临沂师范学院2009-2010学年度第一学期《大学英语阅读与词汇1》试题A卷
适用于2009级专科（不含艺体类）学生
闭卷考试时间：120分钟
第I卷听力、词汇与语法、阅读部分
（本部分的所有选择题必须答在答题卡上，否则不得分。）
Ⅰ. Listening (10%)
Section A Directions:This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue，there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Example: You will hear: You will read: A. New York City.
B. An evening party.
C. An air trip.
D. The man’s job.
From the dialogue we learn that the man is to take a flight to New York. Therefore, “C.An air trip” is the correct answer. You should mark C on the Answer Sheet.
Now the test will begin.
II. Vocabulary and Grammar (20%)
Directions: Choose the best one to complete each sentence.
11. 1. He felt that he has got much________ from the conversation with foreigners.
A. derive
B. acquire
C. benefit
D. reward
12. Can you make _______ of what he is saying?
A. wise
B. sense
C. use
D. fun
13. I am sure David will be able to find the library—he has a pretty good ______
of direction.
A. idea
B. feeling
C. experience
D. sense
14. Tomorrow the mayor is to ____ a group of Canadian businessmen on a tour of the
city.
A. cooperate
B. accompany
C. coordinate
D. associate
15. T hese programmes are of _____ value to old people.
A. natural
B. fatal
C. tiny
D. enormous
16. Don’t let corruptions ________ the development of the society
A. on the way of
B. to the way of
C.in the way of
D. at the way of
17. The young teacher had trouble_____ the children under her girdle.
A. to hold
B.in holding
C. hold
D. held
18. The matter was _______ dying down.
A. much pretty
B. pretty much
C. so much.
D. too much
19. It’s up to this country ______ banning nuclear weapons.
A. taking the initiative to
B. take the initiative in
C. taking the initiative in
D. to take the initiative in
20. The mailman ______the letters promptly.
A.found
B. lost
C.rememered
D. delivered
21. Two years of business school really _______.
A. paid for
B. paid off
C.paid
D.pay down.
22. Though we made every effort to try to persuade him to stop smoking, it proved to be ________.
A. in part
B. in terror
C. in vain
D. in debt
23. Among these people _____ his friend Jim.
A.are
B. was
C. were
D. have been
24. The project is not ______ with the company’s long-term aims.
A. compatible
B. complete
C. process
D. succeed
25. The farmer got the planting _____ before the rains came.
A. do
B. did
C. did
D. done
26. We had to _______ a lot of noise when the children were at home．
A. go in for
B. hold on to
C. put up with
D. keep pace with
27. Should you require any further details at this time，please do not_______ to contact me．
A. void
B. hesitate
C. delay
D. prevent
28. Y ou should ________ being late for your class.
A. avoid
B. miss
C. overtake
D. leave
29. _______ he does not come, shall we go without him?
A. Provid
B. Providing D. Supplying
30. Y ou have done so much work and you pass the examination.
A. are bound upon
B. are bound with
C. are bound to
D. are bound of
31. He says what he thinks, other people’s feelings.
A. regard
B. regard of
C. regardless of
D. regardless
32. He save the whole city his life.
A. at the expense of
B. at his expense
C. at his expensive
D. for his expense
33. The naughty boys my patience.
A. seek
B. represent
C. prefer
D. e xhaust
34. People are ______ to know the result of the peace talks.
A. worried
B. hurried
C. anxious
D. looking forward
35. The film star wishes _____ as a common people.
A. be treated C. to be treated
B. treating D.to be treating
36. Each year we waste tons of paper, and _____ for many years.
A. does so C. had done so
B. have done so D. did so
37. It __ that the mysterious visitor was an old friend of my grandmother.
A. turned out
B. turned off
C. turned on
D. turned up
38. No one can avoid __ by advertisements.
A. influenced
B. influencing
C. to influence
D. being influenced
39. The students find it hard __ their spoken English.
A. improving
B. having improved
C. improve
D. to improve
40. After a whole day’s heavy work，the old worker returned home，_____.
A. hungry and felt exhausting
B．hunger and exhausted
C．hungry and exhausted
D．hungry and having been exhausted
41.She____ in the feet on her way home from work．
A．was huring B．is hurt
C．hurts D．got hurt
42. Earthworms occur_____adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil
conditions are found.
A．and B．whenever
C．however D.wherever
43. The name Of television comes from the Greek word tele and the Latin word videre，_ “far”and “to see”,respectively
A.meaning B．meant
C.are meant D．have the meaning of
44. The issue at the conference is very important and it will create a sensation nationwide.
A．discussed B. being discussed
C.is being discussed
D. has been discussed
45. It is ____ that som eone used a m obile device to broadcast information in the exam.
A. like
B. liking
C. li kely
D. dislike
46. For a tim e the young man has dreamed of ____ around the world.
A. travel
B. to travel
C. traveling
D. traveled
47. It was difficult to guess what his ____ to the news would be.
A. im pression
B. comment
C. reaction
D. opinion
48. Forgetful as he is, Newton is ____ an absent-minded scientist.
A. by m eans of
B. by all means
C. by no m eans
D. by any means
49. I appreciate ____ to your hom e. A. being invited B. having invited C. to have
been invited D. to invite
50. He can’t ______ me smoking.
A. stress
B. shake
C. stand
D. admit
III. Reading Comprehension (30%)
Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each question, there are four
choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the best answer. Passage 1
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
With the development of economy, people tend to pursue high quality living conditions. Most parents pay more attention to offering their children comfortable circumstances instead of spending enough time to stay with their children. In my point of view, most children appreciate the time their parents spend with them more than the living conditions.
First, parents’ spending more time on their children can improve the love between children and adults. Children could feel parents’ affection through the genial(亲切的) conversation and sharing their pleasure with them. Every time when parents take them to amusement park, applaud for their winning prizes in the competition, the time they spend with children will become treasure in their memories.
Second, parents should give children directions. There are some wrong behaviors in our society such as dishonesty, violence and cheating and so on. Children are too young to recognize the harmful influence of these bad things. In this case, parents’ instructions are very important to children’s growth.Parents should teach
children to judge what is right and what is wrong. On the other hand, children can learn a lot from their parents’ behaviors. Parents often act as their models.
Spending too much time on children has some disadvantages as well. Some parents restrict their children too much, and give them little freedom to develop their interests. Some other parents do too many things for their children, which results in their children’s lacking of independence.Therefore, the best way is that parents should educate and instruct their children appropriately.
51. What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?
A. Parents can show their love for children by chatting with them.
B. Parents should often give their children more chances to enjoy themselves.
C. The love between children and parents can be improved by spending more time with children.
D. Parents should applaud for their children when they win prizes.
52. Which of the following statements is true according to Paragraph 3?
A. Our society is full of wrong behaviors.
B. Children are not old enough to distinguish right from wrong.
C. Some parents can ’t tell children what is right and what is wrong.
D. Children must be given directions by their parents by law.
53. What does the word “amusement park” mean?
A. A commercially run park offering rides, games, and other forms of entertainment.
B. An officially run park where you can enjoy climbing, boating and taking p ictures.
C.A park where you can see a lot of rare animals and their performance.
D.A park where you can feed animals and play with them.
54. What is the author’s opinion?
A. Parents should try hard to provide comfortable circumstances for their children.
B. The more time parents spend with their children, the better it is for their children’s growth.
C. Parents should spend neither too much nor too little time with their children.
D. If parent are too busy, they should spend less time with their children.
55. Who is the passage probably written for ?
A. Children.
B. Parents.
C. Both parents and children.
D. Teachers.
Passage 2
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
First aid (急救) is the care given to the injured or sick as soon as possible after an accident or illness. It is this immediate care and attention before the arrival of the ambulance (救护车) that sometimes means the difference between life and death, or a full or partial recovery.
First aid has limitations, as not everybody is a doctor or expert, but it is a key element of the total medical system.
The principle to be adopted in first aid is immediate action. By-standers (旁观者) or relatives not knowing what to do, or being too fearful to try, have unwisely contributed to unnecessary deaths and worse injuries.
It is important that any action taken by the first aid provider is started as quickly as possible. Quick action is necessary to save life and parts of the body. One who is not breathing effectively, or is bleeding (流血) heavily, requires immediate help. If quick effective first aid is provided, then they have a much better chance of a good recovery.
But it should be remembered that any action taken is to be most careful, and fright (恐慌) by the first aid provider and by-standers will not be good to the whole thing. Try to remain calm and think your action through. A calm and controlled first aider will give everyone confidence that the event is being handled efficiently and effectively.
56. The most important in providing first aid is to ________.
A. stop bleeding
B．call for help
C．take quick action
D．know how to help
57. According to the author, if one has little knowledge of first aid, he should
_______.
A．still try to give help
B．just stand by and do nothing at all
C．learn how to give first aid and then try to give help
D．send for the doctors
58. While giving first aid, the provider should _________.
A．ask others for help
B．be calm and self-confident
C．stop the sick person from bleeding
D．have confidence in everyone
59. The passage suggests that ________ is the cause of some injured or sick people's
death.
A．unprofessional first aid
B．unnecessary help
C．improper advice by by-standers
D. delayed action of relatives or by-standers
60. According to the passage, ________.
A．first aid may not be useful before a doctor arrives
B．one should not provide first aid to the injured if he doesn't know the cause
C.first aid is very important in the whole treatment
D．it is not difficult to provide first aid with necessary first aid kit
Passage 3
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can
create an excessive amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes(运动员). Stress can be physical,emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.
The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example,learn how to cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents’and coaches’ criticisms to heart and find a flaw (缺陷) in themselves.
Coaches and parents should also be cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the sport and other life lessons. In to day’s youth sport setting. Young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport.Following a game many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters’ performances. Positive reinforceme nt should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, Which can lead to burnout.
61. An effective way to prevent the burnout of young athletes is＿＿＿.
A. to reduce their mental stress
B. to increase their sense of success
C. to make sports less competitive
D. to make sports more challenging
62.According to the passage sport is positive for young people in that＿＿＿.
A. it can help them learn more about society
B. it enables them to find flaws in themselves
C. it can provide them with valuable experiences
D. it teaches them how to set realistic goals for themselves
63. Many coaches and parents are in the habit of criticizing young athletes＿＿.
A. believing that criticism is beneficial for their early development
B. without realizing criticism may destroy their self confidence
C. in order to make them remember life’s lessons
D. so as to put more pressure on them
64. According to the passage parents and coaches should＿＿＿.
A. pay more attention to letting children enjoy sports
B. help children to win every game
C. train children to cope with stress
D. enable children to understand the positive aspect of sports
65.The author’s purpose in writing the passage is＿＿＿.
A. to teach young athletes how to avoid burnout
B. to persuade young children not to worry about criticism
C. to stress the importance of positive reinforcement to children
D. to discuss the skill of combining criticism with encouragement
临沂师范学院2009-2010学年度第一学期《大学英语阅读与词汇1》试题A卷
适用于2009级专科（不含艺体类）学生
闭卷考试时间：120分钟
第II卷主观卷翻译写作部分
（本部分的所有试题必须答在答题纸上，否则不得分。）IV．Translate the following Chinese sentences into English.（20%）
66、我不知道他们的饮食习惯、聚会文化以及传统。
I am unaware of their eating habits, party culture and tradition.
67、每天早晨的7点至9点是交通车辆的最繁忙时间。
Peak hours for traffic are between 7 and 9 in the morning.
68、这款游戏旨在增强孩子们的身心健康。
This game is to improve children’s physical and mental health.
69、他承认了他在停车场做的事情。
He admitted what he had done in the parking lot.
70、在那种情况下，沉默会让你获得尊重。
In that case, silence gives you boundless respect.
V．Translate the following English sentences into Chinese（20%）71. Y ou are not talking to someone for fun, but with a genuine objective.
你聊天的目的不是为了玩，而是要结识真正的朋友。
72. There may be circumstances when you can benefit from professional advice.
有些情况下你可以得益于专家的建议。
73. If it feels good, the odds are it provides enough support.
如果鞋子舒适，它就能给你提供做够的支持。
74. People know him for his courage and his sense of humor.
他的勇气和幽默家喻户晓。
75. As the 20th century drew to a close, the American film industry went global.
二十世纪末期，美国电影全球化了。
VI. Writing (20%)
Directions:This part is to test your ability to do practical writing. You are required to write a composition about 100 words according to the following instructions given in Chinese. 1.在中国，自行车是最为流行的交通工具。
2.骑自行车有许多好处。
3.自行车的未来……
The Bicycle in China
The bicycle is the most popular means of transportation in China. China is a country “on bicycle wheels”。People ride them for various purposes such as going to and from school and work. Bicycles are very cheap and easy to buy in China.
There are many advantages to riding a bicycle. First，using a bicycle can greatly help reduce the air pollution in many big cities. Second，people can improve their health by riding a bicycle. The future of bicycle will be bright. In some European countries，city governments have arranged pedestrians to use “public bicycles”to travel round the city center free of charge.
主观卷答题纸
IV．Translate the following Chinese sentences
into English.（10%）
_______________________________________________________________ ___
Keys:
II. Vocabulary and Grammar (20%)
11—15 CBDBD 16—20 DBBDD 21—25 BCBAD 26—30 CBABC 31—35 CADCC 36—40 BADDC 41—45 DDABC 46—50 CCCAC III. Reading Comprehension (30%)
51—55 CBACB 56—60 CABDC 61—65 ACDAC
IV．Translate the following Chinese sentences into English.（20%）
66. I am unaware of their eating habits, party culture and tradition.
67. Peak hours for traffic are between 7 and 9 in the morning.
68. This game is to improve childr en’s physical and mental health.
69. He admitted what he had done in the parking lot.
70. In that case, silence gives you boundless respect.
V．Translate the following English sentences into Chinese（20%）
71. 你聊天的目的不是为了玩，而是要结识真正的朋友。
72. 有些情况下你可以得益于专家的建议。
73. 如果鞋子舒适，它就能给你提供做够的支持。
74. 他的勇气和幽默家喻户晓。
75. 二十世纪末期，美国电影全球化了。
VI. Writing (20%)
The Bicycle in China
The bicycle is the most popular means of transportation in China. China is a country “on bicycle wheels”。People ride them for various purposes such as going to and from school and work. Bicycles are very cheap and easy to buy in China.
There are many advantages to riding a bicycle. First，using a bicycle can greatly help reduce the air pollution in many big cities. Second，people can improve their health by riding a bicycle. The future of bicycle will be bright. In some European countries，city governments have arranged pedestrians to use “public bicycles”to travel round the city center free of charge.
Smart 词汇记忆组群1 indeed ad. 真正地；确实，实在 deed n. 行为，行动；功绩；契约 相关单词act vi. 行为，做；起作用 n. 行为 ag,act=to act(行动) agency n. 代理；代理处agent n. 代理人，代理商agony n. 极度痛苦 action n. 行动；作用 active a. 活跃的，积极的；在活动中的 activity n. 活动，活跃；行动actor n. 男演员 actress n. 女演员 actual a. 实际的，事实的actually ad. 实际上；竟然react vi. 起作用，反应；反对，起反作用；起化学反应reaction n. (to)反应；反作用 exact a. 确切的，精确的exactly ad. 确切地；恰恰正是，确实 interaction n. 相互作用，相互影响 inter=between,among interfere vi. 干涉，介入；阻碍，干扰 interference n. 干涉，介入；阻碍，干扰 interior a. 内部的；内地的，国内的 n. 内部；内地 intermediate a. 中间的；中级的 n. 中间体，媒介物 interpret vt. 解释，说明vi. 口译，翻译interpretation n. 解释，口译 interpreter n. 译员，口译者interview n./v. 接见，会见；面谈，面试 interval n. 间隔，间距；（幕间）休息 internal a. 内的，内部的；国内的，内政的相关单词 external a. 外部的，外面的 ex-=fully,out exterior a. 外部的，外面的 n. 外部 explain v. 解释，说明 example n. 例子；榜样，模 范 形近单词 sample vt. 抽样，取样 Smart词汇记忆组群2 block n.街区；木块；障碍物； vt.堵塞，拦阻 barrier n.屏障；障碍 bar=bar(横木) embarrass vt.使窘迫，使为 难 bar n.酒吧间，售酒的柜台；条， 杆；栅，栏； vt.阻止，阻拦 barrel n.桶，筒 与“容器”相关的单词 basin n.盆，洗脸盆；盆地 bucket n.水桶，桶 drum n.鼓状的桶；鼓 pail n.桶，提桶 tub n.桶，盆，浴盆 jar n.罐子，坛子，广口瓶 kettle n.水壶 pot n.壶，罐 can n.罐头，听头 tin n.锡；罐头 container n.容器，集装箱 tain,ten,tin=to hold,to keep(保持) content n.内容，目录；容量 content a.满意的，满足的； vt.使满意，是满足 continual a.不停的，频频的 continue vt.继续，延伸 continuous a.连续不断的， 持续的 contain vt.包含，容纳 attain v.(尤指经过努力)达 到，获得 entertain vt.招待；是欢乐 entertainment n.娱乐 fountain n.喷泉 maintain vt.维持，保持；赡 养，负担；维修，保养；坚持， 主张 maintenance n.维持，保持； 维修，保持 obtain vt.获得，得到 sustain vt.保持，使......持续 不息；供养，维持（生命等）； 支持 rentain vt.保持，保留 形近单词 remain vi.剩下；留待；依然 是 remains n.残余，剩余；遗迹 main a.主要的，总的 mainly ad.主要地，大体上 Smart词汇记忆组群3 bio=life(生命) biography n.传记 biology n.生物学；生态学 log=to speak(说话) catalog(ue) n.目录（册）； vt.将（书籍，资料等）编入目 录 dialog(ue) n.对话，对白 logical a.逻辑上的，符合逻辑 的 apology n.道歉，认错，谢罪 apologize vi.道歉，认错 psychological a.心理的，心 理学的 technology n.工艺，技术 techn(o)=art(技 艺),skill(技术) technical a.技术的，工艺的 technician n.技术员，技师 technique n.技术；技艺 相关单词 science n.科学，科学研究 sci=to know(知道) scientific a.科学（上）的 scientist n.（自然）科学家 unconscious a.不省人事的； 未意识到的 consciousness n.意识，觉 悟 conscience n.良心，道德心 conscious a.意识到的；有意 的；神智清醒的 相关单词 aware a.知道的，意识到的 recognize vt.认识，认出；承 认 recognition n.认出，识别； 承认 realize vt.认识到；实现 reality n.现实；真实（性）
Unit 6 This is my family. 词汇：family mum dad sister brother friend 句型：This is... 句子：1.This is my mum. Lesson 2 词汇：my your 缩写：What’s=What is my name’s=my name is 句子：①What’s your name？ My name’s Pop. Unit 7 Happy birthday? 词汇：bike car doll robot train van 缩写：it’s it’s=it is it isn’t it isn’t=it is not 词汇：a an 句子：①It’s a van. ②It isn’t a car. 短语：a train/van/robot/car An apple/insect/egg/umbrella Lesson 2 句型：Is it...? 句子：㈠Is it an apple？ Yes，it is./No,it isn’t. Unit 8 That’s my book. 词汇：book, pen, pencil ,pencil case, rubber, ruler, school bag 缩写：this is this isn’t this isn’t= this is not that is that isn’t that isn’t= that is not 句子：①肯——This is my book. 否——This isn’t my book. ②肯——That’s my book. 否——That’s isn’t my book. Lesson 2 句型：Is this...? Is that...? 句子：①Is this a pencil？ Yes，it is./No,it isn’t. ②Is that a school bag? Yes，it is./No,it isn’t. Unit 9 What’s this,Mum? 词汇:bone, hamburger, salad, sausage, tomato, pizza 缩写：What’s=What is 句型：What’s...?
目录 绪论： (1) 第一章：水静力学 (1) 第二章：液体运动的流束理论 (3) 第三章：液流形态及水头损失 (3) 第四章：有压管中的恒定流 (5) 第五章：明渠恒定均匀流 (5) 第六章：明渠恒定非均匀流 (6) 第七章：水跃 (7) 第八章：堰流及闸空出流 (8) 第九章：泄水建筑物下游的水流衔接与消能 (9) 第十一章：明渠非恒定流 (10) 第十二章：液体运动的流场理论 (10) 第十三章：边界层理论 (11) 第十四章：恒定平面势流 (11) 第十五章：渗流 (12) 第十六章：河渠挟沙水流理论基础 (12) 第十七章：高速水流 (12) 绪论： 1 水力学定义：水力学是研究液体处于平衡状态和机械运动状态下的力学规律，并探讨利用这些规律解决工程实际问题的一门学科。 2 理想液体：易流动的，绝对不可压缩，不能膨胀，没有粘滞性，也没有表面张力特性的连续介质。 3 粘滞性：当液体处在运动状态时，若液体质点之间存在着相对运动，则质点见要产生内摩擦力抵抗其相对运动，这种性质称为液体的粘滞性。可视为液体抗剪切变形的特性。（没有考虑粘滞性是理想液体和实际液体的最主要差别） 4 动力粘度：简称粘度，面积为1m2并相距1m的两层流体，以1m/s做相对运动所产生的内摩擦力。 5 连续介质：假设液体是一种连续充满其所占空间毫无空隙的连续体。 6 研究水力学的三种基本方法：理论分析，科学实验，数值计算。 第一章：水静力学 要点：（1）静水压强、压强的量测及表示方法；（2）等压面的应用；（3）压力体及曲面上静水总压力的计算方法。
7 静水压强的两个特性：1）静水压强的方向与受压面垂直并指向受压面2）任一点静水压强的大小和受压面方向无关，或者说作用于同一点上各方向的静水压强大小相等。 8 等压面：1）在平衡液体中等压面即是等势面2）等压面与质量力正交3）等压面不能相交4）绝对静止等压面是水平面5）两种互不相混的静止液体的分界面必为等压面6）不同液体的交界面也是等压面 9 静水压强的计算公式：p=p0+ 10 绕中心轴作等角速度旋转的液体： 11 绝对压强：以设想没有大气存在的绝对真空状态作为零点计量的压强，称为绝对压强。 12 相对压强： 13 真空度：是指该点绝对压强小于当地大气压强的数值， 14 压强的测量：测压管，U型水银测压计, 差压计 15 静止液体内各点，测压管水头等于常数， 16 作用在矩形上的静水总压力：（画图是考点）1）按一定比例，用线段长度代表改点静水压强的大小2）用箭头表示静水压强的方向，并与作用面垂直P37 17 静水总压力的计算：(为平面形心在点C液面下的淹没深度) （） 18 矩形，绕形心轴的面积惯矩：。圆形平面绕圆心轴线的面积惯矩 19作用在曲面上的静水总压力：，，, tan 20 沉体：如果质量力大于上浮力，物体就会下沉，直到沉到底部才停止下来，这样的物体称为沉体。 浮体：如果质量力小于上浮力，物体就会上浮，一直要浮出水面，且使物体所排开的液体的重量和自重刚好相等后，才能保持平衡状态，这样的物体我们称为浮体。（定倾中心要高于重心） 潜体：质量力等于上浮力，物体可以潜没于水中任何位置而保持平衡，这样的物体称为潜体。（重心位于浮心之下） 21 平衡的稳定性：是指已处于平衡状态的潜体，如果因为某种外来干扰使之脱离平衡位置时，潜体自身恢复平衡的能力。
基础词汇 rabbit [] n. 兔子；兔皮，兔肉 vi. 猎兔 vt. 该死，让…见鬼去吧 【例句】They will go rabbiting tomorrow. 他们明天去打兔子。 n. 收音机；无线电报，无线电话 v. 无线电通讯 n. 破布，碎布；（低劣的）报纸 【例句】Her remarks were like a red rag to a bull: he was furious with her. 她的话惹得他对她暴跳如雷。 【词组】in rags 穿着破衣，衣衫褴褛 n. 栏杆，扶手；( pl. )铁路，铁轨 vi. 责骂，抱怨 【例句】She did not rail at her husband. 她没有责备丈夫。 【词组】by rail 由铁路，乘火车 on the rails 正常进行；在正常轨道上
railroad（同railway） n. 铁路 v. 由铁道运输；在…铺设铁路；强迫 【例句】Railroad trains and buses are public conveyances. 火车和公共汽车是公共交通工具。 n. 铁道，铁路 n. 雨 v. 下雨；如雨般落下 n. 虹；五彩缤纷的排列；幻想 adj. 五彩缤纷的；彩虹状的 v. 使呈彩虹状；如彩虹般装饰 【例句】The rainbow arches the heavens. 彩虹横跨在天际。 n. 雨衣 adj. 下雨的；多雨的 v. 举起，提升；抚养，饲养；建立，树立；提出，发出；筹集，募集【例句】He raised his arms above his head. 他把手臂举过头顶。
新概念英语青少版入门级A Listening 听力部分30’ 一、听录音，写单词，并写出单词的中文含义(20’)。 二、听录音，选出你所听到的单词。（10’） 1. ( ) A. skirt B. shirt C. sock D. sweater 2. ( ) A. rabbit B. tortoise C. rubber D. parrot 3. ( ) A. twelve B. twenty C. eleven D. seven 4. ( ) A. a duck B. two ducks C. three ducks D. four ducks 5. ( ) A. evening B. morning C. lunch D. breakfast 6. ( ) A. chair B. shelf C. bed D. wall 7. ( ) A. next to B. bedroom C. bathroom D. between 8. ( ) A. dancer B. nurse C. man D.woman 9. ( ) A. aunt B. uncle C. cousin D. sister 10. ( ) A. this B. that C. those D. the
Writing 笔试部分70’ 三．用“a”或“an”填空（10’） 1. apple 2. book 3. rabbit 4.umbrella 5. mouse 6. __ ice cream 7. ___ little monkey 8. __ big egg 9. __ red apple 10．＿banana 四、圈出不同(10’) 1. red blue pink banana 2. frog mouse butterfly big 3. shirt anorak short cap 4. seven eight sister eleven 5. father mother uncle driver 五、请写出缩写（10’） I am___ he is___ you are ___ is not___ are not___ it is___ they are____ she is____ that is ____ 六、选择正确的答案（10’） ( )1.--What’s this? A. That’s a book. B. Yes, it is. C. It’s a bus. ( )2.--What colour is it? A. It’s yellow. B. It’s a dog. C. Thank you. ( )3.-- is your name? --I’m Ann. A.What B. Who C. Where
第一章绪论 第一节思考题 1-1 重力加速度的大小与哪些因素有关？在水力学中是怎样考虑重力加速度的大小？ 1-2 液体的容重和密度在什么情况下可视为常数？ 1-3 影响液体γ与ρ变化的因素有哪些？水的γ和ρ与这些因素的变化关系如何？ 1-4 固体间的摩擦力与液层之间的内摩擦力有何不同之处？ 1-5 静止液体是否存在粘滞性？为什么？ 1-6 举例说明液层上切应力方向的确定方法。 1-7 假设明渠水流的垂线流速分布为：①常数；②底部速度u=0，表面u=u max的斜直线； ③二次抛物线。则其切应力τ的垂线分布规律各是怎样的（作图说明）？ 1-8 液体压缩时，其质量和密度各有无变化？影响β（或K）变化的因素有哪些？ 1-9 引入连续介质假设有何实际意义？ 1-10 何谓理想液体？理想液体流动的垂线流速与切应力分布规律如何？在自然界中存在理想液体吗？ 第二节计算题 1-1 体积为2.5m3，重量为17.1kN的液体，其容量、密度各为若干？ 1-2 某液体的密度为13600kg/ m3，运动粘滞系数为1.14×10-7㎡/s，求动力粘滞系数。 1-3 已知水的动力粘滞系数μ=0.00129Pa·s，求其运动粘滞系数。 1-4 两水平平行板间充满y=7.84kN/ m3的液体，上板固定，下板在τ=1.5N/㎡的切应力作用下，以u=0.3m/s的速度平移，两板间距l=1mm，求液体的粘滞系数μ和υ。 1-5 一质量m=5kg的木板如计1-5图，沿着涂有润滑油的斜面等速下滑，油的动力粘滞系数μ=0.1225N·s/㎡，油层厚t=0.1cm，木板的接触面积A=0.25㎡，求木板的下滑速度u。 1-6 某滑动轴承如计1-6图，轴承宽a=20cm,轴的直径d=13cm，间隙t=0.1cm，当轴的转速n=210rpm时，内摩擦力对轴中心的力矩M=0.4N·m，求μ。
动物：cat 猫 dog 狗 fish 鱼insect昆虫 monkey 猴子 panda 熊猫 zebra 斑马 pig 猪frog 青蛙 mouse 老鼠 parrot 鹦鹉 rabbit 兔子 tortoise 乌龟 食物：apple 苹果 egg鸡蛋hamburger 汉堡包 salad 沙拉 sausage香肠tomato西红柿 pizza比萨jelly果冻 颜色： green绿色 red 红色 blue 蓝色yellow黄色 orange 橙色 身体部位： leg 腿 mouth 嘴 nose 鼻子 玩具：Ball 球 kite 风筝 violin 小提琴xylophone 木琴doll 木偶 robot 机器人 车：bike 自行车 car 小汽车train 火车 van 货车；面包车 家人亲戚：family 家人 mum 妈妈 dad 爸爸 sister 妹妹 brother 弟弟friend 朋友 文具：book 书 pen 钢笔 pencil铅笔 pencil case 笔袋 rubber 橡皮 ruler 尺子 school bag书包 职业：dancer 跳舞者，舞蹈专家 doctor医生 nurse 护士 policeman男警察policewoman 女警察 postman 邮递员 teacher 老师 数字：one two three four five six seven eight nine ten 形容个人体态：tall 高的short 矮的big大的 little 小的fat 胖的thin瘦的 衣物： anorak 带帽子的夹克衫 cap 鸭舌帽 T-shirt T恤Shirt 衬衣sweater毛衣hat有檐帽 方位介词：behind 在…后面 in 在…里面 in front of 在…前面 on 在…上面under 在…下面 其他词汇： girl女孩 boy 男孩 sun 太阳 table 饭桌 umbrella 雨伞 king 国王 queen王后zoo 动物园 window 窗户 bone 骨头 句子： at my yellow leg! 看我黄色的腿！ is my brother and sister. 这是我的哥哥和姐姐。（用于介绍某人） ’s a robot. 这是一个机器人。 it an apple？ Yes，it is./No，it isn’t.它是一个苹果吗？是的，它是。/不，它不是。 isn’t my schoolbag. 这不是我的书包。 this a schoolbag? Yes,it is. /No,it isn't. 这是一个书包吗？是的，它是。/不，它不是。 ’s this？It’s a hamburger. 这是什么？这是一个汉堡。 What’s that？It’s a salad. 那是什么？那是一盘沙拉。 What is it？It’s an egg. 它是什么？它是一个鸡蛋。 8.How old are you？I’m eleven. 你多大了？我十一岁了。 9.Are you seven？Yes，I am. /No，I’m not.你七岁了吗？是的，我是。/不，我不是。 10.You aren’t five. 你不是五岁。 11.He’s tall.他很高。She isn’t fat. 她不胖。 12.Is she tall？Yes,she is./No，she isn’t.她高吗？是的，她高。/不，她
水力学辅导资料七 主题：第五章有压管道恒定流1-3节 学习时间：2013年11月11日－11月17日 内容： 我们这周主要学习水力学的第五章的1-3节。希望通过下面的内容能使同学们加深对短管和长管的水力计算等相关知识的理解。 一、学习要求 1. 掌握短管的水力计算； 2. 掌握短管的水力计算实例； 3. 掌握长管的水力计算。 二、主要内容 重要知识点： 短管和长管的水力计算。 第五章有压管道恒定流 水流充满整个管道横断面，且管道中的动水压强大于或小于大气压强的管道中的流动称为有压管流。作用水头不随时间变化的有压管流称有压管道恒定流。 出流在大气中的有压管流称为有压管道自由出流。（熟记两个出流） 出流在水面下的有压管流称为有压管道淹没出流。 在水力计算中常将管道分为短管和长管。短管是指管道中的流速水头、局部水头损失和沿程水头损失具有同样的量级，在水力计算中均需计入的管路。长管
是指管道中的流速水头与局部水头损失之和远小于沿程水头损失，在水力计算中忽略流速水头和局部水头损失，只计沿程水头损失或者将流速水头与局部水头损失之和折算成沿程水头损失的百分数，然后加在沿程水头损失上的管路。 第一节 短管的水力计算 （一）自由出流 f Q μ=式中f μ为管道自由出流时的流量系数。 f =μ （二）淹没出流 s Q μ= 式中s μ为管道淹没出流时的流量系数。 s =μ 第二节 短管的水力计算实例 （一）短管水力计算的类型（下列常见类型应着重练习） 1. 已知作用水头H 或上下游水位差z ，管道布置及管道材料，求流量Q 。 由于流量未知，流速就未知，从而雷诺数未知，最终导致沿程水头损失系数λ未知。因此解此类问题需采用试算逐次逼近法。即根据经验假设1λ，然后去计算流量1Q ，用此1Q 计算流速υ和雷诺数Re ，从莫迪图中查得沿程水头损失系数2λ。如果2λ和1λ相差无几，就认为假设的1λ和计算出的流量1Q 是正确的。否则需用2λ重复上面的计算，直到两次的λ值之差小于5~10%为止。 2. 已知流量Q ，作用水头H 或上下游水位差z ，管道布置及管道材料，求管径d 。 由于管径未知，流速和雷诺数就未知，从而沿程水头损失系数λ就无法求得。
1、prosecute [ 'prosikjuit] vt.对…提起公诉，告发，检举;继续从事w.起诉， 【记】词根记忆： pro(向前、大量的)+secut(跟随)+e：大量跟随：该被检举了!向前跟随：继续从事 2、transition [traen'zijan] n.过渡，转变 区分transit 运输 区分transient 转瞬即逝的 3、casualty [ 'kaesuslti] n.伤亡人员，受害人 【记】来自casual (a办偶然的)：偶然遇害了 4、permeate [丨psimieit] v.弥漫，遍布，散布;渗入，渗透 【记】词根记忆：per(贯穿)+meat+e 空气中贯穿着肉味：弥漫! 5、pendulum [ 'pendjubm] n.摆，钟摆;摇摆不定的事态(或局面) 【记】词根记忆：pend(悬挂)+ulum ->o摇摆 6、refund [ 'rilfAnd] n.退款[rii'fAnd] vt.退还(钱款) 【记】词根记忆：re(向后)+fund(资金)-o退回资金-退款 7、linger [ Woga] w.(因不愿离开而)留恋徘徊;慢消失 【记】联想记忆：歌手(singer)留恋(linger)曾经的舞台 【短语】linger on继续存留 8、converge [k3niv3:d3] w.(在一点上)会合，互相靠拢;聚集，集中;(思想、观点等)十分 相似，相同 【记】词根记忆：con(共同)+verge(转)-转到一起-聚集 【记】联想记忆：in+cent(分，分币)+ive -用钱(分币)刺激-刺激，鼓励 9、associate [saujieit] no伙伴，同事v.(在思想上)把…联系在一起;使联
2018年6月大学英语四级词汇讲解：表示目的 To make maters worse for the government, it soon emerged that the Princess’strip had been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British gov ernment’s policyregarding landmines. 英语四级译文: 随后证明，公主的旅行得到了外交部的批准，而且她确实熟悉安哥拉的情，也了解英国当局对于地雷的政策，这使政府的处境更加艰难。 四级词汇讲解: 本句的主干是it emerged that...and that…其中，两个that引导的从句都是形式主语it所代替的真正主语。the situation in Angola and the British govemment’s policy reg arding landmines为be well-informed about的宾语。 emerge在本句中意为”(事实)显现出来”。如: It has emerged that he is the one who stole the money.现在终于发现，是他偷了那笔钱。 the Foreign Office在本句中指”英国的外交部”。Angola指”安哥拉”，是一个位于非洲西南部的国家。landmine意为”地雷”。 英语四级考点归纳: 动词不定式作状语时，一般表示目的。如:
大工15春《水力学》开卷考试期末复习题 （一）选择题 1、实验室内采用内径为4mm 的测压管测得某一点的压力水柱高为240mm ，则实际的压强水柱高度为（ ）。 A ．240mm B ．233mm C ．245mm D ．261mm 答案：B 解析：取水与玻璃的接触角 w θ=，所 c o s 1w θ= ，由公式计算毛细管的升高： 440.073 0.00745m 7mm 98000.004h d σγ?= ==≈? 所以实际的压强水柱高度为240-7=233mm 。 2、液体中某点的绝对压强为1292kN/m ，则该点的相对压强为（ ）。 A ．202kN/m B ．272kN/m C ．312kN/m D ．352kN/m 答案：C 解析：相对压强：以当地的大气压强 a p 作为零压强表示液体中某点的压强，记为p ，它与绝对压强和大气压强的关系为： - 因此，该点的相对压强=1292kN/m -982kN/m =312kN/m 3、实压力体与液体在曲面的（ ）侧，压力体内（ ）液体。 A ．同，实有 B ．同，无 C ．异，实有 D ．异，无 答案：A 4、能量方程中，水头p 的物理意义是（ ）。 A ．单位重量液体的压能 B ．单位重量液体的势能 C ．单位体积液体的压能 D ．单位体积液体的势能
答案：A 5、对于不可压缩液体恒定总流，断面平均流速与过水断面积（）。 A．成反比B．成正比 C．之和为常数D．之差为常数 答案：A 6、有关恒定总流能量方程的应用条件，下列说法正确的是（）。 A．要求液体可压缩B．过水断面在均匀流或渐变流的区段上C．所有受力只有重力D．非恒定流 答案：B 解析知识点：恒定总流能量方程的应用条件：（1）恒定流；（2）不可压缩液体；（3）质量力只有重力；（4）过水断面在均匀流或渐变流的区段上。 7、渐变流过水断面上的静水压强（）分布，动水压强（）规律分布。 A．按直线，也按直线B．按直线，按曲线 C．按曲线，也按曲线D．按曲线，按直线 答案：A 8、当流动的雷诺数小于下临界雷诺数时液体流态为( )。 A．急流B．层流 C．紊流D．缓流 答案：B 9、圆管层流中，管中心处的切应力( )。 A．等于零B．最大
大学英语四级词汇一笑而过 前缀 附录图片一 附录图片二 词汇导学（一） 前缀表方向 suspect [s?'spekt] n. 嫌疑犯v. 怀疑；猜想 su = 下 subway n. 地铁 spect= 看 ins=向里
inspect [in'spekt] vt. 检查；视察 inspector[?n'spekt?] n. 检查员 inspection [?n'spek?n] n. 视察，检查 ex=向外 expect [?k'spekt; ek-] vt. 期望；指望vi. 期待；预期 exit ['eks?t; 'egz?t] n. 出口 aspect ['?spekt] n. 方面 respect [r?'spekt] vt. 尊敬，尊重 respective [r?'spekt?v] adj. 分别的，各自的 circum=圆形 circumspect ['s??k?mspekt] adj. 细心的，周到的；慎重的 circumstance ['s??k?mst(?)ns] n. 环境，情况 pro=往前 prospect ['pr?spekt] n. 前途；预期 progress ['pr??gres] n. 进步，发展；前进 prospective [pr?'spekt?v] adj. 未来的；预期的 后缀表词性 spectator [spek'te?t?] n. 观众；旁观者 audience['??d??ns] n. 观众；听众；读者 speculate['spekj?le?t] vt. 推断vi. 推测；投机 词汇导学（二） spectacular [spek't?kj?l?] adj. 壮观的，惊人的 spectrum ['spektr?m] n. 光谱；频谱；范围 forum ['f??r?m] n. 论坛 spectacle ['spekt?k(?)l] n. 精彩的表演；奇特的现象 spectacles ['sp?kt?klz] n. [轻] 眼镜（spectacle的复数）；大场面 contact lens隐形眼镜 contact ['k?nt?kt] n. 接触，联系vt. 使接触vi. 联系，接触 lens [lenz] n. [摄] 镜头；透镜
Unit 6 This is my family. 词汇：family mum dad sister brother friend 句型：This is... 句子：1.This is my mum. Lesson 2 词汇：my your 缩写：What's=What is my name's=my name is 句子：①What's your name？ My name's Pop. Unit 7 Happy birthday? 词汇：bike car doll robot train van 缩写：it's it's=it is it isn't it isn't=it is not 词汇：a an 句子：①It's a van. ②It isn't a car. 短语：a train/van/robot/car An apple/insect/egg/umbrella Lesson 2 句型：Is it...? 句子：㈠Is it an apple？ Yes，it is./No,it isn't.
Unit 8 That's my book. 词汇：book, pen, pencil ,pencil case, rubber, ruler, school bag 缩写：this is this isn't this isn't= this is not that is that isn't that isn't= that is not 句子：①肯——This is my book. 否——This isn't my book. ②肯——That's my book. 否——That's isn't my book. Lesson 2 句型：Is this...? Is that...? 句子：①Is this a pencil？ Yes，it is./No,it isn't. ②Is that a school bag? Yes，it is./No,it isn't. Unit 9 What's this,Mum? 词汇:bone, hamburger, salad, sausage, tomato, pizza 缩写：What's=What is 句型：What's...? 句子：What's this？It's a hamburger. What's that? It's a bone. Lesson 2
12.5 浅水立波 在海洋、水库等广阔水面上所发生的波浪，波高常达数米甚至更大，波陡L H /一般约为1/10~1/30。因此水质点波动的振幅是有限值，这种波浪称有限振幅波。 当波浪向前传播遇到各种类型的建筑物时，将受到这些建筑物的反作用，并发生反射、破碎、绕流等复杂现象而改变原来波浪的运动性质。当水深大于临界水深，行进的波浪遇到直墙式建筑物时将发生反射现象。波浪的反射和一般横波的反射原理相同。反射波以与原始推进波和建筑物的交角相等的反射角从建筑物的直墙面上反射出来。在建筑物前反射波系与原始推进波系叠加而成的波系称为干涉波。波浪与较陡的斜墙相遇或波浪越过直墙顶时墙前也要产生局部反射现象。如果推进波属于二向自由规则波，波浪行进的方向又和建筑物直墙面相垂直，则原始推进波系和反射波系叠加形成完整的立波，见图12.5.1所示。因此，立波是干涉波的一种特殊典型情况，但又是设计计算时必须加以考虑的重要情况之一。 本节将介绍有限振幅立波的基本运动规律和作用在直墙上的波压力。 图12.5.1 原始推进波和反射波叠加形成立波 两个具有完全相同的波高、波长和波周期的原始有限振幅推进波与其在直墙前产生的反射波互相叠加形成了立波。叠加后立波的最大振幅为原始推进波的二倍，而波长和波周期则不变。在直墙面上和离直墙2 L n （n 为正整数）处，波面反复升降交替出现波峰和波谷，这些点称为波腹；在离直墙4 2L L n 处，波面几乎没有升降，只是波面的倾斜度发生周期性的
变化，这些点称为波节。立波的波形不再向前移动，而是在波节之间的波面呈周期性的上下升降运动，所以称为立波或驻波。 立波的水质点运动轨迹不再是封闭曲线而是一段抛物线，抛物线的主轴铅直向下，线形弯曲向上，每个水质点只在抛物线的一段距离上往复摆动。 图12.5.2 浅水立波水质点的运动轨迹，为一抛物线 立波水质点的运动情况如图12.5.2所示。设墙前波面通过静水面时某水质点位于O 点，当墙前波面上升出现最大波峰时，该水质点上升至最高位置O '点；当墙前波面下降出现最大波谷时，该水质点下降至最低位置O ''点。图12.5.3表示在一个波动周期内水质点的速度dt du u 加速度 ,及波面波动之间的关系。由图可知，当波面通过静水面，水质点在平衡位置O 点时，其速度最大，加速度为零；当墙前出现最大波峰和波谷，水质点相应在最高或最低位置时，其速度为零而加速度达最大值。 图12.5.3 一个波动周期内水质点的速度dt du u 加速度,及波面波动之间的关系 和有限振幅推进波相对应，有限振幅立波也可分为深水立波和浅水立波两种。由深水推进波形成的立波称为深水立波；由浅水推进波形成的立波称为浅水立波。本节只介绍《海港水文规范》里所涉及的直墙式建筑物如防波堤前形成的浅水立波，着重介绍其波压强的分布
NAME_______ SCORE________ 少儿新概念英语STARTER A 阶段测试【UNIT1--UNIT5】 A.口试部分（满分10分） SCORE________ CONTENTS__________________ B.笔试部分（满分90分） SCORE________ 1、请按正确的格式和正确的顺序书写A —Z 这26个字母的大小写。（1×26=26） 2、将下列单词分类。(1×10=10) 3、写出【I 】、【J 】【R 】【U 】【X 】【Y 】对应的字母词。（1×6=6） 4、根据图片写出对应单词。（1×5=5） 【 】【 】【 】【 】【 】 5、根据上下文意思，补全对话。（1×7=7） (1) Robert :_______,Flora! Flora: Hello, Robert! Robert:Hi, Kim! (2) Robert: Oh!An insect! ! Flora:Help! (3) Peg ： ！An orange! Pop: Look _______ Peg! Max: _____ !Peg!
Flora: ,Dan! dog! 6、英译汉。（1×4+2×2=8） (1)Oops! __________________________________________________________________________________________ (2)Hurray! __________________________________________________________________________________________ (3)Happy birthday! __________________________________________________________________________________________ (4)Bad dog! __________________________________________________________________________________________ (5)Please! Stop my dog! __________________________________________________________________________________________ (6)Look! The zoo! __________________________________________________________________________________________ 7、圈出图片对应英文的正确书写，并连线。（2×4=8） 8、汉译英。（2×10=20） (1)哇哦！一个橙蓝相间的风筝！ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ (2)果冻！可口的！ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ (3)没有猫，没有鱼！ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ (4)一把黄绿相间的伞！ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ (5)谢谢你，妈妈！ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ (6)看你的红鼻子！ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ (7)帮忙呀！帮忙呀！ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ (8)你好，Dan！好狗！ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ (9)我的帽子！我的风筝！ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
大连理工大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试大纲 科目代码：830 科目名称：水力学 试题分为客观题型和主观题型，其中客观题型（填空题、绘图题）占20%，主观题型（简答题、计算题）占80%，具体复习大纲如下： 一、液体的主要物理性质及作用力 1、量纲和单位. 2、液体的主要物理性质：惯性、万有引力特性、粘性、压缩性和表面张力特性. 3、连续介质与理想液体的概念. 4、作用在液体上的力：表面力、质量力. 二、水静力学 1、静水压强的概念及特性. 2、液体的平衡微分方程及其积分，等压面概念. 3、重力作用下静水压强的分布规律，静水压强图示. 4、压强的测量原理. 5、作用在平面上的静水总压力的计算. 6、作用在曲面上的静水总压力的计算. 7、浮体的平衡与稳定（浮体内没有自由表面的液体情况）. 三、液体一元运动的基本理论 1、液体运动的若干基本概念：流线与迹线，过水断面，流量与断面平均流速，均匀流与非均匀流，渐变流与急变流. 2、描述液体运动的两种方法. 3、用控制体概念分析液体运动的基本方程式. 4、连续方程式的应用. 5、实际液体恒定总流的能量方程式的应用. 6、恒定总流的动量方程式的应用. 四、相似原理与量纲分析 1、流动相似. 2、相似准则：弗劳德相似准则、雷诺相似准则. 3、模型试验. 4、量纲分析. 五、液体的流动形态及水头损失 1、水头损失产生的原因及分类. 2、均匀流中的沿程水头损失计算公式. 3、液体流动的两种型态及判别. 4、圆管层流沿程水头损失的计算. 5、紊流的特征. 6、紊流中的流速分布及沿程水头损失系数. 7、沿程水头损失系数的变化规律和计算.
8、计算沿程水头损失的谢才公式. 9、局部水头损失的计算. 六、有压管流 1、短管的水力计算. 2、长管的水力计算：串联管路、并联管路、分叉管路、沿程均匀泄流管路. 七、明渠恒定流 1、明渠均匀流的特点、计算公式，渠道设计中的典型问题. 2、明渠恒定流的流动形态及其判别方法. 3、水跃与水跌的水流现象. 4、明渠渐变流的基本微分方程. 5、棱柱形渠道中渐变流水面曲线定性分析. 八、堰流及闸孔出流 1、堰流的水力计算. 2、闸孔出流的水力计算. 九、液体运动的三元分析 1、液体微团运动的基本形式. 2、无涡流的概念. 3、液体三元运动的连续方程式. 4、理想液体运动的微分方程式. 5、恒定平面势流：流速势函数和流函数的性质、存在条件及求法. 参考书目：《水力学》，刘亚坤编著，中国水利水电出版社，2008年版