现代语言学自考历年真题

全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )

1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.

A. lexical

B. grammatical

C. semantic

D. structural

2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.

A. vowels

B. consonants

C. sounds

D. speech sounds

3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.

A. root

B. stem

C. affix

D. morpheme

4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.

A. linear

B. hierarchical

C. constituent

D. syntactic

5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）

A. argument

B. subject

C. object

D. predicate

6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?

Speaker B: I’m in the bath.

Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）

A. quantity

B. quality

C. relation

D. manner

7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.

A. back-formation

B. clipping

C. blending

D. abbreviating

8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The

connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.

A. important

B. unusual

C. pejorative

D. commendatory

9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）

A. brain

B. vocal cords

C. tongue

D. articulatory organs

10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）

A. prelinguistic

B. one-word

C. two-word

D. multi-word

Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )

11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.

12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.

13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.

14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise

a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.

15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.

16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.

17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “n?fre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.

18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c .

19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.

20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is

f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.

III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2%×10=20% ）

21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.

22.（）In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs is

total or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing

out again, such as English stops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t] the

flow of air is blocked through the mouth only.

23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaning of a compound is always

perceived from the meanings of its components.

24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters”theory, “principles”refer

to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in

general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power

of Move a, while “parameters”allow general principles to operate in

certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural

languages vary.

25.（）In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y is a prerequisite of X.

So if Y is true, X must be true. 26.（）According to Austin’s classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into

five general categories, which are representatives, directives, commissives,

expressives and decalrations.

27.（）For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced [?ks], but

the word asking is pronounced [?skI?]. It is interesting that in Old English

the verb ask was aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. This means that a

historical metathesis rule switched these two consonants, producing ask in

most dialects of English. Metathesis is the phonological process that reorders

segments, often by transposing two adjoining sound segments.

28.（）Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties

are regarded as substandard languages. Only standard varieties are regarded

as the only correct, logical and pure, and are effective in expressing ideas in

communication.

29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.

30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the

ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.

Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instruction

V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )

41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.

42. Explain the term “euphemism”with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?

全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题

I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the

four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% ×10=20% )

1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by

many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. ( )

A. system

B. structure

C. competence

D. performance

2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at

the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )

A. larynx

B. hard palate

C. glottis

D. vocal cords

3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( )

A. two roots

B. a root and a prefix

C. a root and a suffix

D. a root and a free morpheme

4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which state

explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( De t ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )

A. phrases

B. clauses

C. sentences

D. constituents

5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______.

A. Plato

B. Ogden and Richards

C. John Firth

D. Bloomfield

6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. ( )

A. prelocutionary

B. locutionary

C. illocutionary

D. perlocutionary

7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）

A. Germanic

B. Persian

C. Sanskrit

D. Lithuanian

8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )

A. conceptual meaning

B. connotative meaning

C. cultural meaning

D. social meaning

9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing.

A. right

B. left

C. front

D. back

10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest that

formal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______. A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversation D.

career-oriented examination

II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)

11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is composed

of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meaningful.

12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the

soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.

13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of

s to form a new word.

14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words.

A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.

15. The words such as “pop”meaning a certain sound and “pop”meaning popular are

in relationship of c homonyms.

16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort

to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.

17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English.

English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.

18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict f

differentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.

19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the

brain is called l .

20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second language

acquisition.

III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% × 10=20%)

21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "the institution whereby humans

communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used

oral-auditory arbitrary symbols." Most linguists today accept the view of

language as a set of "habitually used symbols."

22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in

principle longer than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound

length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are

collectively known as intonation.

23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify

the meaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech.

24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure,

we do not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be

different. Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the

representations of the two

levels look different.

25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.

26.（）John Searle made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and

“performatives”.

27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By

analogy to foe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the

plural of cow instead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not

occur when words are borrowed from foreign languages.

28.（）The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g.,

Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President),

Title alone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings,

between friends, neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.

29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are

able to transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire

the lost linguistic skills with relatively little disruption.

30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. https://www.doczj.com/doc/2215793083.html,missives37. sound assimilation38.

idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interference

V. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )

41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language

with examples.

42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order to

understand the relationship between language and thought.

全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题

Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )

1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. () A. performance B. paroleC. langue D. competence

2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ()

A. random

B. rule-governed

C. haphazard

D. unpredictable

3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ()

A. phoneme

B. word

C. compound

D. morpheme

4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ()

A. lexical

B. phrasal

C. syntactic

D. phonetic

5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ()

A. “buy” and “sell”

B. “male” and “female”

C. “hot” and “cold”

D. “alive” and “dead”

6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.

A. directives

B. declarations

C. commissives

D. representatives

7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., Old English noun had four cases, i.e.,

nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ()

A. possessive

B. vocative

C. accusative

D. locative

8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ()

A. Social

B. Ethnic

C. Regional

D. Situational

9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.()

A. nerve fibers

B. nerves

C. neurons

D. cerebral cortex

10. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, they begin to incorporate some

of the inflectional morphemes. ()

A. telegraphic

B. multiword

C. two-word

D. one-word

II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word

only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )

11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people

what they should say and what they should not, it is said to be p .

12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called t

languages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes. 13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show various grammatical

relations or categories such as number, tense and case.

14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.

15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic

analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p , which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.

16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that it explains how it is possible

for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.

17. The method of r of a parent language from a comparison of its daughter

languages is called the comparative method.

18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors social attitude, emotions and value

judgements.

19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical period hypothesis, but also the view that

human’s language a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.

20. If the target language functions as a foreign language, the learner is likely to benefit

from an

i motivation.

Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% ×10=20% )

21. () The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e., there are no words in world

languages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound. 22. () Certain strings of phonemes are permissible and others are not. If a word

begins with an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1b I k/does not sound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing of phonemes.

23. () The different stresses used in a compound do not usually affect the meaning of

the compound.

24. () The recursive properties of phrase structure rules enable these rules to generate

an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.

25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y.

26. () Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state, and are

not verifiable.

27. () Another kind of change that can be thought of as “economy of memory”

results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example, children and adults are presently saying I dreamed last night(instead of dreamt). This kind of change has been called rule simplification.

28. () One striking fact about the asymmetry between male and female terms in

many languages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most part is unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or by compounding.

29. () Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated in

a single area of the left hemisphere.

30. () The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all be

explained by mother tongue interference.

Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33. sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37. stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40. Broca’s area

Ⅴ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )

41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” is pronounced [?ks], and children’s speech

shows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”. Now explain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movement and sound addition by examples.

42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.

全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题

I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or D in the brackets. (2%×10=-20％)

1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ；phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words.

A. sounds units

B. sound features

C. phonemes

D. allophones

2. Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of words；but it is often the case that the sounds of the words in a language are rather unsystematically represented by ______· ( )

A. writing

B. orthography

C. transcription

D. phonology

3. ______morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word. ( )

A. Bound

B. Free

C. Inflectional

D. Derivational

4. _______ categories refer to combination of words of different categories，such as noun phrases(NP)，verb phrases(VP)in English. ( )

A. Lexical

B. Phrasal

C. Semantic

D. Logical

5. In semantic analysis of a sentence，a(n)______ is a logical participant in a predication，largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence. ( ) A. argument B. subject C. object D. attribute

6. Of the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking，linguists are most interested in the ______ act because it is identical with the speaker’s intention. ( )

A. performative

B. constative

C. illocutionary

D. perlocutionary

7. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England under William the Conqueror in 1066. For about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest，Middle English was heavily influenced by French，most noticeably in large and central areas of ______. ( )

A. vocabulary

B. pronunciation

C. morphology

D. syntax

8. Depending on the demands of a particular communicative situation，bilingual or multilingual speakers may change between language varieties in the middle of speech or even in the middle of a sentence. Such a situation is known as ______. ( )

A. bilingualism

B. multilingualism

C. diglossia

D. code-switching

9. Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. ( )

A. Wernicke’s

B. Broca’s

C. Gage’s

D. Genie’s

10. Studies on the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks EXCEPT ______. ( )A. planned speech B. writingC. career-oriented exam D. casual and spontaneous conversation

II. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)

l1. M linguistics，unlike the linguistic study normally known as “grammar” which sets models and rules for language users to follow，is mostly descriptive，i.e.，it attempts to describe the language people actually use，be it “correct” or not.

12. Many languages，including English，have vowels called d ，which could also be described as a sequence of two vowels.

13. A r is often seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning；it must be combined with another similar form or an affix to form a word.

14. In a complex sentence，the incorporated，or subordinate，clause is normally called an e clause.

15. In the English vocabulary there are two categories of words：n words and borrowed words.

16. “Your money or your life!” aims to threaten，and it is a specific instance of d ·

17. Back formation refers to a process by which new words are coined from already existing words by taking away an a thought to be part of the old word，for example，edit derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that “-or”was the agentive suffix.

18. In the 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary，examples used to illustrate the meaning of words include “manly courage’’ and “masculine charm. ’’Women do not fare as well. as exemplified by “womanish tears’’ and “feminine wiles.’’ This indicates that language reflects s in society.

19. The c period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language. 20. Although they lack grammatical morphemes，t sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.

III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20％)

21. ( )Animal communication system also possesses the feature of displacement. In other words，it can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations.

22. ( )V owels usually constitute the nucleus of syllable，so they are typically syllabic. Consonants cannot be syllabic. The same is true of English consonants.

23. ( )X-bar theory and phrase structure rules are similar, and they play the same roles in explaining the internal structures of language.

24. ( )Transformational rules are the rules that we use to generalize the syntactic movement that occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new position.

25. ( )A grammatically well-formed sentence may be a semantically ill-formed sentence.

26. ( )While conversation participants nearly always observe the Cooperative Principle，they do not always observe these maxims strictly.

27. ( )The Great V owel Shift did not lead to the discrepancies between the pronunciation and the spelling system of Moden English.

28. ( )Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation，in which there exists a

strict grammatical differentiation between a high variety or H-variety and a low variety or L-variety.

29. ( )Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the right hemisphere of the brain.

30. ( )No language is inferior or superior to any other language，and no single human，except those with mental or physical impairments，is a better or worse language acquirer than any other human.

IV. Directions：Explain the following terms，using one or two examples for illustration，if necessary. (3％×10=30％)

31. arbitrariness32. distinctive features33. Universal Grammar34. Move

35. contextualism36. comparative reconstruction37. speech community38. interpersonal communication39. 1inguistic determinism and relativism40. 1anguage acquisition

V. Directions：Answer the following questions. (10％×2=20％)

41. Use appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences.

1) The naughty boy cheated his teacher.2) The old man put the book on the table. 3) I think that you are from the South.

42. Distinguish sentence meaning and utterance meaning by using examples.

全国2008年10月自学考试现代语言学试题

I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1.The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.( ) A. American linguist N. Chomsky B. Swiss linguist F. de Saussure

C. American linguist Edward Sapir

D. British linguist J. R. Firth

2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( )

A. stops

B. fricatives

C. affricates

D. plosives

3.In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.( )

A. free

B. bound

C. root

D. inflectional

4.Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical _______, commonly known as parts of speech.( )

A. verbs

B. nouns

C. phrases

D. categories

5.The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _______.( )

A. complete homonyms

B. homographs

C. hyponyms

D. homophones

6. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.( )

A. directives

B. expressives

C. commissives

D. representatives

7. Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred early in the history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in _______, Greek, or Latin.( )

A. English

B. Sanskrit

C. German

D. Danish

8. Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across _______ boundaries.( )

A. social

B. regional

C. cultural

D. political

9. The case of Phineas Gage showed us that _______.( )

A. human language ability is n ot located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was so damaged and he could still speak

B. human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brain

C. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the back

D. if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front

10. The Chinese sound/d/in English interlanguage pronunciation of “dat” for “that” belongs to _______ error.( )

A. fossilization

B. transfer

C. interference

D. overgeneralization

II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)

11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_______.

12. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.

13. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and “fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______.

14. A c_______ sentence contains two clau ses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” “but,” “or.”

15. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.

16. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.

17. The [d] of spindle is developed between an adjacent [n] and [l]. Such a process or change in which successive sounds are separated by an intervening segment is known as e_______.

18. The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a rudimentary language of few lexical items and “straightforward” grammatical rules. Such a m_______ language is called pidgin.

19. The brain’s neurological specialization for lan guage is called linguistic l_______, which psycholinguists are particularly interested in.

20. Within the framework of C_______ Analysis, second language learning was believed to be a matter of overcoming the differences between L 1 and L2 systems. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)

21.( ) The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.

22.( ) When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf. 23.( ) The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words in the compound.

24.( ) The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.

25.( ) The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.

26.( ) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s.

27.( ) Derivation covers various processes of word formation by the addition of affixes, such as the creation of adjectives from nouns (professional < profession), nouns from verbs (computer < compute), adjectives from verbs (conceivable < conceive), and verbs from nouns (eulogize < eulogy).

28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, such as He don’t know nothing. Such double negation constructions indicate that speakers of Black English are deficient because they use language “illogically.”

29.( ) The right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body.

30.( ) Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.

IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% ×10=30%)

31. displacement32. general linguistics33. assimilation rule34. derivational affix33. hierarchical structure

36. semantic triangle37. grammatical meaning38. cooperative principle39. high variety40. right ear advantage

V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

41. New words can be formed in many ways. Please illustrate borrowing, compounding, blending and back-formation, each with two examples.

42. Describe briefly what stages children go through in their first language acquisition. 全国2008年1月高等教育自学考试

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the bracket.(2%×10=20%)

1. The phonetic form of the prefix meaning “not”

is phonetically variant; it is before a

vowel or an alveolar consonant,

before a labial consonant, and before a _____, for example,

inoperable ,

indiscrete ,

impossible , and

inconceivable . ( )

A. velar

B. palatal

C. fricative

D. stop

2. Tones are pitch variations that refer to morphologically defined segments to the extent that different _______ in a language are distinctive. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.( )

A. sounds

B. patterns

C. pitches

D. features

3. Some of the ______ rules are productive; they can be used freely to form new words.( )

A. syntactic

B. morphological

C. semantic

D. phonological

4. VP, AP and PP share similar syntactic properties with NP in that they allow for _______ and complements in phrases. ( )

A. heads

B. specifiers

C. lexical items

D. obligatory words

5. Bloomfield drew on _______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms. ( )

A. contextual

B. conceptualist

C. behaviorist

D. mentalist

6. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in _______. ( )

A. sense

B. concept

C. sentence

D. context

7. The languages of the world belong to families and bear offspring. When we examine the languages of the world, we perceive similarities and differences among them that provide further evidence for the “______” relatedness we know exists.

A. geographical

B. genetic

C. typological

D. functional

8. In English, powder room is a euphemism for toilet, which itself started as a _______ for lavatory, which is now more acceptable than its replacement. ( )

A. variant

B. variation

C. variable

D. euphemism

9. What can be drawn safely from the case of Genie is that _______. ( )

A. it confirms the critical period hypothesis

B. human’s language acquisition device is independent of other intellectual abilities

C. language can not be acquired at all after the critical period

D. the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and, as a result, most linguistic skills cannot develop

10. Although children are still acquiring aspects of their native language through the later years of childhood, it is normally assumed that they have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process by the age of ______.( )

A. three and half

B. four

C. five

D. six

Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word , the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11. The core area of linguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and s .

12. Phonetics provides the means to describe the sounds, showing how they differ; phonology tells us that they function as p , acting to contrast words.

13. Both i____________ morphology and derivational morphology are the two sub-branches of morphology.

14. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. This sequential order of words in a sentence shows that the structure of a sentence is l_____________.

15. C_________ synonyms are synonyms that differ in the words they go together with. It is

a matter of usage.

16. According to Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, “I swear I ha ve never seen the man before” is among the most typical examples of the r______.

17. Sound a________ refers to sound change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.

18. German-speaking Switzerland is described as a d___________ community, where the distinct varieties are Standard German and Swiss German.

19. The left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the r___________ side of the body.

20. Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings while a__________ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.

III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.

（2%×10=20%）

21.( ) People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense,

human language is creative.

22.( ) In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless

aspirated

stops and the voiceless unaspirated

stops occur in the

same phonemic context or environment.

23.( ) Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.

24.( ) Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.

25.( )The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.

26.( ) Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and

“performatives”.

27.( ) Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to the same Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.

28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in : He don’t know nothing.

He don’t like nobody.

He ain’t got none.

29.( ) The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.

30.( ) During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.

IV. Dirctions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.

（3%×10=30%）

31. applied linguistics32. diacritics33. phrase structure rule34. predicate35. presupposition36. cognates37. creole

38. Wernicke’s area39. overt thought40. instrumental motivation

V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

41.To what extent can we say that language is culturally transmitted? Explain with examples. Does animal communication have the same feature of cultural transmission?

42. According to John Austin’s new model, please illustrate the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking.

全国2007年10月高等教育自学考试

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.

(2% ×10=20%)

1. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any

_______________system of communication.

A. artificial

B. non-linguistic

C. animal

D. abstract

2. If you put a finger in each ear and say “z-z-z-z-z”, you can feel the vibrations of the _______________.

A. glottis

B. windpipe

C. larynx

D. vocal cords

3. In the word suitable, “-able” is a _______________morpheme.

A. derivational

B. inflectional

C. root

D. stem

4. _______________is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language,

i.e. how words are arranged in a sentence and in what order.

A. Morphology

B. Syntax

C. Phonology

D. Semantics

5. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called _______________.

A. selectional restrictions

B. grammatical rules

C. phrase structure rules

D. phonological rules

6. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _______________ .

A. clause

B. speech

C. utterance

D. predication

7.The discovery of Indo-European began with the work of ____________, who delivered an important paper in 1786 in which he suggested that Sanskrit bore a stronger affinity to Greek and Latin.

A. the British scholar Sir William Jones

B. the German linguist Franz Bopp

C. the Danish scholar Rasmus Rask

D. the German scholar Jacob Grimm

8.The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must,

in some reasonable way, interact _______________with other members of the community.

A. geographically

B. linguistically

C. socially

D. psycholinguistically

9. Th e view that human brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back _______.

A. less than 1000 years

B. over 2000 years

C. less than 2000 years

D. over 3000 years

10. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the _________system of language.

A. phonological

B. semantic

C. grammatical

D. communicative

II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)

11. L is generally known as the scientific and systematic study of language.

12. Speech sounds can be described in physical or a terms. Physically, sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.

13. The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called f morphemes.

14. A simple sentence consists of a single c which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.

15. C analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided

into meaning components.

16. According to Searle, s acts fall into five general categories, i.e., there are five

general types of things we do with language.

17. In historical linguistics, language change refers to the study of the d processes of

change in language elements and language systems.

18. Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other g and socially. The changes that occur in the language spoken in one area or group do not necessarily spread to another.

19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the 1 hemisphere of the brain.

20. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires

little conscious i on the part of adults.

llI. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for

true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is

false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%) 21. ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

22. ( ) We use dark [] at the end of a word after a vowel or before a consonant, such as feel [fi:] and little [l I

t], and clear [1] before a vowel, such as loaf [l υf]. From the phonological point of view, dark [] and clear [1] are the two different sounds.

23. ( ) Theoretically speaking, a compound can be a combination of two words of any parts of speech.

24. ( ) The level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary movement is what we call deep structure.

25. ( ) Sense and reference are of the same thing in meaning study.

26. ( ) Paul Grice thought that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate.

27. ( ) The word knight once meant “youth”, but was elevated in meaning in time for the age of chivalry. This is an example of semantic broadening.

28. ( ) In medieval times, a trade language came into use in the Mediterranean ports. It consisted of Italian mixed with French, Spanish, Greek, Arabic, and Turkish, and it was called Lingua Franca, “Frankish language.” The term lingua franca was generalized to

other languages similarly used. Thus, any language can be a lingua franca.

29. ( ) A ristotle suggested that thought was the soul’s discourse with itself.

30. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a first language.

Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)

31.duality32.producrivity33.fricative34.affix35.recursiveness36.the naming

https://www.doczj.com/doc/2215793083.html,plementary antonyms

38.conversational https://www.doczj.com/doc/2215793083.html,nguage planning40.psycholinguistics

V.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)

41．Explain the Great V owel Shift in the history of English, and give at least two examples of both Middle English and Modern English in phonetic transcription.

42.Discuss the different theories of child language acquisition with reference to the

behaviorist learning model and the nativist biological model.

全国2007年1月高等教育自学考试

Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)

1．The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is of great interest to those working in the area of（）

A．phonology B．articulatory phonetics

C．auditory phonetics D．acoustic phonetics

2．The vowel [u:] in English has all the following features EXCEPT（）

A．long B．rounded

C．closed D．central

3．The stress of the compound noun“armchair”falls on（）

A．the second syllable B．the first syllable

C．both the first and second syllables D．either the first or the second syllable 4．When we move a noun phrase from the object position to the subject position in passive transformation in English, we are（）the noun phrase to the left. A．rewriting B．postposing

C．maintaining D．preposing

5．Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the one in which meaning is explained in terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in specific situations is referred to as

A．contextualism B．behaviourism

C．conceptualism D．the naming theory

6．The illocutionary point of the （）is to commit the speaker to something’s being the case, to the truth of what has been said.

A．representatives B．commissives

C．expressives D．directives

7．Abbreviations of longer words or phrases may become lexicalized, for example, gym for gymnasium. This process is sometimes called（）

A．blending B．abbreviating

C．clipping D．compounding

8．The differences between standard and non-standard, on the one hand, and between high and low language varieties in a _______ situation, on the other hand, are parallel but not identical.

A．diglossic B．bilingual

C．linguistic D．sociolinguistic

9．The view that the brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back over （）years.

A．10000 B．5000

C．2000 D．1000

10．（）motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.

A．Instrumental B．Functional

C．Integrative D．Social

Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the

first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11.Traditional grammarians tried to tell people what was good usage and what was bad usage by setting models for language users to follow. Thus their approach to the study of language was p .

12.The f intonation in English usually indicates that there is an implied message in what the speaker says.

13.The affix“hood”is a n -forming suffix that can be added to the end of stems, such as child, boy, man, etc.

14.X-bar theory refers to a general and highly a schema that can reduce the redundancies of individual phrase structure rules and may well capture certain basic properties shared by all phrasal categories across the languages of the world.

15.In the semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p .

16.The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in c and traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from use.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/2215793083.html,nguage changes can be associated with major social changes caused by wars, invasions, colonialization and colonial settlement, cultural and economic advances, or socio-economics

18.A personal dialect is referred to as idiolect. It shows idiosyncratic varieties and combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and s variation, in one form or another.

19.It is known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a particular hemisphere of the brain . The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l .

20.The C Analysis approach was founded on the belief that it was possible, by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language systems, to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types

of errors they would make.

Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true of F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)

21.( )With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence and performance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use.

22.( )If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in the word feel not as a dark , but as a clear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.

23. ( )A logical subject may have different positions in a sentence.

24.( )The subordinator only marks the beginning of an embedded clause, and it doesn’t indicate the grammatical function of the embedded clause in the sentence.

25.( )English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.

26.( )The utterance meaning of a sentence remains the same in all contexts.

27.( )In Old English the main negation element was “ne”.Like Modern English

“not”,the “ne”usually occurred after the auxiliary verb.

28.( )A pidgin is ordinarily a simplified version of one of the languages, usually European, such as English, modified in the direction of the other and characterized by an absence of any complex grammar, and its vocabulary is also very limited.

29.( )The nerve cells that form the surface of the brain are called the cortex, which serves as the intellectual decision-maker, receives messages from the sensory organs, and initiates all voluntary actions.

30.( )Children learn language by simply imitating the speech of the people around them. Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration if necessary.(3%×10=30%)

31.arbitrariness32.assimilation rule33.embedded clause

34.syntactic category35.sense36.Grimm’s Law

37.code-switching38.psycholinguistics39.dichotic listening40.error analysis

Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)

41.Do you think that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components? Support your argument with examples.

42.Which maxim does B’s utterance in the following conversation violate? Does the violation give rise to conversational implicature? If it does, what is the implicature?

[A is talking with B about a film they have seen.]

A: The film was good. Don’t you think so?

B: The music was nice.

全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试

Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)

1．Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is

a feature of（）

A．all consonants B．vowels only

C．all consonants and some vowels D．all vowels and some consonants

2．The negative prefix“ in-”in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is actually pronounced/im/,a nd spelt as “im”. This is the result of the ______________rule at work.

（）

A．deletion B．assimilation

C．phonetic D．sequential

3．The word “ecology” is a two-morpheme cluster that contains_______________.

（）

A．two roots B．a root and a suffix

C．a root and a free morpheme D．a prefix and a root

4．When we move the adverbial phrase “every day” in the sentence “Every day, we study English” to the end of the sentence, we are now ______________ the phrase to the right.A．rewriting B．preposing

C．postposing D．maintaining

5．Antonyms are divided into several kinds .Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms?

A．complementary B．relational

C．superordinate D．gradable

6．In terms of predication analysis , the utterance“ Is it going to snow this afternoon?” is a______________（）

A．one-place predication B．two-place predication

C．three-place predication D．no-place predication

7．In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old

English, word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern English has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of________________.

A．SOV B．SVO

C．VSO D．OSV

8．Black English is a kind of _______________dialect.（）

A．regional B．standard

C．ethnic D．situational

9．The critical period for language acquisition refers to the short period of _____________years old in one’s life, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.

A．1-2 B．2-12

C．1-12 D．13-18

10．In a sense, humans can be said to be biologically programmed to acquire at least one

language. What is meant by this ______________view of language acquisition is that humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use. A．behaviorist B．nativist

C．mentalist D．empiricist

Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)

11.A scientific study of language is based on the s________________ investigation of

language data.

12.The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human linguistic communication

and are of interest to linguistic studies are called the p________________ medium of language.

13.phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences with infinite length,

due to their r________________ properties.

14.A f_________________ clause is a clause that takes a subject and a main verb, and at the

same time stands structurally alone.

15.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The

relationship between X and Y is i_________________

16.In Austin’ s early speech act theory, c________________ were statements that either

state or describe, and were thus verifiable.

17.In the historical development of language, sound change is inevitable, such as sound loss,

sound a________________ and sound movement.

18.Slang is often perceived as a low or vulgar form of language and is deemed to be

undesirable in f_________________ styles of language.

19.D_________________ listening tests involve simultaneously presenting, through

earphones, two different auditory signals, one to the right ear and the other to the left ear.

20.At children’s la nguage development, one-word utterances can be used to express a

concept or predication similar to a sentence in adult speech. For example, a child might use the word “dada” to mean “Dada, come here”, “more” to mean “Give me more candy”. Those utterances c an also be called h_________________ sentences. Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)

21.( )Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two approaches are equally favored by modern linguists.

22. ( )Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not with

sentences.

23. ( )A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between its

components, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.

24. ( )Major lexical categories are closed categories because the number of lexical

items in these categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.

25. ( )The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the

etymology of the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.

26. ( )The s ignificance of Grice’s Cooperative Principle lies in that it explains how it is

possible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.

27. ( )The invention of steam-powered boats gave the verb sail an opportunity to

extend its meaning to boats without sails. This example indicates that the meaning or semantic representation of words may become broader.

28. ( )An official language is in fact a national language.

29. ( )Generally speaking, left-handed people have their language centers in the left

hemisphere of the brain.

30. ( )A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same

number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence. Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31.phonemiccontrast32.freemorphemes33.hierarchicalstructure

34.co-hyponyms35.utterancemeaning36.perlocutionaryact37.internal

borrowing38.subvocal speech39.contrastive analysis40.caretaker speech

Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)

41.Discuss any FOUR of the features of human language that distinguish it from animal

communication system.

42.What is bilingualism? What is a bilingual community? What does it mean that most

bilingual communities have one thing in common?

全国2005年10月高等教育自学考试

Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1. The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone

languages such as .

A. Chinese

B. English

C. Chinese and English

D. English and French

2. V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of .

A. the velum

B. the vocal cords

C. the glottis

D. the uvula

3. The words that contain only one morpheme are called .

A. bound morphemes

B. affixes

C. free morphemes

D. roots

4. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called .

A. phase structure rules

B. syntactic rules

C. lexical rules

D. transformational rules

5. The naming theory was proposed by .

A. the Greek scholar Plato

B.

C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards

C. the British linguist J. Firth

D. the American linguist L. Bloomfield

6. Speech act theory was first proposed by .

A. John Austin

B. John Searle

C. Noam Chomsky

D. John Firth

7. linguistics refers to the study of a language or languages at a single point in

time, without reference to earlier or later stages.

A. Diachronic

B. Synchronic

C. Historical

D. Comparative 8. Different functional speech varieties known as are expected in, say, a church

sermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast.

A. registers

B. styles

C. dialects

D. accents

9. is the study of language in relation to the mind.

A. Psycholinguistics

B. Sociolinguistics

C. Linguistics

D. Semantics

10. In general, children’s holophrastic sentences begin .

A. in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year

B. in the second half of the second year

C. between two and three years old

D. between four and five years old

Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)

11. Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary v symbols used for human

communication.

12. To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols

called d are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similar sounds.

13. The meaning of a compound is often i ,not always being the sum total of the

meanings of its components.

14. The clause into which another clause is embedded is called a m clause.

15. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be

dissected into meaning components, called s features.

16. C is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by

the speaker and the hearer.

17. The major phonological change in the history of English known as the Great V owel Shift

involves seven long, or t , vowels of Middle English.

18. Certain words in all societies are considered t -- they are forbidden or to be

avoided.

19. It’s known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a

particular hemisphere of the brain. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l .

20. C speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc.

when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.

Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)

21.( ) According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an unlimited

number of sentences because he possesses an internalized set of rules about his

language.

22. ( ) Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they

can be applied to all languages.

23. ( ) Under the Case Condition principle, when the Move αrule operates to

change a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice, it can move a

noun phrase to any Case receiving position.

24. ( ) Lexical categories are generally known as parts of speech, and a language has major and minor lexical categories of a finite set.

25. ( ) A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.

26. ( ) All illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose

or the same illocutionary point.

27. ( ) Borrowing occurs when one language takes a word or morpheme from another

language and adds it to its lexicon.

28. ( ) It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of

language.

29. ( ) Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure of their vocal cords.

30. ( ) According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually

assume correct forms of the language of their community when their “bad”

speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced. Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.

(3%×10=30%)31. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)32.

phoneme33. linguistic competence34. syntactic movement35. homonymy36.

derivation37. idiolect38. the critical period hypothesis

39. intrapersonal communication40. telegraphic speech

Ⅴ. Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)

41. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word, and modify the meaning of a stem, but

usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. Do you think it is true?

Support your answer with examples.

42. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? Please give examples to show

how the flouting of these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature (Give at least two examples, each flouting a different maxim).

全国2005年1月高等教育自学考试

一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序

号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)

1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study.

A. comparative

B. diachronic

C. up-to-date

D. descriptive

2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics.

A. auditory

B. acoustic

C. articulatory

D. none of the above three

3. What the element ‘-es’indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’past tense, and ‘-ing’progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ).

A. phonemes

B. morphemes

C. allophones

D. phones

4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed

a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory.

A. speech act

B. TG

C. principles-and-parameters

D. minimalist programme

5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ).

A. predication analysis

B. stylistic analysis

C. componential analysis

D. proposition analysis

6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.

A. locutionary act

B. illocutionary act

C. perlocutionary act

D. constative act

7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ).

A. Sir William Jones

B. John Firth

C. M. A. K. Halliday

D. F. D. Saussure

8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ).

A. discourse role-switching

B. activity role-switching

C. social role-switching

D. code-switching

9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’( ).

A. second language

B. first language

C. foreign language

D. interlanguage

10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ( ).

A. 7800

B. 6800

C. 5800

D. 4800

二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)

11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.

12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.

13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.

14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.

15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.

16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.

17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.

18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.

19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.

20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in

the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.

三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，

并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分)

21. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. ( )

22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a

sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ( )

23. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, always being the sum

total of the meanings of its components. ( )

24. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules,

whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. ( )

25. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semanticists to analyze

meaning. ( )

26. Linguists found that it would be possible to give an adequate description of meaning even if the context of language use was left unconsidered. ( )

27. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the

periods of Old English, Middle English and Modern English. ( )

28. When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes,

sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge. ( )

29. Linguistic lateralization in terms of right hemispheric dominance for language is found

to exist in an overwhelming majority of human beings. ( )

30. In order to identify the areas of learning difficulty, an interlingual contrastive

procedure Contrastive Analysis was developed. ( )

全国2010年07月自学考试00024《普通逻辑》历年真题和答案

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2007年4月自学考试自考全国现代汉语历年试卷试题真题

做试题,没答案?上自考365,网校名师为你详细解答! 全国2007年4月高等教育自学考试 现代汉语试题 课程代码：00535 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。 1．普通话的语法规范是（） A．规范的现代白话文著作B．典范的现代白话文著作 C．典型的现代白话文著作D．典范的现代白话文法 2．普通话的舌面圆唇元音是（） A．u、o B．i、u C．e、u D．a、i 3．“说一说”、“一半”中的两个“一”，应该读作（） A．阴平、上声B．轻声、去声 C．去声、阳平D．轻声、阳平 4．“飞”不能拼成fi，因为普通话中f声母（） A．不跟开口呼韵母相拼B．不跟合口呼韵母相拼 C．不跟齐齿呼韵母相拼D．不跟撮口呼韵母相拼 5．下列成语的汉语拼音全都正确的一组是（） A．迥然不同ji?ng rán bùtóng B．理直气壮l? zhí qì zhàng C．人才辈出rén chái bèi chūD．望风披靡uàng fēng pī mǐ 6．下面说法正确的是（） A．音位是按语音的物理属性划分出来的B．音位是按语音的社会属性划分出来的C．音位是按语音的心理属性划分出来的D．音位是按语音的生理属性划分出来的7．从文字符号记录的语言结构系统中的单位的情况分析，汉字属于（） A．音节文字B．音素文字 C．语素文字D．音位文字 8．现代汉字的构造层次是（） A．偏旁、部首、整字B．笔画、部件、整字 C．部首、部件、笔画D．偏旁、笔画、部件 1

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