

B. am…is

C. is…am

D. am…am

12. Not only Tom but also his wife ____fond of watching television.

A. are

B. were

C. be

D. is

13. When and where to build the new factory ____yet.

A. is not decided

B. are not decided

C. has not decided

D. have not decided

14.Although the first part of the book is easy, the rest ______.

A. are difficult

B. has proved difficult

C. is supposed difficult

D. have been found difficult

15. That they were wrong in these matters _____ now clear to us all.

A. is

B. was

C. are

D. were

16. Half of his goods ____ stolen the other day.

A. are

B. were

C. is

D. was

17. Mathematics ____the language of science.

A. are

B. are going to be

C. is

D. is to be

18. Each of the students _____ a Chinese-English dictionary.

A. have

B. has

C. there is

D. there are

19. They each ____ a beautiful handkerchief.

A. have

B. has

C. there is

D. there are

20. Between the two rows of trees _____the teaching building.

A. stand

B. stands

C. standing

D. are

21. This pair of shoes ____made in Nanjing.

A.is

B. are

C. have been

D. had been

22. No one except my parents _____anything about it.

A. know

B. knows

C. is knowing

D. have known

23. A number of students _____from the south.

A. are

B. is

C. have

D. has

24. The number of students from the north ____small.

A.are

B. is

C. have

D. has

25. Writing stories and articles _____what I enjoy most,

A.is

B. are

C. was

D. were

26. His “Selected Poems” _____first published in 1965.

A.were

B. was

C. has been

D. are

27. Miss Smith is a friend of ______.

A. Mary‘s mother’s

B. Mary‘s mother

C. Mother’s of Mary

D. Mary mother‘s

28. A good deal of money ____spent on books.

A. have

B. has

C. have been

D. has been

29. On the wall _____ two large portraits.

A. hangs

B. hang

C. hanged

D. hanging

30. _____turn green in spring.

A. Leaf

B. Leafs

C. Leave

D. Leaves

31. Father went to his doctor for ____about his heart trouble.

A. an advice

B. advice

C. advices

D. the advices

32. All but one ____here just now.

A. is

B. was

C. has been

D. were

33. The number of people invited _____fifty, but a number of them _____absent for different reasons.

A. were; was

B. was; was

C. was; were

D. were; were

34. The air in big cities _____very dirty by factories.

A. are often made

B. is often made

C. have often made

D. has often made

35. Nobody ____to smoke in the cinema.

A. allows

B. allow

C. is allowed

D. are allowed

36. The Chinese people _____hard-working and brave.

A. are

B. is

C. has been

D. are being

37. ____can be done _____been done.

A. All; have

B. All that; have

C. All; has

D. All that; has

38. John has two brothers, but either ____out of work now.

A. are

B. is

C. has

D. have

39. The police ____the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.

A. is searching for

B. were searching for

C. are searching for

D. were searching

40. Apples of this kind ____.

A. tastes good

B. tastes well

C. taste good

D. taste well

41. Your trousers ____dirty, you must have _____washed.

A. is; it

B. are; it

C. are; them

D. is; them

42. Where ____rubbish, there are flies.

A. there are

B. there is

C. is

D. there has

43. The Olympic Games ____held every ____years.

A. is; four

B. are; four

C. is; five

D. are; five

44. Many a man _____ come to help us.

A. have

B. has

C. is

D. are

45. He is the only one of the students who _____elected.

A. are

B. have

C. has

D. is

46. Three-fourths of the homework _____today.

A. has finished

B. has been finished

C. have finished

D. have been finished

47. Those who ____ in ____compositions, please hand them in this afternoon.

A. hasn‘t handed; his

B. haven’t handed; their

C.has handed; their

D. have handed; his

48. Jane is one of the best students in her class who _____by their teacher.

A. are praised

B. is praised

C. praised

D. praising

49. The whole class _____the teacher attentively.

A.are listening to

B. is listening to

C. are listening

D. is listening

50. The United States of America _____one of the most developed countries in the world.A. is B. are C. was D. were

KEY:1-5 BABAA6-10 CDBDB11-15 CDABA16-20 BCBAB21-25 ABABA26-30 BADBD 31-35 BDCBC36-40 ADBBC41-45 CBBBD46-50 BBAAA

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the needle and thread 针线 horse and carriage马车 bread and butter奶油面包 soap and water肥皂水 fork and knife刀叉 trial and error反复尝试, 不断摸索 time and tide岁月 the ebb and flow盛衰, 潮涨潮落 某些固定结构中谓语的数 many a(each/every)( more than one)+ 单数名词, 谓语用单数 the number of(neither/either of)( one and a half)+ 复数名词, 谓语用单数 1. If law and order ___ not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe. A. is B. are C. was D. were 2. how close parents are to their children __ a strong influence on the character of the children.

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