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段落分析

段落分析
段落分析

Lesson One

Part One: paragraph 1 --- paragraph 6

https://www.doczj.com/doc/236406145.html,sh: v. to move quickly or violently 猛烈冲击、猛打

(1) 暴风雨袭击了海岸的那片树林。Rainstorm lashed the forest on the coast.

(2) 冰雹无情地打下来。Hail lashed down mercilessly.

(3) The waves are lashing the shore.

(4) A rising wind was lashing the rain against the window.

2.pummel/ pommel: n.v. to beat or hit with repeated blows, esp. with the fist 用拳头连续敲

(1) The thief was pushed and pummeled by an angry crowd.

(2) 他诱骗那人到角落狠狠揍了他30秒钟。

He trapped the man in a corner and pummeled him ferociously for thirty seconds.

3. Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama

4. California, Las Vegas

5. consult: go to a person or book for information

consult sb.: ask sb. for special information, advice

consult with sb.: to exchange opinions of sb.

6. Hurricane Betsy:

a powerful Hurricane of the 1965 Atlantic Hurricane season which caused enormous damage in

the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana.

7. A good: at least, full

(1) 我们足足等了三个小时. We waited for a good three hours.

(2) 昨晚Bill在酒馆里喝得烂醉. Bill had a good drink at the pub last night.

(3) It is a good five hours to drive to the railway station.

(4) His parents gave him a good beating.

8. We can batten down and ride it out.

A metaphor: compare the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea

We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.

9. Batten:to fasten with battens用压条钉住(或固定)

10. Ride it out: to stay afloat during a storm without much damage.

11. Scud: (of clouds or ships) to move swiftly, glide or skim along easily 疾行、飞驰、掠过

(1) The ship scuds before the wind.

(2)White clouds scudded across the sky.

12. Vietnam

(1) A country of southeast Asia (2) Capital: Hanoi (3) The largest city: Ho Chi Minh City (4) Population: 84,400,000 (5) the Red River (6) the Mekong River Delta

13. Sit out:

(1) It’s hot indoors. Let’s sit out in the garden.

sit sth. out: a. to stay to the end of a performance

b. take no part in (esp. a particular dance)

(2) The play was boring, but we sat it out.

(3) I think I will sit out the next dance.

Part Two: paragraph 7 --- paragraph 27

1. French door: two adjoining doors that have glass panes from top to bottom and they open in the

middle

2. Fling: to throw violently ;to throw away; (fig.) to do sth. with a lot of enthusiasm and energy.

(1) She flung her shoe at the cat.

(2) The youth got him by the front of his shirt and flung him to the ground.

(3) How can you fling your wife away?

(4) He has flung up studies.

(5) She flung herself into her career.

3. shove: push with quick, violent movement. 猛推

(1)人们推推搡搡挤向火车。People were pushing and shoving toward the train.

(2)警察把剧作家推上警车。Police shoved the playwright into a van.

(3) The U.S. government shoved up the export prices yesterday.

(4) Shove over, friend, and let me sit on the seat beside you.

4. douse: plunge or thrust suddenly into liquid; drench; pour liquid over把…浸在液体里,

使浸透,拨液体在…上

(1) She likes to douse the fruit in cold water .

(2) She doused herself with perfume.

(3) Douse your cigarettes. There is gas in the cellar.

(4) 他们把汽油浇在一辆汽车上,然后点火焚烧。

They had doused a car with gasoline and then set it on fire.

5. shudder: vi. n. shake or tremble suddenly and violently, as in orror or extreme disgust

(1) He shuddered at the memory.

(2) I shudder to think of the consequences.

(3) She gave a great shudder of pleasure from time to time.

6.Inch: n. vt. vi.—move very slowly, carefully, or with difficulty

(1) 她看着他一步步登上楼梯。She watched him inch his way up the stairs.

(2) 救护车爬行般驶向机场。The ambulance inched to the airport.

(3) Production of steel and crude oil inched upward.

(4) He inched the gloves on.

(5) The river was rising by inches.

(6) The car missed him by inches.

(7) He looked every inch the young professor.

(8) Give him an inch (a mile) and he will take an ell (a yard).

7. skim: to move lightly over a surface, not touching; to throw so as to cause to bounce swiftly and lightly 扔出石块等使掠过(或擦过);在…上掠过

(1) 那孩子扔出一块扁石削过湖面.The child skimmed the flat stone across a lake.

(2) A jetliner appeared to skim buildings in the city.

(3) A seagull skimmed the breakers.

(4) He just skimmed the headlines.

8. maroon: to leave abandoned, isolated, or helpless使处于孤立无援的境地

(1) He was marooned by mutineers with only a week’s supply of food.

(2) Five fishermen were marooned on a rock in a gale.

(3) I am temporarily marooned at home by my injured knee.

9. swath: the space or width covered with one cut of a scythe or other mowing device一刈的面积; 刈幅; 狭长的条或地带

(1) A broad swath of sunlight cut the room in half.

(2) a swath of grassland

cut a (wide) swath:

(1) He was determined to cut a wide swath with the girls.

(2) The storm cut a wide swath through the town.

10. snap: a. to (cause to) break with a sudden, sharp crack

(1)Every minute or so I could hear a snap, a crack and a crash as another tree went down.

(2)The branch snapped under the weight of the snow.

(3)我用力拉鞋带,鞋带啪的绷断了。The lace snapped when I pulled hard at it.

b. to move so as to cause a sharp sound like sth. suddenly breaking

(1) The door snapped shut behind us.

(2) The dry wood snapped and cracked as it burned.

(3) If I hit upon the right name, her fingers snapped.

c. to speak or say quickly, usu. in an annoyed way

(1) He is always snapping at his child.

d. to photograph

(1) Cameramen snapped celebrities while TV men interviewed them.

11. huddle: to (cause to) crowd together, in a group or in a pile

(1) Passengers huddled at the entrance gate.

(2) They like to huddle around the blazing fires when it was bitterly cold in the house.

(3) She was cold, so huddled up against her sister in bed.

Part Three: paragraph 28---paragraph 39

1.strew: vt. (strewed, strewn or strewed): scatter, to spread here and there

(1) They strewed the sawdust on a snow-covered path. =They strewed the snow-covered path with

the sawdust.

(2) Italy was strewn thick with the remains of Roman buildings

(3) 他们在园子里播种。

(4) 外交道路上布满挫折。

2. coil: n. v. wind round and round卷, 线圈, 匝, 盘绕, 把...卷成圈

(1) She coiled her hair at the back of her head.

(2) The seaman tripped over a coil of rope and fell into the water.

(3) 蛇盘绕在一根树枝上.

(4) 她蜷缩在床上看书。

3. shatter: break suddenly into very small pieces

(1) 突然寂静被打破了。

(2) 他去世的消息使她震惊。

(3) 那一阵上山的急跑后,我感到筋疲力尽。

(4) The rain shattered at the windowpane.

(5) Hopes of reaching an agreement were shattered today.

4. stream: to move in a continuous flowing mass

(1)我们有时会默默对视,任热泪从我们脸上淌下。

(2) 他精通语言,说起话来滔滔不绝。

(3) 阳光正照进我的房间。

(4) Rural residents are streaming to the cities.

(5) She came in with a streaming umbrella.

(6) Dust streamed out behind the car.

5. rake: n.

v. rake; (fig.) to search or examine in a continuous sweeping manner

(1) Police raked the district for a trace of the missing men.

(2) His gaze raked the class, killing the sound in each face.

(3) 敌方的探照灯横扫海面。

(4) 他在顶楼翻了一下午,找几张旧时的家庭照。

6. rampage: (about, through) to rush about wildly and angrily 横冲直撞,暴跳(如雷)

(1) He could not lie still, but rampaged up and down his bedroom.

(2) Hundreds of youths rampaged through the towns, smashing shop windows and overturning cars.

(3) The escaped elephant was on the rampage for two days.

(4) The rioters went on a rampage and vandalized many shops.

7. Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi, dropping more than 28

inches of rain into west Virginia and southern Virginia, causing rampaging floods, huge mountain slides and 111 additional deaths before breaking up over the Atlantic Ocean.

8. Seabee: member of one of the construction battalions in the U.S. Navy that builds naval

aviation bases and shore facilities. 海军修建营成员

Part Four: Translation

1. 整整一周的大雨造成了该地区河流的外溢,许多房屋被毁,许多农田被淹。

2. 一阵狂风掀走了整个房顶,在劈头盖脸的雨水中,一家人紧紧地依偎在一起。

3. 地震发生时,他明显地感到房屋的晃动,听到窗户破碎的声响。

4. 市政府为将到来的艺术节做了周密的准备工作,一些高大的建筑物上挂起了彩灯和彩旗。5. 骚乱之后,街上到处都是被烧毁的小汽车、石块。

Unit 2 Marrakech

Scene1: (Par.1-3) The Burial of the Poor Inhabitants

I. Words and Expressions

1. in a cloud: in a large number.

a cloud of: a large number of small things moving through the air as a mass.

e.g.: a cloud of insects

2. thread one’s way through/ across:

to pass through by twisting, turning, or weaving in and out

3. pomegranate (n.) : 石榴;石榴树

4. wail: to cry out in a loud, shrill voice, usu. in mourning or lamentation 悲伤地哭号e.g.:

Wailing Wall

The wind wailed through the trees.

5. chant: (n.) : a simple liturgical song in which a string of syllables or words is sung to each

tune(礼拜仪式唱的)单调的歌, 用同一音调唱出的几个音节或字

6. bier: a platform or portable framework on which a coffin or corpse is place棺材板

7. hack (v.) : to cut roughly or clumsily (at) 胡乱砍、劈

e.g.: After the murderer had killed his victim, he hacked the body to pieces.

He hacked at the branch until it fell to the ground.

8. oblong (adj.): longer than broad;elongated长方形的

9. lumpy (adj.): full of lumps;covered with lumps多块状物的;凹凸不平的

10. hummocky: full of or looking like low, rounded hills布满小丘的;似小圆丘的

11. derelict (adj.): deserted by the owner;abandoned;forsaken无主的;被遗弃的

12. lot (n.): a plot of ground一块地

13. undifferentiated: without clear qualities or distinctive characteristics无区别的

14. prickly (adj.) : full of prickles多刺的

prickly pear : any of a genus of cactus plants having cylindrical or large, flat, oval stem joints and edible fruits仙人掌果

Prickly heat 痱子

15. bumpy (adj.) : full of bumps;rough;jolting崎岖不平的;颠簸的

II. Paraphrase

1. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. (Par.

2)

The burying--ground is only a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth. It looks like an empty and deserted piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.

2. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact. (Par. 3)

All the strong countries build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals.

3. They rise out of earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard. (Par. 3)

They are born on this land, then they work hard and suffer from hungry for a few years, and finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.

Scene2: (Par.4-7) The Begging of Bread of an Employee

I. Words and Expressions

1. gazelle (n.) : any of various small,swift,graceful antelopes瞪羚

2. hindquarter (n.): either of the two hind legs and the adjoining loin of a carcass of veal,beef,

lamb,etc.;the hind part of a four—legged animal(牛、羊、猪等的)后腿肉;[复](四

肢动物的)后躯

3. nibble (v.) : take small, cautious, or gentle bites 小口地咬;谨慎地咬(啃)

nibble at sth.

4. butt (vt.) : strike or push with the head or horns:ram

with the head(用头或角)撞击;顶撞

5. navvy (n.) : a unskilled laborer, as on canals, roads, etc. 劳工;无特殊技术的工人

6. sidle (v.) : move sideways, esp. in a shy or stealthy manner(羞怯或偷偷地)侧身行走

7. stow (v.) : pack or store away; fill by packing in an orderly way装载; 装进; 收藏

stow things away in the attic

stow clothes into a trunk= stow a trunk with clothes

stow-away 偷乘者,藏于飞机/轮船中免费搭乘者

8. municipality n: a city, town. etc. having its own incorporated

government for local affairs自治市(或镇)

Scene3: (Par.8-15) Living Condition of the Jews

I. Words and Expressions

1. ghetto: n. (in certain European cities) a section to which Jews were formerly restricted 犹太人

2. Moorish adj.

Moor: (1). A member of a Muslim people of mixed Berber and Arab descent, now living chiefly in northwest Africa.

(2).One of the Muslims who invaded Spain in the 8th century and established a civilization in

Andalusia that lasted until the late 15th century.

3. skull—cap (n.) : a light, closefitting, brimless cap, usually worn indoors(室内戴的)无沿便帽

4. infest: vt. of rats, insects etc. be present in large numbers大批出动、成批出现、大批滋生

e.g.: warehouses infested with rats

shark-infested waters

The waterway is infested with pirates.

infestation: n. an infestation of rats

5. booth (n.) : a stall for the sale of goods, as at markets or fairs(市场或集市上的)货摊;摊店,摊

6. prehistoric (adj.): pertaining to ancient times, very old-fashioned老式的;古旧的

7. warp (v.) : become bent or twisted out of shape弯翘、变弯、歪曲

e.g.: The hot sun warped the boards.

His judgment is warped.

8. start on sth.: to take sth. as one’s profession

cf. start to do sth. /doing sth.

9. frenzied (adj.): full of uncontrolled excitement疯狂的,狂乱的

10. clamor (v.): make a loud confused noise or shout;cry out喧嚷,喧嚣,吵闹

11. grope (v.): feel or search about blindly, hesitantly, or uncertainly摸索;探索

(1) She groped for her spectacles in her bag.

(2) Throughout the ages men have groped after the meaning of the Universe and their own role in it.

(3) The lecturer paused, groping for the most effective word to express his meaning.

(4) They groped their way into the dark theatre.

12. self-contained (adj.): having within oneself or itself all that is necessary;self-sufficient,as a

community自给自足的

13. average:

e.g.: We received 20 letters a day on average.

His school work is well above average.

14. witchcraft (n.) : the power or practices of witches: black magic;sorcery巫术;魔法

II. Paraphrase

1. A carpenter sits cross-legged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightning speed. (Par. 9)

A carpenter sits with his legs crossed and uses a very old-fashioned lathe, giving a round

shape quickly to the chair-legs he is making.

2. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews. (Par. 10)

Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere, a great number of Jews rushed out, wild excited.

3. Every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury. (Par. 10)

Every one of these poor Jews considered the cigarette as a luxurious thing they could not possibly afford.

4. A good job Hitler wasn’t there. (Par.11)

It was lucky for the Jews that Hitler had not come to this place. If he had, the Jews would have been exterminated as they were in Poland and other Europeans countries.

5. That’s only for show. (Par.14)

That’s only for pretense. The Jews only pretend to work as a poor laborer. He is in reality very rich.

Scene4: (Par.16-18) Cultivation of Soil

1.conspicuous: adj. attracting attention by being unexpected, unusual, outstanding惹人注目的,显

眼的

2.give sb. a second glance: to pay more attention to sb., look twice to satisfy one’s curiosity

3.Gibraltar (Strait of Gibraltar): Channel, connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. Lying between southernmost Spain and north westernmost Africa, it is 36 mi (58 km) long and narrows to 8 mi (13 km) between Point Marroquí(Spain) and Point Cires (Morocco). It has long been of great strategic and economic importance.

4. Suez (Suez Canal): A ship canal, about 166 km (103 mi) long, traversing the Isthmus of Suez and linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Suez with the Mediterranean Sea. Location

5. Chances are that : (oral) it is possible

e.g.: Chances are that he has heard the news.

6. ones’eyes take in: see, look at

e.g.:I was too busy taking in the beautiful furniture to notice who was in the room.

Her eyes were taking in nothing but the expensive hats.

7. the Distressed Areas: area where there is widespread unemployment, poverty, e.g., a slum

8. grove: (n.) : orchard果园

9. Foreign Legionnaires: France organized a foreign legion shortly after the conquest of Algiers in 1830, enlisting recruits who were not French subjects. Its international character and the tradition of not revealing enlistees’backgrounds have helped to surround the Foreign Legion

with an aura of mystery and romance

10. back—breaking (adj.) : requiring great physical exertion;very tiring费劲的;辛苦的,累人

11. lucerne (n.) : a type of plant whose leaves grow in groups of three and which is used

for feeding farm animals紫花苜蓿

12. fodder (n.) : gorse food for cattle,horses,sheep,etc. as cornstalks,hay and straw(牛、马、

羊的)粗饲料;饲草

13. yoke (v.) : put a yoke on;join together;link用轭连起;连合

14. furrow (n.) : a narrow groove made in the ground by a plow沟; 犁沟

15. subsoil (n.) : the layer of soil beneath the surface soil底土,下层土

II. Paraphrase

(1) Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous. (Par. 16)

a white skin: synecdoche

However, a white-skinned person is always very noticeable.

(2) In a tropical landscape one’s eye takes in everything except the human beings. (Par. 16)

If you take a look at the landscape in a tropical region, you will see everything but the human being.

(3) No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas. (Par. 17)

No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas. (4) For nine-tenth of the people the reality of life is an endless, backbreaking struggle to wring a

little food out of an eroded soil (Par. 17)

wring: twist, squeeze; eroded: poor

Life is very hard for 90% of the people. They can only produce a little food on the poor soil with their back-busting toil.

Scene5: (Par.19-21) Life of Women

1. a file of: a line of people one behind the other

2. mummify: to dry up, to become thin and withered, look like a mummy

3. creep: vi. to move slowly, quietly and carefully, esp. so as not to attract attention爬, 蹑手蹑脚,

蔓延

e.g.: The sight of snake makes my flesh creep.

The thief crept along the corridor.

4. hobble (v.) : go unsteadily,haltingly,etc.蹒跚

5. leathery (adj.) : 1ike leather in appearance or texture. tough and flexible(外观或质地)似皮革

的;坚韧的,粗硬的

6. fifteen-hands: unit of measurement, especially for the height of horses; a hand, the breadth of

the human palm, is now usually taken to be 4 inches.

7. packsaddle: a saddle designed to support the load carried by a pack animal 驮鞍

8. bridle: n. a head harness for guiding a horse; it consists of stall, bit and reins马勒, 缰绳

9. halter: n. a rope, cord, strap, etc. usually with a a headstall, for trying or leading an animal, with

or without a lead rope (缰绳)(马)笼头

10. tip: v.t to pour sth. from one place or container into another 倾覆、倒

11. gut: (usu. Pl.) the bowels; entrails 内脏

have the guts to do sth. 有胆量做某事

II. Paraphrase

(1) Par. 19: She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden.

She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community, that is to say, she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal.

(2) Par. 20: though they had registered themselves on my eyeballs I cannot truly say that I had seen

them.

My eyes must have recorded the scene but I did not consciously observe what was happening (for I did not see the old woman carrying the heavy load of firewood)

(3) Par. 21: This kind of things makes one’s blood boil.

metonymy.

The cruel treatment of the donkey makes one very angry.

(4) Par. 21: People with brown skin are next door to invisible.

People with brown skins are almost invisible.

Scene6: (Par22-26) The Soldiers

1. stork: n. any of a group of large, long-legged wading birds, having a long neck and bill, and

related to herons 鹳

2. infantry: soldiers who fight on battle 步兵

3. clump: v. to cause to form the sounds of heavy footsteps

e.g.: Grandpa clumped along in his boots.

4. clatter: n. A rapid succession of loud, sharp noises 急促的敲击声

5. reach-me-down: adj. colloq. Second-hand or ready made

6. khaki (adj.) : made of khaki (cloth) 卡其(布)制的

7. squash (v.) : force one’s way;squeeze挤进,挤入

8. slump (v.) : have a drooping posture or gait低头弯腰(而行);消沉

9. sensitive: impressive

10. sullen: showing resentment, sulky; glum 揾怒的,闷闷不乐的

11. inquisitive (adj.) : inclined to ask many questions or seek

information; eager to learn好询问的;好奇

12. scrub: to clean by rubbing hard

13. syphilis (n.): an infectious venereal disease, caused by a s- pirochete and usually transmitted

by sexual intercourse or acquired congenitally梅毒

14. garrison: troops stationed in a fort or fortified place驻军;卫戍部队

15. in this connection: while speaking of such things, in this point

16. it doesn’t matter twopence: it doesn’t matter at all

17. charger: n. a horse ridden in battle or on parade 战马,军马

18. N.C.O.: Noncommissioned Officer军士,士官

19. ranks: the body of soldiers of an army 士兵

II. Paraphrase

(1) Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms (Par. 23)

The Senegalese soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies.

(2) How long before they turn their guns in the other direction? (Par. 25)

How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?

(3) Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. (Par. 26)

Every white man, the onlookers,the officers on their horses and the white NCOs, marching with the black soldiers, had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind.

Unit 3 Pub Talk and the King’s English

Part1: (Par.1-3)

1. indulge: v. to allow oneself or someone else to have or do what they want

e.g.: (1) Don't always indulge in empty talk.

(2) This is no time to indulge in sarcasm.

indulgence n.

e.g.: (1) I must ask the readers' kind indulgence for any inaccuracies and omissions that may

possibly occur.

(2) We are sorry indeed that you have been troubled and we asked your indulgence. indulgent adj.

e.g.: They are indulgent parents.

be indulgent of other’s shortcomings

2. …as it meanders or leaps an sparkles or just glows

--meander (v.) : wander aimlessly or idly;ramble

Leap: to flow swiftly, joyously

Sparkle: to burn brightly, throwing off sparkles

Glow: to burn steadily without flame

--metaphor

3. conversationalist (n.) : a person who converses;esp. one who enjoys and is skilled at

conversation

4. anecdote (n.) : a short, entertaining account of some happening, usually personal or biographical

5. in a flash: in a bat of an eye

6. Upbringing: the training an education received while growing up

hyperbole.

Here: one who spends so much time in English pubs, a pub frequenter

7. On the rocks: metaphor. compare marriage to a ship wrecked on the rocks. break up

8. Got out of bed on the wrong side: unlucky. An ancient superstition that it was unlucky to set the

left foot on the ground first on getting out of bed

9. delve v. to search deeply

e.g.: (1) He enjoys delving into her past.

(2) Delve a little deeper if you really want to know the score.

(3) If your site isn't easy to navigate, people will not stay around to delve deeper.

10. recesses: a secluded, inner place (al. pl.) 幽深处,隐居处

e.g.:(1) I push the problem down into the dim recess of my mind.

(2) The committee is going into recess for a couple of weeks.

recess: cf. Adjourn

II. Paraphrase

1. Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities. (Pae.1)

--More than other human activities, conversation helps to promote an agreeable, pleasant relationship among people.

人类的一切活动中,只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊。

2. The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere. (Par.2)

--The conversation is attractive because it does not need a special topic to start a conversation.

3.There is no winning in conversation. (Par.2)

--In a conversation, one doesn’t try to prove oneself right and the others wrong.

4.The fact that their marriages may be on the rocks, or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern.(Par.3)

--It is not a matter of interest/ importance if…

Part2: (Par.4-11)

1.desultorily: at random, aimlessly 散漫,断断续续,不连贯,随意

desultory adj.

e.g.: (1) He broke into a desultory chat with me over his business affairs.

(2) The careful study of a few books is better than the desultory reading of many.

2. Australia:

--Nation occupying the whole of Australia, the smallest continent, between the Indian Ocean and the southwest Pacific Ocean.

Location

--Its capital is Canberra, and its largest city is Sydney.

--The first settlements there were penal colonies for British convicts.

--Its aboriginal tribes, which still exist today, are thought to have migrated from Southeast Asia twenty thousand years ago.

3.snobbery: the behavior of a snob

snob: a person who pays too much attention to social class and dislikes or keeps away from people of a lower class snob

snobbish: adj.

e.g.: Is his distance a result of snobbery or shyness?

4. scamper: to run quickly, taking short steps, usu. playfully or (esp. of a small animal) in fright

e.g.:(1) Giggling, the children scampered back into the house.

(2) to take a scamper through Mark Twain ;

(3) to scamper through Mark Twain

5. turn up one‘s nose at 看不起

cf. turn up the thumbs 赞扬

e.g.: 我讨厌人们那种对爵士乐不屑一顾的文人般的势利。

I’m bored with the intellectual snobbery of people who turn up their noses at jazz. 6. we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. (Par. 11)

(1)into the shoes: metaphor (Or more appropriately an idiomatic expression) to think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Saxon peasant, i.e. as if one were a Saxon peasant.

(2)be in another’s shoes: to be in another’s position

e.g.:给我一百万,我也不愿处于你的地位。

I wouldn’t be in your shoes for a million.

一个能从别人的观念来看事情,能了解别人心灵活动的人,永远不必为自己的前途

担心。

One that puts himself in shoes of others can learn the heartbeat of others and should never be worried about his own destiny.

II. Paraphrase

1. The glow of the conversation burst into flames. (Par. 6)

Metaphor, comparing conversation to a fire.

--The conversation became spirited and exciting.

2. It could still go ignorantly on. (Par. 6)

--The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.

3. We had traveled in five minutes to Australia. (Para 7)

Metaphor.

--Though we were in an English pub, we were soon talking about Australia and the Australians.

4. The conversation was on wings. (Par. 8)

Metaphor, comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring.

--The conversation became spirited and exciting.

Part3:(Par.12-17)

1.Thomas Nash: 1567–1601. English Elizabethan Pamphleteer, poet and satirist.

--noted for witty, often invective literary criticism and for The Unfortunate Traveler(1594), possibly the best Elizabethan narrative work.

2. Thomas Dekker: (1572-1632)English Elizabethan playwright and pamphleteer

--Noted for his vivid portrayals of London life and his genial sympathy for the lower classes.

3. Clip: to abbreviate 简化

e.g.: (1) We clipped our visit by a week.

(2) She wore a diamond clip on her new dress.

4. After five centuries of growth, of tussling with the French of the Normans and the Angevins and the Plantagenets and at last absorbing it, the conquered in the end conquering the conquerors. English had come royally into its own. (Para 13)

(1)five centuries: The Normans, under William I, conquered England in 1066 and the Merry Wives of Windsor was probably written in 1599 –a time span of roughly 500 years between the two events.

(2)tussle: to fight, struggle, contend, etc, vigorously or vehemently; wrestle

(3)Angevins and Plantagenets: names of ruling Norman dynasties in England (1154-1399). (4)come into one’s own: to receive proper recognition 受到应有的重视

e.g.: 随着T型福特汽车的成功,汽车工业得到了应有的重视。

With the success of the model T Ford, the automobile industry came into its own.

5. pejorative: making or becoming worse; depreciative, derogatorily 贬低的、轻蔑的

6. facetious: lightly joking, esp. at an inappropriate time.

e.g.: He was so facetious that he turned everything into a joke.

7. Speak with the vigor of ordinary folk:

--to use the strong language that ordinary people would use in such circumstances

8. Thomas Carlyle(1795-1881): Scottish literary and political writer, historian

--Birthplace: Ecclefechan, Scotland

--Best Known As: Author of Heroes and Hero-Worship

--most famous in the Victorian era, known for his dense, houghtful books on history and philosophy

--the victim of a famous misfortune

9. Edict: (n.) : an official public proclamation or order issued by authority;decree法令;命令;布告

10. Immune: immune (adj.) : exempt from or protected against something disagreeable or harmful,

resistant to

e.g.: (1) He seems to be immune to criticism.

(2) The criminal was told he would be immune if he helped the police.

11. W.H. Auden (1907--73), British-born American poet

--educated at Oxford

--The1930s had been dubbed “The Age of Auden”when he was deeply affected by Marxism.

His works of that period include Poems (1930) and The Orators (1932).

--1939, left England and then became an American citizen in 1946.

--In the 1940's he moved away from Marxism and adopted a Christian existential view.

12. ultimatum (n.): a final offer or demand, esp. by one of the parties engaged in negotiations,the

rejection of which usually leads to a break in relations and unilateral action,

the use of force etc., final demand, the tiptop, the highest最后通牒ultimate adj.

II. Paraphrase

1. “…here will be an old abusing of God’s patience and the King’s English”. (Par. 12) (1)abusing: this word may be used in two senses: 1) take unfair or undue advantage of, trying (one’s patience) 2) improper or incorrect use of language

(2)God’s patience: God is more patient than any human being. No matter how patient you are, you won’t be able to bear him, because he will even try God’s patience.

--There will be a great trying of one’s patience and plentiful misuse of the King’s English.

2. After five centuries of growth, of tussling with the French of the Normans and the Angevins

and the Plantagenets and at last absorbing it, the conquered in the end conquering the conquerors. English had come royally into its own. (Par. 13)

-- After 500 years of development, after struggling and contending with the French elements, English survived and became once more the universal language of England. English

earned proper recognition and was used by the king.

3.The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth. (Par. 14)

(1) Dandelion clock: 蒲公英的绒毛头

(2) Multiply: spread

(3) A simile, comparing the English language to the seeds of dandelion.

--The Elizabethan writers spread the English language far and wide.

4. Yet there had been something in the remark of the Australia. (Par.15)

--What he said was meaningful to a certain degree.

(1) Something : 1 )very important 2) An idea that is quite good and should be considered

seriously 3) a little comforting 4) playing a trick, to sth. unpleasant

e.g.: You think you are something, don’t you?

There is something in what you say.

It’s something to be home again without an accident.

At least, we didn’t lose any money. That’s something….

By the look on her face, I guess Mary is up to something.

5. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there. (Par.15)

--There is still a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.

6.There is always a great danger that “Words will harden into things for us.”Words are not

themselves a reality, but only representations of it. (Par. 16)

--There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent. For example, the word “dog”is a symbol representing a kind of animal. We mustn’t regard the word “dog”as being the animal itself.

7. The King’s English, …is a class representation of reality. (Par. 16)

--the King’s English only represents the language used by the ruling class.

8. I have an unending love affair with dictionaries. (Par. 17)

(1) metaphor, comparing his eager interest in dictionaries to having a love affair.

--I have always had an intense and eager interest in dictionaries.

Part4: (Par.18-21)

1. sit up: (colloquial) to become suddenly alert

e.g.: We become suddenly alert and interested because the phrase is so vivid .

2. Edward Morgan Forster, (January 1, 1879-June 7, 1970)

-- English novelist, short story writer, and essayist.

-- known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society.

--“Only connect”

3. Be justified in doing sth.: to have a good or proper reason to do sth.

e.g.: (1) I think I am completely justified in asking for her resignation.

(2) The policeman was justified in shooting the criminal in self-defense.

4. salon: a French cultural institution consisting of a weekly social gathering at the private house of

an aristocratic lady, at which social, artistic, and scientific questions are discussed. From

the early 17th century to the early 19th, several important literary and philosophical

salons provided a social base for French writers.

5. Talk sense: 讲话有理、讲得合情合理cf. talk nonsense

e.g.: (1) Talk sense and behave yoursel

f. You are not a kid any more.

(2) I wish I could talk some sense into you.

II. Paraphrase

1. Para 18: …the King’s English slips and slides in conversation.

--Alliteration, metaphor.

--To slide on a slippery surface, to lose footing, hence to make a mistake, fall into error:

--Even the most …people don’t use the standard, formal English all the time in their conversation.

2. When E. M. Foster writes of “the sinister corridor of our age”, we sit up at the vividness of the phrase.

(1) “the sinister corridor of our age”:

--metaphor, comparing the things we do, the road we travel in this age to a corridor.

(2) --In our age people are traveling along a sinister road doing all kinds of evil things.

3. the great minds (Par. 19): synecdoche. people with great minds; the distinguished and eminent

people

4. One would not have been engaged by interest in the musketeer who raised the subject…(Par.

21)

(1)Musketeer: the bar friend, the woman

---One would not have thought with interest about the woman who raised the question.

5. The bother about …and so ruin the conversation. (Par. 21)

---a biting satirical sentence, deriding people who ruin good conversation by trying to talk “sense”. They behave just like chimpanzees which have been taught to talk.

Unit4 Inaugural Address

Part1

I.Words and Expressions

1. solemn oath: the presidential oath, traditionally administered by the Chief Justice, is prescribed

in Article II, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States.

--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. "

2. forebear (n.) : an ancestor 祖先,祖宗

3. prescribe (v.): to set down as a rule or direction;order;ordain;direct命令;指示;规定,订

e.g.: (1) What punishment does the law prescribe for this crime?

(2) What medicine did the doctor prescribe for your illness?

(3) 法律规定对这种不法行为从严惩.

(4) 条文规定必须由律师拟定此公文。

4. mortal (adj.)

e.g.: (1) It’s beyond mortal power to bring a dead man back to life.

(2) All things that live are mortal.

(3) He was struck down by a mortal blow upon his head.

5. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears

fought is still at issue around the globe…

at issue: in dispute; to be decided; in disagreement. 有争议的

e.g.: (1) 在那个国家的少数民族的国籍问题上仍有争论。

(2) 争论的焦点是这个行业总的前景.

(3) 意见的分歧之处在于考试对于学生能力的影响程度.

6. the rights of man: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that

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段落结构方式

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图案:有的刻着两条互相缠绕的龙,嘴里吐出美丽的水花;有的刻着两条飞龙,前爪互相抵着,各自回首遥望;还有的刻着双龙戏珠。所有的龙似乎都在游动,真像活的一样。 这一段话是“总——分——总”式的结构。共写了6句话,第一句总说桥不但坚固而且美观。2—5句分别说栏板上雕刻的三种不同形态的龙如何精美。最后一句总说这些龙“像活的一样”。 上述三种都叫总分结构。第一种形式先总后分,第二种是先分后总,第三种是先总后分再总。不管运用哪一种构段方法,都要围绕段的中心意思来写,目的是把内容写具体。 读一读,练一练: (1)认真读下面各例段,完成练习。 山脚下有一堵石崖,崖上有一道缝,寒号鸟就把这道缝当作自己的家。石崖前面有一条河,河边有一棵大柳树,杨树上住着喜鹊。寒号鸟和喜鹊面对面住着,成了邻居。 ①这一段话句与句之间是______关系。 ②可分为______层。第一层是讲______,第二层是讲______ 西双版纳是花果的海洋。这里的花,红的、紫的、白的、黄的、五彩缤纷,美丽极了!这儿的果子也非常多,香蕉、菠萝蜜、荔枝,果实累累,挂满树枝。 ①这段话句与句之间的关系是______关系。 ②一共写了三句话。第______句是总叙,第______句和第______句是______,可分为______层。

快速分析文章结构

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范例—电影毕业生视听语言分析

范例—电影毕业生视听语言分析

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小说段落的作用

考前全攻略:小说中的作用题 小说题目作用 1、交代主要人物形象。 2、概括小说主要事件。 3、点明时间地点,创设故事背景,渲染环境氛围,奠定文章的感情基调。 4、贯穿全文,起线索作用。 5、具有象征意义。 6、揭示小说主旨,深化主题。 7、表明作者的观点态度,寄托作者情感。 8、展开情节,前后呼应。 9、对比讽刺,强化效果。 10、设置悬念,激发读者兴趣,吸引读者的眼球,使读者产生阅读的冲动。让读者看了题目会产生遐想,饶有兴趣地看下去。引发读者思考。 一、小说中情节的作用 1、揭示小说主题、深化主题、突出主题,表达了/寄托了/暗示了/……的主题 2、突出人物性格,塑造了……的形象(表达了……的性格/精神刻画了……心理 3、推动情节发展,丰富故事情节,使情节曲折有波澜,起伏跌宕、对比衬托、承上启下、伏笔照应。 4、烘托、交代人物活动环境,使环境更具典型性。 5、设置悬念,引起读者兴趣/思考,使读者产生急切的期待心理。 ①交代人物活动的环境; ②设置悬念,引起读者阅读的兴趣; ③为后面的情节发展作铺垫或埋下伏笔; ④照应前文; ⑤线索或推动情节发展; ⑥刻画人物性格; ⑦点明主旨或深化主题。 情节安排评价 【知识储备】根据内容所处的位置的不同通常有如下结构作用:

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