Chapter 3 Morphology
1. What is word?
?Definition: A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.
? A vague definition.Three senses are involved in defining “word”, none of which is satisfactory to cope with all the situations.
1.1 Identification of words
?Stability:stable linguistic units.
chairman, but not *manchair
?Relative uninterruptibility:though we recognize three components in the word disappointment, we cannot pause and add another component in between, as in *disinterestappointment.
But we can add another word between words: Paul, (John) and Mary ...
? A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself.
Sentence---the maximum free form
Word---the minimum free form, the smallest unit that can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance
?Eg --Is Jane coming tonight?
--Possibly.
Hi.
Wonderful.
?词的特征
词是由词素构成，比词素高一级的句法单位。词具有以下特征：
一词具有固定的语音形式。
二词具有一定的意义。词可以分属实义语类和功能语类。实义语类主要表示词汇意义，包括名词，动词，形容词，副词和介词。功能语类主要表示语法意义，起连接或附着作用，包括限定词，助动词，代词，标句词和连词。
三词是能够独立运用的最小的语言单位。
2 Classification of words
2.1 Variable and invariable words
?V ariable words:One could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains constant follow, follows, following, followed; mat, mats
?Invariable words: those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello. They do not have inflective endings.
2.2 Grammatical words and lexical words
Grammatical words:express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions,
articles, pronouns
Lexical words: have lexical meanings, those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The lexical words carry the main content of a language (content words) and the grammatical words serve to link the different parts of a sentence together (function words).
2.3 Closed-class words and open-class words:
Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc.
Open-class:A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
?Note:The distinction is not quite as clear-cut as it seems. Prepositions: regarding, throughout, out of, according to, with regard to, in spite of, be means of
2.4 Word class:
?It is close to the notion of Parts of Speech in traditional grammar.
?Eight or nine word classes are established: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, article.
3 The formation of word
3.1 Morpheme(语素) and morphology(形态学)
Chairman: chair, man
Boys: boy, -s
Checking: check, -ing
Disappointment: dis-, appoint, -ment
The components of a word are known as morphemes. They themselves cannot be further analyzed.
?Morphology studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
?Morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
?The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.
3.2 Types of morphemes
3.2.1 Free morpheme and bound morpheme (In terms of their capacity of occurring alone)
?Free morphemes(自由语素): those which may occur alone, i.e. those which may constitute words by themselves E.g. dog, nation, close. All monomorphemic words are free morphemes.
?Bound morphemes(黏着语素): those which cannot occur alone dis-, -ed, -ful
3.2.2 Root, affix and stem
? A root(词根) is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity. E.g. Inter nation alism. All words contain a root morpheme.
A root may be free or bound, but an affix is naturally bound.
All words contain a root morpheme.
?An affix(词缀) is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, prefix(前缀), suffix(后缀), and infix(中缀).
Prefix: para-, mini- un-
Suffix: -ise, -tion
Infix: foot/ feet, goose/geese
? A stem(词干)is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix(屈折词缀) can be added.
E.g. Friend- in friends, and friendship- in friendships
3.2.3 Inflectional affix and derivational affix
?Inflectional morpheme(屈折词缀): a kind of bound morphemes which manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.
– E.g. workers, children; walking, walked; biggest ; John’s
?Derivational morpheme(派生词缀): a kind of bound morphemes , added to existing forms to create new words. There are three kinds according to position: prefix, suffix and infix.
–prefix: change meaning dis-; un-; mis-
–suffix: change part of speech -ly; -ness; -tion
–infix: some languages also have infixes, affix morphemes that are inserted into root or stem morphemes to divide them into two parts.
Differences between inflection and derivation
1 When a derivational morpheme is conjoined to other morphemes (or words) a new word is derived, or formed. Other derivational morphemes do not change grammatical class.
e.g. un-, dis-, in-, im-, -ly, -ment, -or, -er, -ist
2 When a inflectional morpheme is attached to words or morphemes, they never change their syntactic category, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.
e.g. –s, -ing, ed, -er, -est, -’s
2 Inflectional affixes are conditioned by non-semantic linguistic factors outside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence.
e.g. The boy likes to read novels.
3 Derivational affixes are more often based on simple meaning distinctions.
e.g. clever, cleverness
3 Inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes, which are always word final
(drums, walks, Mary’s).
But derivational affixes can be prefixes (depart, online) or suffixes (teacher, workable)
Inflection
?Nominal forms: boys, boy’s
?Verb forms: wants, wanted, wanting
?Adjective/adverb forms: smaller, smallest
Derivation
?Class-preserving:
N--N: nonsmoker, ex-wife, booklet
V--V: disobey, unfasten
A--A: grayish, irrelevant
?Class-changing:
N--V: lengthen, hospitalize, discard
N--A: friendly, delightful, speechless
V--N: worker, employee, inhabitant
V--A: acceptable, adorable
A--N: rapidness, rapidity
A--V: deafen, sweeten
Adj--Adv: exactly, quickly
3.3 Morphological rules of word formation 构词法的形态学规则
Word formation:the process of word variations signaling lexical relationships
Morphological rules:the way words are formed are called morphological rules. These rules determine how morphemes combine to form words.
Some of the morphological rules can be used quite freely to form new words. We call them productive morphological rules(能产性形态学规则) .
e.g. un accept able; un think able;
un touch able; un warrant able;
un impeach able; un inhabit able
So we can conclude two rules:
1 un- ＋ADJECTIVE = not–ADJECTIVE
2 VERB ＋-able = ADJECTIVE
The first rule holds good for the words above, though we notice the following exceptions:
sad --- *unsad
brave --- *unbrave
It might be presumed that the “un-Rule”is not as productive for adjectives composed of just one morpheme as for adjectives that are themselves derived form verbs. The rule seems to be freely applicable to an adjectival form derived from a verb, as in
undecid ed; uncheck ed;
unabridg ed; undeclar ed;
3.4 Compounds
Another way to form new words, or compound words, to be more exact, is by stringing words together.
Compound: A word that consists of more than one lexical morpheme or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form.
?Noun compounds: daybreak, playboy, haircut,
?Verb compounds: brainstorm, lip-read, babysit
?Adjective compounds: gray-haired, insect-eating,
?Preposition compounds: into, throughout
Ways of writing a compound:
(1)Compounds can be written as a single word: e.g. wardrobe, bodyguard, seashore.
(2) They can also be joined with a hyphen:
e.g. wedding-ring, traffic-light, simple-minded.
(3)Some can be written with ordinary spaces between the two parts:
e.g. washing machine, traffic island, counter，revolutionary.
When we form compounds, the following points are noteworthy:
(1)When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this
category:
noun + noun : post box; landlady
adjective + adjective: blue-black; icy-cold
(2) In many cases, the two words fall into different categories. Then the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound:
noun + adjective: head-strong
verb + noun: pickpocket
This, however, is not always true, and compounds with a preposition are in the category of the nonprepositonal part of the compound, as in
under take, in action, up lift
(3) It is often the case that compounds have different stress patterns from the noncompound word sequence, e.g.
NP: red coat ; green house
compound: red coat; green house
(4) The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.
e.g. Kate found a red coat in her aunt’s closet.
Kate found a Red coat in her aunt’s closet.
While the meaning of each compound includes at least to some extent the meanings of individual parts.
Compounding is then a very common and frequent process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language.
?Exercises
1 a micro + film b be + draggle + ed
c announce + ment
d pr
e + digest + ion
e tele + communicate + ion
f fore + father
g psycho + physics
h mechan + ist
2 (1) suffix: -able
meaning: something can be done or is possible
stem type: added to verbs
examples: acceptable, “can be accepted”
respectable, “can be respected”
(2) suffix: -ly
meaning: functional
stem type: added to adjectives
examples: freely, “adverbial form of free”
quickly, “adverbial form of quick”
(3) suffix: -ee
meaning: the person receiving the action
stem type: added to verbs
examples: employee, “one who works in a company”
interviewee, “one who is interviewed”
3 (1) prefix: dis-
meaning: showing an opposite
stem type: added to verbs or nouns
examples: disapprove, “do not approve”
dishonesty, “lack of honesty”
(2) prefix: anti-
meaning: against, opposed to
stem type: added to nouns or adjectives
examples: antinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”
antisocial, “opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an
organized community”
(3) prefix: counter-
meaning: the opposite of
stem type: added to nouns or adjectives
examples: counterproductive, “producing results opposite to those intended”
counteract, “act against and reduce the force or effect of (sth.)”
On the Delay of Geographical Caching Methods in Two-Tiered Heterogeneous Networks
Abstract We consider a hierarchical network that consists of mobile users, a two-tiered cellular network (namely small cellsand macro cells) and central routers, each of which follows a Poisson point process (PPP). In this scenario, small cells with limited-capacity backhaul are able to cache content under a given set of randomized caching policies and storage constraints. Moreover, we consider three different content popularity models, namely fixed content popularity, distance-dependent and load-dependent,in order to model the spatio-temporal behavior of users’ content request patterns. We derive expressions for the average delay of users assuming perfect knowledge of content popularity distributions and randomized caching policies. Although the trend of the average delay for all three content popularity models is essentially identical, our results show that the overall performance of cached-enabled heterogeneous networks can be substantially improved, especially under the load dependentcontent popularity model. Besides, Because of the limitation of research conditions, the total network delay, network cost and optimization of network parameters are not analyzed. Keywords: edge caching, Poisson point process, stochastic geometry, mobile wireless networks, 5G Introduction It is known that content caching in 5G heterogeneous wireless networks improves the system performance, and is of high importance in limited-backhaul scenarios. Most existing literature focuses on the characterization of key performance metrics neglecting the backhaul limitations and the spatio-temporal content popularity profiles. In this work, we analyze the gains of caching in heterogeneous network deployment, and consider the average delay as a performance metric. Firstly we use passion point process (PPP) method to build the model. This heterogeneous network consists of mobile terminals (users), cache-enabled s mall base stations (SBSs), macro base stations (MBSs)
研途宝考研https://www.doczj.com/doc/1e8996676.html,/ 距离复试成绩公布已经有两个多月了，前天通知书到了终于心里面踏实了，想着该写点啥，自己也从论坛里面收获了不少，想着也该回馈一下了。不知道现在来写会不会被鄙视。废话不多说了，进入正题吧。首先介绍下，我是英语语言学方向的，是二战的，略悲剧，今年的初试成绩也献个丑吧，政治66，日语90，基础英语113，语言学109。因为是二战党，所以两年复习的方式不太一样，不过并不代表第一年的复习是徒劳的，正是有了第一年的经验，我第二年才比较顺利的。 政治 首先说说政治吧，我其实政治真的不怎么样，高中学的理科，不过，从我两年的经验来说，我觉得政治这东西说难不难的，说易不易的。我政治每次都是很晚才开始复习的，都是考前两个月突击一下的，第一年没经验报了个班，感觉没啥用。因为不喜欢政治所以很晚才开始复习，但是又因为时间很短，所以我就在考前两个月把一些重点背一背，特别是大题要多背背，我第二年就拿肖秀荣的什么重点的书背的，到时候答题就胡吹乱侃的，一些细节的东西直接pass，毕竟要充分利用好时间嘛，至于选择题可以做做真题模拟题什么的，特别推荐肖秀荣的那个押题版，我感觉他的那本书两年都救我于水火之中，我第二年考前一天晚上狂背那个最后四套题，效果是立竿见影。我政治学得挺差的，我这个是没办法的办法，大家要想多考点分就下点功夫吧。不过南大也不要求政治很高，过线即可，关键是专业课嘛。 日语 日语我可是花了不少时间了，我是从大一开始学日语的，因为本科略差，所以励志考研就很早开始准备了，日语我开始是自学新编，后来又报了班，最后选择南大之后就换成了新标了。日语首先把语法基础打牢了，主要就是新标的那些吧，然后最苦逼的就是背单词了，南大的日语词汇占了四分之一了，而且日语单词有时候读起来很熟悉，可是又想不起来，所以日语单词一定要一遍又一遍的背，我一战的时候是语法单词都顾及，到了二战的时候因为语法已经很熟悉了，几乎第二年日语就是背单词，不过单词容易忘所以特别是临考的时候要多背几遍，我考前两天就拿政治和日语单词背的。技巧方面我是这样的，把假名抄在一张纸上，然后看着假名默想汉字，反之一样，如果比较容易想起来的就可以少复习了，如果老是觉得记不起来就抄到另一张纸上作为重点背诵，就这样一遍一遍的假名汉字，汉字假名轮换的背。我感觉把假名汉字放一起好像都会，分开了就不定能想起来了。
2008年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题及详解 I. Write the international phonetic alphabet for the following words. (12/150) (1) hypothesis (2) academician (3) verbatim (4) technique (5) capacity (6) standardize (7) guarantee (8) paradigm (9) primarily (10) rhetoric (11) procedure (12) originate 答案： (1) [] (2) [] (3) [] (4) [] (5) [] (6) [] (7) [] (8) [] (9) [] (10) [] (11) [] (12) [] II. It often happens in English that when two words are put together in a compound word, the pronunciation of the compound word will be different from that of the two separate words. For instance, cup+board→cupboard; the pronunciation will become/. Similar changes will happen when two words are put together in a phrase. Transcribe the underlined part of each of the following phrases in the International Phonetic Alphabet as they are actually pronounced. (16/150)
【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站： https://www.doczj.com/doc/1e8996676.html, 12007年中山大学旅游学概论考研真题答案精解 2015考研英语写作七大误区
【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：https://www.doczj.com/doc/1e8996676.html, 2词汇与语法错误 考研英语写作让很多同学都很头痛，有两点原因：一为词汇，二为语法。因为英语与汉语的区别是一词多义，非常讲究用词准确而且正式。同时，英语的词汇非常丰富，一个词语通常都有许多同义词和近义词。考生如果平时注意积累并加以练习，就能够在考试中熟练地加以运用。英文写作也同样非常讲究语法，尤其是考研作文作为正式文体，需要注意以下几点小细节：(1)尽量少用缩写形式。如don't,can't,won't 应写为do not,cannot,will not 等。(2)用更加正式的否定形式。如not…any 应写为no,not…much 写为little,not many 写做few 等。(3)尽量少用"etc.","and so on"等表达方式。例如：Activities include dancing,singing,etc 。Activities include dancing,singing,and other fun stuff 。 ◎中文式思维模式 很多考生在考试过程中把一些中文的成语、谚语翻译成英文，这种做法导致的结果就是文章不仅行文不符合英文的规律，读起来也让人觉得非常不舒服。。纠正中文思维习惯的关键依然在于培养英文语感，同时考生在平时的练习中也要尽量让自己用英文来思考。如果考生需要用到谚语，名句等，最好的办法是直接掌握英文的谚语、名句，并灵活运用到文章中。 ◎注意字数与标点 考研英语作文一分钟平均7～8个字，字数多少算个够?自己目测一下，以大作文为例，中等大小一行15字，最起码写到12，13位置,因为阅卷人做的第一件事情就是看你的字数，就看你的位置到没有到。如果你的字数没写够，他就认为你连最起码的写够字数的能力都不具备。但是这不是说写得越多就会得到高分。一是时间不允许，二是写得越长，越容易暴露你的缺点。所以临考前要掐表练习字数。 ◎忽视优秀范文的背诵 通过范文的背诵，我们可以有针对性的了解高分范文的写作特点，积累写作常用的词语表达，和闪光句型，解决考生在进行写作训练时，心中有千言万语，笔下无一言的困境。但是，考生一定要谨记，高分范文的背诵在精不在多，20篇足够，但是一定要背的滚瓜烂熟，张口就能说，提笔就能写。很多考生抱怨过，我背了很多范文，可还是什么也写不出来，根本原因就是这些范文背诵不够熟练，根本没有深化成自己的东西。 ◎写作训练的量不足 很多时候，考生容易高估自己的写作水平，或者说，意识不到自己的经常会犯下的语法错误。这些问题只有通过实战才能发现并解决。但是在这个过程中，考生练习时写的作文，必须英语水平好的同学或是老师，有条件的同学可以请专业的认识进行批改，只有这样，训练的作用才能最大化。 ◎准备不足，匆忙下笔 任何一篇作文出题都是有它独特的道理的，所以提前审题和构思就显得必不可少了。很多考生目前存在一个情况，想到哪写到哪，使作文杂乱无章，毫无条理，同时容易出现写错单词和用错句型的情况。英语写作不是语文散文，写英语作文，之前一定要认真审题和思考，对出题者希望得到的预期尚未揣摩透彻，这也就造成了一些同学虽然语言功底非常不错，但是最终的结果还是没有拿到一个自己预期的心理分数，最大的问题就出在切题不准确或者不够突出中心上了。 ◎忽视文化差异，用中文思维串联英文词汇
考试完毕，试题随答题纸一起交回。共1页第1页中山大学 2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 科目代码：892 科目名称：旅游学概论 考试时间：2015年12月27日下午注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 一、名词解释(每小题10分，4题，共40分) 1、全球在地化(Glocalization) 2、可持续竞争优势(Sustainable Competitive Advantage) 3、旅游者示范效应(Demonstration Effects of Tourist) 4、飞地旅游(Enclave Tourism) 二、简答(每小题15分，4题，共60分) 1、在问卷设计中有哪些不同的测量尺度? 2、旅游中的标准化管理可能给旅游企业带来哪些好处? 3、比较汉语“旅游资源(tourism resource)”与英文“旅游吸引物”(tourist attraction)两个概念，指出两者之间的核心异同。 4、简述旅游者空间行为规律。 三、论述(每小题25分，2题，共50分) 1、试讨论建筑、景区、酒店、饮食等领域的原真性问题。请先介绍相关理论，再分别举例说明四个不同领域均存在原真性的不同视角。 2、旅游产业对国民经济的贡献测量甚为困难，请提供一种研究思路，并就中国旅游产业对国民经济的贡献提出你自己的三个重要观点。 以上为2016年中山大学892旅游学概论研究生入学考试的初试真题，每年真题的重复率是很高的，考生准备的真题年份越多，备考就会越全面，鸿儒中大考研网有提供07年到16年的真题集，最后预祝所有报考中大的考生圆梦! 文章摘自鸿儒中大考研网! 考生须知全部答案一律写在答题纸上，答在试题纸上的不计分！ 答题要写清题号，不必抄题。
Self-introduction 自我介绍 Name：William Shakespeare Graduated University：××××××××××× Major：English Literature Admission Time：20XX-09-01—20XX-06-30 Telephone：+86×××××××(MP) E-mail：520521××××@https://www.doczj.com/doc/1e8996676.html, （后附范文5篇及10类常见问题解答,总有一个适合你！） 20XX年XX月XX日
目录 范文一（英文） (3) 范文一（中文） (3) 范文二（英文） (3) 范文二（中文） (3) 范文三（英文） (3) 范文三（中文） (3) 范文四（英文） (3) 范文四（中文） (3) 范文五（英文） (3) 范文五（中文） (3) 十类常见问题解答 (3) （一）"What can you tell me about ......?".. (3) （二）"What would you like to be doing......?" .. (3) （三）"What is your greatest strength ?" (3) （四）"What is your greatest weakness?" (3) （五）"How do you feel about your progress to date?" (3) （六）行为面试问题 (3) （七）压力面试问题 (3) （八）案例面试问题 (3) （九）非常规问题 (3) （十）其他常见的英语面试问题 (3)
范文一（英文） --适合医学、理、工、农、艺、政治经济学相关专业 Good afternoon dear professors, my name is ××, it is really a great honor to have a chance for this interview. Now I?ll introduce myself briefly. I am ××years old, born in ××province.I received my bachelor degree in 20××, supervised by Professor ××, in ××University. I have been interested in scientific research. In the past few years, I published more than ××（5）papers about numerical methods for the fractional PDE. Furthermore, I am participating in the research of two projects funded by National Natural Science Foundation. At the same time, I undertake a lot of teaching loads, more than ××（200）periods each year. However, with the time going on, the more I studied and experienced, the clearer I realized that I really need study further. Thus, I began to prepare for ××（the doctor?s entrance examination）. Owing to my hard work, I passed the first examination. If I am given the chance of further study, I will work hard to enrich my knowledge and make myself to be a well-qualified ××（doctor）. I am very easy to get on with, so I have lots of friends. Sometimes I prefer staying alone, reading, surfing the internet to gain some latest news of my profession, also, I?m keen on ××（playing basketball）.
2011年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷 (总分：54.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、名词解释(总题数：5，分数：10.00) 1.Define the following terms. Support your definition with one or two appropriate examples.Ambiguity（分数： 2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.metalanguage（分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.minimal pair（分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.neologism（分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.euphemism（分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 二、单项选择题(总题数：10，分数：20.00) 6.The word "edit" is formed through the process of______.（分数：2.00） A.blending B.back-formation https://www.doczj.com/doc/1e8996676.html,pounding D.derivation 7.By______, it is sometimes meant that the form of a word or sign partially or fully conveys the meaning of the word or sign.（分数：2.00） A.arbitrariness B.creativity C.duality of structure D.iconicity 8.Assimilation occurs in the articulation of the word "______".（分数：2.00） A.invincible B.inconvenience C.inherent D.inadequate 9.Deletion occurs in the articulation of all the words below except "______".（分数：2.00） A.debt B.rhetoric C.style D.flight 10.The primary stress of the word "______" falls on the first syllable.（分数：2.00） https://www.doczj.com/doc/1e8996676.html,parable B.resistible C.considerable D.negotiable 11.All the following words except "______" are dynamic verbs.（分数：2.00） A.boost B.discourage C.unpack D.concern
中山大学考研448汉语写作与百科知识真题 第一部分: 百科知识(请从ABCD四个选项中选出一个最佳答案50分) 1、《弟子规》原名《训蒙文》，为清朝康熙年间秀才李毓秀所作。其内容采用______第六条:“弟子入则孝，出则弟，谨而信，泛爱众，而亲仁，行有余力，则以学文。”的文义以三字一句，两句一韵编撰而成，分为五个部分加以演述;具体列举出为人子弟在家、出外、待人接物、求学应有的礼仪与规范，特别讲求家庭教育与生活教育（）。 A、《论语、为政篇》 B、《论语·雍也篇》 C、《论语，子罕篇》 D、《论语。学而篇》 2、“克己复礼为仁，一日克己复礼，天下归仁焉” “非礼勿视，非礼勿听，非礼勿言，非礼勿动” “己所不欲，勿施于人” “死生有命，富贵在天” “四海之内，皆兄弟也” “君子成人之美，不成人之恶” 以上引语皆出自《论语》哪一篇目?（）。 A、里仁篇 B、泰伯篇 C颜渊篇 D、子路篇 3、《三字经》中“融四岁，能让梨”，融是（）。 A、建安七子之一 B、竹林七贤之一 C、唐宋八大家之一 D、东汉四才子之一 4、《陈涉世家》为司马迁所著《史记》中的一篇，是秦末农民起义领袖陈胜、吴广的传记。公元前209年，以陈胜、吴广为首的戍卒九百人在大泽乡(今安徽宿州东南)举行了中国历史上第一次大规模的农民起义，揭开了反对秦王朝残暴统治的序幕。“世家”是给什么人做的传?（）。 A、帝王 B、王侯 C、重臣 D、将士 5、苏格兰位于大不列颠岛北部，英格兰之北，以格子花纹，风笛音乐，畜牧业与威士忌工业而闻名。2011年5月，主张维持统一的工党在苏格兰地方选举中败给苏格兰民族党，这使得一些苏格兰人又萌生了独立的念头。2014年9月18日，按照苏格兰政府发布的《苏格兰的未来:苏格兰独立指南》白皮书，苏格兰举行了全民公投。最终，约55%的选民投了反对独立的票。因此，英国仍将保持统一。以下哪位作家的作品主要以苏格兰为创作背景?（）。 A、 Charles Dickens B、 George Eliot C、 Walter Scott D、 Oscar Wilde 6、爱尔兰文学(英语:Irish literature)是指在爱尔兰产生或爱尔兰人创作的文学作品。爱尔兰是一个无论面积还是人口规模都很小的国家，却对世界文学做出了与其国家规模极不成比例的巨大贡，用英语写成的爱尔兰文学可以看作是英语文学的一个分支。以下哪一位作家不是爱尔兰作家?（）。 A、James Joyce B、 George Bernard Shaw
人员构成： 姓名性别出生年月职称学科专业在教学中承担的工作 丁言仁男1948.11 博导应用语言学“英语语言通论” 陈新仁男1967.10 教授语用学、修辞学“英语语言学导论”“英语语言通论” 王文宇女1974.1 副教授应用语言学“英语语言通论”、“论文写作与研讨” 周丹丹女1970 讲师英语语言文学“英语语言学”网络课程答疑张翼男1980.3 助教理论语言学“英语语言学”网络课程更新 教学队伍整体结构 本课程的教学队伍中有2名正教授，1名副教授，1名讲师，1名助教，其中博导1人，硕导2人，博士4人，硕士1人，有2人从事英语理论语言学研究，3人从事英语应用语言学研究，50岁以上1人，30-50岁以上3人，不足30岁1人，主持课程负责人毕业于美国哥伦比亚大学，主讲教师陈新仁毕业于广东外语外贸大学，其他三位教师毕业于南京大学，因此，整个队伍学缘结构、学历结构、知识结构、职称结构、年龄结构等都非常合理，既有经验丰富、成果累累的老教师，也有年富力强的青年教师。师生比例1：10左右。队伍中，陈新仁博士多来一直从事“英语语言学概论”的教学工作，对该课程的教学工作形成了比较多的感性认识，并从2002年起开始参与“英语语言通论”王文宇博士擅长外语学习与教学研究，参与“英语语言通论”团队教学工作，并独立承担“论文写作与研讨”系列讲座。周丹丹博士主要负责“英语语言学概论”网络课程的答疑。张翼硕士目前主要参与实践环节的指导，同时协助维护“英语语言学概论”网络课程的更新。 教学改革与教学研究 1、重新定位“英语语言学”课程定位和目标，将该课程从选修课提升为专业必修课，将该课程从一门知识型课程界定为一门知识传授
中山大学研究生英语期末考试题2
Passage 1 One motivational analyst who became curious to know there had been such a great rise in impulse buying at supermarkets was James Vicary. He suspected that some special psychology must be going on inside the women as they shopped in supermarkets. His suspicion was that perhaps they underwent such an increase in tension when confronted with so many possibilities that they were forced into making quick purchases. He set out to find out if this was true. The best way to detect what was going on inside the shopper was through the use of a galvanometer or lie detector. That obviously was impractical. The next best thing was to use a hidden motion-picture camera and record the eye-blink rate of the women as they shopped. How fast a person blinks his eyes is a pretty good index of his state of inner tension. The average person, according to Mr. Vicary, normally blinks his eyes about 32 times a minute. If he is tense, he blinks them more frequently; and, under extreme tension, he may blink up to 50 or 60 times. If he is notably relaxed, on the other hand, his eye-blink rate may drop to a subnormal twenty or less. Mr. Vicary set up his cameras and started following the ladies as they entered the store. The results were startling, even to him. Their eye-blink rate, instead of going up to indicate mounting tension, went down and down, to a very subnormal fourteen blinks a minute. The ladies fell into what Mr. Vicary calls a hypnoidal trance, a light kind of trance that, he explains, is the first stage of hypnosis. Mr. Vicary has decided that the main cause of the trance is that the supermarket is packed with products which in former years would have been items only kings and queens could have afforded and here in this fairyland they were ava ilable to all. Mr. Vicary theorizes: “Just within this generation, anyone can be a king or queen and go through these stores where the products say ‘buy me, buy me’.” 1 Vicary’s curiosity was aroused by the fact that _________. A. there was a decrease in sales in supermarkets B. women were showing strong resistance to products in supermarkets C. there seemed to be no logic in women’s buying habits D. women were shopping very carefully 2 According to the article, eye-blink rate is an indication of ________. A. the truth or falsity of a statement B. the mental ability of a person C. blood pressure D. the emotional state of a person 3 Mr. Vicary’s test ________________. A. proved his original hypothesis to be true B. proved that the tension of a woman shopper, after entering the store, decreased rather than increased C. nullified the eye-blink rate as a measurement of tension D. showed that a woman’s reaction to the products in a supermarket is impossible to determine 4 After his tests, Mr. Vicary concluded that _____________. A. shopping was apt to create serious nervous disorders B. a supermarket is a fantastic place
Unit 9 referencing 1.1 Pre-reading tasks Why do we have to reference? When you reference correctly you are demonstrating that you have read widely on a topic. You are also supporting your hypothesis with comments from expert authors. This lends credibility to your own work. Also, by correctly referencing, you allow the marker or reader to follow-up your refer ences and to check the validity of your arguments for themselves. This is an important part of the academic process as it leads to student accountability. How do we usually reference? (In-text citation and reference list) How do we create a reference list? When creating a reference list, the sources should be listed alphabetically by author’s surname, should be left justified, and the references should never be preceded by a bullet-point or number. Where the author is anonymous or unknown for any one source, insert that source in the alphabetical list using the title of the source instead of the author’s name. All sources should be listed together; there should not be separate lists for books versus journal articles versus electronic sources. The reference list should be on a separate page from the rest of the assignment and should be simply titled ‘References’ or ‘Literature Cited’ and the t itle should be in the same font and size as the other headings in your assignment. How many referencing styles do you know? (APA, MLA etc) 1.3.1 Differences between Science and MLA Science MLA Book reference order of publisher and place. (publisher, place) Punctuation mark. Information is segmented by comma. Publisher, place and year in blanket. Example: J. B. Carroll, Ed., Language, Thought and Reality, Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1956) 1. order of publisher and place. (place:publisher) Punctuation mark. Information is segmented by full stop. Example: McDonagh, Sean. Why are we Deaf to the Cry of the Earth. Dublin: Veritas, 2001. Journal reference 1. Order of first name and last name: first name. Last name 2. Order of year and page: Page (year) 3. Punctuation mark. 4. Example: N. Tang, On the equilibrium partial pressures of nitric acid and ammonia in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ.14, 819-834 (1980). 1. Order of first name and last name: Last name, first name. 2. Order of year and page: (year):Page . 3. Punctuation mark 4. Example: Mann, Susan. "Myths of Asian Womanhood." Journal of Asian Studies. 59.1 (2000): 835-62. 1.3.2
高译教育-中山大学考研翻译硕士英语真题2011 Part 1: Vocabulary and grammar. （30 POINTS） 01.Scarcely ____ when she started complaining to me of the terrible living conditions on the campus. A. I arrived B. I had arrived C. did I arrived D. had I arrived 02.At that time, this kind of cloth was hard to ____ because the textile technology was not that advanced. A. come up with B. come through C. come over D. come by 03.____ the action stopped did we have time to think what might have happened. A. Only if B. If only C. Only when D. When only 04.____ the fact that he is an adult now, we should give hire more freedom. A. In consideration of C. In light of B. In comparison with D. In contrast to 05.____ of the tires on the motorcycle looks any better than the other. A. Not any B. No one C. None D. Neither 06.The air crash led to the ____ of the diplomatic relations between the two countries. A. suspicion B. suspense C. suppression D. suspension 07.____ he has created striping stage settings for the Martha Graham dance company, artist Isamu Noguchi is more famous for his sculpture. A. But for B. Nevertheless C. In spite of D. Although 08.There is no other man in history than Jefferson who ____ the ideas of democracy with such fullness, persuasiveness and logic. A. foresaw B. foreshadowed C. formulated D. fortified 09.Bit by bit, a child snakes the necessary changes to make his language ____ . A. as other people C. like other people B. as other people?s D. like other people?s 10.In the long run, English learning, difficult as it is, is ____ to a learner in his or her career development. A. profitable B. advantageous C. prominent D. rewarding 11. It is vitally important that you ____ the international conference on cross-culturalcommunication. A. shall attend B. must attend C. attend D. might attend 12. The one pleasure that Einstein ____ his great fame was the