顾家北100 Sentences词伙笔记
1.Tourist spots endeavor to cater for tourists' tastes and needs.
endeavor to do sth
endeavour |?n?dev?(r)|A.intransitive verb(try)努力to endeavour to do [something]努力做某事 B.noun①Countable(attempt)尝试to make every endeavour to do [something]想方设法做某事②Uncountable(striving)努力③Countable(undertaking)事业 a
political/military endeavour政治事业/军事活动
cater for
cater|?ke?t?(r)|A.intransitive verb①(provide food)to cater for [somebody]/[something]为某人/某事物提供饮食they cater for wedding receptions他们承办婚宴②(provide)to cater for [somebody]/[something]满足某人/某事物的需要to cater for the needs/tastes of ...满足…的需要/迎合…的口味③(consider)to cater for [somebody]/[something]考虑到某人/某事物④(satisfy demands)to cater to [somebody]/[something]迎合某人/某事物B.transitive verb为…提供饮食he catered a lunch for 25他为25个人准备午餐
Tourist and Tourism
tourist|?t??r?st,?t??r-|noun①(on holiday)旅游者 the tourist trade or industry旅游业the tourist season/attractions旅游季节/胜地②Sport (member of touring team)巡回比赛队员
tourism|?t??r?z?m,?t??r-|nounUncountable(organization)旅游业 (operation)旅游tourism is growing rapidly in the area旅游业在那个地区迅速发展increased tourism has resulted in parking problems in the town那个城市因旅游业的发展产生了停车问题
2.Students can acquire computer skills which can be applied in their studies as well as their working lives.
apply sth. to do sth.
apply|??pla?|A.intransitive verb①(make request)申请 to apply (to [somebody]) for [something]/to do [something]（向某人）申请某事物/做某事to apply to
college/university向学院/大学申请②(be valid)?rule, definition?适用 that theory cannot apply in this case那个理论不适用于这种情况to apply to
[somebody]/[something]适用于某人/某事物that description doesn't apply to him他不是描述的那个样子 B.transitive verb①(use)应用 to apply the brake踩刹车he applied a slight pressure to the catch他轻轻按下门闩to apply the theory to the practice将理论付诸实践②(spread)涂?cre am, glue, paint?C.reflexive verbto apply oneself to [something](work hard at)致力于某事物(concentrate on)专注于某事物
https://www.doczj.com/doc/283351037.html,munity service provides offenders with opportunities to acquire transferable skills and gives them a flying start when they are released.
provide sb. with sth.
provide|pr??va?d|A.transitive verb①(supply, offer)提
供 to provide [somebody] with [something]为某人提供某物to provide [something] for or to [somebody]/[something]提供某物给某人/某物to provide ([somebody] with) the ammunition to do [something]figurative（为某人）提供做某事的论据to provide an answer给出答案curtains provide privacy窗帘可以保护隐私
to provide an incentive for [somebody] to do [something]刺激某人做某事
to provide the perfect introduction to ...详尽介绍?subject?to provide access
to ...?path, door?通向…'training provided'“提供培训”②Law,
Administration (stipulate)?law, agreement, judge?规定 to provide that ...规定…unless otherwise provided除非另行规定except as provided (below)除（下文）规定
外 B.intransitive verbarchaic ?God, the state?提供生活必需品 the Lord will provide上帝会恩赐的
transferable skills可用于其他工作的?skill, learning?
transferable|?tr?ns?f??r?bl|adjective①(able to be transferred)可转让
的?right, asset, ticket, pension?;可转移的?debt,vote?②(applicable to different job)可用于其他工作的?skill,learning?
release
release sb. from sth.
4.The government should give a priority to social welfare, especially the healthcare. give a priority to
priority|pra???r?ti, American -???r-|A.noun①Countable(main concern)优先事
项 the main or highest priority头等大事a high/low priority重点/非重点项目to get one's priorities right/wrong分清/分不清轻重缓急②Uncountable(precedence)优先 to have or take priority over [something]比某事优先考虑to get priority享有优先权③Uncountable British (on road)优先通行权 priority to the right右侧优先通行
权 B.adjective享有优先权的 the priority list优先事项表
social welfare
social welfarenounUncountable社会福利
5.When it comes to distribution of public funds, some people suggest that the government should give priority to social welfare, especially the healthcare, which helps stop the disadvantaged population dying needlessly.
distribution of public funds
distribution|?d?str??bju??n|noun①Uncountable(of food)分发 (of funds, resources, wealth)分配 (of information)散布 (of goods, supplies)分销②CountableGeography (of flora, fauna, minerals)分布③Uncountable(of weight, burden)分散
fund|f?nd|A.noun①(cash reserve)基金to establish or set up a fund设立基金to administer or manage a fund管理基金②figurative (supply, store)储备 to have a fund of [something] to draw on有某物可以利用to have a fund of wisdom/wit/experience富有
智慧/非常风趣/很有经验 B.funds noun plural资金 to raise funds for [something]为某事筹集资金to have the funds to do [something]有钱做某事to be in funds手头有
钱insufficient funds无存款［银行通知开空头支票账户的用语］C.transitive verb 为…提供资金?expansion,work?publicly funded project公共资金资助的项目
6.Exposure to different cultures can encourage creativity, which is an asset to enterprises or countries.
exposure to
exposure|?k?sp????(r)|noun①Countable and uncountable(disclosure of crime, dishonesty etc.)揭发 to threaten with exposure威胁要揭发②Uncountable(subjection)暴露 exposure to the wind and sun经受风吹日晒exposure of children to radiation孩童暴露于辐射中③Uncountable(physical condition)受寒to suffer from exposure受冻to die of exposure冻死④Uncountable(publicity)亮相 (coverage)报道 to receive or get exposure in the media被媒体报道⑤Uncountable(to financial losses)承担金融风险⑥Countable and uncountablePhotography (exposing a film to light)曝光 (length of exposing time)曝光时间 (picture)底片 to take an exposure照一张相片a double exposure二次曝光
an asset to sb./sth.
asset|??set|n oun①Finance, Commerce, Law 资产②figurative (advantage, quality, skill)优势 good health and good looks are great assets健康和美貌是莫大的财富③(person)有价值的人 she is an asset to the company她是公司的骨干
7.Some people disapprove of genetically modified food, as they believe that this type of food does more harm than good.
disapprove of
disapprove|?d?s??pru?v|intransitive verb不赞成 to disapprove of
[somebody]/[something]不赞同某人/某事to disapprove of [somebody] doing [something]不赞同某人做某事I disapprove of noisy children in restaurants我不喜欢在饭店吵闹的孩子
genetically modified food
转基因食品
https://www.doczj.com/doc/283351037.html,muting time has been prolonged because of traffic congestion.
commuting time
commuting|k??mju?t??|→commuting nounUncountable通勤
commute|k??mju?t|A.intransitive verb通勤 to commute between Oxford and London
上下班往返于牛津和伦敦之间 B.transitive verb①Law 减
轻?sente nce, penalty?to commute [something] into or to [something]将某刑罚减为较轻的某刑罚②Finance 把…折偿?pension,annuity?to commute [something] for or into [something]将某物折算成某物 C.noun上下班路程 I have a long commute to work我上班的路程很长
prolong
prolong|pr??l??, American -?l???|transitive verb延长 drugs that help to prolong life 有助于延长生命的药物
traffic congestion
congestion|k?n?d?est?n|nounUncountable①(overcrowding)(with people)拥挤 (with vehicles)拥堵②Medicine (being blocked)(with blood)充血 (with mucus)黏液阻塞 for nasal congestion, try this new spray试试这种新喷剂，可治疗鼻塞
9.In a highly competitively society, working adults usually focus on career advancement, and have difficulty in achieving work-life balance.
focus on
to focus one's mind/attention on [something]把精神/注意力集中于某事物
to focus one's eyes on [something]/[somebody]把目光集中到某物/某人上
to focus on [something]集中于某物she was too tired to focus on anything她太累了，干什么都不能集中精神all eyes focused on the Prime Minister所有的人都注视着首相career advancement
career|k??r??(r)|A.noun①(occupation)职业 a career as a journalist记者职业to abandon one's/a career放弃自己的/一项事业to follow a career从事一种职业②(progress)生涯a political/musical career政治/音乐生涯B.intransitive verb猛
冲 to career off the road冲出道路
have difficulty in doing sth.
difficulty|?d?f?k?lti|noun①Uncountable(of task, activity)困难 the difficulty of doing [something]做某事的难处to have difficulty (in) doing [something]做某事有困难to have difficulty with [something]在某事上有问题to have difficulty with one's eyesight 视力有问题to be under some difficulty在困难的条件下②Uncountable(complexity)难度 the level of difficulty of [something]某事的难办程度③Uncountable and countable(trouble)麻烦 (obstacle)障碍 in difficulty处于麻烦
中to create or make difficulties制造麻烦to meet difficulties遇到麻烦to run into difficulties碰到难题to have difficulties with [something]在某事上碰到麻烦
10. Doing exercise regularly helps people maintain a healthy state of mind and makes it easier for them to cope with stress.
maintain a healthy state of mind
保持健康的心态
make it adj. for sb. to do sth.
cope with
应付
11.Perception of beauty differs from culture to culture.
perception
perception|p??sep?n|noun①Uncountable(awareness)感觉 visual perception视觉he did not have any perception of her problems他对她的问题毫无觉察②Uncountable(insight)洞察 to say [something] with unusual perception一针见血地说出某话③Uncountable(ability to perceive)洞察力④Countable(impression)看法what is
your perception of what needs to be done?你认为需要做些什么？popular perceptions of old age对老龄问题的普辫看法
concept of the aesthetic
aesthetic|i?s?θet?k,?es-|adjective①(relating to aesthetics)审美
的?standards,values?an aesthetic sense美感②(pleasing)美观
的?d esign, arrangement, architecture?
differ from
differ|?d?f?(r)|intransitive verb①(be different)有区别 to differ from [something]不同于某事物to differ in [something]在某方面不同the two countries differed in the vote on climate change这两个国家在有关气候变化方面的表决有差别②(disagree)持不同看法 to differ with [somebody] (about or on [something])（在某事上）不同意某人的看法I beg to differ我不敢苟同we must agree to differ我们保留不同意见吧
12.Environmental protection campaigns can transcend national boundaries. transcend
transcend|?tr?n?send|transitive verb①(go beyond)超
越?limits, expectations, knowledge?it's an issue that transcends petty party differences这个问题超越了无足轻重的党派分歧②(surpass, excel in)胜
过?person, work, performance?his latest novel transcends anything he has ever written before他的最近一部小说超越了他从前所写的任何作品to transcend [somebody]/[something] in [something]在某方面优于某人/某事物③
Religion,Philosophy 超越于…而存在?material world,human experience?
13.Regulations may stifle people's creativity.
regulation
regulation|?regj??le??n|A.noun①Countable(rule)规定 a set of regulations一套规
定under the new regulations按新规定regulations for [something]/for doing [something]某事/做某事的章程regulations for environmental protection环境保护规定regulations for granting passports to foreign nationals向外国人签发护照的规定strict regulations are laid down governing the use of firearms已颁布了严格的枪支使用管理法规to comply with the regulations?person, organization?遵守规定?product?符合规定to follow or abide by (the) regulations遵守规定to meet the
regulations?person, company, equipment?符合规定against the or contrary to regulations 违反规定的rules and regulations规章制度building/planning regulations建筑/规划条
例traffic regulations交通规则college/school regulation大学校规/校
规EU/police/government regulations欧盟/警方/政府规定②Uncountable(control)管理 government regulation政府控制strict regulation of [something]对某事物的严格管制regulation of financial markets金融市场的管理the voluntary regulation of the press 新闻界的自律③Uncountable(adjustment)调整 B.modifier①(standard)辬准化
的 regulation army footwear正规的军用鞋in regulation uniform身穿规定制服的of the regulation length/width规定长度/宽度的②colloquial (predictable)老套的 a regulation parody毫无新意的滑稽模仿作品
stifle
stifle|?sta?fl|transitive verb①(suppress)扼杀?creativity,initiative?;阻
止?progress,debate?;镇压?rebellion?;克制?impulse, anger, desire?②(suffocate)使…窒息?person?
14.Most of environmental degradation is attributed to human activities. degradation
degradation|?degr??de??n|nounUncountable①(humiliation)屈辱②(squalor)落泊 to live in utter degradation过着潦倒的生活③(of environment)恶化 (of facilities)毁坏④(breakdown into simpler compounds)Biology 退化 Chemistry 降解
attribute
attributeA. |??tr?bju?t|transitive verb①(state cause, reason)to attribute [something] to [somebody]/[something]把某事物归因于某人/某事物②(state origin, authorship)to attribute [something] to [somebody]认为某事物出自某人③(associate)to attribute [something] to [somebody]/[something]把…归咎于某人/某事物?guilt, b lame?认为某人/某事物具有?motive,emotion?B. |??tr?bju?t|noun①(property, quality)属性 the attributes of patience and kindness耐心和善良的品质②(material symbol)辬
志 the sceptre is an attribute of kingly power节杖是王权的象征
15.Participating in sports frequently can boost people's confidence, which is important not only to the youth but also to the elderly.
boost one's confidence
boost|bu?st|A.noun①(stimulus)促进 (encouragement)激励 to give
[something]/[somebody] a boost推动某事/给某人以鼓舞②(increase, improvement)增长a boost in exports出口量的增长③(publicity)宣传 to give [something] a boost宣传某事物 B.transitive verb①(increase)增加?production,exports?to boost [somebody's] confidence增强某人的自信心to boost morale鼓舞士
气② American Advertising (promote)宣传③Electronics, Telecommunications (amplify)放大④Electricity 升高?voltage?⑤Aerospace 推送?space vehicle?
16.The excessive reliance on calculators is likely to have an adverse impact on children's mental arithmetic and pose a threat to their intellectual development. excessive
excessive|?k?ses?v|adjective过高
的?budget, price, level, enthusiasm, demand, expectation?;过重的?load?;过分
的?politeness,severity?;过长的?working hours?excessive drinking酗酒
excess|?k?ses|A.noun①Uncountable(amount that is more than necessary or permitted)过量 (lack of moderation)过度 to eat/drink to excess吃撑/喝多a life of excess无节制的生活in excess of ...超过…she made in excess of $1,000她的收入超过1,000美
元the excess of supply over demand供过于求②Countable British (insurance)免赔
额 B.excesses noun plural(immoderate behaviour)放肆的行为 (overindulgence)过分放纵 C.adjective①(surplus)过多的?demand, food, production?excess alcohol/speed/weight 酒精超辬/超速/超重excess water/fat多余的水分/脂肪② British (additional)额外
的?charge?
calculator
计算器
calculate|?k?lkj?le?t|transitive verb①(work out)计算?distance, number, cost?②(estimate)估计?probability, risk, conse quence?③(intend)计划 to be calculated to
do [something]计划做某事the government's measures were calculated to raise more revenue政府采取这些措施是为了增加财政收入PHRASAL VERB calculate ontransitive verb[calculate on something]指望?event, weather, result?to calculate on doing [something] 指望做某事to calculate on [somebody]/[something] doing [something] 指望某人/某物做某事
adverse
adverse|??dv??s|adjective不利的?effect,criticism?adverse weather conditions恶劣的天气adverse circumstances/winds逆境/逆风
arithmetic
arithmeticA. |??r?θm?t?k|nounUncountable算术 mental arithmetic心算 B. |??r?θ
?met?k|adjective算术的
intellectual development
intellectual|??nt??lekt???l|A.adjective①(relating to the intellect)智力的 intellectual faculties/powers智力children need intellectual stimulation孩子需要激发智力②(appealing to or requiring the intellect)用脑力的 an intellectual contest智力竞赛③(possessing intellect)智力发达的 B.noun知识分子
17.Numerous women are unwilling to find employment in a male-dominated world because they can face barriers to top-level promotion.
numerous
numerous|?nju?m?r?s, American ?nu?-|adjective①(very many)许多
的?accidents, reports, people?on numerous occasions在诸多场合②(having
many members)有许多成员组成的 a numerous family大家庭
be unwilling to
willing|?w?l??|adjective①usually predicative(prepared)乐意的 to be (more than) willing to do [something]（很）愿意做某事willing and able愿意并且有能力
的→readyA.①②(eager)热心的?friend,helper?;热切的?accomplice,victim?to be very willing很积极willing hands热心帮忙的人③attributive(voluntary)志愿
的?help, donation, sacrifice?
male-dominated
dominate|?d?m?ne?t|A.transitive verb①(have power over)统治 (control)控制②(to be the most important element/person in sth.)主宰 her life is dominated by her children 她的生活大部分被她的孩子占据③(command attention over)?building, monument?耸立于?area,city?B.intransitive verb①(control others)处于支配地位②(predominate)占优势
barrier
barrier|?b?r??(r)|noun①(obstacle)障碍物②figurative 障碍 to break down or remove emotional/cultural/political barriers消除情绪/文化/政治隔阂trade/language barriers 贸易壁垒/语言障碍
18.Environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions have become the focus of public concern . That is why the government limits people to use private cars in urban areas.
concern
concern|k?n?s??n|A.noun①Uncountable(worry)担心 to have concern for [somebody]/[something]担心某人/某事物to give rise to concern引起担忧an expression or a look of concern一副忧虑的表情there is growing concern about crime 人们日益担忧犯罪问题a matter of/cause for concern令人关切的事/引起关切的原
因②Uncountable and countable(preoccupation)令人关切的事物 environmental/petty concerns环境问题/微不足道的事物to be of concern to [somebody]是某人关注的事物to have concern for [somebody]/[something]关心某人/某事物③
Uncountable(personal business)私事 that's no concern of [somebody's] or none of [somebody's] concern那不关某人的事④CountableCommerce 公司 a going/paying concern生意兴隆/赚钱的公司 B.transitive verb①(affect, interest)与…有关 to whom it may concernformal 敬启者as far as [somebody] is concerned就某人而言the matter doesn't concern you这件事不关你的事all (those) concerned所有（那些）相关人
员as concerns [somebody]/[something]关于某人/某事物where
[somebody]/[something] is concerned有关某人/某事物之处②(worry)担忧 the doctor was concerned by the new symptoms医生对出现的新症状很担忧③(involve)牵涉 to be concerned with [something]/[somebody]?person, government, institution?关注?state of affairs, security, publicity, person?to be concerned in?person, government, institution?牵涉进?scandal, event, plan?was he concerned in the affair?他卷进了那件事吗？to be concerned to do [something]认为有必要做某事④(be about)?text, speech, radio/TV programme?关于 to be concerned with [something]/[somebody]讲述某事物/某人
C.reflexive verb①(take an interest)to concern oneself with doing [something]对做某事物感兴趣to concern oneself with [something]/[somebody]对某事物/某人感兴趣to
concern oneself about [something]对某事物感兴趣②(worry)to concern oneself about [something]担心某事物don't concern yourself, my lips are sealed别担心，我的嘴很严③(be about)to concern itself with [something]/[somebody]?text, speech, radio/TV programme?讲述某事物/某人
greenhouse emission
emission|??m??n|noun①Countable(substance)排放物 noxious emissions from factory chimneys工厂烟囱排放的有害气体②Uncountable(act of emitting gases, smoke)排
放 (light, heat, sound, radiation)发出 emission of [something] from [something]从某物排放出某物
urban areas
urban|???b?n|adjective①(of the town or city)城市的 an urban dweller城市居民②Music urban (contemporary)［源于黑人的］流行舞蹈音乐的
dweller
dweller|?dwel?(r)|noun居住者 cave dweller穴居者city dweller城市居民Environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions have become the focus of public concern and some regulations can be enforced to tackle these problems. enforce
enforce|?n?f??s|transitive verb①(compel compliance with)强制实
施?law, regulation, policy, decision?;加强?discipline?to enforce [something] on [somebody]强行对某人实施某措施the police enforce the law too strongly on some people警察对某些人执法过严②(impose)强迫?silence, obedienc e?to enforce [something] on [somebody]把某事强加于某人
tackle
tackle|?t?kl|A.noun①UncountableMechanics (on ship)索具 (for lifting weights)辘轳②Uncountable(equipment)(for sport)体育器械 (for task)工具③Countable(challenge)(in soccer, hockey)阻截 (in rugby, American football)擒抱 a tackle on [somebody]对某人的阻截a fair/dangerous tackle正当/危险的阻截 B.transitive verb①(handle)处
理?task, problem, fire?;应对?challenge,difficulty?;整理?garden,painting?;努力吃
下?food,meal?to tackle [something] head-on正面应对某事②(confront)与…交涉 to tackle [somebody] about or over [something]与某人就某事交涉③Sport (in soccer, hockey)阻截抢…的球 (in rugby, American football)擒抱摔倒 tackle him!抢断他！④(take on)抓获?intruder,animal?C.intransitive verb(in soccer, hockey)阻截 (in rugby, American football)擒抱
19.Parents and teachers should make an effort to limit children's screen time, thereby protecting children's eyesight and encouraging them to do more outdoor activities. make an effort to sth.
effort|?ef?t|noun①Countable and uncountable(energy)努力 to put a lot of effort into [something]在某事上花费很多精力it's not worth the effort to write不值得费心去写to
spare no effort不遗余力②Uncountable and countable(difficulty)费劲 with/without effort 费力/不费力地it's an effort to climb the stairs爬楼梯很吃力③Countable(attempt)试图 to make every effort尽全力in an effort to escape [something]为逃避某事efforts at [something]/doing [something]做某事的尝试to thwart [somebody's] efforts阻挠某人的企图④Countable(initiative)有组织的活动 the war effort战事the United
Nations peacekeeping effort联合国维和行动⑤Countable(result)成就 [somebody's] latest effort某人的最新成果
eyesight
eyesightnounUncountable视力 to have good/poor eyesight视力好/差
encourage sb. to do sth.
encourage|?n?k?r?d?|transitive verb①(support)鼓励to encourage [somebody] to
do [something]鼓励某人做某事to encourage [somebody] in [something]在某事上支持某人②(incite)怂恿 don't encourage bad habits in a child别助长小孩养成不良习惯③(foster)促使 regular watering encourages healthy roots to develop定时浇水有助长出健壮的根
20.The arts are not among core subject areas at school but deserve a place in the curriculum, for these subjects add spice to life.
core subject areas
核心学科
deserve
deserve|d??z??v|A.transitive verb应得 it was no more than (what) he deserved他只是得到了他该得到的而已the idea deserves consideration这个想法值得考虑a richly deserved punishment活该得到的惩罚 B.intransitive verb应受 to deserve to do [something]应该做某事she deserves to be promoted她应该得到提拔to be deserving of [something]应得某物to deserve better of [somebody]应受到某人更好的对待
curriculum
curriculum|k??r?kj?l?m|noun(plural curriculums or curricula |k??r?kj?l?|) 课程 to be on the curriculum列入课程
spice
spice|spa?s|A.noun①Countable and uncountableCulinary 香料②Uncountablefigurative (excitement)趣味 to add/lack spice增加/缺乏情趣variety is the spice of life生活丰富多彩才有乐趣B.transitive verb①Culinary 给…加香料 to spice [something] with [something]用某物给某物调味②figurative (add zest to)spice (up)给…增添趣味to spice up one's sex life给性生活增添情趣
21.The lack of infrastructure and government funding in rural areas is the main cause of unemployment, which can be addressed by the rural-to-urban shift. infrastructure
infrastructure|??nfr?str?kt??(r)|nounCountable and uncountable基础设施
be addressed by
address|??dres, American ??dres|A.noun①(place of residence)地址 not known at this address查无此人②(speech)演说 to give or deliver an address发表演说③(as etiquette)称呼 form or manner of address (for [somebody])（对某人的）称呼④Computing 地址 B.transitive verb①(write address on)在…上写姓名地址 to address [something] to [somebody]把某物写上姓名地址寄给某人to be wrongly addressed写错姓名地址②(speak to)向…发表演说 Mr X will now address the meeting现在由X先生向大会致辞③(aim)使…有针对性?remark?to address [something] to [somebody]向某人述说某事any complaints should be addressed to the manager任何意见都应当向经理提出④(tackle)处理?task,problem?⑤(use title of)称呼 to address [somebody] as [something]用某称呼叫某人 C.reflexive verb to address oneself to [something]致力于某事we'll have to address ourselves seriously to the task我们将不得不认真对待这一任务
government funding
funding|?f?nd??|nounUncountable资金 funding from [somebody]/[something]某人/某机构提供的资金funding for [something]为某事提供的资金funding for a project项目资金
fund|f?nd|A.noun①(cash reserve)基金 to establish or set up a fund设立基金
to administer or manage a fund管理基金②figurative (supply, store)储备 to have a fund of [something] to draw on有某物可以利用to have a fund of wisdom/wit/experience富有智慧/非常风趣/很有经验 B.funds noun plural资金 to raise funds for [something]为某事筹集资金to have the funds to do [something]有钱做某事to be in funds手头有钱insufficient funds无存款［银行通知开空头支票账户的用语］C.transitive verb 为…提供资金?expansion,work?publicly funded project公共资金资助的项目
rural-to-urban shift
城乡转移
22.Economic slowdown has led to a climbing unemployment rate because employers intend to cut overheads and refuse to recruit new employees.
economic slowdown
slowdownnoun①(decline)衰退 a slowdown in demand需求量的减
少a slowdown in the housing market房地产市场的衰退②(reduction in speed)减速
a climbing unemployment rate
climb|kla?m|A.intransitive verb①(move upwards)攀登 to climb up [something]爬上?ladder, tree, steps?to climb (up) to the summit登上顶峰②(scale a mountain)登山③(clamber)费力爬 to climb over the fence费力翻过篱笆to climb into bed费力爬上
床④(go higher in sky)?plane, rocket?爬升 ; ?sun?升起 to climb to 10,000 metres上升到１万米的高度⑤(slope upwards)?road?向上斜升 (grow upwards)?plant?向上攀缘 there were roses climbing up the walls有几株玫瑰爬上了墙⑥
(increase)?currency?升值 ; ?price?上涨 ; ?profits?增加 ; ?temperature, birth rate?上
升⑦(improve position, status)晋升 in a few years he had climbed to the top of his profession他在几年内攀升到了职业生涯的顶峰the team has now climbed to fourth in the league该队现已上升到联赛第四名 B.transitive verb攀
登?mountain, stairs, ladder?the car slowly climbed the hill汽车慢慢爬上了山 C.noun①(ascent)攀登 it's an hour's climb to the summit登顶需一小时②(mountain)攀登的山 the most difficult climb in the Alps阿尔卑斯山脉中最难攀登的山峰③(slope)上坡④Aviation 爬升⑤(increase)上升 a climb in prices价格的上涨the
dollar's climb against the euro美元对欧元汇率的上升⑥(improvement in position, status)晋升 the book recounts her climb (from obscurity) to stardom这本书讲述了她（从默默无闻到）成为明星的经历
overheads
overheadA. |???v??hed|adverb①(in the sky)在空中②(above one's head)在头顶
上?fly?to hold [something] overhead将某物举过头
顶 B. |???v?hed|adjective attributive①(above one's head)头顶上
的?lighting,compartment?overhead cables/railway高架电缆/铁路an overhead light吊灯②Sport 上手的?stroke,kick?an overhead smash高手扣杀③Finance 经常性
的?costs?C. |???v?hed|noun经常性开支 to reduce one's overheads减少经常性开支
recruit new employee
recruit|r??kru?t|A.noun①(in armed forces)新兵 (in police force)新警员②(in company, department)新成员 a recruit to [something]某处的新成员a recruit from [something]从某处招来的新成员 B.transitive verb①(in armed forces, police)征
募?soldier,mercenaries?②(enrol)?club, party?招
收?member?; ?society, movement, sect?吸纳?person,member?③
(hire)?company, organization?招聘?staff, emp loyee?to be recruited to do ...被招收来做…to recruit [somebody] from [something]从某处招来某人④(muster)召
集?force, team, squad, corps?C.intransitive verb?army?征兵 ; ?police?招募新警
员 ; ?party, movement?招收新成员
Economic slowdown has led to a climbing unemployment rate, as people balk at starting up new business and a number of giant companies downsize their workforce. balk at
balk, baulk|b??lk,b??k|A.noun①Construction 大梁②(ridge)埂 B.intransitive verb①(be unwilling)畏缩 to balk at ...不肯直面…the government balked at the idea政府回避了这个意见the very thought of it makes me balk一想到这个我就要退缩②(stop)止步不前 C.transitive verb阻碍?plan,scheme?to balk [somebody] of ...阻止某人得到…he balked me of the chance to see Sue他不让我有机会见苏
downsize their workforce
downsize|?da?nsa?z|A.transitive verb精简?compa ny, industry?B.intransitive
verb?company, industry?缩小规模
workforcenoun①plus singular or plural verb(total number of workers employed)全体员工②(total number of people available for work)劳动力
23.High-rise buildings are sometimes regarded as eyesores of the city.
high-rise buildings
high-riseA.adjective高层的 a high-rise office block高耸的办公大楼 B.noun高层建筑
be regarded as
regard|r??gɑ?d|
A.noun①Uncountableformal (consideration)考虑 regard for [somebody]/[something]对某人/某事物的考虑to do [something] without regard for or to [somebody]/[something]不考虑某人/某事物做某事he was driving without regard to the speed limits他开着车，根本不顾限速是多少he had acted without regard for the rules他没有按规定行
事to do [something] with scant or little/no regard for [somebody]/[something]根本不考虑某人/某事做某事to have or pay (proper or due) regard to [somebody]/[something]（适当）考虑某人/某事物to show regard for [somebody]/[something]顾及某人/某事物out of regard for [somebody]/[something]出于对某人/某事物的考虑②Uncountable and countableformal (esteem)尊敬 [somebody's] regard for [somebody]/[something]某人对某人/某事物的尊敬to have little regard for money对钱不屑一顾to hold [somebody]/[something] in high/low regard对某人/某事物评价高/低to have (a) great or a high regard for [somebody]/[something]对某人极其敬佩/对某事物评价很
高③Uncountable and countableformal (respect, consideration)方面 in this/that regard在这/那方面she is very careful in this regard她在这一点上非常谨慎with or in regard to [somebody]/[something]关于某人/某事物he made enquiries with regard to her他询问了有关她的情况with regard to the question of pay, I would like to say that ...关于工资问题，我要说的是…having regard to [somebody]/[something]关于某人/某事物④Countableliterary (gaze)注视 beneath their clear/piercing regard在他们清澈/锐利目光的注视下
B.regards noun plural问候 kindest or warmest regards最衷心的问候with kind regards 谨致问候to give [somebody] one's regards向某人问好give them my regards代我向他们问好to send one's regards传达问候
C.as regards preposition phraseformal 关于 as regards the question of pay, I would like to point out that ...关于报酬问题，我要指出的是…as regards content, the programme will ...至于内容，本节目将…
D.transitive verb①(consider)看待 her work is very highly regarded人们对她的工作评价很高they regard him very highly他们很器重他to regard [somebody]/[something] with [something]以…的态度看待某人/某事物?contempt,suspicion?he regards me with favour他很赏识我to regard [somebody]/[something] as [something]将某人/某事物当作某情况I regard her achievement as unique我认为她的成就独一无二②formal (look at)注视 to regard [somebody]/[something] closely紧盯着某人/某物③formal (pay attention to)考虑?advice?without regarding our wishes未考虑我们的愿望④
formal (concern)?point?涉及?topic?the next item on the agenda regards our current situation议事日程上的下一项与我们的现状有关
eyesores
eyesore BrE/?a?s??(r) a building, an object, etc. that is unpleasant to look at That old factory is a real eyesore!
24.Because of the uncertainty about the economic outlook, many companies are unlikely to recruit new employees and a considerable number of graduates fail to find employment.
economic outlook
outlook|?a?tl?k|noun①(attitude)观点 to have a narrow/positive/healthy outlook on [something]对某事的看法狭隘/积极/健康to change one's outlook on life改变人生
观②(future prospects)前景 Meteorology 天气形势 the outlook for trade/the weekend贸易前景/周末的天气形势③(view)景色
be unlikely to
unlikely|?n?la?kli|adjective①(unexpected)不大可能的 highly or most unlikely极不可能的it is/is not unlikely that ...…是不大可能的/…并非不可能to be unlikely to do [something]不大可能做某事in the unlikely event of his refusing ...万一他拒绝…②(strange)想不到的 a very unlikely couple很不般配的一对③(probably untrue)不大可信的 an unlikely story不太真实的报道④(not likely to succeed)不大可能会成功的 the most unlikely men have been successful here最不可能成功的人在这里都获得了成功
a considerable number of
considerable|k?n?s?d?r?bl|adjective①(substantial)相当大
的?quantity, proportions, building?consid erable expense相当可观的费用to a considerable extent or degree很大程度上the damage was considerable毁坏相当严
重②(important)重大的?victory,achievement?;著名的?person?
find employment
employment|?m?pl??m?nt|noun Uncountable①(state of being employed)受
雇 (action of employing sb.)雇用 to take up employment开始工作to
seek/find employment找/找到工作to be in/without employment在职/失
业conditions/place of employment雇用条件/工作地点the employment of [somebody] as [something]/to do [something]某人受雇任某职/做某事②(use)运
用 employment of [something] as [something]/to do [something]把某物用作某物/用某物做某事③(area of public policy)就业 employment law/policy就业法/政策
25.A country's economic development relies on a supply of young workers, but the problem is that the aging society has an adverse impact on the labor force.
a supply of
supply|s??pla?|A.noun①Countable and uncountable(stock)供应量 supplies of
food are almost exhausted储存的食物快吃完了an inexhaustible supply of jokes讲不完的笑话in short/plentiful supply供应不足/充足②Countable and
uncountable(provision)供应 the supply of raw materials to the factory向工厂供应原材料to allow the supply of emergency aid允许提供紧急援助the water supply is unsafe 供水不安全③UncountableEconomics 供给 demand for the new model is outrunning
supply这一新款产品现在供不应求④Uncountable British School 代课教师 to do supply work做代课教师to be or work on supply做代课教师 B.supplies noun plural①(provisions)补给品 our supplies were running out我们的补给快用完了a transport plane carrying food and medical supplies一架运送食物和医疗用品的运输机②Commerce (goods)用品 office/household supplies办公/家庭用品electrical supplies电气设备 C.transitive verb①(provide)供应 they were accused of supplying arms to the rebels他们被指控向叛乱者提供武器the hens supply more eggs than we can eat母鸡下的蛋多得我们吃不完②(equip)为…提供 the bakery has been supplying these shops for years这家面包房多年来一直给这些商店供货the boat is supplied with satellite navigation这条船配有卫星导航系统③(satisfy)满足?need,requirement?
aging society
老龄化社会
labor force
劳动力
26.People with a heavy workload do not have adequate time to rest and recharge batteries, which can be harmful to their fitness.
a heavy workload
workloadnoun工作量 to have a light/heavy workload工作负担轻/重to reduce/increase [somebody's] workload减轻/增加某人的工作量
have adequate time
adequate|??d?kw?t|adjective①(sufficient, enough)足够的?amount?an adequate range of options足够大的选择范围②(satisfactory)适当的?description,explanation?③(competent)能胜任的?person?to be adequate to the task胜任这一任务④(acceptable but mediocre)过得去的 to be better than adequate还算好
recharge batteries
recharge|?ri??t?ɑ?d?|transitive verb给…充电 to recharge one's mobile/camera battery给手机/相机电池充电to recharge one's batteriesfigurative 养精蓄锐
27.It is customary for Chinese people to exchange lavish gifts to others.
customary
customary|?k?st?m?ri, American -meri|adjective惯常的?method,greeting?;遵照习俗的?celebrations?it is customary for [somebody] to do [something]某人惯常做某事as is customary按惯例his customary smile他惯有的微笑
lavish gifts
lavish|?l?v??|A.adjective①(generous)大方的?person?;慷慨给予
的?praise, money, gifts?to be lavish with [something]对某物大手大脚to be lavish in one's praise for or in praising [something]/[somebody]对某事/某人赞不绝口②(plentiful)巨大的?expenditure?;奢华的?reception, lifestyle, surroundings?a
lavish amount of food and drink大量食品饮料their hospitality was lavish他们非常好客 B.transitive verb to lavish [something] on [somebody]/[something]慷慨地将…给予某人/某事?praise, money, affection?
Exchanging lavish gifts is a tradition in China and many people feel they lose face when giving or receiving inexpensive gifts.
feel they lose face
feel
~ sb/sth/yourself do sth I felt something crawl up myarm.
We felt the ground give way under our feet.
语法：
一感指 feel
二听指 listen to 和 hear
三让指 have, let 和 make
四看见指 see, watch, notice 和 observe
半帮助指 help
二、动词类别：分作三类
1. 知觉动词 feel, listen to, hear, see, watch, notice 和 observe
2. 使役动词 have, let 和 make
3. 帮助 help
三、在句子中的作用
这几个词后面都可以跟复合宾语，即“宾语+不定式补足语”，特殊要求是多数词后的动词不定式补足语不能带 to，只有 help 可有可无。具体含义如下：
1. 知觉动词 + 复合宾语——感知某人做过某事
2. 使役动词 + 复合宾语——使得某人做某事
3. help + 复合宾语——帮助某人做某事
四、用法举例
1. 知觉动词构成的短语表示“感知某人做过某事”，即感知的是不定式所表示动作从头到尾发生的全过程，如：
I felt the docter touch the sore spot with a probe. 我觉得大夫用探针轻触过痛点。
We heard the girl sing some songs in the next door. 我们听到那个女孩在隔壁唱过几支歌。
2. 使役动词构成的短语表示“使得某人去做某事”，如：
The man had my assistant run the errand. 那个人让我的助手跑腿。
They made him leave. 他们迫使他离开。
3. help 后的宾补分两种情况：
1）动词不定式不带 to 表示主语只起协助作用，不直接参与不定式的动作，如：
I helped her find the book. 我帮她找到了那本书。（我起到的是协助作用，书是由他自己看到的。）
2）动词不定式带 to ，如：
I helped her to find the book. 我帮着她共同找到了那本书。（我俩一起找并看到书。）
28.A large number of students in China have to do self-study at night, so extracurricular activities have to give way to studies.
self-study
自习
extracurricular activities
extracurricular|?ekstr?k??r?kj?l?(r)|adjective课外的?activities, sports, studies?
give way to
让步；断裂；让某人在先；听任自己流露
29.Air freight is likely to create more greenhouse gases than other modes of transport.
air freight
freight|fre?t|A.noun①(goods)货物 to load/unload freight装/卸货to carry freight运输货物to handle freight搬运货物②(transport system)货运air freight空运③(cost)运
费 who pays the freight?谁付运费？ B.transitive verb以货运运输?goods?the
bricks had been freighted to the building site砖头运到了建筑工地
other modes of transport
mode|m??d|noun①(way)方式 (style of speech, behaviour, dress)风格 (method)方
法 mode of transport运输模式②Computing, Technology 工作状态 in printing/playback mode处于打印/回放状态的③(of person)(way of behaving)行为方式 (way of feeling)心情 I'm still in work mode我还是惦念着工作when I am at home, I am in wife-and-mother mode我在家就做贤妻良母④(fashion)风尚 she wears her hair
in the latest mode她梳着最时髦的发式
30.Unless local authorities reduce the impact of city expansion on vegetation, we will find it difficult to preserve biodiversity in the coming decades.
local authorities
authority|???θ?r?ti|A.noun①Uncountable(power)权力 to have (the) authority to do [something]有权做某事to exercise one's authority行使权力who's in authority here?这里谁当权？to do [something] on [somebody's] authority根据某人的指示做某事to
be or act under [somebody's] authority受某人支配he has recently assumed authority for our transport division他最近接管了我们的运输部门②
Uncountable(forcefulness, confidence)威信 a person of authority有威信的人to speak with authority用权威的口吻讲话to lack authority缺少威信③Uncountable(permission)授权to give [somebody] authority to do [something], to give authority for [somebody] to do [something]批准某人做某事④Countable(expert)专家 (book, film)权威 an authority on [something]某方面的权威⑤Countable(source)来源 what is your authority for these figures?你的这些数字出自何处？I have it on good authority that ...我有充分根据说… B.the authorities noun plural(organization)当局 to report [something] to the authorities向官方报告某事
city expansion on vegetation
expansion|?k?sp?n?n|noun①(increase in physical dimensions)膨胀②(development, growth)(of business, production, economy etc.)扩大 (of building, site)扩建 (of population, membership, sales)增长 rate of expansion增长率③(elaboration of book, thesis, research)扩充④(degree of growth, increase)扩大程度⑤Mathematics 展开vegetation|?ved???te??n|nounUncountable①(plants)植被②figurative (lazing about)无所事事
preserve biodiversity
biodiversity|?ba???d??v??s?ti,-da?-|nounUncountable生物多样性
31.The development of cities has posed a threat to heritage sites, but the government has no idea whether to protect or demolish these constructions.
posed a threat to
threat|θret|noun①(verbal abuse)恐吓 to make threats against [somebody]对某人发出恐吓to give in to threats屈服于恐吓an empty or idle threat虚张声势的恐吓it was no idle threat那可不是吓唬吓唬而已②(danger)威胁 to pose a threat to
[somebody]/[something]对某人/某物构成威胁to be under threat (from ...)受到（来自…的）威胁under threat of在…的威胁下?death, injury, punishment?③(risk, possibility)凶兆 a security threat安全风险
heritage sites
heritage|?her?t?d?|nounUncountable①dated or formal (legacy)遗产 the dreadful heritage of warfigurative 可怕的战争后遗症the heritage of revolutionfigurative 革命的产物②(cultural)文化遗产
demolish these constructions
demolish|d??m?l??|transitive verb①(knock down)拆
除?building, wall, fortifications?②(refute)驳倒?theory, belief, argument?③
Sport colloquial (defeat)彻底打败④ British humorous (devour)狼吞虎咽地吃?food?32.The children who are exposed to abuse and neglect in the home are likely to have behavioural problems.
are exposed to
expose|?k?sp??z|A.transitive verb①(display)暴露?chest, legs, arms?to expose
to public view向公众展示②(uncover)?archaeological dig? 发掘出?remains?; ?low
tide? 使…显露?rocks,beach?;使…裸露?electrical connection,nerve?③(make public)揭穿?secrets, scandal, injustice?④(reveal true nature of)揭露?criminal,impostor?to expose [somebody] for what they are揭穿某人的真面目⑤(make vulnerable)使遭受 to
expose [somebody]/[something] to ...让某人/某物遭受…to be exposed to
attack/criticism/ridicule易受到袭击/抨击/嘲笑⑥to expose [somebody] to [something](introduce to)使某人了解?subject, idea, art form?(make experience)使经受?influence,reality?⑦Photography 将…曝光?film?B.reflexive ver b①(display genitals)to expose oneself当众露阴②(make oneself vulnerable)to expose oneself to [something]使自己易于遭受…
abuse and neglect
abuse A. |??bju?z|transitive verb①(mistreat)虐待 (sexually)对…进行性虐待②(misuse)滥用?power, position, drugs?to abuse [somebody's] confid ence辜负某人的信任to abuse the hostess's hospitality利用女主人的好客③(insult)辱
骂?person?B. |??bju?s|noun①Uncountable(maltreatment)虐待 (sexual)性虐待②Uncountable and countable(misuse)滥用 abuses of the judicial system践踏司法体制的行为alcohol abuse酗酒③Uncountable(insult)辱骂 a stream or shower of abuse一通谩骂a term of abuse骂人话to hurl abuse at [somebody]破口大骂某人
neglect|n??glekt|A.transitive verb①(fail to care for)疏于照
管?child, building, health, appearance?to neglect oneself(one's health)不注意自己的健康(one's appearance)不修边幅②(ignore)忽
视?friendship, problem, needs?to neglect one's duty玩忽职守to neglect work旷工③(underestimate)不重视?factor, artist, work?④(fail)遗漏 to neglect to do [something]漏做某事the police neglected to inform the child's parents警方忘记通知孩子的父母了⑤(overlook)不抓住?offer,opportunity?B.nounUncoun table①(lack of care)忽视 to fall into neglect被忽视to be in a state of neglect处于无人照管的状态neglect of one's
health/appearance对自己健康的忽视/不修边幅②(failure to carry out)疏忽neglect of [something]对某事的疏忽neglect of duty玩忽职守
behavioural problems
behavioural, American behavioral|b??he?vj?r?l|adjective行为
的?changes, problems, characteristics?;行为科学的?theory,studies?
33.Population expansion is the main reason for the huge accumulation of waste, which can take decades to degrade.
the main reason for
reason|?ri?zn|A.noun①Countable(cause)原因 (explanation)理由 a reason for [something]某事的原因the reason behind [something]某事背后的原因for a/no good reason有/无正当原因地for no reason无故why did you do it? — for no reason你为什么那么做？──不为什么the man attacked me for no apparent reason那名男子莫名其妙地袭击了我for some reason (or other)出于某种原因for some unknown reason出于某种未知的原因if you are late for any reason, ...不论你为何迟到…for reasons best known to himself/herself出于唯有他/她自己才知道的原因for the very good or very simple reason that ...就是因为…I won't do it, for that very simple reason就是因为这个，我才不会那么做的for reasons of [something]由于某事物的原因for reasons of space/time/security由于空间/时间/安全原因for health/personal reasons由于健康/个人原因people who, for whatever reason, are unable to support themselves那些无论出
于何种原因都没法养活自己的人们I have reason to believe that ...我有理由相信…by reason of [something]formal 因为某事物to give [somebody] a reason给某人一个理
由to have one's reasons (to do [something])有理由（做某事）(and that's) the reason why ...（那就是）为什么…the reason why I'm late is that ...我迟到是因为…a reason for [something]/doing [something]某事/做某事的理由she gave no reasons for her decision她没解释为什么这样决定what was his reason for resigning?他为什么辞
职？my reason for going or the reason for my going is (that) ...我要去的理由是…the reason is (that) ...理由是…the reason given is that ...给出的理由是…
huge accumulation of waste
accumulation|??kju?mj??le??n|noun(process, quantity)积累 (of rubbish)聚积
物 the accumulation of dust灰尘的积聚the accumulation of knowledge is its own reward知识的积累本身就是一种回报
take decades to degrade
degrade|d??gre?d|A.transitive verb①(humiliate)使受辱to feel degraded感觉受屈
辱②Ecology 使恶化B.intransitive verb?material, substance?降解 this material
will degrade on exposure to light这种材料遇光会降解
34.Internet can enrich our social lives, but we should not ignore face-to -face communication, because this has a direct impact on social relationships.
enrich our social lives
enrich|?n?r?t?|transitive verb①(improve)充实?mind, experience, civilization?;使…丰富?vocabulary?;使…肥沃?soil?;在…中添加营养成分?food?to enrich [something] with [something]用某物充实某物②(make wealthy)使…富
裕?person, country, company?③Physics 使浓缩 enriched uranium浓缩铀
have a direct impact on
impactA. |??mp?kt|nounUncountable and countable①(violent contact)冲撞 on impact 受冲撞时the bomb will explode on impact这炸弹一撞即爆the point of impact撞击
点under the impact of [something]在某物的撞击下②(force of blow, collision, explosion)冲击力 the full impact of the blast爆炸的全部冲击力③(impression)影响to
have or make an impact on [somebody]/[something]对某人/某事产生影响④(effect)作用 a social/revolutionary/technological impact 社会的/革命性的/技术方面的作
用 B. |?m?p?kt|transitive verb① especially American (affect)深刻影响②(press firmly)压紧 C. |?m?p?kt|i ntransitive verb产生深刻影响 to impact on [something]对某事产生深刻影响high interest rates have impacted on spending高利率极大影响了消费social relationship
relationship|r??le??n??p|noun①(connection)联系②(family bond)亲属关系 family relationships家庭关系a father-son relationship父子关系③Countable(human connection)人际关系 a business/working relationship业务/工作关系④(romance, affair)情爱关系to have a relationship with [somebody]与某人有亲密关系a sexual relationship性关系⑤Mathematics 逻辑关系