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American Literature

American Literature
American Literature

American Literature

Part I. The Literature of Colonial America

Two groups of settlers:1. Puritans for religious freedom (Great Britain)2. The other for wealth (European countries): Indeed the new world provides them lots of opportunities to make their dreams come true.

★American Dream

?The American Dream is the belief that anyone, no matter what their background, can move up the social ladder to wealth and success if they work hard enough and show sufficient grit and persistence.

?American Dream becomes the permanent theme/subject in American literature.

?Works: The Great Gatsby, Sister Carrie, The Death of a salesman

?Early in the 17th C., the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of American national history.

★2. Literature of the early period

?The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of settlements.

?They wrote about: 1. their voyage to the new land, 2. adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops, 3. dealing with Indians.

★The first American writer

?Captain John Smith---first American writer, published 8 works in all.

?His reports of exploration have been described as the first distinctly American literature to be written in English.

Contributions: 1. his description of America was filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, characters and events that were a foundation for the nation’s literature.

2.His vision helped lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans to flee the Old world and create a New land. Early New English Literature

William Bradford-----First governor of Plymouth(普利茅斯) , The History of Plymouth Plantation, the book is a sort of journal, a masterful account of the separatist(分离主义者) colony. Its simplicity and earnestness, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving.

★John Winthrop-----First governor of Boston, The History of New England, is notable for its candidsimplicity and honesty.

Puritan writers: Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor(two Poets)

√Anne Bradstreet

The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America--《美国新崛起的第十位缪斯女神》Contemplations《沉思录》-33stanzas

Her work serves as a document of the struggles of a Puritan wife against the hardships of New English colonial life, and in some way is a testament to plight of the women of the age.

√Edward Taylor

?Regarded as the best of the Puritan poets.

?Religious themes.

?Based directly on the Psalms(圣诗).

Puritans

1. A member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries advocated strict

religious discipline along with simplification of the ceremonies and creeds of the Church of England.

2. They came to New World for the sake of religious freedom. As the word itself hints, they wanted to make Pure their religious beliefs and practices.

3. The 17th century American Puritans included two parts: Separatists and Massachusetts Bay Group 1)Separatists wished to break free from the Church of England.

2)Massachusetts Bay Group wished to reform the church but remain a part of it.

★4. Puritan values (enduring influence)---stressed hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety(节制)

★5. They regarded themselves as chosen people of God. They embraced hardships, industry and frugality(节俭). They favored a disciplined, hard, somber, ascetic(禁欲的)and harsh life. They opposed arts and pleasure. They suspect joy and lau ghter as symptoms of sin. (Can‘t smile in the church)

★Puritanism(名词解释)

1. A religious and political movement. Through it, one sees emerging the right of the individual to political and religious independence.

2. Their religious doctrines: original sin, total depravity(堕落), predestination(预定论)limited atonement(赎罪).

3. Their attitudes toward entertainment: joy and laughter are symptoms of sin.

4. Their attitudes toward work: work itself is a good in addition to what it achieves, that time saved by efficiency or good fortune should be spent in doing further work.

Puritanism’s influence on American literature

Purpose: pragmatic务实的,实用主义的

Contents: practical matter-of-fact accounts of life in the new world; highly theoretical discussions of religious questions.

Form: diary, autobiography, sermon(布道) , letter.

Style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical(华丽的)decoration, adoption of homely imagery, simplicity of diction.

Exercises

1. Early in the 17th C., the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of American national history.

2. The first writings that we call American were the narratives and Journals of settlements.

3. Edward Taylor is regarded as the best of the Puritan poets.

4. Th e term ―Puritan‖ was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members of the Church of England.

5. hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety, these were the Puritan values that dominated much of the early American writing

6. The Puritan philosophy known as Puritanism was important in New England during colonial time, and had a profound influence on the early American mind for several generations.

Part II. The Literature of Reason and Revolution (18th C)

Revolution: 1) Industrial Revolution

2)The American Revolutionary War (the American War of Independence )

Reason-----American Enlightenment

Writers: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, Philip Freneau

★Features of Literature

?Spiritual life of the colonies—Enlightenment.

? A movement supported by all progressive forces of the country which opposed themselves to the old colonial order and religious obscurantism (蒙昧主义) .

?The enlighteners‘ task: spreading kno wledge and advocating revolutionary ideas.

?American Enlightenment dealt a decisive blow upon the puritan traditions and brought to life secular education and literature.

√Summary:

American Enlightenment

1.Philosophical and intellectual movement.

2.Advocated reason(理性) or rationality, the scientific method, equality and human beings' ability to perfect themselves and their society.

3. Agreed on faith in human rationality and existence of discoverable and universally valid principles governing human beings, nature and society.

4. Opposed intolerance, restraint, spiritual authority and revealed religion

★Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

-----The epitome (集中体现) of the American Enlightenment ? 1. The only good writer of the colonial period.

? 2. Printer, enlightener, inventor, scientist, statesman, diplomat

? 3. Aided Jefferson in writing The Declaration of Independence.

? 4. Sought help from France in American Independent War.

?Main Works:

√Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德年鉴》/《格言历书》

A collection of proverbs

★Autobiography《自传》---With it he set the form for autobiography as a genre.

★Style: he developed an utilitarian(实利主义的) and didactic style.

His style is characterized by simplicity, frankness, wit, clarity, logic and order. Autobiography:★Significance: It presents a prototype(原型) of American success which inspired generations of Americans. It is an embodiment of Puritanism and enlightening spirit. Why Franklin is admired and read widely?

1. He is a typical American, model of the self-made man, a cultural hero whose life exemplified the American dream of the poor boy who made good.

2. He stressed the importance of working hard to make money, happiness depending in the first place on economic success and optimistically believed that every American could do so.

3. He was convinced that no man could be virtuou or happy unless he did his best to improve the life of his society and his own life.

Why say Franklin is the representative of American Enlightenment?

1. He believed in reason or rationality, the scientific method, e quality and human beings‘ ability to perfect themselves and their society.

2. He opposed intolerance, restraint, spiritual authority and revealed religion.

3. He favored the education. Self-education, educating and spreading knowledge among people by his newspaper and Autobiography, establishing learning club, college and library.

4. He favored freedom of thoughts. He set up the ideas of democracy in the USA.

★Thomas Paine托马斯佩恩(1737-1809)

-----Founding Father of USA

Main works:Common Sense---《常识》-----Evaluation: ―The most brilliant pamphlet written in American Revolution, and one of the most brilliant pamphlets ever written in the English language.‖

The American Crisis:These are the times that try men's souls.

√Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰斐逊(1743-1826 )

?Enlightener, planter, aristocrat, lawyer, a symbol of American democracy.

?Man of many talents: scientist, inventor, musician, linguist, architect, diplomat and writer. Thoughts: Politically, he is considered the father of the democratic spirit in his country.

Style: dignity, flexibility, clarity, command of generalization

★Philip Freneau(佛瑞诺)(1752-1832)

?Entitled ―father of American Poetry‖

?as leader of 18th century naturalism

??Poet of the American Revolution‘

?The first American-born poet. His poems presented Romantic spirits but his form was mainly influenced by Classicism.

?He wrote lots of poems supporting American Revolution and human liberty.

?His poems are truly American and very patriotic.

Main Works:★The Wild Honey Suckle《野生的金银花》(1786)

What’s the poet’s tone in the poem, optimistic or pessimistic?

Comment on “The Wild Honey Suckle”

?It is a deistic(自然神论的)celebration of nature, romantic use of simple nature imagery,

inspired by themes of death and transience. Much of the beauty of the poem lies in the sounds of the words and the effects created through changes in rhythm (ab ab cc).

?Flower vs Human Being, Duration vs Life

?Show us how to live an useful life.

?In a revolution, one should not do nothing for his country for fear of being hurt, harmed

and destroyed.

?Others: The poem is about life. The first stanza describes a baby in the womb.

Untouched, unseen, and protected.

?The second talks about childhood, being protected in shade and from vulgarity.

?The third is about aging to the prime of life ―nor were those flowers more gay, The

flowers that did in Eden bloom.‖Freneau includes foreshadowing of the impending decay.

?The flower dies in the fourth stanza and leaves no trace. It‘s almost as if it was never there.

Although the honeysuckle has gone through these changes, its life was short.

Basically, Freneau tells us that our lives are also frail and short and are all equal in death.

Freneau as leader of 18th century naturalism

? 1. Fresh interest in nature.

? 2. The belief that nature is a revelation of God.

? 3. Humanitarian sympathy for the humble and oppressed.

? 4. The faith that people are naturally good.

? 5. That they lived idyllic and benevolent, lives in a

primitive past before the coming of civilization.

? 6. The radical doctrine that the golden age(全盛时期)will dawn again when social

institutions are modified, since they are responsible for existing evil.

?Multiple Choice

? 1. In American literature, the eighteen century was the age of the Enlightenment.

_______________was the dominant spirit.

A. Humanism

B. Rationalism

C. Revolution

D. Evolution

? 2. "God help them that help themselves" is found in work.

A. Paine

B. Franklin

C. Freneau

D. Jefferson

? 3. Which statement about Franklin is not true?

A. He instructed his countrymen as a printer.

B. He was a scientist.

C. He was a master of diplomacy.

D. He was a Puritan.

? 4. Which of the following stirred the world and helped form the American Republic?

A. The American Crisis.

B. The Federalist.

C. Declaration of Independence.

D. The Age of Reason.

? 5. Which is not connected with Thomas Paine?

A. Common Sense.

B. The American Crisis.

C. The Rights of Man.

D. The Autobiography.

? 6. "These are the times that try men's souls", these words were once read to Washington's

troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Who is the author of these words?

A. Benjamin Franklin.

B. Thomas Paine.

C. Thomas Jefferson.

D. George Washington.

?7. Which work is written by Freneau?

A. The Rights of Man.

B. The Wild Honey Suckle.

C. Poor Richard's Almanac.

D. The Day of Doom.

?8. Who was considered as the "Poet of American Revolution"?

A. Anne Bradstreet.

B. Edward Taylor.

C. Michael Wigglesworth.

D. Philip Freneau.

?9. At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European

movement called the _____. .

A. Charitist Movement

B. Romanticist Movement

C. Enlightenment Movement

D. Modernist Movement

Part III. The Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学

Literary Ideas: Romanticism and Transcendentalism超验主义

Stages:

pre-romanticism (1770s-1830)

Early period Representatives: Washington Irving James Fenimore Cooper

post-romanticism(1830-60,65-75) Late period summit of American

literature Representatives:

Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman, Dickinson, Poe etc.

English: Rise of Romanticism:

appeared in England in the 18th century. Reaction against the prevailing neoclassical spirit and rationalism during the Age of Reason.

Romantics shared certain general characteristics:

1. Moral enthusiasm: passion, emotion, fancy and imagination.

2. Faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception: display personalities, express feelings and ideas, stress men‘s rights for freedom and happ iness. Human nature is of good will. Man can know the world through his own ability/conscience /intuition.

3. Nature was a source of goodness and man‘s societies a source of corruption.

4. The literary works of romanticism mostly reflected the fantastic and thrilling stories taking

place long ago and far away, rich in mystic color. The romantic(浪漫主义作家)had a persistent interest in the primitive literature, in which he found inspiration of various kind.

5. The romantic showed a profound admiration and love for nature. The beauty and perfection of nature could produce in him unspeakable joy and exaltation(高兴).

★Summary: Characteristics of Romanticism

Values feeling and intuition over reason

Places faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination

Seeks the beauty of unspoiled nature

Prefers youthful innocence to educated sophistication

Champions individual freedom and the worth of the individual

Contemplates nature‘s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral development

Looks backward to the wisdom of the past and distrusts progress, finds beauty and truth in exotic locales, the supernatural realm, and the inner world of the imagination.

Sees poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

Finds inspiration in myth, legend, and folk culture

★Transcendentalism: 超验主义

★1. Flourished in New England in the 1830s to the Civil War, marked the maturity of American romanticism and the first renaissance in the American literary history.

2. The term was derived from the Latin verb transcendere: to rise above , to pass beyond the limits.

3. Rise of Transcendentalism: The product of combination of foreign influence (German idealistic philosopher, neo-Platonism, Oriental mysticism, Confucius and Mencius and American native Puritan tradition.

4. The idea that in determining the ultimate reality of God, the universe, the self, and other important matters, one must transcend, or go beyond, everyday human experience in the physical world.

Features of Transcendentalism

They believed in: 1. the transcendence of Spirit or Oversoul: the universe is composed of Nature and Soul. Spirit is everywhere. /an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.相信精神上的超越,相信无所不能的善的力量,强调善为万物之源。

2. Individualism: the most important element in society, the divinity神性of individual.

3. Nature: is a connecting link between God and man. It is a symbol of the Spirit.

4. Community living and dignity of manual labor.

5. Relying on Intuition and Conscience, man can transcend the limits of the senses and of logic and directly receive higher truths and greater knowledge denied to more mundane methods of knowing.

超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生(Emerson)和梭罗(Henry Davd Thoreau),他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大影响。超验主义"承认人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力,能够超过感官获取知识"。爱默生曾说:"只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的。"超验主义还认为自然是高尚的,个人是神圣的,因此人必须自助。

Major Transcendentalists: Ralph Waldo Emerson----Self-Reliance

Henry David Thoreau----Walden

√The differences between Age of Reason &Romanticism

Romanticism: a reaction to the Age of Reason

Age of Reason: 1. Realism 2. Patrician Classicism贵族古典主义

3. Dominion over the Native American

4. Logic, always facts to counter fear and doubt Romanticism: 1. Idealism/Utopia 2 .Glorification of the common man

3. Recognition of the nobility of the primitive

4. Imagination to engender faith and hope

The City was a Place of . . .

?The Rationalists saw the city as a place of industry, success, self- realization, and civilization.

?The Romantics saw the city as a place of poor working conditions, moral ambiguity, corruption, and death.

The Journey-----Romanticism was often seen as a journey.

?The journey from the city to the country

?The journey from rational thought to the imagination

Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文

I. The evaluation of Irving

?★Father of American Short Stories

?First American author to make a living by his pen, first great prose stylist of American Romanticism.

?author of the first American short stories and familiar essays(随笔).

?The first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame

II. Main Works:

?★The Sketch Book----《见闻札记》

1. The Sketch Book is a collection of essays, sketches, and tales.

√2. The short story as a genre in American literature began with The Sketch Book. the first modern short stories and first great American juvenile literature.

√3. The book touched the American imagination and foreshadowed the coming of Hawthorne, Melville, and Poe.

★4. It also marked the beginning of American Romanticism.

A History of New York----《纽约的历史》-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作–wit &

satire

?√The Legend of Sleepy Hollow---《睡谷的传说》-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家;

?Tales of a Traveler---《旅客谈》

?The Life of George Washington---《华盛顿传》

III. The style of Washington Irving

a. Irving wrote to amuse and entertain.

b. He is good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere

c. His characters are vivid and true so that they tend to linger in the mind of the reader.

d. The humor is such that reading him, it is difficult not to smil

e.

e. His language is finished (精致完美的) and musical.

IV. Significance: his literary innovations

?1)author of the first modern American short stories and the first great American juvenile

literature. It was him who introduced the familiar essay from Europe to America.

?2)He ranked among the first of the modern men of letters to write history and biography

as literary entertainment.

?3)He was the leaders of the world-wide Romantic Movement.

?4)His humor, which gave an impetus to the growth and popularity of American

indigenous humor. His humor was always well-meaning, mild and prone to be accepted.

?5) Irving‘s genial writing also improved the feeling of American toward the British.

√Rip V an Winkle《瑞普凡温可尔》conflict?

①it reveals conservative attitude of Irving.

②it might be an illustration of Irving’s argument that revolution upset the natural order of things.

paralleled juxtapositions(不同文化的对比) of two worlds

peaceful natural world in the mountain s→a noisy world with his wife on the farm

a pre-Revolution village→Washington era

Irving was unwilling to accept a modern democratic America, both Winkle and Irving prefer the past and a dream-like world

Washington Irving's "Rip Van Winkle" is one of the best-known short stories in American literature. That is to say, the character of Rip Van Winkle, the man who sleeps for twenty years and awakens to a greatly changed world and a long beard, is one of the best-known characters in American popular culture, widely recognized through his many appearances and references in books, movies, cartoons, and advertisements.

This became the first book by an American writer to achieve international success.

James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀(1789-1851)

The evaluation of J.F. Cooper------★1. ―father of American novelists‖

2. The creation of the west frontier and its heroes

?√Master of the adventurous narrative

?√Began the tradition of the American historical novel

?Creator of American hero-myth/Created an archetypal Western hero (Natty Bumppo) ?launched two kinds of immensely popular stories →the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga

?Most popular American author of his century

?His works were more popular overseas than in America

?C ooper‘s views were considered ―conservative‖ and ―aristocratic‖ – made him unpopular as a social commentator

?First American novelist ―whose writing was genuinely American‖, why?

a. Characters are white and native, male and female.

b. Depicts the American wilderness and prairie scenes.

c. Depicts historical and fictional events.

d. Discusses American ideals and themes.

Writings created a mythical West that transcended the reality of life on the frontier.

√He developed three kinds of novels: 1.novels about revolutionary past: The Spy (1821).

2. Sea adventure tale----sea novel: The Pilot (1824)

3. The frontier saga---novels about American frontier(His enduring fame rests on his frontier stories)

★the adventures of the American frontiers Including five novels:

(1) The Pioneers 《拓荒者》( 1823 ) conflict?

Natty (conflict) Judge Temple

The ideal American civilization

Wilderness (good, pure, perfect)

Breaks laws make laws

Both of their lives are parts of the frontier life.

They built the wilderness into a civilized place.

(2) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1826 )《最后的莫希干人》(3) The Prairie 《大草原》( 1827 )

(4) The Pathfinder 《探路人》( 1840 )

(5) The Deerslayer 《杀鹿者》( 1841 )

?The Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》

-----★The nearest approach yet to an American Epic-----Allan Nevins

1.Series is about an 18th Century frontiersman – Natty Bumppo – who live s free and ―close to nature, while the settlers bring ?civilization‘ that destroys the wilderness‖

2.The novels tell of the clash that occurred ―between the frontier wilderness and the encroaching(侵略性的) civilization‖

a. Its historical importance lies in the fact that it is probably the first romance of the frontier in American literature.

b. The central character: Natty Bumppo represents the ideal American, living a virtuous and free life in God‘s world.

√The features of Cooper’s writing

A. He is a highly imaginative, mythic writer

B. Good at inventing plots (Cooper had never been to the frontier area personally, yet could write five huge epic books about it)

C. Style: powerful, yet clumsy and dreadful

D.Wooden Characters and lacking in probability

E. Use of dialect, but not authentic (criticized by Mark Twain)

Literary Achievements(了解)

Contribution:1. his choice of a new area of subject matter(题材)

2.created a myth about the formative period of the American nation

3.helped to introduce western tradition to American literature

Exercises

1.The Sketch Book was published serially in England, and in book form in America.

F (The Sketch Book was published serially in America, and in book form in England.)

2. Cooper‘s first works is Precaution.T

3. The Romantic Period of American literature started with the publication of Washington Irvin g‘s ___ and ended with Whitman‘s Leaves of Grass.

? A. The Sketch Book B. Tales of a Traveler

? C. The Alhambra D. A History of New York

4. Washington Irving‘s social conservation and literary preference for the past is revealed in his famous story,___.

? A. ―The Legend Sleepy Hallow‖ B. ―Rip Van Winkle‖

? C. ―The Custom-House‖ D. ―The Birthmark‖

5. Which was not written in Spain by Irving.

? A. A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada B. The Sketch Book

? C. The Conquest of Granada D. The Alhambra

6. ___ is the first important historical romance of the Revolution.

? A. The Pilot B. Home As Found

? C. The Pathfinder D. The Spy

7. Cooper‘s novels are divided into three subjects: the revolution with____.

? A. The Pioneers B. The Pilot

? C. The Spy D. Precaution

William Cullen Bryant威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特

A Waterfowl 《致水鸟》-----英语中最完美的短诗;

Thanatopsis 《死亡随想》---受墓园派影响;

The Whitefooted Deer《白蹄鹿》; A Forest Hymn《森林赋》;

The Flood of Years《似水流年》

?Some Works:

?Edgar Allan Poe: To Helen

?Ralph Emerson: Nature; Self-Reliance

?Henry Thoreau: Walden

?Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter

?Herman Melville: Moby Dick

?Henry Longfellow: A Psalm of Life

★E.A. Poe (1809—1849) 埃德加.爱伦.坡

Poe‘s Family and Tragic Life

?Born in Boston, son of traveling actors. Mother died, deserted by father at the age of two, adopted by Mr and Mrs John Allan, John Allan, a prosperous merchant in Richmond, Va., Poe was baptized Edgar Allan Poe.‖ ―(miserable childhood)

?Constant disagreements with his step-father

?Drinking and gambling difficulties kept him from college education after a brief study at University of Virginia

?Received an appointment to West Point, but provoked his own dismissal开除.

?Caused a final break between Poe and his step-father /the Allans.

?1836 married his 13 year-old cousin, Virginia Clemm, whose early death (died of tuberculosis) may have inspired some of his writing.

?Last 12 years of life worked as a journalist, editor and creative writer.

?Led a poverty-stricken life, and died in a drunken stupor昏迷. His death remains a mystery.

★Poe’s achievement/ Significance

1.His aesthetics, his call for ―the rhythmical有韵律的creation of beauty‖ have influenced

French symbolists and the devotees of ―art for art?s sake.―---纯艺术

2.He is the father of psychoanalytic criticism (心理分析批评理论).

3.He is the father of the detective story.

Evaluation

Poe remained the most controversial and most misunderstood literary figure in the history of American literature.

Emerson dismissed him in three words ―the jingle man‖ (打油诗人),Mark Twain declared his prose to be unreadable. And Whitman was the only famous literary figure present at the Poe Memorial Ceremony in 1875.

―Master of horror; the father of the detective story ;―the greatest journalistic critic of his time‖ —Bernard Shaw

Henry James observed that admiration of Poe‘s work was ―the mark of a decidedly primitive stage of development‖;

Today, Poe‘s particular power has ensured his position among the greatest writers of the world. Poe worked in a variety of genres (1827-1849)

Criticism--he gained a national reputation as a virulently sarcastic(恶毒的讽刺的)critic, a literary hatchetman(文章作者/刀斧手) . The bulk of his writing consists of his criticism, and his most abiding ambition was to become a powerful critic.

Poetry--He was an experimental poet.

Detective Story--Poe created this form when he was 32, with all its major conventions complete. Psychological fiction--He wanted to produce the greatest possible horrific effects on the reader His Works

A: poems (48) B: short stories (68) C: novels (2) D: literary theory (3typical)

Poems

√1. The Raven 《乌鸦》★2. Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔丽》

★3. To Helen 《献给海伦》 4. The Bells 《钟》

5. The City in the Sea 《海中之城》

6. The Sleeper 《睡美人》

7 .A Dream Within a Dream《梦中梦》8. Israfel 《伊斯拉菲尔》--音乐天使

9 .Sonnet – To Science 《十四行诗--致科学》

Short Stories

1. Mrs. Found in a Bottle 《瓶中手稿》

2. Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque 《荒诞奇异的故事》《述异集》

3. The Murders in the Rue Morgue 《毛格街血案》

√4. The Fall of the House of Usher 《厄舍古屋的倒塌》

5.The Cask of Amontillado《一桶白葡萄酒》

6 . Ligeia 《丽姬亚》7. The Purloined [p?:'l?in] Letter《窃信案》

8 .The Man of the Crowd《人群中的人》√9 .The Tell-Tale Heart《泄密的心》

10 .William Wilson《威廉.威尔逊》11. The Black Cat《黑猫》

12 .The Imp [imp] of the Perverse《变态的小鬼》13. The Gold Bug《金甲虫》

14. The Mystery of Marie Roger 《玛丽.罗热疑案》

√15. The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡的化妆舞会》

literary theory

1 The Poetic Principle 《诗歌原理》

2 The Philosophy of Composition 《创作哲学》

3 Review of Hawthorne‘s Twice-Told Tales 《评霍桑的―故事重述‖》

Poe’s Artistic theories

1.Poe argued for the creation of beauty and intensity of emotion, against the didactic motive for literature.

2.Poe felt that literature should have no social function or responsibility but should be an expression of the isolated artist.

3.Poe thought that the artist should be concerned solely with beauty, of imagination. The real world is cruel, ugly and fast into decaying. The artist‘s life is lonely, painful and hopeless. The only happiness arose out of the creation and contemplation of beauty.

Poe’s theories on Poetry

1.His poetry express the same deep hopelessness and rejection of the world as his prose, but in a different way. (passive )

2.He avoids the intrusion of ugliness and tries to create a vision of beauty and a melodious sound. The basic tone is melancholy.

3.The function of poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experience, but to create a mood in which the soul soars toward supernal超凡的; 崇高的, 神圣的beauty.

4.The creation of work of art requires the utmost concentration and unity, as well as the most scrupulous 小心谨慎的use of words.

Summary: theories on Poetry

A.√Theory

1. Poems should be short, concise and readable at one sitting;

2. The aim of poem writing is beauty; the most beautiful thing described by a poem is the death of a beautiful woman; the desirable tone of a poem is melancholy;

3. He opposed didactic poems;

4. He stressed the form of poem, especially the beautiful and neat rhyme.

5. His poetry theory is not fair at all time. For example, according to him, Paradise Lost is not a good poem.

B. All his poems were written according to his poetry theory and his poems have strong dreamy color.

Poe's poems, it explores his favorite theme : the death of a beautiful woman, which Poe called "the most poetical topic in the world." Also like women in many other works by Poe, she is struck with illness and marries young. The narrator, who fell in love with Annabel Lee when they were young, has a love for her so strong that even angels are jealous. He retains his love for her even after her death.

?Unlike "The Raven," in which the narrator believes he will "nevermore" be reunited with

his love, "Annabel Lee" says the two will be together again, as not even demons "can ever dissever" their souls.

?There has been debate over who, if anyone, was the inspiration for "Annabel Lee."

Though many women have been suggested, Poe's wife Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe is one of the more credible candidates.

★Features of his works (novels, stories)

? a. Gothic elements

? b. deep analysis of human psychology (He noticed subconscious of human mind nearly one hundred years before Freud. ) (He was also the first American author who took neurotic characters as main characters in his stories.)

? c. precursor of detective stories (e.g. ―The Murders in the Rue Morgue‖) and science stories

Poe and the Gothic

?Poe did not want to write Gothic stories; he started his career spoofing(讽刺) the Gothic.

?He transformed tales of terror into psychological stories; he delved into the mysterious recesses(幽深处)of the human mind.

Elements of Gothic in Poe‘s Fiction(了解)

?Grim setting:https://www.doczj.com/doc/1217831174.html,ndscapes are often reflections of character‘s mind. 2.Unusual buildings, extremes of nature, eccentric works of art. 3.Very few of his stories take place in America;

most take place in Europe or Never-never-land(An utopian dreamland and used when someone is dreaming unrealistically about an utopian future. ).

?Hidden evil: Unspeakable, mysterious crimes, including incest and parricide

?Obsession with Death:Ghosts, blood, body parts

?Maniacal Laughter

?The discovered manuscript: gives responsibility to someone else

?Deformity: the grotesque--people who don‘t look right are capable of activity beyond the norm

Poe’s C haracteristics

√Two kinds: 1.Horror―The Fall of the House of Usher‖ ―The Black Cat‖

―The Masque of the Red Death ‖《红色死亡的化妆舞会》―Ligeia‖ 《丽姬亚》

2.Ratiocination推理―The Purloined Letter《窃信案》

Themes

1. Death – predominant theme

―Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe‘s writings is dead.‖

√2. Horror 3.negative thoughts of science

Conclusion

?style: ordinary, traditional

?language: mannerism矫饰主义; (尤指文艺上的)独特的风格、形式等

? a controversial figure in American literary history (Poe was criticized by several famous American writers, such as Emerson, Henry James and Mark Twain. However, his works was welcomed in Europe, especially in France.)

?great influence on aesthetism唯美主义, William Faulkner, Baudelaire(法国著名诗人波德莱尔,有著名诗集《恶之花》----The Flowers of Evil )

Anti-Transcendentalism

The Anti-Transcendentalism is known also as ―Dark romanticism" which rejected the optimism of the Transcendentalists. They held more pessimistic beliefs and believed that Transcendentalism was naive, selfish, and impractical.

Summary:

Anti-transcendentalists focus on the dark and destructive forces of nature and support the concept of Original Sin, the belief that all humanity is inherently evil, because of the disobedience of Adam and Eve.

The most famous Anti-Transcendentalists were Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville. *Edgar Allan Poe.

They explored conflicts between good and evil, psychological effects of guilt and sin, and madness

1.Nathaniel Hawthorne displays anti-transcendentalist beliefs in "The Ministers Black Veil‖, and holds that guilt and sin are qualities inherent in man.

2.Herman Melville reveals his anti-transcendentalist views in his novel Moby Dick: man's blind ambition, cruelty, and defiance of God, his themes of madness, mystery, and the triumph of evil over good in the work make it notable example of the dark romanticism.

3.Edgar Allan Poe demonstrates anti-transcendentalist thinking in his poetry and prose which feature his characteristic interest in exploring the psychology of man, including the perverse and self-destructive nature of the conscious and subconscious mind.

In his short story "The Fall of the House of Usher. Much of The author states, "That the maiden who had been buried a few hours before, was come from her grave to be married" ; The Raven, symbol of his dark doubts and frustrated longing, ―Nevermore‖ etc.

Hawthorne/Poe----Hawthorne described the conflict between the intellect and heart;Poe described the conflict between two sides of the intellect.

★Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)

Major Works

1. Two collections of short stories:

Twice-told Tales 《故事新编》Mosses from an Old Manse ?古宅青苔?

2. Novels:

1) The Scarlet Letter ?红字?----- masterpiece, which established him as the leading American

native novelist of the 19th century。

2) The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》

3) The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》

4) The Marble Faun 《大理石/玉石雕像》

3. Short stories:

Young Goodman Brown 《小伙子古德曼·布朗》

The Minister‘s Black Veil 《教长的黑面纱》

The Birthmark 《胎记》

★Evaluation

1. Romantic novelist, short-story writer.

2. Advanced the art of short story and gave to the form qualities that are uniquely American.

3. First great American writer of fiction to work in the moralistic tradition. Combined the American romanticism with puritan moralism

★Themes in Hawthorne’s Writings

1. Moral allegories——a story where everything is symbol, used commonly to instruct especially in religious matters

2. The sinful man;

3. Hypocrisy ;

4. The Dark side of human nature;

5. Religion in nature

★Hawthorne’s Style

1.Rich imagination, well-woven structure, psychological analysis, various symbols, delicate imageries, ambiguity, mystery.

2. Wide and well-controlled vocabulary, formal words with pleasant sound, long and complex sentences, fresh and effective metaphors and similes, summarized historical narrative, but links scenes dramatically.

Style – typical romantic writer

a man of literary craftsmanship,extraordinary in:the use of symbol(The symbol serves as a weapon to attack reality. It can be found everywhere in his writing),revelation of characters‘ psychology(He is good at exploring the complexity of human psychology. There isn‘t much physical movement going on in his works),the use of supernatural mixed with the actual.

√1. his stories are parable (allegory) – to teach a lesson

√2. use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty – multiple point of view

The Scarlet Letter

1. In what century is the story of Hester Prynne set?

(A) The 16th century (B) The 17th century

(C) The 18th century (D) The 19th century

2. What is situated immediately outside the door of the prison in which Hester is kept?

(A) A rosebush (B) A pine tree

(C) A gallows (D) A graveyard

3. How does Hester support herself financially?

(A) As a prostitute (B) As a seamstress(earns a living from needlework)

(C) As a nurse (D) As a farmhand

4. Next to whom is Hester buried?

(A) Dimmesdale (B) Chillingworth

(C) Pearl (D) No one; her body is burned

5. Why does Pearl not recognize her mother when she sees her with Dimmesdale in the forest?

(A) Hester has removed the scarlet letter.

(B) Hester has removed her long cap to expose her long hair.

(C) Hester is not wearing her usual plain grey dress.

(D) Mistress Hibbins has cast a spell on Hester, changing her appearance.

6. How does Pearl acknowledge Dimmesdale as her father at his death?

(A) By calling him ―father‖

(B) By interrupting his sermon

(C)Bykissinghim

(D) By announcing that she has seen him with her mother

7. What color of clothing does Hester always wear?

(A) Scarlet (B) White (C) Black (D) Gray

8. What does Chillingworth pretend to be?

(A)A minister (B) A doctor

(C) A madman (D) A scholar

9. What does Hester‘s letter ―A‖ eventually come to represent to the townspeople?

(A) ―Able‖ (B) ―Alone‖ (C) ―Avaricious (D) ―Absolutely Admirable‖

Major characters in The Scarlet Letter

Arthur Dimmesdale Hester Prynne

?The Scarlet Letter is a complex story of guilt/sin, its moral, emotional and psychological effects on various persons, and how deliverance释放is obtained for some of them.

?In the fiction, Hawthorne approached the question of evil more profoundly. He considered the effect on an individual‘s character of enforced penance忏悔, of hypocrisy, and of hatred.

What sin, how to deal with, Hawthorne‘s attitudes??

Hester: disloyalty, betrayal, deception, sexual desire, adultery. Face, correct, redeem拯救, purify. Praise, content, conform.

Dimmesdale: adultery, cowardice, hypocrisy, dishonesty, selfishness, too coward to confess, tortured by his conscience. Sympathetic, disfavor his hesitation, indecisiveness and cowardice. Themes:

1.sin

2. The Nature of Evil

3. Identity

4. Hypocrisy

5. deal with moral or ethical problems.

Herman Melville 梅尔维尔(1819—1891)

an American novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet.

Major Works : Moby Dick----His titanic masterpiece

?Written under Hawthorne‘s influence

?Influenced by Greek tragedy, Shakespeare‘s tragedies, epic poetry, ancient and modern, Homer…

? A sea-haunted novel

?The whole book is about the pursuit of that phantom, an attempt to seek out the mystery, which seems to lie- malevolently or benevolently at the heart of human experience

?Epic in scope

?Contains several of the epic traditions: 1) the long and arduous journey

2) the great battle

Much of the novel is dramatically shaped, staged, having scenes with speeches and images

?Defined as an epic——a tragic drama, a tragedy of pride, and pursuit and revenge, also a tragedy of thought.

★Evaluation of Moby-Dick

1. an encyclopedia of everything (history, philosophy, religion, the whaling industry)

2. a Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fates

Moby Dick is, critics have agreed, one of the world’s greatest masterpieces. To get to know the 19th century American mind and America itself, one has to read this book. CHARACTERS

ISHMAEL 以实玛利------the narrator of the novel, a simple sailor on the Pequod who undertakes the journey because of his affection for the ocean and his need to go to sea whenever he feels ―hazy about the eyes‖. He is the only survivor of the Pe quod‘s voyage, living to tell the tale of Moby Dick.

QUEEQUEG 奎魁格------harpooner鱼叉手from New Zealand, son of a Maori king who renounced the throne to travel and learn about Christian society –NOBLE, BRA VE, HONORABLE, gives Ishmael a sense of serenity and ease (subversion of the dichotomy [dai'k?t?mi]二分法SA V AGERY vs. CIVILIZATION)

Moby Dick—The great white sperm whale. Moby Dick, also referred to as the White Whale, is an infamous and dangerous threat to seamen, considered by Ahab the incarnation of evil and a fated nemesis(复仇女神) .

Themes of Moby Dick(了解)

1.the sense of futility and meaninglessness

2.alienation

3.loneliness and suicidal individualism

4. rejection and quest

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗(1807—1882)

Part ⅣThe Literature of Realism (1865—1918)

Literary Characteristics

? 1. Feminist movement.

Emily Dickinson, Harriet Beecher Stowe(Uncle Tom's Cabin ), Sarah Orne Jewett (A White Heron ),Kate Chopin (Awakening), Edith Wharton (The Age of Innocence), Ellen Glasgow, Willa Cather.

生态女性主义(ecofeminism, ecological feminism) 是种政治与社会运动。它相信对女人的压迫与自然的退化之间存在着某种关系。生态女性主义理论者考虑性别歧视、对自然的控制、种族歧视、物种至上主义(speciesism)、与其他各种社会不平等

Harriet Beecher Stowe

★Uncle Tom's Cabin----a book which helped build anti-slavery sentiment in America and abroad Sarah Orne Jewett (1849-1909)--美国乡土文学女作家

American writer noted for novels and stories concerning the simple lives of the country people in her native Maine.

Her stories show her love of nature as well as human nature.

Her finest work: The Country of the Pointed Firs《尖尖的枞树之乡》(1896) A White Heron

Kate Chopin

★Awakening--《觉醒》a novel about a woman‘s journey: away from her traditional u pbringing & towards her own personal needs

Willa Cather

★O pioneers;My A ntonia ;The song of the lark

Literary Characteristics

1. Decline of American Romanticism. (Walt Whitman--Leaves of Grass).

2. Appearance of American realism

3. Appearance of American naturalism.

American Realism(1870-1890)

? 1. Reasons: civil war, social development. People sought to describe the wide range of

浅谈儒道佛对中国文化的影响

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浅析佛教对中国的影响及现代意义

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博大精深的中华文化

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3.6.2 博大精深的中华文化教案

第六课我们的中华文化 6.2 博大精深的中华文化 【课标要求】 辨析中华文化的区域特征,说明中华文化是中国各族人民共同创造的; 展现博大精深、源远流长的中华文化是中华民族延续和发展的重要标识。¨ 【教学目标】 [知识目标]: 1、识记:文学艺术对中华文化的意义;科学技术是民族文明的重要标志。 2、理解:文学艺术、科学技术是中华文化博大精深的见证,是中华文化对世界文化的贡献;不同区域的文化形成原因、关系及对中华文化的意义;各民族文化特征、关系及对中华文化的意义。 [能力目标] 培养同学们理论联系实际能力,运用中华文化发展的典型事例,说明文化的力量深深熔铸在民族的生命力、创造力和凝聚力之中。 [情感、态度、价值观目标] 通过对本课的学习,理解中华文化的基本特征:源远流长,博大精深,是人类文明史上古老文明;不同区域的文化和各个民族的独特文化都是中华文化的重要组成,彰显着中华民族的文化标识;增强学生的民族自豪感、自尊心和自信心,增强爱国主义情感,为将来投射于社会主义现代化建设奠定良好的文化思想。 【教学重点、难点】 中华文化的博大精深的表现 【教学方法】: 自主探究法、情景设置法、讨论法、讲授法 【课时安排】: 一课时 【教具准备】: 多媒体 【教学过程】: (一)导入新课 回忆上一框题中华文化源远流长的知识导入,中华文化源远流长,而且博大精深。上节课我们学习了我国千古未绝、唯我无双的中华文化的特征之一源远流长,这节课我将带领同学们继续领略华夏神韵,走进博大精深的中华文化。 板书:博大精深的中华文化 (二)推进新课 【课件展示】幻灯片展示中国的瓷器、茶文化、戏曲、书法、武术等文化,让学生感受到中华文化不仅源远流长,而且博大精深,从而激发他们对祖国的认同感和归属感。

中国文化习俗方面的段落翻译 2

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Romance of the Three Kingdoms, by which the three warriors Liu Bei, Guan Y u, and Zhang Fei became sworn brothers in a ceremony amid peach blossom trees. The original goal of the Peach Garden Oath was to protect the Han Dynasty from the Yellow Turbans. This act bound the three key men of the future Shu-Han Kingdom of China and is often alluded to as a symbol of fraternal loyalty. Nothing in historical records suggest such an event happened, though the three were noted to be close, to the point of sharing the same bed. The oath, as it appears in the Wikisource translation of Romance of the Three Kingdoms/Chapter 1, was this: When saying the names Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, although the surnames are different, yet we have come together as brothers. From this day forward, we shall join forces for a common purpose, and come to each other's aid in times of crisis. We shall avenge the nation from above, and pacify the citizenry from below. We seek not to be born on the same day, in the same month and in the same year. We merely hope to die on the same day, in the same month and in the same year. May the gods of heaven and earth attest to what is in our hearts. If we should ever do anything to betray our friendship, may the gods in heaven strike us dead. In many other translations, only the section dealing with "dying on the selfsame day" is present. However, the three brothers do not die on the same day: Guan Yu is executed by Sun Quan, Zhang Fei is assassinated by his own men whom he treated with cruelty, and Liu Bei dies of illness after the disastrous attempts to avenge Guan Yu and reclaim the province of Jing. The oath inspired the present day secret societies in Chinese communities, such as the Triad, to use a similar ritual when swearing in new members. "Though not born on the same day of the same month in the same year, we hope to die so" — the phrase the three brothers made during the oath —had also become popular among the present day secret society members. (392 words) (https://www.doczj.com/doc/1217831174.html,/wiki/Oath_of_the_Peach_Garden) Story 2: 颐和园长廊彩绘中的徐庶荐诸葛(三顾茅庐)故事 2008-04拍摄,绘画年代大约于19世纪末

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