On the Development of Chinese
Folk Culture
1 Introduction
As an ancient culture, folk customs has had a great influence on China from ancient times to the present, Folk culture has been becoming a must of society. Folk customs, that is to say, the traditions of ancient People and they can be divided into several categories, we will study several groups of folk customs in order to make readers feel the great of Chinese culture.
2 Theoretical Foundations
2.1 Chinese Customs
2.1.1 Lantern riddles
Lantern riddles are displayed during traditional Chinese festivals, such as the Chinese Lantern Festival, Chinese middle autumn festival, etc. The full name of …Lantern Riddles… are …riddles written on lanterns….
In ancient China, people believed that it was as difficult to kill a tiger as it was to guess a lantern puzzle, so, it had another name –tiger lantern. Usually, there were four riddles written on red vertical strips of paper pasted to each lantern which was attached by a string.
The guessing tradition can date back to more than 2,000 years ago. In the Tang Dynasty (618 – 907 AD), guessing riddles gradually became a contest among men. It reached its peak in the Song Dynasty (960-1279) when it is became popular among all the people.
The main subjects of the riddles included traditional songs, poems, stories or historical events, etc.
A example of Lantern Riddles
Riddles: What?s full of holes but still holds water?
Answer: a sponge
2.1.2 Spring Festival
Chinese New Year, also known as the Spring Festival or Chinese Lunar New Year, is the most important traditional festival in China. Its history can date back to the Shang Dynasty (1600BC –1100BC).
The festival consists of a period of celebrations, starting on the first day of the first lunar month and ending with the Lantern Festival, the fifteenth day of the month. In Chinese culture, it is the most important festival for all the family members to get together.
Celebration
Sweeping of the Grounds
For the preparation for the New Year, every corner of the house must be swept and cleaned ten days before the New Year Day.
Spring Couplets
Spring Couplets represent best wishes and fortune for the coming
year. They will be posted on the front doors in the month before the New Year?s Day, and often stay up for two months.
Reunion Dinner
All the family members will get together to have dinner on the New Year?s Eve.
2.1.3 Dongzhi Festival
The Dongzhi Festival, also called Winter Solstice Festival, is one of the most important traditional festivals in China. It is a solar term in Chinese lunar calendar and in the solar calendar, it always falls on December 22 or 23 each year.
As early as more than 2500 years ago, winter solstice was mensurated by Chinese via observing movements of the sun with sundials. During the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), it became a festival of great importance for the Chinese people. On that day, all the family members would get together and have meal together. Ancient Chinese also regarded this day as a day to offer scarifies to heaven and their ancestors.
In the southern parts of China, all the family members would make and eat Tangyuan, a kind of stuffed dumpling ball which is made of glutinous rice flour, symbolizing reunion in the Chinese culture. In some parts of the northern China, people would eat dumplings, believing that doing so would keep them from frost in the upcoming winter.
2.1.4 Tomb-Sweeping Day
Qingming Festival, also called Tomb-Sweeping Day, is a traditional Chinese festival celebrated on the 106th day after the winter solstice, usually occurring around April 5 of the Gregorian calendar.
Qingming, which means clear and bright, is the day for the living to mourn the dead. In ancient China, it was one of the occasions when sacrifices were made to ancestors.
On Qingming, people visit their ancestors? graves. They tidy up, remove weeds and sweep away leaves. It is the reason for its another name, namely Tomb-Sweeping Day. Also on Qingming, people go on family outings, singing, dancing and flying kites.
2.2 Chinese Traditional Art
2.2.1 Lion Dance
As one of the most widely spread folk dance in China, lion dance is the dance in which performers mimic a lion?s movements in a lion costume. It combines Chinese art, history and kung fu moves.
It has a history of more than a thousand years. The earliest record of the dance dates back to the Han Dynasty (205 B.C. to 220 A.D). It reached its peak during the Tang Dynasty (716-907 A.D.).
In Chinese culture, the dance represents joy and happiness, so it is particularly performed during festivals and celebrations, such as Chinese New Year, the openings of restaurants and weddings, etc. The dance is performed by two dancers. One handles the head and the other plays the role of the body. According to the styles, the
performance is divided into civil lion and martial lion. Civil lion depicts the docile and funny images of a lion, while martial lion portrays the power of a lion.
2.2.2 Four Gentlemen in the World of Flowers
In ancient China, a gentleman referred to a man of great virtue. In the world of flowers, plum blossom, orchids, bamboo and chrysanthemum are known as the Four Gentlemen, also called the four Noble Ones or Four Friends. It was believed that their natural characters had something in common with human virtues. Therefore, they have always been featured in ancient paintings and works to express the virtues of loftiness, righteousness, modesty and purity.
As early as the Song Dynasty (960–1279), they were used in the Chinese painting. Later, they were also adopted by the artists in Japan, Korea, etc. As they bloom in different seasons (the plum blossom blooms in spring, the orchid in summer, the chrysanthemum in autumn, and the bamboo in winter), they are also used to depict the unfolding of the seasons through the year.
2.2.3 Silk Painting
Silk painting is an ancient art form in China. It originated in the Warring States Period (476-221 BC) and reached its artistic peak in the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD25).Over a long period, plain silk, together with bamboo and wood slips were the material for writing or painting on. Compared with others, silk has its own
advantages, such as light, easily to be cut in desired shapes and sizes, convenient to be kept and carried, etc. However, due to its high cost, it was only popular among the noble status.
The earliest extant silk painting is Lady, Dragon and Phoenix Painting, which was unearthed in Changsha city, Hunan Province. It was used at funerals to lead the dead to heaven. Among all the remaining paintings, the most representative one is the silk painting unearthed in the Mawangdui Han Dynasty tomb in Changsha City. The painting contains three parts: the Heaven, World and Hell.
2.2.4 Goddess of Luo
Lady Mi was the daughter of FuXi, the legendary Chinese emperor deemed to be the mythical creator of fishing, trapping, and writing. Because she was very fascinated with the beautiful scenery on both sides of the Luo River, Lady Mi descended onto the Luo River basin and lived there to teach them how to create nets, the skills of hunting, etc.
However, HeBo, the prodigal demigod of the Yellow River was mesmerized by the beauty of Lady Mi. He subsequently transformed himself into a white dragon, caused a great havoc in the Luo River and caught Lady Mi.
HouYi rescued her and returned to the Luo River. Both of them fell in love. HeBo was so angry that he again transformed himself into a white dragon and attacked the Luo River, gobbling up the villages, farms and livestock.
HouYi came to the rescue and shot an arrow into HeBo?s left eye.Since then, Lady Mi and HouYi led a happy life. HouYi was later conferred the title of God of ZhongBu by the King of Heaven and Lady Mi was conferred Goddess of Luo.
2.3 Drink and Food
2.3.1 Tang Yuan
Tang Yuan, also called Yuan Xiao, is a kind of stuffed dumpling ball which is made of glutinous rice flour. Its history can date back to the Song Dynasty (960–1279).In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tang Yuan is similar to the word Tuan Yuan, which has the meaning of reunion and happiness in Chinese. Therefore, Tang Yuan is traditional served on the Dongzhi Festival and the Lantern Festival. It is also commonly found at Chinese weddings. It is believed that the new couple will have a sweet and round (no conflict) life. It can be filled or unfilled and its fillings can be chopped peanuts, red bean paste, sesame paste, etc. Besides the wide choice of its fillings, you may also found Tang Yuan of various colors in the market nowadays.
2.3.2 Manchu Han Imperial Feast
Manchu Han Imperial Feast is regarded as the greatest achievement of Imperial Court Food. It is also one of the most luxurious feasts in the Chinese food history. Not counting fruits and
Spring Festival is on the traditional Chinese festivals.People used to call it "the Lunar New Year".It always starts between january the first and february the twentie its the most important festival in China Spring Festival The most important festival in China is the Spring Festival. It is said that the Spring Festival evolved from an activity known as the Winter Sacrifice. It was a custom practiced by the people of primitive society. The Spring Festival marks the beginning of the Chinese Lunar New Year,so the first meal is rather important. People usually eat Jiaozi or dumplings shaped like a crescent moon on that special day. As for recreational activities during the Sping Festival, the Dragon Dance and Lion Dance are traditionally performed . One legend goes that the beast Nian had a very big mouth that would swallow a great many people with one bite. People were very scared. 传说有一个叫“年”的怪兽，有一个大嘴，能一口吞下很多人。人们都很怕它。The custom of putting up red paper and firing fire-crackers is to scare away Nian. 贴红纸和方鞭炮的习俗就是为了吓跑年。 However, people today have long forgotten why they are doing all this, except that they feel the color and the sound add to the excitement of the celebration. 但是，现在人们大多忘记了为什么这么做的原因，只是觉得色彩和响声增加了过节的气氛罢了！ Traditions of Chinese New Year Before New Year's Eve The celebration actually starts on New Year's Eve with the family reunion dinner. By New Year's Eve, you should have done the following: Clean the entire home to get rid of all the things that are associated with the old year. Put away all brooms and brushes. Pay all your debts. Resolve differences with family members, friends, neighbors and business associates. Buy the following: Red money envelopes, Oranges and/or tangerines, Fill a "Cheun hup(a circular red tray separated in eight compartments) with melon seedslotuschocolate coinsnuts etc. Flowers (especially plum blossoms, peach blossoms, water lilies), A new set of clothes and shoes for children, preferably something red or orange. Get new dollar bills from the bank. Insert the new dollar bills into the red envelopes. Now the red envelope is called a lai see or lucky money envelope. On New Year's Eve
Confucius named Qiu styled Zhongni, a great thinker and educator in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and the founder of Confucianism. Confucius instructed more than 3000 disciples and some were from poor families. Confucius gradually changed the tradition that only nobilities had the right to receive education. In his later years , Confucius compiled many literary works of ancient times, including The Book of Songs ,The Book of Documents, and The Books of Changes. His saying and behaviors were compiled in The Analects of Confucius by his disciples. His ideology has been absorbed and carried composing the essential part of Chinese traditional ideology. It was also spread into the border regions and areas building up a circle of Confucianism. UNESCO labeled him one of the “Ten Culture Celebrities”. 孔子 孔子名丘字仲尼，春秋末期伟大的思想家和教育家，儒家学派创史人。孔子一共教授了三千多个学生，其中不乏贫困家庭的孩子，改变了只有贵族子女才有资格上学的传统。孔子晚年还编订上古书籍，《诗经》《尚书》《周易》等。孔子的言行被他的弟子们收集在《论语》中，他的思想也被后人吸收和发扬光大，成为中国传统思想最主要的组成部分，并逐渐传播到周边国家，形成了影响范围很广的儒家文化圈。联合国教科文组织曾将孔子列入世界十大文化名人之一。 Beijing Opera Beijing Opera is the most popular and influential opera in China with a history of almost 200 years. In development Beijing Opera has formed a number of fictitious props. For instance a pedal means a boat. Without any physical props involved , an actor may perform going upstairs or downstairs opening or closing a door by mere gestures. Though exaggerated those actions would give audience an impression with graceful movements. There are four main roles sheng dan jing and chou. A sheng or dan has the eyebrows painted and eyes circled. A jing and chou have their facial makeup ,for example, a red face depicts the loyalty and bravery and a white face symbolizes treachery and guile. 京剧 京剧是中国流行的最广泛影响最大的一个剧种，拥有两百多年的历史。在长期的发展过程中，京剧形成了一套虚拟表演动作，如一条桨就可以代表一只船。不需要任何的道具，演员就能表现出上楼、下楼，开门、关门等动作，虽然经赤了夸张但这些动作能给观众既真实又优美的感觉。京剧演员分生、旦、净、丑四个行当，生和旦的化痕迹要描眉、吊眉、画眼圈，净丑面部需要化妆，比如，红脸表示忠诚勇猛，白脸表示奸险。
It is uni versally ack no wledged that Chin ese culture has a history of more tha n two thousa nd years, which once had great in flue nee on the world. Although China risks copying the Western lifestyle ' s worst aspects, especially of unhealthy eating and drinking, Which once gave rise to many problems. Fort un ately, Chi nese begin to realize the importanee of Chinese traditional culture. Such examples might be given easily, Chinese traditional culture was added into our CET4and CET6,which help us get hold of it better. All in all, Chin ese traditi onal culture accompa nies our growth all the time, which has already deeply rooted in our daily lives. As a Chinese, What we ought to do is to transmitte Chinese traditional culture from generation to generation. Only with these efforts adopted can we en sure that Chi nese traditional culture will be leaded to a brilliant future. The passage mainly tells us the importa nee of protect ing traditi onal Chin ese culture, which is challenged or facing extinction because of the developing society and cha nging lifestyle. Besides, China is n ati on wide spari ng no efforts to do it.(36 words) The protection of national and folk culture is of great significanee to Chinese cultural diversity and also to the harm onious developme nt betwee n local econo mic and social developme nt. In my opinion, some measures should be taken to protect traditional culture 1 / 21 / 2
英语的起源和发展 下面是的小编为你们整理的内容，希望你们能够喜欢 英语的起源和发展 英语是印欧(1ndo-European)语系。印欧语系是世界上最大的语系，包括欧洲、美洲和亚洲的大部分语言。讲印欧诸种语言的总人数约有十八亿七千五百万，占世界总人口的一半左右。早在1786年，英国梵文(Sanskrit)学者威廉琼斯爵士(Sir William Jones) 就指出：欧洲、印度、波斯等地的大多数语言，包括古希腊语、古拉丁语及古印度语属于同一家族。 原始印欧人是什么样的人? 他们居住在何方? 他们的语言究竞是什么样子的? 对这些问题，我们今天仍缺乏文献的考证。但是通过长时期的研究，语言学家们得出了探索性的结论他们发现：属于印欧语系的许多语种都有表示冬天、雪和寒冷等意义的词，这说明原始印欧语最初是在气候比较冷的地一带使用的。另一方面，某些热带地区动植物名称的词，如狮子、大象、稻米、竹、棕榈树等，在原始印欧语中是不存在的;而印欧语系各语种中却都有表示白杨、栎树、柳树、白桦、熊、狼、羊、鹰、蜜蜂等动植物名称的相似词。通过这样的探索和研究，许多人认为，当人类进入新石器时代，欧洲中东部曾居隹着一些游牧部落，他们饲养着象羊、狗、奶牛和马这样的家畜，会使用马和简陋的马车，并能够驰骋于一望无际的原野上。这些游牧部落就是原始印欧人，他们用于交际的语言就是原始印欧语。大约在公元
前3500年至公元前2500年间，这些原始印欧人开始迁徒。有些向西移动，有些向东移动，而有些则向南移动，到达今天的南亚次大陆。这些部落的大迁徒导致印欧语系的逐步形成。古印度语与古代欧洲语言之所以非常相近，其历史根源即在于此。 印欧语系包括：(一)印度语族(Indic);(二).伊朗语族(Iranian);(三)斯拉夫语族(Slavic),(四)波罗的话族(Baltic),(五)日耳曼语族(Germanic),(六)拉丁语族(亦称罗曼语族[Romance]), (七)凯尔特语族(Celtic),(八)希腊语族;(九)阿尔巴尼亚语(Albanian),(十)亚美尼亚语族(Armenian), (十一)吐火罗语族(T ocharian;Tokharian)(十二)赫梯语族(Hittite)。日耳曼语族是一个比较大的语族。它又分为三个语支：(一)东日耳曼语支(EastGermanic)主要以现已绝迹的哥特语(Gothic)为代表;(二)北日耳曼语支(North Germanic),主要以古北欧语(Oid Norse)为代表，包括今日的挪威语(Norwegian)、冰岛语(Icelandic)、瑞典语和丹麦语等;(三)西日耳曼语支(West Germanic)包括低地德语(Low German) 今日的荷兰语(Dutch)、高地德语(High German)、英语、弗里西亚语(Frisian)佛兰芒语(Flemish)等。因此，我们说：英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西日耳曼语支。 英语的起源和发展 英国南面隔英吉利海峡(the English Channel)、多佛尔海峡(the Straits of Dover)与法国相望，东面和东南面隔北海(the North Sea)与荷兰、比利时、丹麦、挪威遥对。距欧洲大陆最窄处的多佛尔海峡仅三十公里宽。英国的领土主要包括大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛东北部。
淮阴工学院课程论文（2010-2011学年第二学期） 论文题目: 跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异——以中美饮食文化为例 课程名称：跨文化交际英语任课老师：余洪虹 姓名: 植云 班级: 艺术1093 学号: 1092202325
跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异 ——以中美饮食文化为例 摘要：饮食是一种文化，而不同的文化背景孕育着不同的饮食文化，中国饮食以食表意，其博大精深不可言喻，而美国的饮食则是吃什么就是什么。在中西方文化互相交融的今天，美国文化有值得我们学习和借鉴的地方，同时中华饮食文化的优点也要继承，本文着重从中美饮食文化进行比较，从而用客观的视角去审视中西方饮食文化。 关键词：饮食文化，中国饮食，美国饮食，文化差异 1中国饮食文化的特点 中国的历史悠久，文明源远流长，具有上下五千年的文化，因此饮食文化也比较丰富，它也是祖国丰富文化宝库中的一朵奇葩。中国从原始社会开始都是以大杂居为主，远古时期以部落为单位，后来一直演变，直到现代社会都是以家庭为单位，团团圆圆一直是中国人的愿望，中国人的集体意识形成了中国饮食文化的一大特点就是—一家人都是吃一桌菜，并且大多数家庭是以圆桌为主，一家人围在一起，表示家人和和睦睦、团团圆圆。中国人的饮食很讲究色、香、味原则，三者缺一不可，为使食物色美，通常是在青、绿、红、黄、白、黑、酱等色中取三至五色调配，也就是选用适当的荤素菜料，包括一种主料和二、三种不同颜色的配料，使用适当的烹法与调味，就能使得菜色美观。食物香喷，可以激发食欲，其方法即为加入适当的香料，如葱、姜、蒜、辣、酒、八角、桂皮、胡椒、麻油、香菇等，使烹煮的食物气味芬芳。烹调各种食物时，必须注重鲜味与原味的保留，尽量去除腥膻味；譬如烹调海鲜时，中国人则爱用葱姜。因此适量的使用如酱油、糖、醋、香料等各种调味品，可以使得嗜浓味者不觉其淡，嗜淡味者不嫌其浓，个人根据自己的口味选择。 因为中国自古以来地大物博、人口稠密，所以中国人的饮食从先秦开始，就是以谷物为主，肉少粮多，辅以菜蔬，这就是典型的饭菜结构。其中饭是主食，而菜则是为了下饭，即助饭下咽。因为主食并不可口，必须有一种物质来辅助它使人们能够吃下去。当然菜的功能和盐的功能有共同点，但是不等同于盐。因为主食的单一性，所以，只有在菜上面花功夫，因此，中国的菜大都比较注重口味，
Five Famous Symbols of Chinese Culture Chinese martial arts Chinese martial arts are a culture with Chinese characteristics. Chinese martial arts include a number of areas: self-defense (fighting), health (medical), heart repair (philosophy). Combined, the three Chinese martial arts are. This is simply fighting with other big difference between patients and therefore can be said that unique. Chinese martial arts has over time become a formal branch of study in the performing arts by the Chinese. It is the most popular national sport in the country of China, and is practiced by people of all ages. It's emphasis has shifted from combat to performance, and it is practiced for its method of achieving heath, self-defense skills, mental discipline, recreational pursuit and competition. Chinese martial arts is characterized by it dynamic and fluid motions along with its Arial kicks and rolling techniques. Chinese martial arts is the Chinese word for all the styles of Chinese Martial Arts. These arts can be Tai Chi, Shaolin Boxing, Wing Chun, and many other martial styles. Tea Tea is the nation's national drink. It first appears in Shennong period, now has become fashionable in the world's three major non-alcoholic drinks (tea, coffee and cocoa), and will be the king of the beverage of the 21st century. The Chinese people, in their drinking of tea, place much significance on the act of "savoring." "Savoring tea" is not only a way to discern good tea from mediocre tea, but also how people take delight in their reverie and in tea-drinking itself. Snatching a bit of leisure from a busy schedule, making a kettle of strong tea, securing a serene space, and serving and drinking tea by yourself can help banish fatigue and frustration, improve your thinking ability and inspire you with enthusiasm. You may also imbibe it slowly in small sips to appreciate the subtle allure of tea-drinking, until your spirits soar up and up into a sublime aesthetic realm. Buildings, gardens, ornaments and tea sets are the elements that form the ambience for savoring tea. A tranquil, refreshing, comfortable and neat locale is certainly desirable for drinking tea. China is the birthplace of tea, known as "tea of the motherland." Tea is the pride of the Chinese nation! Great Wall The Great Wall was built in the Spring and Autumn period, which lasted up to more than 2,000 years, with a total length of more than 10,000,000 m 5. Today, we referred to the Great Wall, referring to the construction of the Ming Dynasty Great Wall. It west China's Gansu Province, Jiayuguan in the western East, Northeast China Liaoning Province of the Yalu River, while 6,350,000 meters long as it is a powerful dragon through steep mountains and the more cross-desert grasslands through ups and downs in the top of mountains on the other side of the Yellow Sea and Bohai all times and in all who have visited the Great Wall were all amazed that it's Bang Bo Momentum of the grand scale and difficulty of the project is a rare treasure of the Great Wall is an extraordinary artistic heritage symbolizes the Chinese nation in the world forever indestructible strength and the will of the Chinese nation is proud of is the pride of humanity as a whole.
传统文化英语作文 1.假定你是李华,是某高中的一名学生。为了让更多的人了解中国优秀的传统文化,你校近日将举办中国传统文化展(The Traditional Chinese Culture Fair)。请给你的外教Mr. Smith写一封电子邮件,邀请他参加。邮件的内容包括: 展会的宗旨,时间、地点以及参加人; 展出内容:相关书籍、图片、实物等; 注意:词数100左右;可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。 Dear Smith, I'm writing to invite you to the Traditional Chinese Cultural Fair to be held by our school at the Art Center this Friday afternoon, from 2pm to 5pm. Since this event aims to help more people learn about the traditional Chinese culture, the staff, all the students and their parents as well as anyone interested in it are welcome. At the Fair, related books, pictures, videos and objects will be exhibited, through which visitors will not only understand traditional Chinese culture better but also definitely feel the unique beauty of it. If you're interested, please come and enjoy it. And I'd be glad to offer any help. Looking forward to your early reply. Yours, Li Hua 2.假如你是李华，你校将举办中学生文化艺术节，请给你的英国朋友Peter写信，邀请他参加这次艺术节并请他表演一个节目．信的内容包括： 1．演出地点、时间及参加人员； 2．介绍艺术节主题：弘扬传统文化，促进文化交流． 注意：1．词数：100左右 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯． 参考词汇：中学生文化艺术节the Middle School Art Festival 承办 host 弘扬 carry forward . Dear Peter， How is everything going？I'm honored and happy，hearing you are a fan of traditional Chinese Art and Culture．Here comes a piece of good news appealing to you．The Middle School Art Festival hosted by our school is drawing near． The festival is to carry forward traditional culture and promote cultural exchange．And it provides audience with a stage where they can sample different forms of traditional Chinese and foreign culture while putting on performance．Next Friday，on the 30th of June，the festival will be held in the Shiyu Building．All of us students will take part in it．I sincerely hope that you can join us in our performance．By the way，it will be nicer of you to show us something from your country，since it will satisfy our curiosity about Britain． All of us will feel graced with the presence of you and your family． Yours，Li Hua 3. 假定你是李华，你的留学生同学Smith对中国传统文化很感兴趣，想要了解端午节。请你写信向他介绍中国的传统节日——端午节。包括以下要点： 1)端午节的时间及起源（农历五月初五）； 2)端午节的习俗； 3)邀请他端午节那天和你一起过节。 注意：1)词数100左右。 2)可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear Smith,
英语的起源与发展 编辑本段台湾等地。英联邦全部，美国等国家和地区的国语或官方语言。公元3世纪起有文献，文字采用拉丁字母。为联合国正式语言和工作语言之一。 英语属于印欧语系中汉藏下的西日耳曼语支。印欧语系是世界上最大的语系，其中包括十多种语言，主要分布在欧洲、美洲和亚洲等地。讲印欧语系语言的人数约占世界人口的七分之一。在各种语言当中，英语和德语,荷兰语以及斯堪的纳维亚半岛的日耳曼语言最为接近。英语起源于欧洲西部。大约在公元499年，居住在西北欧的三个日耳曼部族——盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人——侵犯不列颠。他们在征服不列颠诸岛后逐渐形成统一的英吉利民族，他们各自使用的方言也逐渐融合，成为一种新的语言——盎格鲁-撒克逊语，这就是古英语（Old English，公元450年至1150年）。在这一时期，说英语的人不过几百万人，而其使用范围也仅仅局限在不列颠岛。其后，英语又经过漫长的历史演变，由中古英语（Middle English，1150年至1500年）发展今天的现代英语（Modern English，1500年至今）。作为世界上最为开放的语言，在其1500多年的发展过程中，英语兼收并蓄，几乎从世界上任何一种语言中都或多或少地吸收词汇。今天，英语已成为世界上词汇量较大、适用范围最广的语言，同时它也是最接近于人类共同语的语言。根据以英语作为母语的人数计算，英语可能是世界上第三大或第四大语言（据1996年5月的《二十一世纪报》报道，目前世界上以英语为母语的人数是3亿7千万人），但它是世界上最广泛的第二语言，人数之多仅次于汉语。早在1919年凡尔赛和会上，英语就已成为外交领域最重要的语言。无数国际团体——从国际奥委会到联合国——都以英语为主要工作语言。许多政府首脑都精通英语。如德国前总理科尔就能用流利的英语与美国前总统Bill Clinton交谈。上两个世纪英国和美国在各国外交、文化、经济、军事、政治和科学等领域上的领先地位使得英语成为一种国际语言。英语是联合国的五种工作语言之一。与英语最接近的无疑是弗里西语，这种语言现在仍然被在荷兰北部弗里斯兰省的大约50万人使用。一些人认为苏格兰盖尔语是与英语接近的一个独立语言，而一些人则认为它是英语的一个方言。苏格兰语传统上被认为是一种独立的语言（有人甚至认为Ebonics
On the Development of Chinese Folk Culture 1 Introduction As an ancient culture, folk customs has had a great influence on China from ancient times to the present, Folk culture has been becoming a must of society. Folk customs, that is to say, the traditions of ancient People and they can be divided into several categories, we will study several groups of folk customs in order to make readers feel the great of Chinese culture. 2 Theoretical Foundations 2.1 Chinese Customs 2.1.1 Lantern riddles Lantern riddles are displayed during traditional Chinese festivals, such as the Chinese Lantern Festival, Chinese middle autumn festival, etc. The full name of …Lantern Riddles… are …riddles written on lanterns…. In ancient China, people believed that it was as difficult to kill a tiger as it was to guess a lantern puzzle, so, it had another name –tiger lantern. Usually, there were four riddles written on red vertical strips of paper pasted to each lantern which was attached by a string.
It is generally considered that reading do a lot of benefit to our students. Not only can it make our after-school life more meaningful and colorful, but it can expand our horizons. As a result, with reading more, we would grow into a better person. As we all know, different books have different advantages and disadvantages. One great person had ever said,”Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man”. In fact, it is of great significance for us students to know reading selectively is important. Different books broaden the student’s knowledge horizon and cultivate their interests in different fields. Some books of low quality may do harm to the readers. There is an old proverb which goes that keep good men company and you shall be of the number. The truth of it is profound and significant. It is very important to read selectively. After all, you are what you read.
20篇作文高考热点传统文化英语作文 1.假如你叫李华，最近你的美国笔友Tony要来北京体验中国传统文化，请根据他的问题回复邮件， 为他设计北京一日游活动，帮助他体验中国传统文化。请描述你们打算去的地方、具体的活动 安排、以及这样安排的理由。 参考词汇：四合院Siheyuan 胡同Hutong Hi, Tony! I' m glad that you will come to Beijing soon. There are lots of places of interest in Beijing.In order to experience traditional Chinese culture better, I dorecommend Beijing Hutong tour. First, we' re going to go sightseeing along the lanes in Hutong. The houses in Hutong are traditional, such as Siheyuan. From them, you can imagine how people used to live. Of course you can stop anywhere you like and it is interesting to take pictures or have a close look. Second, we are going to pay visits to a Hutong family. We can have lunch there and have a short talk with the local residents, which can help you learn about many stories of the past. We can not only appreciate the dramatic changes that Hutong has undergone but also see evidence of the history of Beijing, experiencing the old way of life and traditional Beijing culture. In a word, Hutongs were the homes of common people in the past. It is easy to know how people lived and had fun in the old days. So it is a good choice to learn about traditional Chinese culture. I' m looking forward to your coming. Yours, Li Hua 2.假定你是李华，你校学生会近日将举办中国传统文化展会（The Traditional Chinese Culture Fair）。 请给你的外教Mr. Smith写一封电子邮件，邀请他参加。邮件的内容包括： 1.展会的时间和地点：本周五下午2:00--5:00，本校艺术中心； 2.展会宗旨：让更多的人了解中国优秀的传统文化； 3.展示内容：书籍、图片、实物等。 注意：1.词数100左右； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear Mr. Smith,
CHINESE FOLK CULTURE Folk culture has strong folklore and unique characteristics; it is a kind of culture that forms among the working people rather than governmental authority. Folk culture, also known as popular culture, is the basis of Chinese traditional culture. In China, the Book of Songs is the earliest poetry that contains much folk cultural of Pre-Qin dynasty, which reflects that our country’s folk culture is rich and colorful and has extensive knowledge and profound scholarship. However, as the time flying, there are lots of changes happened in the aspects of folk culture. In the tide of globalization, the folk custom culture that the basis of Chinese traditional culture is fading away gradually nowadays. According to this background, we should analyze the new appearance and discuss the protection measures of the folk culture further. It is not only because the Folk culture is the culture of the whole community foundation, and has strong vitality. As we all know, superficial culture is often the top of folk culture, and it is the result of the adaptation and refinement results of the folk culture, but also for the reason that Folk culture of a country are the national spirit of the main component of the national culture are an important cornerstone. So it is critical for Chinese peo ple learning more details about their own country’s folk culture. The traditional festival, also known as moon festival, is china’s second traditional festival next to the spring festival. It is the most important part of our country’s folk culture. The five thousand years civilization of Chinese nation has bred brilliant folk culture, which forms the comparative advantage of industry development in folk culture resources. Chinese folk culture is famous to the whole world for it’s more than 5,000 years long history and its special existence forms. During the course of its long history, the hardworking Chinese people have created an ample material civilization as well as a splendid folk culture. In the field of folk culture, our people link the moon cakes and mid-autumn festival with Archer Yi, just like lots of people are fond of Associating Qu yuan and the dragon boat with the dragon boat festival, and combining sweeping day with honoring ancestor and new life. Mid-autumn Festivals is one of three major Chinese holidays, along with the spring festival and The Dragon Boat Festival. It is an important festival during the eighth month of lunar calendar, for which billions of Chinese people go back to their home and gather together with their families. Traditionally, on this day, Chinese family members and friends will gather to admire the bright mid-autumn harvest moon, and eat moon cakes and pommels together. Mid-autumn festival as well as mouthwatering food people eaten during the period of it and various activities people held in the process of celebrating this festival play an important role of traditional festival, they are also kinds of civil epitome of our country’s folk culture. Chinese people celebrate this significant festival from generations to generations since it was formed during the Xia and Shang dynasty. The mid-autumn festival is a traditional festival for both the Han and minority nationalities. There are also some records of the mid-autumn festival. The most popular records is that people believe