2011年专业英语八级新词汇的特点及翻译
当今社会的飞速发展和科技进步, 不断孕育出一大批从前闻所未闻的新生词汇。如今当人们还在津津有味地谈论“信息时代”、“信息革命”时, “数字化教室”、“虚拟大学”已悄然而至;当“空姐”刚被摘掉“不规范”的帽子后被收入词典, “空嫂”、“呼嫂”、“报嫂”已铺天盖地而来;当“酒吧”尚在流行, “网吧”、“书吧”、“茶吧”已闪亮登场。所有这些新词新语新义(neologism), 使得我们的语言文化宝库得以不断地丰富。
英语的词汇跟任何现代语言的词汇一样, 在继续不断地发展。莎士比亚时代记录下来的英语词汇约有14万个词, 现在的英语词汇即使以50万词计算, 其中也有三分之二以上的词是在近三百年内创造出来的。人们遇到新事物、新经历, 发展新思想的时候, 总要有词语来描写它们。20世纪以来, 特别是近五十年以来, 英语中出现了大量新词新义, 许多旧词不断被淘汰。英语词汇就在这样的新陈代谢过程中不断向前发展。时代在前进, 科技在发展, 思维在进步, 作为反映现实的语言自然也要跟上社会进化的步伐, 适应社会进化的需要。语言中最为敏感的部分是它的词汇。
到现在为止, 如果不算专门术语, 英语的词汇也早已突破80万个单词。这里举几个例子。1995年12月14日, 欧盟各国领导人决定采用欧元(euro)作为2002年欧盟统一货币的名称, 从此, 英语中就又多了一个表示货币单位的新词。如今, 地区性经济合作正在向全球经济合作和自由贸易发展, “WTO”(世界贸易组织)不断壮大, 在国际社会发挥越来越重要的作用。这个组织的英文缩写已作为独立词汇用于书面和口头语言中。在廿世纪, 科技发展速度飞快, 自从人类开始成功地登上月球后, 英语中出现了moonwalk月球漫步, earthrise地出, soft landing软着陆,space- walk太空行走, space age太空时代, antimatter反物质antiproton反质子等大量新词汇。电子工业和通讯技术的惊人发展也是新词汇的重要源泉之一。如:internet 因特网(亦称互联网),guru电脑高手;电脑专家, AL (Artificial intelligence)人工智能, boot启动电脑, download下载, multimedia多媒体, E-text电子书籍, E-zine电子杂志, Ecommerce电子商务, E-cash电子现金等等不计其数的大量新词汇。那么,英语中的新词有哪些特点以及如何翻译呢?
英语中新词构成特点
当代英语词汇发展与过去一样, 通过运用各种构词法,吸收外来语和赋予旧词以新义等方式不断发展, 更具有时代特点。
运用构词法构成新词
1)词缀法。利用前缀或后缀构成新词。许多旧的词缀现在仍旧非常活跃。例如, Super- 在当代英语里是一个非常活跃的前缀, 加在形容词前面表示“the quality described is present in an unus ually large degree”, 加在名词前面表示“a bigger, more powerful, or more important version of a particular thing,”用汉语来表示, 也就是“超级”的意思。supermarket(超级市场),superpower(超级大国)等都是常用的词语。在上海译文出版社出版的《英汉大词典》中以super开始的词语达7页之多, 这里再补充几个该词典中没有收录的词语。例如, 在1996年出版的Collins Co- build Lea rner’ s Dictionary中就收录了supercomputer (超级计算机),super- model(超级模特)等词语, 其它新词还可举出super-barge(超级驳船),super- rich(超级富翁),super fresh(最新鲜的)等一大堆新词。另外, 在许多旧的词缀仍然非常活跃的同时, 也产
生了一些新的词缀和组合成分。例如, 形容词alcoholic(酒精中毒的, 嗜酒成癖的)是由名词alcohol(酒精)加上形容词后缀- is派生而来的。现在人们又从中分解出-holic这个成分,加在一些词后面构成新词, 如:workaholic (工作狂),beeroholic (嗜好啤酒成癖) colaholic( 嗜好可口可乐成癖) ,movie- holic(嗜好电影成癖),teleholic(嗜好看电视成癖)等等诸如此类的新词就应运而生了。
2)拼缀法。用拼缀法构成一些新词, 即对原有的两个词进行剪裁, 然后取其中的一部分(首部或尾部), 或保持一个词的原形, 取另一个词的一部分, 组成一个新词。用这种方法构成的新词生动简练。例如: telelecture (telephone + lecture电话教学),comsat (communication+ satellite通讯卫星) airtel(airplane+hotel机场旅馆),Chinglish (Chinese + English中国式英语)等。
3)类推法。通过推理构成新词也是一种常用的方法, 依照原有的同类词, 引出对应词或近义词。如:由brain drain“人才流失”类推出brain gain“人才流入”, 由sunrise旧出”类推出, moonrise“月出”, 由white collar“白领阶层”(从事脑力劳动或管理工作者)类推出blue collar“蓝领阶层”(体力劳动者), pink collar“粉领阶层”(职业女性),gray collar “灰领阶层”(从事维修保养技术工作的工人), 甚至有了gold collar“金领阶层”(指知识工人)。
4)缩略法。当代英语中另一种活跃的构词法是缩略法。其特点是造词简练, 使用方便。如:VCD(Video Compact Disk)影碟(或视盘),SARS(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome))非典型性肺炎, DJ (discjockey)音乐节目主持人等
语义新词
1)旧词新义。随着科学技术的发展, 社会规律的发现, 各种新概念也应运而生。为此需要大量新词语来表认一个新概念。不一定非要用新词不可, 可以利用语言中现有的词汇材料, 赋予它们新的含义。这样就有了语义性新词。例如:常用的动词break(破裂)有了新词义“霹雳舞”;在计算机术语中, mouse(老鼠)成了“鼠标定位器”; “instant”一词原义为“紧迫的, 立即的”,1916年一位美国人发明了一种用开水冲后即饮的咖啡, 取名“instant coffee”, 如今“instant”的运用达到惊人的程度, 从“instant noodles”(方便面), “instant meal”(方便餐) 到“instantstar”(一举成名的明星), “instant poetry”(即兴诗歌), “instant team”(临时拼凑的球队)等。
2)专有名词转化。语义新词第二种形式是专有名词的转化。某些高新技术和新产品名称, 商品名称和公司名称, 经过一段时间后, 脱离原来的依附物而成为一个新词语。其转化标志是大写字母变成小写。如:tele- traffic 电信业务(原美国“RedcomLaboratories Inc”的一个商标),a- go -go小型夜总会(这个词来自巴黎的一家咖啡馆兼夜总会Whiky a Gogo)。
3)外来词借入。现代社会的高度信息化, 国际交往的日益频繁, 使得外来词语不断进入英语语言, 大大丰富了它的词汇。它们已经融和在英语语言中并深深扎下了根。如:jukebox 投币式自动唱机(非洲语言),robot机器人(捷克语),sputnik人造卫星(俄语), glitch故障(德语), 时下流行的“karaoke”卡拉OK (来自日语), “paper tiger”纸老虎(来自汉语)。
英语的新词汇翻译
翻译是促进文化交流的重要手段, 译者处理得体与否, 直接关系着文化的理解和接受程
度。汉语从英语中引入的词汇数量之大,速度之快, 种类之多, 其生命力之旺, 由于国际交往的需要, 正日益引起人们的兴趣和爱好, 其使用也因此变得越来越普及。对于来自不同文化的新词汇翻译, 主要有以下三种方法:
音译法
许多英语新词汇刚刚引入时, 在中文中没有相应的译法, 无对应物和对应词, 译者往往采用音译法, 这种译法直接、简易、又具有异国情调, 丰富了汉语词汇。许多音译词目前已广泛传播, 在汉语中流行开来, 独领风骚, 特别是在丰富中国的饮食文化方面尤为突出。如: salad沙/色拉, pudding布丁, sandwich三明治, McDonald’s麦当劳, KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken)肯德基。又如:AIDS艾滋病, clone克隆, sauna桑拿。
意译法
意译是翻译外来词的一种常用方法。随着不同语言间思想文化的相互渗透, 多数新词语所表示的意义在汉语中可能找不到对应或基本对应的词来表达, 人们能通过字面意义来推测或判断意译词的基本含义。如:fast food快餐, beeper寻呼机, green food绿色食品, hot line 热线bubble economy泡沫经济, chain shop连锁店。
进入九十年代, 科学技术突飞猛进, 计算机发展迅猛异常, 大量新词汇层出不穷。如:software软件online在线web site网址netter网民laptop笔记本电脑e- mail电子邮件web page网页home page主页Net shopping网上购物。但是意译在使用过程中并非一成不变。追求更简明、更经济的表达方式是各种语言的发展趋势, 优秀的译名经广泛传播存活下来。如:boomerang baby初译为“回归家庭的子女”, 后译为“还巢儿”,Cellular telephone有6个译名, “大哥大”, “携带式活动电话”, “无绳电话”, “移动电话”和“手机”, 随着这些通讯工具的不断普及, 译名不断改进, “移动电语”和“手机”, 这两个一文一白的名称流行下来。Hot dog人们多用“热狗”, 不大用“夹香肠面包”。中国人不习惯音节太多的词, 两三个音节最符合词感, 重译后, 词语更显简洁、清晰, 便于交流。
音意兼译法
音意兼译法是将音译和意译有机融合为一体的新颖的翻译方法, 它同时兼顾语音和词义, 即在语言上和原文相近, 又要创造出一种能体现原文特点但又非原文词义的词。翻译理论家奈达指出, 翻译的根本任务是求得译文和原文功能对等, 音意兼译词词义虽说与原文意义不同, 但表达功能都相同, 这种译法相当不易, 每一个被大众接受并广泛流传的音意兼译词都是一个美妙、优秀的译词。如:vitamin维他命, TOEFL托福, gene基因, bungle jumping 蹦极跳, Simmons席梦思, jazz爵士乐。音意兼译法在商品名称和品牌方面尤为突出。如:Coca-Cola 可口可乐, Benz奔驰, Gold Lion 金利来, Nokia 诺基亚, Philips菲利浦, Motorola摩托罗拉。此外我们也看到一些新词有音译词,又有相应的音意兼译词, 如:pizza民众称之为比萨饼, 商家名之为必胜客;E-mail 电子邮件, 伊妹儿;Taxi粤方言为的士, 正式名称为计程车, 出租车。世界发展的趋势不是一种文化被另一种文化所侵吞, 而是各种文化的融合, 翻译就是文化融合的桥梁。在处理文化差异上, 系统功能翻译观认为由于意义系统受制于社会文化环境, 因此, 寻求意义的对等, 实际上是寻求两种语言的情境语境的对等, 即寻找两种语言的语篇在相同语境中功能的对等,因此, 译文必须反映原文的语域特征, 使其
起到原文所能起到的作用。
英语专八听力练习难度不大，尤其和mini-lecture比起来，简单很多，提前可以看到问题和选项。带着这些预读信息去进行target-oriented 的听力，命中率一般都很高，练习到后期不希望考生失掉哪怕一分。有可能成文满分绊脚石的就是一些 "纸老虎" 般的新闻听力特定词汇，请大家提前预热。其实出题考这些词汇的几率特别小，只是形式上吓人罢了。
1. accredited journalist n. 特派记者
2. advance n. 预发消息;预写消息
They have got advance information of the storm's approach.他们事前已得到将有暴风雨的消息。
3. affair n. 桃色新闻;绯闻
4. anecdote n.趣闻轶事
He departs from the text to tell an anecdote.他没讲课文而讲了一段轶事。
5. assignment n. 采写任务
He's going to India on an assignment for his newspaper.他将去印度为他的报纸完成某项工作。
6. attribution n. 消息出处，消息来源
7. back alley news n. 小道消息
8. backgrounding n. 新闻背景
9. Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。
10. banner n. 通栏标题
11. beat n. 采写范围
12. body n. 新闻正文
13. boil 压缩(篇幅)
The reporter boiled the story down to half the original length. 报告人把原稿压缩了一半。
14. box n. 花边新闻
15. brief n. 简讯
16. bulletin n. 新闻简报
17. Here is the latest bulletin about the President's health. 这是总统健康情况的最新报告。
18. byline n. 署名文章
19. caption n. 图片说明
I didn't understand the drawing until I read the caption. 直到我看到这幅画的说明才弄懂其意思。
20. caricature n. 漫画
21. carry vt. 刊登
22. cartoon n. 漫画
His cartoon mercilessly lampoon the leading politician of the day. 他的讽刺漫画无情地挖苦了当今的政界要人。
23. censor vt. 审查(新闻稿件)，新闻审查
Several words have been deleted from the article by the censor. 那篇文章中有好几个字被新闻检查官删去了
1. chart n. 每周流行音乐排行版
That song has been in the charts for weeks.那首歌已有好几周都上了流行榜。
2. clipping n.剪报
I wish to apply for the position advertised in the enclosed clipping from the morning Herald. 本人欲申请<先驱早报>上广告招聘剪报随函寄去的职位。
3. column n.专栏;栏目
There are two columns on each page of this dictionary.这本词典每一页有两栏。
4. columnist n.专栏作家
She's a columnist for USA Today. 她是《今日美国报》的专栏作家。
5. continued story 连载故事;连载小说
6. contributing editor 特约编辑
contribution n.(投给报刊的)稿件;投稿
7. The editor is short of contribution for the May issue. 编辑缺少五月号一期上的稿件。
contributor n. 投稿人
My friends in the Chinese press tell me that at present, there is no lack of contributors, but because of limitations in space, not all their works can be published. 华文报朋友告诉我，现阶段仍不乏投稿人士，但因篇幅不足未能全部刊登
8. copy desk n. 新闻编辑部
9. copy editor n. 文字编辑
10. correction n.更正(启事)
The teacher wrote the proposed correction at foot. 老师将修改意见写在页底空白处。
I'm speaking under correction. 我说的不一定正确。
11. correspondence column读者来信专栏
It seems from your correspondence column that Harold Wilson is a sacred cow. 从你的读者来信专栏看，哈罗德·威尔逊好像是个批评不得的人。
12. correspondent n.驻外记者;常驻外埠记者
I'm handing you over now to our home affairs correspondent. 现在请听本台记者报道的国内新闻。
Your correspondent had only touched upon the fringe of the matter. 你的报导只谈到了问题的边缘。
13. cover vt.采访;采写
14. cover girl n. 封面女郎
. Good news comes on crutches. 好事不出门
2. grapevine n. 小道消息
They were told to desist from spreading grapevine news. 已告诉他们停止散布小道消息。
3. gutter n. 中缝
4. hard news 硬新闻;纯消息
5. headline n. 新闻标题;内容提要
A sports headline reads, "Curling stone start sliding Monday." 一条体育新闻大字标题这样写道:"冰上掷石赛将于周一开始"。
6. hearsay n. 小道消息
7. highlights n. 要闻
8. Judgment should be based on facts, not on hearsay. 判断应该以事实为依据，而不应该依靠道听途说。
9. hot news 热点新闻
10. human interest 人情味
11. in-depth reporting 深度报道
12. insert n.& vt. 插补段落;插稿
13. interpretative reporting 解释性报道
14. invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私(权)
15. inverted pyramid 倒金字塔(写作结构)
16. investigative reporting 调查性报道
17. journalism n. 新闻业;新闻学
When he left school he took up journalism. 他离开学校后开始从事新闻工作。
Journalism is literature in a hurry 新闻是急就文学.
18. journalist n. 新闻记者
He has broken into a career as an international journalist. 他开始了他作为国际新闻记者的生涯。
19. kill vt. 退弃(稿件);枪毙(稿件)
20. layout n. 版面编排;版面设计
Please fax me the layout for the new catalogue. 请用传真机把新目录的版面编排图样传送给我.
1. lead n.导语
2. libel n. 诽谤(罪)
The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken. 诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。
3. makeup n. 版面设计
4. man of the year 年度新闻人物，年度风云人物
5. mass communication 大众传播(学)
From 1986 to 1987 I was teaching English training courses for students in international trade and mass communication. 1986年至1987年，我教过英语培训班，学员来自外贸和大众传播单位
6. mass media 大众传播媒介
The play received the approbation of the mass media. 这个剧本受到大众媒体的欢迎。
7. master head n. 报头;报名
8. media n.媒介，媒体
Viewers here have reaped the benefits of media liberalisation. 当然，本地媒体开放，观众也看到了好处
Mere report is not enough to go upon 仅是传闻不足为凭。
9. morgue n.报刊资料室
10. news agency 通讯社
That foreign news agency report hashed up the account of the accident. 那家外国通讯社对此事件的报导简直是乱说一通，牛头不对马嘴。
11. news clue 新闻线索
12. news peg 新闻线索，新闻电头
13. newsprint 新闻纸
Final award has already been made on the first newsprint paper antidumping case. 首例新闻纸反倾销案已经终裁。
14. news value 新闻价值
15. No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息
No, but I suppose no news is good news. 没有。不过我认为没有消息就是好消息。
16. nose for news 新闻敏感
17. obituary n. 讣告
I read Sewell's obituary in the Daily News. 我在《每日新闻》上读到了休厄尔的讣告。
18. objectivity n. 客观性
19. off the record 不宜公开报道
The President told the reporters his remarks were strictly off the record. 总统告诉记者们他的谈话不得公开发表。
历年专业八级考试真题：翻译 历年专业八级考试真题：翻译 Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are inevitably the province（范围）of the rich unless we abdicate（退位、放弃）society’s power of choice. We can choose to make opera and other expensive forms of culture, accessible（易接近的，可达到的）to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? No body denies the imperatives（必要的）of food, shelter, defence, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, man-kind stretched out a hand of not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse（冲动）towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation（表述、陈述）is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment（完成、成就）in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones （标准、试金石）for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire（立志、追求目标、渴望）; they carry the most profound （深厚的、深刻的）messages that can be sent from one human to another. 参考译文： 欣赏歌剧是一种奢侈：你必须为此支付昂贵的票价。然而，享用昂贵的东西并不完全是富人的特权，除非我们放弃社会选择的权利。我们有权利使歌剧和其他昂贵的文化形式面向大众，面向那些个人没有支
20０7年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案 C－Ｅ：暮色中,河湾里落满云霞，与天际得颜色混合一起，分不清哪就是流云哪就是水湾。也就在这一幅绚烂得图画旁边，在河湾之畔,一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来,瞧一眼这美丽得黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间,在即将回家得最后一刻再次咀嚼。这就是黄河滩上得一幕。牧羊人不见了，她不知在何处歇息.只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美,让它们长得肥滚滚得，像些胖娃娃.如果走近了，会发现它们那可爱得神情,洁白得牙齿,那丰富而单纯得表情。如果稍稍长久一点端详这张张面庞，还会生出无限得怜悯。 Besｉde tｈis pictuｒｅwithｐｒoｆuｓiｏnｓof colorｓ, a grｏup of sheｅp aｒe lｏwing tｈeir heads,ｅａｔing by ｔｈe riｖer bank、Hardly ｎone oｆｔｈｅｍwｏulｄspare sｏme timｅto raise their eyes tｏhａve a glaｎcｅat the bｅａutifｕｌdusk、Ｔhｅｙare, perhaps,takinｇuse oｆｅvery miｎuteｔo enjｏy ｔheｉr lasｔcｈew befoｒe bｅｉng drｉven home、This is a piｃtｕｒe ｏｆthe Yｅｌｌow River baｎk，iｎwhｉch the shepherd diｓapｐeａrs，ａnｄno onｅknoｗs where he is rｅｓｔｉｎg hｉmsｅlf、Only the ｓheep，ｈｏｗｅver,as free creatures，ａrｅ ｊoｙfullｙaｐｐreciating ｔhｅdｕsk、Tｈe exubeｒant wａte ｒpｌants ｈaｖe nｕｔritedｔｈｅshｅep, ｍaｋing ｔhem
专八翻译 第一部分汉译英 1.2000年试题 中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。与国际著名科技馆和其他博物馆相比，它先天有些不足，后天也常缺乏营养，但是它成长的步伐却是坚实而有力的。它在国际上已被公认为后起之秀。 世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。第二代博物馆属于工业技术博物馆，它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用，但是，它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。 世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆。在这里，观众可以自己去动手操作，自己细心体察。这样，他们可以更贴近先进的科学技术，去探索科学技术的奥妙。 中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆。它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处，设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声学、生物学等展品，展示了科学的原理和先进的科技成果。 The first generation museums of sciences are those devoted to natural history, which show through fossils and specimens the evolutionary changes of the earth and organisms. Those of the second generation are museums of industrial technology exhibiting achievements made in various periods of the industrial age. These two types of museums, while functioning as disseminators of scientific knowledge, treat their visitors as mere viewers. Science museums of the third generation are entirely different from their predecessors. They stress visitor participation, encouraging those interested to make detailed study of the exhibits on their own by trying their hands on them. The experience so gained will enable them to understand advanced technologies better and help them in their quest for what is still unknown in science （陶文好李孚声，《2000年英语专业八级汉译英词汇误译心理认知分析》，《上海科技翻译》，2001年第1期第36-41页） 2.2001年试题 乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。但他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知，那就是钓鱼和喝酒。 晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓，他说：“有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园，而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所。”钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。乔羽说：“钓鱼可分三个阶段：第一阶段是吃鱼；第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之；第三阶段主要是钓趣，面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全都抛在一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息。” 译文 1 In his later years (Late in his life), Qiao Yu has become enamored of fishing (developed a penchant / special fondness for fishing). He asserts: “Mostly speaking, a place with water and fish must necessarily be blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood. I believe that the optimum fishing places are not those commercial fishing centers which provide the fishermen with all the conveniences and where fish are kept hungry for ready capture, but those naturally-formed places in the wilderness w hich exert a special appeal.” According to him, fishing can constitute an activity conducive to the cultivation of one’s
1. Contrast Between English and Chinese Put the following into Chinese, pay special attention to the linguistic differences between English and Chinese. Sentence translation: 1.Now that you are in for it, you must carry on. 2.Cigarettes were the death of me. 3.If the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the City Church last Sunday evening does not wish to get into trouble, he will return the umbrella to No. 10 Broad Street. 4.If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always. 5.Her sighs made it clear that she was unhappy. 6.They had no running water where they lived. Nor did they have any conveniences of life such as gas and electricity. 7.Theatre will be reinvented and become much freer and more imaginative. 8.Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. 9.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives. 10.It should be noted that he and she were extremely close allies. Passage translation: It seemed a point scored for her side when Joanne, panicked that her father-in-law would bungle the turnoff for the Pulaski Skyway, shattered the tip of her cigarette against the back of the seat and a live ash fell on the baby?s belly. It went unnoticed for a second until Corinne screamed; then they all saw it, a little flea of fire glowing beside the perfect navel. Joanne jumped, and squealed with guilt, and flapped her hands and stamped her feet and hugged the baby against her, but the evidence could not be destroyed; a brown dot of char on the globe of immaculate skin. Corinne continued her screams, splicing them with shrill hard gasps of intake, while everyone rummaged through purses and pockets for Vaseline, butter, toothpaste – anything for an urgent. Mother had a tiny bottle of toilet water given her in a department store; Joanne dabbed some of this on, and in time Corinne, shaken by more and more widely spaced spasms of sobbing, mercifully dragged her injury with her into the burrow of sleep. 2. Cohesion 1.When Smith was drunk, he used to beat his wife and daughter; and the next morning, with a headache, he would rail at the world for its neglect of his genius, and abuse, with a good
2007年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案 C-E:暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的，像些胖娃娃。如果走近了，会发现它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而单纯的表情。如果稍稍长久一点端详这张张面庞，还会生出无限的怜悯。 Beside this picture with profusions of colors, a group of sheep are lowing their heads, eating by the river bank. Hardly none of them would spare some time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, taking use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before being driven home. This is a picture of the Yellow River bank, in which the shepherd disappears, and no one knows where he is resting himself. Only the sheep, however, as free creatures, are joyfully appreciating the dusk. The exuberant water plants have nutrited the sheep, making them grow as fat as balls. When approaching near, you would find their lily-white teeth and a variety of innocent facial impressions.
英语专业八级考试翻译历年真题汇总 1998年E-C: I agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader. American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. They do over-phrase their own literature, or certainly its minor figures. And Americans do swing from aggressive over phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference. But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals. Moreover, in fields where they are not pre-eminent — e. g. in painting and music —they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the Continent. How many English paintings try to look as though they were done in Paris; how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an “English tradition” after all. To speak of American literature, then, is not to assert(断言、声称)that it is completely unlike that of Europe. Broadly speaking, America and Europe have kept step(同步). At any given moment(在任何时候) the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same styles in dress, the same books on the shelves. Ideas have crossed the Atlantic as freely as men and merchandise, though sometimes more slowly. When I refer to American habit, thoughts, etc., I intend some sort of qualification(限制、限定、资格) to precede(领先、超前) the word, for frequently the difference between America and Europe (especially England) will be one of degree(唯一只是在程度上), sometimes only of a small degree. The amount of divergence(分歧、差异) is a subtle (微妙的)affair, liable(有可能的) to perplex the Englishman when he looks at America. He is looking at a country which in important senses (重要的感觉)grew out of his own, which in several ways still resembles his own — and which is yet a foreign country. There are odd overlappings and abrupt unfamiliarities; kinship(亲缘关系) yields to a sudden alienation(疏远关系), as when we hail(打招呼) a person across the street, only to discover from his blank(没有表情的) response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend. 参考译文(翻译第二段)： 因此，我们在说“美国”文学，并不表明我们认为美国文学与欧洲文学截然不同。一般来说，美国和欧洲一直在同步发展。无论何时，旅游者在两地都能看到同一式的建筑，见到
英语专业八级翻译练习题 1．英译汉 1) Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreau's idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening one's perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts. Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of "The pleasure of taking pains". The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless. We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun. 梭罗所理解的"低层次"，即为了拥有而去拥有，或与所有的邻居明争暗斗而致拥有。他心目中的"高层次"，则是这样一种积极的人生戒律，即要使自己对自然界永恒之物的感悟臻于完美。对于他从低层次上节省下来的时间和精力，他可将其致力于对高层次的追求。勿庸置疑，梭罗不赞成忍饥挨饿，但他在膳食方面所投入的精力仅果腹而已，只要可确保他能去从事更为重要的事务，他便别无所求。 殚精竭虑，全力以赴，便是其精髓所在。除非我们愿意直面那些需要我们全身心投入的艰难困苦，否则便不会有幸福可言。正如叶芝所言，除却某些不可能的情形，我们于人生中所获取的满足皆取决于我们在多高的境界中选择我们所愿意面对的艰难困苦。当罗伯特弗罗斯特言及"以苦为乐"时，他内心所思，大体如此。商业广告中所宣扬的那种幸福观，其致命的缺陷就在于这样一个事实，即它宣称，一切幸福皆唾手可得，不费吹灰之力。 即便于游戏之中，我们也需要有艰难困苦。我们之所以需要它，因为设若没有困难，便断无游戏可言。游戏即是这样一种方式，为了享受其中的情趣而人为地使事情变得不那么轻而易举。游戏中的种种规则，便是将困难武断地强加于人。当有人将情趣摧毁殆尽时，他总是因为拒不按游戏规则行事而使然。这犹如下棋；如果你随心所欲、心血来潮地去更改那些全然武断的游戏规则，这样去赢棋当然会更加容易。但下棋的情趣则在于，应在规则的限定范围内赢取胜利。一言以蔽之，没有艰难，断无情趣。 2)
2016年专八翻译题及答案详解 “流逝”表现了南国人对时间最早的感觉。子在川上曰：“逝者如斯夫。”他们发现无论是潺潺小溪，还是浩荡大河，都一去不复返，流逝之际青年变成了老翁而绿草转眼就枯黄，很自然有错阴的紧迫感。流逝也许是缓慢的，但无论如何缓慢，对流逝的恐惧使人们必须用“流逝”这个词来时时警戒后人，必须急匆匆地行动，给这个词灌注一种紧张感。 【参考译文1】 They have found that the flowing water,either a murmuring stream or a mighty river, passes quickly and never returns. With the passage of time, the young become the old and the green grass turns yellow. People naturallyhave a sense of urgency to value every bit of time. As time goes by,no matter how slowly it elapses, people always use the word “liushi” to warn thelater generations for fear of time’s flowing away. They tell their descendants to treasure every single minute and make a hurried action, which adds a sense of tension to the word. 【参考译文2】 They find that either a murmuring stream or a mighty river has gone forever and that the passage of time turns a young man into an old one, and yellows of the grass, which sends a massage of how time flies. Maybe the passing of time is slow. But no matter how slow it is, it makes people so fearful that they use “passage” to warn the later generations to rush. And the use of “passage” also infuses a sense of tension into the word. 【参考译文3】
英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考谜底 令狐采学 CE:暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在垂头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的，像些胖娃娃。如果走近了，会发明它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而纯真的脸色。如果稍稍长久一点打量这张张面庞，还会生出无限的怜悯。 Beside this picture with profusions of colors, a group of sheep are lowing their heads, eating by the river bank. Hardly none of them would spare some time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, taking use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before being driven home. This is a picture of the Yellow River bank, in which the shepherd disappears, and no one knows where he is resting himself. Only the sheep, however, as free creatures, are joyfully appreciating the dusk. The exuberant water plants have nutrited the sheep, making them grow as fat as balls.
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (1999) —GRADE EIGHT PAPER ONE PART ⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSION (40 MIN. ) In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything once only. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. SECTION A TALK Questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the talk. 1. The technology to make machines quieter A. has been in use since the 1930's. B. has accelerated industrial production. C. has just been in commercial use. D. has been invented to remove all noises. 2. The modern electronic anti-noise devices A. are an update version of the traditional methods. B. share similarities with the traditional methods. C. are as inefficient as the traditional methods. D. are based on an entirely new working principle. 3. The French company is working on anti-noise techniques to be used in all EXCEPT A. streets. B. factories. C. aircraft. D. cars. 4. According to the talk, workers in "zones of quiet" can A. be more affected by noise. B. hear talk from outside the zone. C. work more efficiently. D. be heard outside the zone. 5. The main theme of the talk is about A. noise-control technology. B. noise in factories. C. noise-control regulations. D. noise-related effects. SECTION B INTERVIEW Questions 6 to 10 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 6. Employees in the US are paid for their time. This means that they are supposed to A. work hard while their boss is around. B. come to work when there is work to be done. C. work with initiative and willingness. D. work through their lunch break. 7. One of the advantages of flexible working hours is that A. pressure from work can be reduced. B. working women can have more time at home. C. traffic and commuting problems can be solved. D. personal relationships in offices can be improved. 8. On the issue of working contracts in the US, which statement is NOT correct? A. Performance at work matters more than anything else. B. There are laws protecting employees' working rights. C. Good reasons must be provided in order to fire workers. D. Working contracts in the US are mostly short-term ones.
专业英语八级考试真题(1) SECTION A TALK Questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you w ill be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now list en to the talk. 1. Changes in the size of the World Bank’s operations refer to ___. A. the expansion of its loan programme B. the inclusion of its hard loans C. the inclusion of its soft loans D. the previous lending policies 2. What actually made the Bank change its overall lending strategy? A. Reluctance of people in poor countries to have small families. B. Lack of basic health services and inequality in income distribution. C. The discovery that a low fertility rate would lead to economic development. D. Poor nutrition and low literacy in many poor countries of the world.
1995年英语专业八级考试 简.奥斯丁的小说都是三五户人家居家度日，婚恋嫁娶的小事。因此不少中国读者不理解她何以在西方享有那么高的声誉。但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小。有人把奥斯丁的作品比作越咀嚼越有味道的橄榄。这不仅因为她的语言精彩，并曾对小说艺术的发展有创造性的贡献，也因为她的轻快活泼的叙述实际上并不那么浅白，那么透明。史密斯夫人说过，女作家常常试图修正现存的价值秩序，改变人们对“重要”和“不重要”的看法。也许奥斯丁的小说能教我们学会转换眼光和角度，明察到“小事”的叙述所涉及的那些不小的问题。 参考译文：颜林海 Jane Austin’s novels tell about such things unimportant as life, love and marriage in a few families that many Chinese readers do not understand why she has enjoyed such a high reputation in the western countries. But subject matter is indeed not the decisive factor by which we can judge whether or not a novel has its depth, or whether or not it has something superior to others in its artistic appeal and ideological content. Some people compare Austin’s works to olives: the more you chew them, the tastier you feel them. It is not only because of her wonderful language as well as her creative contribution to the development of novel writing as an art, but also because of something that her light and lively narrative hides——something implicit and opaque. Mrs Smith once said, women writers often tried to rectify the existing value orders, and to change people’s opinions on “what’s important or not”. Maybe Austin’s novels can teach us how to change our perspective and vision, really to dig those things important through the narrative of the ones unimportant. E-C原文 I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacks of street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I am rated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do es the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring values more central to the good life? For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbours’orchards and gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense of self? I don’t want to idealize life in small places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in small places that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot be banished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.”Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions of one-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are, sadly, more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us. 比较而言，我住在在收费不菲的城市公寓里，步行去工作还得经过恶臭的街头圾袋，向我一向讨厌的地方政府和州政府缴纳高利贷式税收，竟然还被认定为中产阶级。这让我感到怀疑，这种衡量标准是否意义？难道我们就仅仅衡量那些容易衡量的东西——经济图标上数字——而忽视了对幸福生活更为重要的价值观吗？当然，对我的几个儿子来说，富饶的农村有新鲜的蔬菜，有钓上来的鱼儿，还可以分享邻居果园菜园丰收的果实。还有义务照看孩子的邻居，作为回报我的儿媳也照看他们的孩子，而邻里之间相互交换技能和劳动。但更为重要的是，你如何来衡量那里的宁静安详？如何衡量自我(感)呢？ 我无意美化小地方的生活。有时外面世界的侵扰冷酷无情，比如汽油价格上涨，开发商盯着尚未开发的农田；那里充斥着凶残，充满着偏狭，大城市拥有的种种卑劣行径，小地方也都一应俱全。非但如此，一旦人们在心里无法将这些丑陋现象视为小地方才独有的，或将其解释为异乡人为所欲为的借口，而只能承认是“我们的一部分”时，人们也就更难忽视它们了。我也不想贬低城市中一有机会就让人难为情的习俗—