树形图详细讲解
1、 Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences、
a) The old lady suddenly left、
Det A N Qual V
b) The car stopped at the end of the road、
Det N V P Det N P Det N
c) The snow might have blocked the road、
Det N Aux Aux V Det N
d) He never appears quite mature、
N Qual V Deg A
2、 The following phrases include a head, a plement, and a specifier、 Draw the appropriate tree structure for each、
a) full of people
AP
A P N
full of people
b) a story about a sentimental girl
NP
NP PP
Det N P NP
Det A N
a story about a sentimental girl
c) often read detective stories
VP
Qual V NP
A N
often read detective stories
d) the argument against the proposals
NP
NP PP
Det N P NP
Det N
the argument against the proposals
e) move towards the window
VP
V PP
P Det N
move towards the window
3、 Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences、
a) The jet landed、
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det N Pst V
b) Mary became very ill、
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
N Pst V AP
Deg A
Mary became very ill
c) What will you talk about?
CP
NP C S
N Infl NP Infl VP
VP NP
V P N
What will you e talk about e
S
NP VP
Det N Aux V NP
Det N
The apple might hit the man
OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det N V NP
Det N
The apple might hit the man
e) He often reads detective stories、
S
NP VP
N Qual V NP
A N
He often reads etective stories
OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Pres
N Qual V NP
A N
He often reads etective stories
4、 The following sentences contain modifiers of various types、 For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures、
a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane、
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V NP
Det A N
A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane
b) A huge moon hung in the black sky、
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V PP
P NP
Det A N
A huge moon hung in the black sky
c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting、
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V PP
P NP
Det N
An unusual event occurred before the meeting
d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill、
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A NP Pst V PP
A N P NP
Det A N
A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill
5、 The following sentences all contain conjoined categories、 Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences、
a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants、
InflP(=S)
NP VP
N Aux V NP
Det A NP
N CON N
Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants OR
InflP(=S)
NP VP
N Infl V NP
Det A NP
N CON N
Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants
b) Helen put on her clothes and went out、
S
NP VP
N VP CON VP
VP NP V Adv
V P Det N
Helen put on her clothes and went out
OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
N Pst VP CON VP
VP NP V Adv
V P Det N
Helen put on her clothes and went out
c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics、
S
NP VP
N VP CON VP
VP NP VP NP
V A P N V A P N
Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
N Pres VP CON VP
VP NP VP NP
V A P N V A P N
Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics
d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in、
S
S CON S
NP VP NP VP
Det N V Adv Det A N V Adv
The detective went out and the mysterious man came in
e) Crusoe knows that spring will e and the snow will melt、
S
NP VP
CP
N V C S
S CON S
NP VP NP VP
N Aux V Det N Aux V
Crusoe knows that spring will e and the snow will melt
6、 The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as plements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun、 Draw a tree structure for each sentence、
a) You know that I hate war、
S
NP VP
CP
N V C S
NP VP
N V NP
N
You know that I hate war
OR CP
C InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
CP
N Pres V C S
NP VP
N V NP N
You know that I hate war
b) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over、
S
NP VP
CP
N V C S
NP VP
CP
N V C S
NP VP
Det N VL A
He said that Tom asked whether over
c) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam、
S
NP VP
N VP NP
CP
Aux Neg V NP C S
Det N NP VP
N V NP
Det A N
Gerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English exam
d) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce、
S
NP VP
CP
N VL A C S
NP VP
Det N V NP NP
N Det N
Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce
e) The children argued over whether bats had wings、
S
NP VP
CP
Det N VP C S
V P NP VP
N V NP
N
The children argued over whether bats had wings
7、 Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause、 Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences、
a) The essay that he wrote was too long、
Deep structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V AP C S Deg P NP Infl VP
N V NP
N
The essay he wrote that was too long Surface Structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V AP C S Deg P NP NP Infl VP
N N Pst V NP
N
The essay that he wrote e was too long
b) The dog that he keeps bites、
Deep structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V C Infl S
Pres NP VP
N V NP
N
The dog he keeps that bites Surface Structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V C S
NP NP Infl VP
N N Pres V NP
N
The dog that he keeps e bites
c) Herbert found the man she loved、
Deep structure
CP
C S
NP VP
N Infl V NP
CP
Det N C S
NP Infl VP
NP N V
N
Herbert found the man she
who
Surface Structure
CP
C S
NP VP
N Infl V NP
CP
Det N S
C
NP Infl VP
NP NP N V
N N
Herbert found the (whom) she
e
d) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics、
Deep structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V PP
P NP
C Infl S
N
NP VP
PP
N Qual VP NP
V P N
The girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguistics
Surface Structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V PP
P NP
C S
N
NP NP Infl VP
PP
N N Qual VP NP
V P N
The girl whom he with e majors in linguistics yLB0c
8、 The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation、Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences、
a) Would you e tomorrow?
Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP AdvP
N Infl V Adv
you would e tomorrow
Surface structure
CP
C S
VP
NP AdvP
Infl
N Infl V Adv
would you e e tomorrow
b) Can you pass me the newspaper?
Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP NP NP
N Infl V N Det N
you can pass me the newspaper Surface structure
CP
C S
VP
Infl NP NP NP
N Infl V N Det N
Can you e pass me the newspaper
c) Should the students report the incident?
Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP NP
Det N Infl V Det N
the students should report the incident
Surface structure
CP
C S
Det N Infl V Det N
should the students e report the incident
d) What did you eat for lunch?
Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP PP
NP NP
N Infl V P
N N
you did eat what for lunch Surface structure
CP
NP C S
VP
Infl NP PP
NP NP
N N Infl V P
N N
e) Who should this be reported to ?
Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP PP
VP NP
N Infl V V P
N
this should be reported to whom Surface structure
CP
NP C S
VP
N Infl NP PP3cnhG。
VP NP
N Infl V V P
N whom should this e be reported to e
f) What was Helen bringing to the party?
Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP PP
NP NP
N Infl V P
N Det N
Helen was bringing what to the party
Surface structure
CP
NP C S
VP
N Infl NP PP F8W5n。
NP NP
N Infl V P
N Det N
what was Helen e bringing e to the
树形图详细讲解 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP
e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg A Mary became very ill c) What will you talk about? CP NP C S N Infl NP Infl VP VP NP V P N d) The apple might hit the man. S NP VP Det N Aux V NP Det N The apple might hit the man
树形图详细讲解 网上的相对理想的树形图答案，注意正两 点： 1. 短语和中心词在一竖线上 2. 含有形容词修饰语的名词短语的画法 NP Det N A N a little boy 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N
full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories
一． 最小树形图 最小树形图，就是给有向带权图中指定一个特殊的点root，求一棵以root为根的有向生成树T，并且T中所有边的总权值最小。最小树形图的第一个算法是1965年朱永津和刘振宏提出的复杂度为O(VE)的算法。 判断是否存在树形图的方法很简单，只需要以v为根作一次图的遍历就可以了，所以下面的算法中不再考虑树形图不存在的情况。 在所有操作开始之前，我们需要把图中所有的自环全都清除。很明显，自环是不可能在任何一个树形图上的。只有进行了这步操作，总算法复杂度才真正能保证是O(VE)。
首先为除根之外的每个点选定一条入边，这条入边一定要是所有入边中最小的。现在所有的最小入边都选择出来了，如果这个入边集不存在有向环的话，我们可以证明这个集合就是该图的最小树形图。这个证明并不是很难。如果存在有向环的话，我们就要将这个有向环缩成一个人工顶点，同时改变图中边的权。假设某点u在该环上，并设这个环中指向u的边权是in[u]，那么对于每条从u出发的边(u, i, w)，在新图中连接(new, i, w)的边，其中new为新加的人工顶点; 对于每条进入u的边(i, u, w)，在新图中建立边(i, new, w-in[u])的边。为什么入边的权要减去in[u]，这个后面会解释，在这里先给出算法的步骤。然后可以证明，新图中最小树形图的权加上旧图中被收缩的那个环的权和，就是原图中最小树形图的权。 上面结论也不做证明了。现在依据上面的结论，说明一下为什么出边的权不变，入边的权要减去in [u]。对于新图中的最小树形图T，设指向人工节点的边为e。将人工节点展开以后，e指向了一个环。假设原先e是指向u的，这个时候我们将环上指向u的边 in[u]删除，这样就得到了原图中的一个树形图。我们会发现，如果新图中e的权w'(e)是原图中e的权w(e)减去in[u]权的话，那么在我们删除掉in[u]，并且将e恢复为原图状态的时候，这个树形图的权仍然是新图树形图的权加环的权，而这个权值正是最小树形图的权值。所以在展开节点之后，我们得到的仍然是最小树形图。逐步展开所有的人工节点，就会得到初始图的最小树形图了。 如果实现得很聪明的话，可以达到找最小入边O(E)，找环 O(V)，收缩O(E)，其中在找环O(V)这里需要一点技巧。这样每次收缩的复杂度是O(E)，然后最多会收缩几次呢？由于我们一开始已经拿掉了所有的自环，我门可以知道每个环至少包含2个点，收缩成1个点之后，总点数减少了至少1。当整个图收缩到只有1个点的时候，最小树形图就不不用求了。所以我们最多只会进行V-1次的收缩，所以总得复杂度自然是O(VE)了。由此可见，如果一开始不除去自环的话，理论复杂度会和自环的数目有关 学了不少算法，终于第一次学会了以中国人的名字命名的算法，最小树形图的朱-刘算法。前几天看过书、ppt和网上相关的blog，在收缩环关键的那块总看得稀里糊涂。昨晚终于在威士忌的blog上看到了一幅最小树形图的构造流程图，登时大彻大悟。有时一张恰当好处的图表的确胜过万千文字解说。早上起来把它实现了，调试到现在，进一步把各种模糊的细节处理弄清楚了，也终于AC了POJ3164。呵呵 网上关于算法的描述有一些，我总结成bin3版。 有固定根的最小树形图求法O(VE)：
树形图详细讲解 1. In dicate the category of each word in the follow ing senten ces. a) The old lady sudde nly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He n ever appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. b) a story about a sen time ntal girl NP Det A N a story about a sen time ntal girl c) ofte n read detective stories Qual V NP ofte n read detective stories d) the argume nt aga inst the proposals NP NP a) full of people AP full of people NP PP VP Det N
八 Det N the argume nt aga inst the proposals
syntax 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP
A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP
树形图详细讲解 1、 Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences、 a) The old lady suddenly left、 Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road、 Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road、 Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature、 N Qual V Deg A 2、 The following phrases include a head, a plement, and a specifier、 Draw the appropriate tree structure for each、 a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP
8.（c）the argument against the proposals PP NP P NP Det N Det N against the (d)already above the windows PP AdvP P NP Adv Det N already above the window
NP Infl VP Det AP N pst V PP A P NP Det AP N A huge moon hung in the black sky (C) The man examined his car carefully yeseterday S NP Infl VP Det N pst V NP AdvP Det N AdvP Adv Adv A man examined his car carefully yesterday 10．（b）Helen put on her clothes and went out S
N pst V PP Con V PP P NP P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out c)Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. S NP Infl VP N Pre V AP Con AP A PP A PP P NP P NP N Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics 11.(b) Gerry belives the fact that Anna fluncked the English exam. S NP Infl VP
a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. InflP(=S) NP VP N Aux V NP Det A NP N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants OR InflP(=S) NP VP N Infl V NP Det A NP N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants b) Helen put on her clothes and went out. S NP VP N VP CON VP
VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out
OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst VP CON VP VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. S NP VP N VP CON VP VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pres VP CON VP
VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics
文档 树形图详细讲解 网上的相对理想的树形图答案，注意正两点： 1.短语和中心词在一竖线上 2.含有形容词修饰语的名词短语的画法 NP Det N A N a little boy 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a)T he old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b)The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c)T he snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d)H e never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2.T he following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N
文档full of people b)a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c)o ften read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories
第一节语言的本质 一、语言的普遍特征（Design Features） 1.任意性 Arbitratriness：shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念；同样的声音，各国不同的表达方式 2.双层结构Duality：语言由声音结构和意义结构组成（the structure of sounds and meaning） 3.多产性productive: 语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences） 4.移位性 Displacemennt：可以表达许多不在场的东西，如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情，或者表达根本不存在的东西等 5.文化传播性 Cultural Transmission：语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握 二、语言的功能（Functions of Language） 1.传达信息功能 Informative：最主要功能The main function 2.人际功能 Interpersonal：人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity 3.行事功能 performative：现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge，naming，and curses 4.表情功能 Emotive Function：表达强烈情感的语言，如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions 5.寒暄功能 Phatic Communion：应酬话phatic language，比如“吃了没？”“天儿真好啊！”等等 6.元语言功能 Metalingual Function：用语言来谈论、改变语言本身，如book 可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书” 三、语言学的分支 1. 核心语言学 Core linguistic 1)语音学 Phonetics ：关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程，着重考察人类语言中的单音。Its main focus is on the articulation， transmission and reception of human sounds， especially isolated sounds 2)音位学Phonology：从功能的角度出发对出现在某种特定语言中的语音及其 组合、分布规律进行研究的语言学分支。The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns from function perspective. 3)形态学 Morphology：研究单词的内部构造the internal structure of words 4)句法学 Syntax：研究组词造句的规则the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. 5)语义学 Semantics：对语言产生的意义的方法的系统研究，以研究词义和句义为主it's the systemic studies on the meaning-producing mechanism in languages, including words and sentences meaning 6)语用学 Pragmatics：从语言同使用者之间的关系出发，研究在实际交际in real-time communication contexts中影响人们语言使用的各种因素mainly in terms of the relationship between language and language-users。 2. 边缘语言学 Peripheral:
Chapter 4 From word to T ext (Syntax) Syntax (grammar) ?Syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the way different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence struc tures. 4.1 Syntactic relations ?Syntactic relations can be analyzed into three kinds: –4.1.1 positional relation –4.1.2 relations of substitutability –4.1.3 relations of co-occurrence 4.1.1 Positional Relation ?For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrases that can occur in a clause. ?The boy kicked the ball NP1 NP2 Subject Object ?Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. ?If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all. For example, The boy kicked the ball –*Boy the ball kicked the –*The ball kicked the boy ?The teacher saw the students ?The students saw the teacher ?Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations observed by F. de Saussure. –They are also called Horizontal Relations or simply Chain Relations. ?Word order is among the three basic ways (word order, genetic and areal classifications) to classify languages in the world. ?There are 6 possible types of language: –SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS. –English belongs to SVO type, though this does not mean that SVO is the only possible word order. 4.1.2 Relation of Substitutability ?The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure. –The ______ smiles. man boy girl ?It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable
第四章语法 一、举例解释下列名词 内部曲折——是通过改变词中语素的部分元音或辅音来表示语法意义的一种方式,又称语音交替或音位交替。如英语的所谓不规则动词,大多是用语音交替来表示形态变化。 格——表示名词、代词在句中同其他词的关系，它的意义是直接和句法相关的。性——通过词（名词、代词等）的形态变化表现事物的性别特征。欧洲的许多语言中都有。 屈折词缀——黏附在词的后面，只改变一个词的形式，不构成新词的词缀。 黏着语素——不能够独立成词的语素叫黏着语素。 体——体（aspect）表示动作行为的各种阶段和状态，是动词特有的语法范畴。最常见的是完成体和未完成体（或持续体、进行体），此外还有起始体、继续体、中断体、反复体、短时体（或瞬间体）等等。 时——时是动词的语法范畴，时（tense）表示动作行为发生的时间。这时间往往以说话的时间为准，分为现在、过去、未来。 词法——语素组合在词的规则和词的变化规则合称词法。 二、填空 1、和动词有关的语法范畴有时、体、（态）和（式）。 2、由两个或两个以上的语素构成的词叫做（合成词）。 3、在workers中，worker这一部分可以称为（词干）。 4、按照词法结构类型，语言可以分为（词根语）、（黏着语）、（屈折语）和（复综语）。 5、句子的最大特点是（有语调）。 6、仅有一个语素构成的词是（单纯词）。 7、最小的语法单位是（语素）。 8、和名词有关的语法范畴有性、格、（数）。 9．词的组合有五种基本类型，例如“研究问题”属于（支配式），“跑的很快”
属于（补充式），“马上出发”属于（偏正式），“火山爆发”属于（主谓式）。 10、能够改变词类的是（构词）词缀。 11、表达语法意义的语法形式除了有类的配列之外，还有（形态的一致性配合）和（虚词）。 三、单项选择 1、下列各组词中全部属于复合词的一组是（D ） A．大学、人民、（英）reader B．劳动、阿姨、(英)railway C．瓶子、教室、（英）unhappy D．道路、材料、（英）classroom 2、与“春光明媚”结构相同的组合是（A ） A．阳光充足 B．已经开始 C．调查研究 D．工人和农民 3、以下关于句法变换陈述正确的一项是（ B ） A．句法变换反映的是句子之间的关系 B．句法变换可以区分句法多义 C．容许变换说明一个语言的语序是自由的 D．变换从不改变句子的语义 4、区分词类最重要的依据是（C） A．意义 B、形态变化 C、句法功能 D、语言的类型特点 5、现代汉语普通话中的“花儿”是（） A ．单纯词 B ．派生词 C．复合词 D．语素 6、分析以下Michoacan Aztec语中的一些词以及英语翻译。 nokali—my house nokali mes-- my houses mokali—your house ikali—his house kalimes--houses 如果表示friend的词是mahkwa，表示my friends的词应该是(E ) A.nomahkwa B. mahkwas C.momahkwames D.momahkwaes E.nomahkwames 四、分析题 1、用变换的方法区分下列句法多义的句子： 支持的是王书记
语言学课后习题树形图
8.（c）the argument against the proposals PP NP P NP Det N Det N the argument against the proposals (d)already above the windows PP AdvP P NP Adv Det N already above the window
9.(b) A huge moon hung in the sky.S NP Infl VP Det AP N pst V PP A P NP Det AP N A huge moon hung in the black sky (C) The man examined his car carefully yeseterday
S NP Infl VP Det N pst V NP AdvP Det N AdvP Adv Adv A man examined his car carefully yesterday 10．（b）Helen put on her clothes and went out
NP Infl VP N pst V PP Con V PP P NP P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out c)Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.
NP Infl VP N Pre V AP Con AP A PP A PP P P NP N Mary is fond of literature but tired of
树形图详细讲解 1、Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences、 a) The old lady suddenly left、 Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road、 Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road、 Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature、 N Qual V Deg A 2、The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier、Draw the appropriate tree structure for each、 a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories
d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3、Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences、 a) The jet landed、 InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill、 InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg A Mary became very ill
语言学-Syntax树形图整理 1.The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det Adj N b) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP Adj N often read detective stories c) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP Det N d) move towards the window VP V PP P NP 2.Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences a ) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg Adj Mary became very ill c)The apple might hit the man. Inflp(=S ) NP VP Det N Aux V NP Det N The apple might hit the man OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N V NP Det N