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2012年中考英语复习资料 2

2012年中考英语复习资料 2
2012年中考英语复习资料 2

2012中考复习系列一词汇

词类知识

一、中考要求:

词汇是英语的基础,而弄清每一个词的词类是用词、造句、阅读和写作的基础。词类在中考的考查一般通过在名词、动词、形容词等各种词性的考查中表现出来。如判断各类词在句子中可以作的成分来决定使用哪个词形,词与词之间的搭配关系等。

二、知识要点:

根据语法功能,词可分为十类:名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、冠词、介词、连词和感叹词。

1. 名词(n.):

名词用来表示人、事物或抽象概念,如:boy 男孩,morning 早晨,duty 责任;在句子中主要作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、同位语、定语等。例如:

The tomatoes on the table are very fresh. 桌子上的西红柿很新鲜。(作主语)

He is a doctor. 他是个医生。(作表语)

We’ll call the baby Mary. 我们要给这个婴儿取名玛丽。(作宾语补足语)

2. 代词(pro.):

代词用来代替名词或数词,如:we 我们,their 他们的,that 那个,several 几个;在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。例如:

I know her sister. She is always ready to help others. 我认识她妹妹,她乐于助人。

(I和she作主语;her作定语;others作宾语)

The English teacher is not himself today. 英语老师今天不舒服。(作表语)

3.数词(num.)

数词表示数目和顺序,即基数词和序数词。如:one 一个,thousand 千,twelfth 第十二;在句子主要作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如:

Three of us are from Beijing. 我们中有三个人是北京来的。(作主语)

You are the second one to come to see me. 你是第二个来看我的人。(作定语)

We don’t need so many people. We need only five.

我们不需要这么多人,我们只需要五个。(作宾语)

4. 形容词(adj.)

形容词表示人或事物的特征,如big 大的,white白色的;在句中主要作表语、定语、补足语等。

Look! Your bike is bigger than mine. 看,你的自行车比我的大。(作表语)

He found the door open. 他发现门是开着的。(作宾语补足语)

5. 副词(adv.)

副词表示时间、地点、程度、动作特征等,如:now 现在,often 经常,quietly 安静地;在句中主要作状语,修饰形容词、副词、动词、句子等。例如:

She can sing very well. 她歌唱得非常好。(修饰副词well)

He stepped into the room quietly without being noticed.

他悄悄地走进房间,没有人注意到他。(修饰动词stepped)

6. 动词(v.)

动词用来表示动作或状态,如:speak 说,lie 躺,become 成为;在句中主要作谓语或与名词、形容词、实义动词等一起构成复合谓语。例如:

He bought a computer yesterday. 他昨天买了一台电脑。(作谓语)

Tom was sick at home. 汤姆有病在家。(与形容词一起构成复合谓语)

7. 冠词(art.)

冠词用于名词前,对名词起限制作用,包括不定冠词a/ an 一个,定冠词the 这/那个,这/那些。

There are some vegetables in the basket. 篮子里有些蔬菜。

8. 介词(prep.)

介词用于名词或代词前,表示与其他词的关系。如on 在……上面,for 为……。

I have waited here for three hours. 我在这里等了三个小时了。

9. 连词(conj.)

连词用于连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子,如and 和,but 但是,when 当……时候。

We talked and talked until he came. 我们一直谈到他来。

10. 感叹词(interj.)

感叹词用来表示说话时的感情或口气。如:hi 嗨,hello 喂,aha 啊哈,wow 哇。

Ah, here is the thing I’m after. 啊,我找的东西在这里呢。

三、易错点点拨:

1. 形容词和副词用法混淆,例如:

Children on the playground are playing happy. 操场上的孩子们高兴地玩着。

〔解析〕happy 是形容词,这个句子应该用副词修饰动词,应改为happily。

When his father heard this, he got angrily. 他爸爸听到这,就生气了。

〔解析〕get是系动词,后面要接形容词表示主语的状态,angrily应改为angry。

Look! It is raining hardly outside. 外面雨下得很大。

〔解析〕副词hard(猛烈地)误用为hardly(几乎不)。再如容易错误的把friendly、lovely 等形容词当作副词来使用。

2. 连词和副词用法混淆,例如:

We were very tired, however, we felt excited. 我们很累,但是很兴奋。

〔分析〕however是副词,不能连接句子,应把however, 改为but,或者改为:

We were very tired。However, we felt excited.

3. 介词和副词用法混淆,例如:

He told me the teacher asked me to come into. 他告诉我老师让我进去。

〔解析〕into是介词,应该接宾语,否则就应该用in代替into。也可以改成come into the classroom。

总之,英语的词类在英语应用中起着很大作用,尤其在书面表达中,而且也是中考经常考查的内容,如在用所给词的正确形式填空中就经常出现词类转换的例子。

构词法知识

一、中考要求:

中考关于构词法的要求是:了解合成词、派生词构成的基本知识,掌握一定的单词转化规则;最经常用到的单词前缀和后缀变化;了解一些合成词的构成及用法等。

二、知识要点:

1.合成法:

合成法是英语单词的最基本的构词法。它通常由两个单词合在一起构成与这两个单词意思有关系和联系的新单词。合成词的特点是:两个单词合在一起构成新的单词,有时要加连字符,有时可能有一些词形方面的变化。例如:

class + room -classroom 教室black + board -blackboard 黑板

bath + room -bathroom浴室day + dreaming -daydreaming 白日梦kind + heart+ed -kindhearted 好心的good + look+ing -good-looking 好看的man + made -man-made 人造的well + known -well-known著名的掌握合成法的构词方法会对单词的记忆和生词的推测有很大帮助,例如:

〔例句〕What’s the meaning of the underlined sentence?

〔解析〕这个句子是阅读理解题中经常出现的一个问题,underlined可能对一些同学来说是个生词。我们可以看出它是由under和line加上-d构成的,因此很容易猜出词义是“下面划线的”。

2. 派生法

派生法是英语构词法最广泛的,也是最常用的方法。派生词包括加前缀和后缀两种形式。

前缀:是在单词的前面加的某些固定的字母组合,经常见到的前缀有im-,un-,dis-,in-,a-,tele-等。其中im-,un-,dis-,in-,一般构成反义词。例如:

honest 诚实的-dishonest 不诚实的possible 可能的-impossible 不可能的

happy 高兴的-unhappy 不高兴的polite 有礼貌的-impolite 没有礼貌的

〔例句〕It is _____ (possible) for you to write such a long novel in an hour. It may take you one day.

〔解析〕答案是impossible。从后面句子的意思“可能要花一天时间”理解一个小时写如此长的小说是不可能的,所以加前缀构成反义词impossible,表示“不可能的”,这样前后句子的意思保持一致。

〔例句〕They don’t like your brother because he is a very ______ (honest) boy.

〔解析〕答案是dishonest。从前面句子的意思“他们不喜欢你的弟弟”可以理解后面的句子是加前缀构成的dishonest表示“不诚实”的意思,表示不喜欢的原因。

后缀:后缀是在单词的后面加的某些固定的字母组合。经常见到的后缀有:

(1)名词后缀:-er,-or,-tion,-ian,-ment,-ness等。例如:

art 艺术-artist 艺术家move 移动-movement 运动educate 教育-education 教育

teach 教-teacher 教师act 表演-actor 男演员translate 翻译-translation 翻译

〔例句〕Three ______ (visit) will come to our village and teach us English.

〔解析〕答案是visitors。从句子的意思可以理解是三个“参观者”,所以在visit的后面加后缀变为名词visitors。

(2)副词后缀:一般由形容词+ly或-ward(s)等后缀变为副词。例如:

easy容易的-easily容易地heavy大的、重的-heavily 沉重地、很重地〔例句〕Look! It is raining ________ (heavy) outside now.

〔解析〕答案是heavily。从句子的结构可以看出应该用副词修饰动词rain,heavy的副词是变y为i,加后缀-ly构成。

(3)形容词后缀:一般由名词+-y,-able,-ful,-ive,-less,-al等后缀构成形容词。

如表示天气的名词加后缀-y构成形容词:

rain雨-rainy有雨的wind风-windy有风的cloud云-cloudy多云的〔例句〕What’s the weather like today? It’s ______ (fog).

〔解析〕答案是foggy。从句子的意思可以理解是用形容词表示“天气是多雾的”,fog 是名词,它的形容词是在名词后双写g再加后缀-y。

〔例句〕We can eat this kind of plants. They are ______ (harm) to our health.

〔解析〕答案是harmless。从句子的结构可以理解应该用形容词作表语,从上下文中看出应该用harmless,表示“无害的”。

3. 转化法

有一些单词词形没有变化,但词性发生变化,这种构词法叫词的转化。例如:

Let’s have a swim after school. (swim在此句中是名词)

I can swim now.(此句的swim是动词)。再如:

Look! Your mother is cleaning your room. (clean是动词)

Oh, how clean your room is now.(clean是形容词)

三、易错点点拨:

1. 合成词容易出现的错误:一般是句义和词义判断不够准确,忘记用连字符等。如

Who is the ______ (中年的) woman over there?

〔解析〕易误用middleage。要注意有些合成词是需要在词形上作一些改变,更要注意有些合成词需由连字符“-”连接。在此句中用合成词middle-aged。

The nine-years-old girl can sing twelve English songs.

〔解析〕数词+名词+形容词构成的合成词时名词要用单数,所以nine-years-old应改为nine-year-old。

2. 派生词容易出现的错误:单词的前缀或后缀记忆不清;不能从句子的意思准确判断出用哪一个派生词。如:

The boy became ______ (home) after his parents died two years ago.

〔解析〕易误用inhome。出现错误的原因是随便给home加了表示否定的前缀。在此句中应该用派生词homeless表示“无家可归”的意思。

Your teacher was very ______ (happy) because you forgot your homework.

〔解析〕易误用happily。出现错误的原因是不能理解某些后缀或前缀的作用和意义。在此句中派生词unhappy表示“不高兴”的意思,而happily是副词“高兴的”,只有用unhappy 才能和整个句子的意思保持一致。

The radio says it will be _____ (rain) this afternoon. You’d better take your raincoat.

〔解析〕易错用raining。出现错误的原因是认为be后面用现在分词构成现在进行时,在此句中用派生词rainy和be连用构成系表结构表示“下雨的天气”。

中考总复习二名词、代词和冠词

名词知识

一、中考要求:

中考关于名词的考查要求是:可数名词和不可数名词的用法;可数名词的单、复数形式;名词所有格的用法。重点考查名词的复数形式和名词所有格。同学们一定要掌握名词的单、复数形式的变化规则和名词所有格的用法。

二、知识要点:

1. 可数名词和不可数名词:

英语的名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。表示可以计数的事物的名词叫可数名词,一般有单数和复数形式两种形式,但有时两种形式是相同的。可数名词单数形式可以与不定冠词连用,例如:a book(一本书);an apple (一个苹果)。

可数名词复数形式可以与few,a few,many,several等连用,例如:a few girls。

不可数名词是表示不可以计数的事物的名词,不能用不定冠词a(an)或数词one修饰,并且不分单复数,物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词一般都是不可数的,例如:milk (牛奶);education(教育)。

2. 可数名词的单数变为复数的规则:

(1)一般情况下,在可数名词的单数形式后面加字母-s构成复数形式。例如:book - books pen - pens eraser - erasers

(2)以字母x;s;ch;sh结尾的单词,其复数形式是在单词后面加字母-es。例如:bus - buses box - boxes watch - watches

(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的可数名词,其复数形式是把字母y变为i再加-es。例如:baby - babies country-countries city - cities

注意:如果是以元音字母+y结尾的单词则直接加字母-s。例如:

boy - boys toy-toys

(4)以字母f或者fe结尾的可数名词,其复数形式是先把字母f变为v再加-es。例

如:

wife-wives leaf-leaves knife-knives

(5)以字母o结尾的可数名词,其复数形式一般加-s,也有几个单词是加字母-es。例如:

photo-photos radio-radios piano- pianos

但是,tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes

(6)一些特殊变化的复数形式,例如:

man/woman-men/women child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice

(7)有些名词的单复数形式相同:

sheep deer Chinese Japanese yuan(元) jin (斤)注意:有些集体名词本身既表示单数意义又表示复数意义。当这些名词指代一个单位、机构或被看成一个整体时,作单数形式理解;如果表示这个群体的所有成员,通常被看作复数。常用的这类词有:

class 班级 team 队(员) family 家庭/人 government 政府 group 组(员)The family is not large. 这个家庭不大。(指家庭这个整体)

The family are all music lovers. 这一家人都是音乐爱好者。(指家庭中的成员)

Almost all families in this village have taken part in the program. (指多个家庭)

3. 名词所有格

名词所有格是中考的重点。名词所有格表示人或者事物的所有及所属关系,在句子中作定语。

(1)表示人或者有生命的名词的所有格的形式,单数名词的后面加“-’s”。例如:This is my father’s car. 这是我父亲的汽车。

(2)表示集体、时间、距离、世界、国家等名词的所有格也可以用“-’s”形式。例如:

Is there anything strange in today’s newspaper? 今天报纸上有什么特别的消息吗?

(3)表示无生命的名词所有格要用of+名词的形式,有时也用于有生命的名词。例如:Look at the map of China, please. 请看这张中国地图。

I know the girl’s name/ the name of the girl. 我知道这个女孩的名字。

注意:

(1)用连词and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共同所有关系时,只在最后一个名词的后面加“-’s”,

例如:

This is Li Lei and Li Ping’s father. 这是李雷和李平的父亲。(两个人共同的父亲)

如果两个名词分别所有,则在两个名词的后面分别加撇点“-’s”,例如:

These are Li Lei’s and Li ping’s books. 这些是李雷和李平的书。(两个人各自所有)

(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词,其所有格只在字母s的后面加“’”;而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格形式仍然要加“-’s”。

例如:

It’s about ten minutes’ walk from my home to my school. 从我家到学校步行大约十分钟。

Here is the Children’s Palace. 这里是少年宫。

(3)双重所有格:

“of +名词的-’s所有格/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格。如果在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时,常用双重所有格。

Tom is a friend of my father’s. 汤姆是我父亲的一位朋友。

I gave him two photos of mine. 我给了他我的两张照片。

三、易错点点拨:

1. 不可数名词误用为可数名词。

(1)Come and help yourselves to some chickens , boys. 孩子们,来随便吃点鸡肉吧。

〔解析〕此句中chicken意思是“鸡肉”,是不可数名词,没有复数形式;chicken作可数名词时意思“小鸡”,不符合句意。所以要把chickens改为chicken。

(2)We can get a lot of informations on the Internet now.

我们现在能在互联网上获得许多信息。

〔解析〕单词information是不可数名词,没有复数形式。所以把informations改为information。

(3)There are some milk and ice cream for your lunch. 你的午饭有牛奶和冰淇淋。

〔解析〕在there be句型中,如果后面的主语是and连接的并列名词,be的形式要就

近一致。如果是不可数名词,则be要用单数第三人称形式。milk是不可数名词,所以要把are改为is。

2. 名词复数用法错误。

(1)There are many sheeps on our farm. 我们农场有许多绵羊。

〔解析〕单词sheep是可数名词,但它的单数和复数形式是一样的。所以要把sheeps 改为sheep。

(2)All the woman teachers in our school are very happy on March 8.

三八节我们学校所有女老师都很高兴。

〔解析〕woman teacher是复合名词,从句子的意思和连系动词are可以判断是用可数名词的复数形式。man和woman作定语时,其后的名词如果是复数,man和woman也要变成复数形式。所以这里的woman改为women。但是需要注意的是,一般名词作定语时多用单数形式。例如:

There are two shoe shops in this street. 这条街有两家鞋店。

3. 名词所有格的用法错误。

(1)Tom’s and Sam’s room is very big and bright. 汤姆和山姆的房间很大很亮。

〔解析〕从句子的意思和名词room可以判断只有一个房间,是两个人共同所有的,表示两个人共同所有的名词所有格是在最后面的名词后加-s,所以把Tom’s改为Tom。

(2)We are going to have the two month’s vacation after this exam.

这次考试后我们将放这两个月的假。

〔解析〕two months意思为“两个月”,名词month应该用复数形式,以-s结尾的名词复数的所有格形式应该在复数后加-’,所以把month’s改为months’。

(3)Can you tell me the question’s answer? 你能告诉我问题的答案吗?

〔解析〕从句子的意思理解是用名词所有格的形式表示“问题的答案”,表示“某个问题的答案”要用the answer to the question,所以把the question’s answer改为the answer to the question。

(4)The doctors have saved all the children’ lives so far.

至今为止,医生们已经救活了所有的孩子。

〔解析〕从句子的意思可以判断是考查名词所有格的用法,children是可数名词的复数形式,但不是加s构成的复数形式,它的所有格形式应是children’s,所以把children’改为children’s。

代词知识

一、中考要求:

代词的中考要求是:人称代词的用法;反身代词的用法;物主代词的用法和不定代词的

用法。其中人称代词的主格和宾格,介词+反身代词,不定代词和形容词的位置关系是中考

的重点。

二、知识要点:

1. 人称代词

人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”等的词,有

人称、数和格的变化。

单数复数

主格宾格主格宾格第一人称I me we us

第二人称you you you you

第三人称he, she, it him, her, it they them 人称代词的用法:

(1)作主语(用主格)

We all like maths very much. 我们都很喜欢数学。

(2)作宾语(用宾格)

Would you mind giving her a hand? 你能帮帮她吗?

I’m very pleased with it. 我对它很满意。

(3)作表语(用主格,口语常用宾格)

Open the door, please. It’s me. 请打开门,是我。

注意:

两个或者两个以上的人称代词并列的时候,单数形式排列一般是:第二人称在前面,第

三人称在中间,第一人称在后面。例如:You, he and I are all your father’s students. 复数形式的排列一般是:第一人称在前面,第二人称在中间,第三人称在后面。例如:We, you and they all go swimming after school. 如果表示承担错误和责任,一般把I最前面。

2. 物主代词

物主代词表示所有关系,它可以分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种形式。

单数复数

第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性

my your his, her, its our your their 物主代词

名词性mine yours his, hers, its ours yours theirs

物主代词

名词性物主代词可以在句子中作主语、表语和宾语,相当于形容词性物主代词+名词。例如:This isn’t my coat. Mine (=my coat) has been put in the classroom.

这不是我的大衣,我的(大衣)已经放在教室里了。

A student of his (= his students) has gone to America. 他的一个学生去美国了。

形容词性物主代词在句子中作定语,后面接名词。例如:

This is my book. 这是我的书。

3. 反身代词

表示“某人自己”的代词,叫反身代词,也叫自身代词。反身代词在句子中可以作宾语、表语和同位语,我们需要注意反身代词与所指代的名词或代词在人称、性别和数上保持一致。

反身代词的构成是:第一人称和第二人称是“物主代词+-self/selves”,第三人称是“宾格代词+-self/selves”;单数形式是加-self,复数形式是加-selves。

重点记忆下面的短语:

by+oneself 某人独自 enjoy oneself=have a good time 玩得开心

teach oneself 自学 help oneself to…随便吃、喝……

例如:Help ______ to some fish, children! 孩子们,随便吃点鱼吧。

本空用反身代词的复数形式yourselves和动词help表示“请随便吃点鱼”的意思。这里的yourselves指代孩子们自己,所以用复数形式。

注意:反身代词没有所有格形式,但是可以用形容词性物主代词+own表示所有格含义。

Please retell the story, using your own words. 请用自己的话来复述这个故事。

4.不定代词

不定代词有: some (something,somebody,someone),any (anything,anybody,anyone),no (nothing,nobody,no one), every (everything,everybody,everyone),all,each,both,much,many,(a) little,(a) few,other(s),another,none,one,either, neither 等。

几个重要的不定代词的用法:

(1)a few, a little, few, little

few和a few经常用来修饰或者代替可数名词;a little和little经常用来修饰或者代替不可数名词。a few和a little的意思是“有一点、有几个”,表示肯定的意义;few 和little的意思是“很少、几乎没有”,表示否定的意义。例如:

We have a few friends here. 我们在这里有几个朋友。

There is a little water in my glass. Just have some, please.

我的杯子里有一点水。请喝点吧。

My father has few friends in the factory. 我的爸爸在这家工厂里几乎没有朋友。

There is little time left. We must hurry up. 几乎没有时间了,我们必须快点。

(2)one,it,this,that

one可以泛指任何人和事物,可以用在形容词和指示代词this和that的后面代替上文提到的可数名词,它的复数形式是ones。例如:

-There are a lot of socks in the shop. What color do you want?

商店有许多袜子,你要什么颜色的?

-I want the red ones. 我要红色的。

it是指上文提到的或者下文将要提到的人、事物和情况。例如:

-Who is speaking out of the door? 谁在门外面说话?

-I don’t know. It may be your father. 我不知道。可能是你的爸爸。

this和that是指示代词,this一般用来指时间和空间上比较近的人或者事物。例如:This is my father. 这是我的爸爸。

that一般用来指时间和空间上比较远的人或者事物。例如:

What’s that over there? 那是什么?

(3)the other,others,the others,another

others 表示泛指其他的人或者事物(但不一定是剩下的全部)。例如:

Some boys are cleaning the door, some are sweeping the floor, and others are playing outside.

一些男孩在擦门,一些男孩在扫地,其他的在外面玩。

the others是表示在特定范围内的其他的人或者事物,它表示剩下的其他全部。例如:Five students in my class are girls, the others are all boys.

我们班有5个学生是女生,其他的全部是男生。

another是指三个或者三个以上的范围中的“另一个”、“再/又一个”,修饰单数名词,如果与复数名词连用的时候,复数名词的前面必须有基数词,意思是“另外的”。例如:This shirt is too big; I’ll try another. 这件衬衫太大了;我试件别的。

I want to have another two apples. 我想再要两个苹果。

the other是指两个中的另一个人或者事物,经常和one连用,构成one… the other

结构,表示“(两个中)一个……,另一个……”。例如:

He took a book in one hand, and a bag in the other.

他一只手拿着一本书,另一只手拿着一个包。

(4)something, anything, nothing,everything

something的意思是“某些事物”,主要用于肯定句中;有时也用于疑问句中表示请求。例如:

The teacher wants to tell you something about the exam.

老师想要告诉你一些关于考试的事情。

Would you like something to eat? 你想吃点什么吗?

everything的意思是“每件事物”,主要用于肯定句中,在否定句中表示部分否定。例如:

Your teacher has already told me everything about your family.

你的老师把你家庭的一切事情都告诉了我。

I don’t know everything about him. 我并不知道他的每一件事。

anything的意思是“任何事物”,主要用在否定句和疑问句中。例如:

Do you have anything to do tonight? 你今天晚上有什么事情要做吗?

Our teacher didn’t say anything at the meeting. 我们的老师在会议上什么也没有说。

nothing的意思是“没有任何事物”,是表示否定意义的不定代词。例如:

I did nothing for your exam. 对你的考试我什么事情也没有做。

注意:形容词修饰something, anything, everything, nothing等时,要放在不定代词后面。

I have something important to deal with. 我有重要的事要处理。

(5)all,both,either,neither,none

all表示三者或者三者以上都如何。它的否定词是none,意思为“没有一个”。例如:We'll all come here to help you. 我们大家都会来帮助你。

None of us can answer his question. 我们中没有一个人能回答他的问题。

both是表示两者之间的人或者事物都如何。它的否定词是neither。例如:

Both of my parents are farmers. 我的父母都是农民。

Neither of us are your teachers. 我们两个都不是你的老师。

Either意思为“两者之间的任何一个”。例如:

I have two tickets. Either you or your brother can go with me.

我有两张票,你或者你的弟弟可以和我一起去。

(6)many,much

这两个单词是同义词,都表示“许多”的意思。many的后面用可数名词的复数形式;much用来修饰不可数名词。例如:

They have many friends in our school. 他们在我们的学校有很多朋友。

My sister has much homework to do tonight. 我妹妹今天晚上有许多家庭作业要做。

三、易错点点拨:

1. 代词的主格和宾格混淆。

Look! These red apples are all for he. 看,这些红苹果都是给他的。

〔解析〕代词he在介词for的后面作宾语,应用代词的宾格形式。he的宾格形式是him,所以把he改为him。

2. 形容词性和名词性物主代词的用法混淆。

The big yellow pears belong to me; the rest small ones are his and her.

这些大黄梨是我的,其余小的是他和她的。

〔解析〕本题是考查名词性物主代词的用法,his既可以是形容词性物主代词,也可以是名词性物主代词。而her是形容词性物主代词,要和名词连用。所以应该用名词性物主代词是hers。所以把her改为hers。

3. 反身代词和人称代词相混淆。

Who taught your sister English? Nobody. She learned it all by her.

〔解析〕从句子的意思理解,介词by后应该用反身代词表示“某人自己独自做某事”的意思。所以把her改为herself。

4. 反身代词人称和数与它所指的名词或代词不一致。

Boys and girls! Enjoy yourself! 孩子们,祝你们玩得愉快!

〔解析〕enjoy oneself意思是“玩得愉快”,但boys and girls是复数形式,所以后面的反身代词要用复数形式。所以应该把yourself改为yourselves。

5. 一些不定代词的用法相混淆。

(1)Don’t worry! There is wrong nothing with your father. 别担心,你父亲没什么事。

〔解析〕形容词修饰不定代词nothing等时,形容词要放在不定代词的后面。所以把wrong nothing改为nothing wrong。

(2)The boy made all his hands dirty. 这个男孩两只手都弄脏了。

〔解析〕all 用于三者或三者以上都……,此处应该用both代替all。

冠词知识

一、中考要求:

冠词虽然只有a/an和the三个,却是中考必考语言点之一。题型一般以单项选择题为主,主要考查不定冠词的用法区别,定冠词和不定冠词的区别等,内容主要集中在表示类别的方法、定冠词表示特指、不用冠词的情况、冠词的习惯用法等。

二、知识要点:

不定冠词的用法

不定冠词包括a/an,意思相当于one, 很多情况下可以译成“一”、“每”,但是不像one一样强调数量,有时可以不译出。a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。例如:

We saw a good film last night. 昨晚我们看了一部好电影。

Please give me an apple. 请给我一个苹果。

1. 表示一类人或者一类事物中的一个。

He’s an English teacher. 他是个英语老师。

2. 泛指某人或某物,但不具体说明是何人或何物。

A girl is waiting for you at the school gate. 一个女孩在校门口等你。

3. 用在事物的单位,如时间、速度、价格等前,表示“每一”。

-How much are the oranges? 桔子多少钱?

-Two yuan a kilo. 每公斤两元。

4. 用在某一些固定搭配的短语中。例如:

a lot of 许多 a little/ a few 一点 after a while 一会儿 in a hurry 匆忙地

have a look 看一看 have a good time 玩得高兴 have a cold 感冒

定冠词的用法

定冠词the主要对后面的名词起限定作用,“特指”是它的主要功能。

1. 特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。

The apple on the plate is for you. 盘子里的苹果是你的。

2. 说话双方都知道的人或者事物。

Please go and close the door. 请过去把门关上。

3. 指上文刚提到的人或物。

I found a picture in the box. The picture was very beautiful.

我在箱子里发现了一幅画。那幅画非常美丽。

4. 用在世界上独一无二的事物前面。

The sun is bigger than the moon. 太阳比月亮大。

5. 用在序数词和形容词的最高级前面。

You are the best student in our school. 你是我们学校最好的。

Don’t put off what you should do to the last second. 不要把该做的事拖到最后时刻。

6. 与单数名词连用,表示某类人或事物。

The tiger is a fierce animal. 老虎是一种凶猛的动物。

7. 用在演奏的乐器名称和文艺活动场所前。

The little girl likes playing the violin. 那个小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。

8. 用在某一些固定搭配的习惯用语中。

in the morning 在上午by the way 顺便说一下 at the same time 同时

in the middle of 在……中间 make the bed 铺床 all the time 一直

不用冠词(零冠词)的情况

1. 物质名词表示泛指时不用冠词。

Wood can be used to make paper. 木材可以用来造纸。

2. 抽象名词表示一种概念时不用冠词。

Music is a language which can bring people pleasure.

音乐是一种能给人们带来快乐的语言。

3. 表示国名、地名、人名、城市、街道和字首为Mount的山及大多数湖泊的专有名词前不用冠词,

例如:China,Mary,Mount Tai。

4. 四季、月份、节假日、日期和星期等名词前不用冠词。

They will have a football match on Friday. 星期五他们将有一场足球赛。

注意:当谈论具体的季节、日期和中国传统节日时常用定冠词。

I don’t like the spring of Beijing. It’s too sandy.

我不喜欢北京的春天,沙尘太多了。

5. 三餐、球类运动前不用冠词。

My brother is playing basketball with his friends now. 我弟弟正在和朋友们打篮球。

6. 表示学科、语言的名词前不用冠词。

Physics is more popular than any other subject in our school.

我们学校物理比其他学科更受欢迎。

7. 名词复数表示一类人或事物不用冠词。

Pandas are very lovely animals. 熊猫是很可爱的动物。

8. 有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词等修饰的名词前不用冠词。

I want to buy this car, not that car. 我想买这辆汽车,不是那辆。

9. 某些习惯用语中不用冠词。例如:

at school 在校学习 in hospital 住院 go to bed 上床睡觉

face to face 面对面 on foot 步行 by bus 乘公共汽车

三、易错点点拨:

1. 不定冠词a/an相混淆。

(1)At last, my teacher has come up with a idea. 最后,我的老师有了一个主意。

〔解析〕idea以元音音素开头,前面要用冠词an,表示泛指。所以把a改为an。

(2)We all like your sister because she is a honest girl.

我们都喜欢你妹妹,她是个诚实的女孩。

〔解析〕honest中的首字母h不发音,所以也是以元音音素开头的单词,要用冠词an。所以把a改为an。

(3)This is an useful book. 这是本有用的书。

〔解析〕useful虽然是以元音字母开头,但是字母u的读音是[ju:],也就是说是以辅音音素[j]开头的,要用a。所以把an改成a。

2. 冠词使用与否错误。

(1)You are second one to pass the exam in our class. 你是我们班第二个通过这个考试的。

〔解析〕本题考查在序数词前要用定冠词的用法。所以把second改为the second。

(2)-Let’s play the basketball after school.

-Good idea. Let’s bring basketball.

-我们去打篮球吧。-好主意。我们拿着这个篮球吧。

〔解析〕本题考查在球类运动的名词前面不用冠词的用法。所以第一句中要把the basketball改为basketball;而第二句中basketball指的是篮球,不是运动,因此要加the,表示“这个篮球”。

中考总复习三数词、形容词和副词

数词知识

一、中考要求:

中考对数词的要求是:基数词表示数目和号码的用法;基数词表示年级、班级、房间和编号的用法;hundred,thousand,million和billion的用法;序数词表示次序的用法;分数的表达方式及用法;定冠词the和序数词连用知识点等。

二、知识要点:

数词:表示数目多少或者顺序先后的词叫数词,它有两种形式:表示数目多少的叫基数词。例如:one一,two二,three三,four四。表示顺序先后的词叫序数词。例如:first 第一,second第二,third第三,fourth第四,fifth第五。

1.基数词:

A. 基数词的构成:

(1) 1-12的基数词是:one 1, two 2, three 3, four 4, five 5, six 6, seven 7, eight 8,

nine 9, ten 10, eleven 11, twelve 12。

(2) 13-19的基数词:分别在3-9的基数词后加词缀-teen,但要注意几个特殊变化的基数词:

13-thirteen,15-fifteen, 18-eighteen。

(3) 20-90的逢十的基数词:分别在2-9的基数词后加-ty构成,即:

20-twenty,30-thirty,40-forty,50-fifty,60-sixty,70-seventy,80-eighty,

90-ninety。(注意20,30,40,50,80拼写的特殊变化。)

(4) 21-29的基数词:由十位数20的单词形式twenty加个位数1-9构成。中间用连字符。即:

21-twenty-one,22-twenty-two,23-twenty-three,24-twenty-four,25-

twenty-five,

26-twenty-six,27-twenty-seven,28-twenty-eight,29-twenty-nine。

其他的十位数照此类推。

(5) 百位数是由1-9加hundred构成。例如:200-two hundred。有百位数、十位数和个位数的三位数,百位数和十位数之间用and连接。例如:127-one hundred and twenty-seven。

(6) 千位数是由1-9加thousand构成,后面的百位数、十位数和个位数与前面的构成方法一样。

例如:3000-three thousand。1,149-one thousand one hundred and forty-nine。

英语没有“万”这个单位。10,000-ten thousand。十万用one hundred thousand,但有百万这个单位million。

B. 基数词应用的几点注意事项:

(1) 基数词可以用来表示年级、班级、房间号码、电话号码和编号。并且单词开头字母要大写。例如:

I am in Class Five, Grade Nine. 我在九年级五班。

Tomorrow we are going to learn Lesson Five. 明天我们将要学习第五课。

(2) 基数词作为数字在句子中作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。例如:

In the western countries, people think thirteen is unlucky number.

在西方国家,人们认为13是一个不吉利的数字。

但是代表可数名词的复数形式时要用复数,例如:

Two of them are from America. 他们中有两人是从美国来的。(Two = Two people)

(3) 基数词的单位hundred,thousand,million和billion等用来表示具体数目,前面有具体的基数词时,这些词的后面不加-s。例如:

There are ten hundred students in our school. 我们学校有1000名学生。

但是当hundred,thousand,million和billion等用来表示不具体的数目时用“hundreds/ thousands/millions/ billions of +名词”来表示,这些词的前面也不用具体的基数词。例如:

We have already planted thousands of trees on the farm.

我们在农场里已经种植了成千上万棵树。

2. 序数词:

A. 序数词的构成:

(1) 1-19的序数词除了第一(first),第二(second)和第三(third)之外,其他的序数词是由基数词加后缀-th构成的。例如:第四-fourth,第六-sixth,第七-seventh 等。注意几个序数词的特殊变化:fifth 第五,eighth 第八,ninth 第九,twelfth 第十二。

(2) 逢十的序数词的构成方法是:先将“几十”的基数词的词尾-ty变为-ti再加eth。

例如:第20-twentieth,第30-thirtieth,第40-fortieth。

(3) 两位数的序数词如果包含1-9的个位数,十位数用基数词,个位数用序数词。

例如:第21-twenty-first,第34-thirty-fourth。

(4) 百、千、万的序数词有hundred-hundredth,thousand-thousandth。

B. 序数词的用法:

(1) 序数词在句子中主要作定语,有时也可以用作主语、宾语和表语。例如:

The sixth man went forward to feel the elephant. 第六个人走上前去摸象。

I think the first is better than the second. 我认为第一个比第二个好。

My sister is the fourth in this exam. 我妹妹这次考试是第四名。

(2) 定冠词the和序数词连用表示顺序。不定冠词a/an和序数词连用表示“又一、再一”的意思。

例如:

You are the second and I am the fourth. 你第二,我第四。(表示顺序)

Can you do it a third time? 你能再做一次吗?(已经做过两次了)

3. 分数表示法:

分数是以基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母,除了分子是“1”的情况外,分母的序数词都要用复数。

a half 1/2 one third 1/3 two thirds 2/3 a (one) quarter 或one fourth 1/4

分数在句子中作主语的时候,谓语动词的单、复数形式由of后面的名词来决定。如果of后面的名词是可数名词的复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式;如果of后面的名词是不可数名词,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。例如:

It is said that two thirds of information on the Internet is not true.

据说互联网上三分之二的信息是不真实的。

Two fifths of the students in my class are from the village.

我们班五分之二的学生来自那个村子。

4. 年、月、日、时的表示法

(1) 年代

890 eight hundred and ninety 1984 nineteen eighty-four

2000 two thousand 2009 two thousand and nine

1990’s (1990s) nineteen nineties 二十世纪九十年代

(2) 日期 September 1, 2009,读作:September the first, two thousand and nine

(3) 时刻

数字写法读法

8:00 8:10 8:15 8:30 8:40 8:45 eight o’clock

ten past eight

(a) quarter past eight

half past eight

twenty to nine

(a) quarter to nine

eight

eight ten

eight fifteen

eight thirty

eight forty

eight forty-five

三、易错点点拨:

1. 基数词和序数词用法混淆。

(1) My sister is ninth years old and she had a party for her nine birthday last night.

〔解析〕:本句子是考查基数词和序数词的不同用法,从句子的意思理解第一个划线部分表示年龄,应该用基数词;第二个画线部分用序数词ninth表示“昨天她过第九个生日”。所以把第一个画线部分改为nine,第二个画线部分改为ninth。

(2) This is the three time you’ve made it wrong.

〔解析〕本句子是考查序数词的用法,从句子的意思理解是用序数词和定冠词连用表示“第三次”的意思。所以把three改为third。

2. 基数词和名词构成合成词时误用复数。

My teacher is a twenty –five-years-old girl.

〔解析〕本句子是考查:基数词+单数名词+形容词构成的合成形容词的用法。中间的名词用单数形式,所以把twenty –five-years-old改为twenty-five-year-old。

3. 基数词表示编号时大小写误用。

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