第二部分专题一第4讲
【真题达标组】
A
(2019全国卷Ⅱ，C)
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e －book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel's “me” time. And like more Americans, she's not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent，according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?” Bechtel said，looking up from her book. Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself,” she said.
Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first－name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “It's a chance for self－reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over. Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，”said Laurie Demerit, whose company provided the statistics for the report.
1. What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?
A．Food variety.
B．Eating habits.
C．Table manners.
D．Restaurant service.
2. Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?
A．To meet with her coworkers.
B．To catch up with her work.
C．To have some time on her own.
D．To collect data for her report.
3. What do we know about Mazoleny?
A．He makes videos for the bar.
B．He's fond of the food at the bar.
C．He interviews customers at the bar.
D．He's familiar with the barkeeper.
4. What is the text mainly about?
A．The trend of having meals alone.
B．The importance of self－reflection.
C．The stress from working overtime.
D．The advantage of wireless technology.
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文，列举了越来越多人喜欢单独吃饭的现象，并解释了原因。
1．B细节理解题。文章第二段主要是一篇关于各种饮食习惯的比例分析报告，故选B。
2．C推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Today，I just wanted some time to myself…”可知出去吃午餐是为了有点儿自己的时间，故选C。
3．D细节理解题。根据文章第四段“He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper…”可知他与酒吧老板相熟，故选D。
4．A主旨大意题。本文主要反映了现在越来越多的人习惯于独自用餐，形成一种趋势，故选A。
B
(2018，北京卷，A)
My First Marathon(马拉松)
A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.
I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn't do either well. He later informed me that I was “not athletic”．
The idea that I was “not athletic” stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!
The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn't even find the finish line.I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.
Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!
At mile 3, I passed a sign: “GO FOR IT, RUNNERS！”
By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.
By mile 21, I was starving!
As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.
I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.
Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a “marathon winner”．
5. A month before the marathon, the author ________.
A．was well trained
B．felt scared
C．made up his mind to run
D．lost hope
6. Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year?
A．To acknowledge the support of his teacher.
B．To amuse the readers with a funny story.
C．To show he was not talented in sports.
D．To share a precious memory.
7. How was the author's first marathon?
A．He made it.
B．He quit halfway.
C．He got the first prize.
D．He walked to the end.
8. What does the story mainly tell us?
A．A man owes his success to his family support.
B．A winner is one with a great effort of will.
C．Failure is the mother of success.
D．One is never too old to learn.
【语篇解读】本文为一篇记叙文。讲述了自己第一次跑马拉松，凭借自己的意志力成功跑完全程的励志故事。
5．C细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句“Yet, I was determined to go ahead.”可知，马拉松赛前一个月尽管作者脚踝受伤使得训练时间缩短，但作者仍下定决心参赛。故选C。
6．C细节理解题。根据文章第二段“I didn't do either well.He later informed me that I was ‘not athletic’．”可知，作者提到7年级的事情是为了证明自己真的没有运动天赋。故选C。
7．A细节理解题。根据文章第10段“I was one of the final runners to finish.But I finished!
And I got a medal.In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.”可知，作者坚持到了最后，而且得到了一块奖牌，虽然不是第一名，由此可见他成功地跑完了马拉松。故选A。
8．B主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者在讲述自己跑马拉松的经历，再根据最后一段“Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ‘marathon winner’．”可知，作者成功跑完马拉松源于自己的意志。故选B。
C
(2018，天津卷，C)
There's a new frontier in 3D printing that's beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn't stopping there.
Food production
With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re－create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same，” freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D－printed，rather than farm to table.
Sustainability(可持续性)
The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock “food” that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.
Nutrition
Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday's bread from the supermarket, you'd eat something baked just for you on demand.”
Challenges
Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time－consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted
to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high－end restaurants.
9. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?
A．It helps cooks to create new dishes.
B．It saves time and effort in cooking.
C．It improves the cooking conditions.
D．It contributes to restaurant decorations.
10. What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraph 3?
A．It solves food shortages easily.
B．It quickens the transportation of food.
C．It needs no space for the storage of food.
D．It uses renewable materials as sources of food.
11. According to Paragraph 4, 3D－printed food ________.
A．is more available to consumers
B．can meet individual nutritional needs
C．is more tasty than food in supermarkets
D．can keep all the nutrition in raw materials
12. What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?
A．The printing process is complicated.
B．3D food printers are too expensive.
C．Food materials have to be dry.
D．Some experts doubt 3D food printing.
13. What could be the best title of the passage?
A．3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology
B．A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing
C．The Challenges for 3D Food Production
D．3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table
【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普类短文。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得的进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。
9．B推理判断题。根据文章Food production中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出：3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。
10．D细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the
familiar ingredients (烹饪原料)．”可知，3D打印机可以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。
11．B推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins(食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物)．”从而可以推断出，3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。
12．C细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.”可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易坏。故选C。
13．A主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故选A。
【模拟提能组】
A
(2020届湖北名师联盟6月份内部特供卷)
Fortune cookies, commonly served after meals at Chinese restaurants in the U．S., are characterized by a fortune, which is written on a small piece of paper tucked inside the cookie. There are several competing stories about the origin of the fortune cookie. None of them, however, has been proven to be entirely true.
One of these stories traces(追溯) the cookie's origin back to 13th－and 14th－century China, which was then occupied by the Mongols. According to the legend(传说), notes of secret plans for a revolution to overthrow the Mongols were hidden in mooncakes that would ordinarily have been filled with sweet bean paste. The revolution turned out to be successful and eventually led to the formation of the Ming Dynasty. This story may sound highly credible, but there seems to be no solid evidence that it inspired the creation of the treats we know of today as fortune cookies.
Another account claims that David Jung, a Chinese immigrant living in Los Angeles, created the fortune cookie in 1918.Concerned about the poor people he saw wandering near his shop, he made cookies and passed them out free on the streets. Each cookie contained a strip of paper inside with an inspirational quotation on it.
However, the more generally accepted story is that the fortune cookie first turned up in either 1907 or 1914 in San Francisco, created by a Japanese immigrant, Makoto Hagiwara. The fortune cookie was based on a Japanese snack, but Hagiwara sweetened the recipe to appeal to American tastes. He put thank－you notes in the cookies and served them to his guests with tea. Within a few years, Chinese restaurant owners in San Francisco had copied the recipe and replaced the
thank－you notes with fortune notes. Such fortune cookies became common in Chinese restaurants in the U．S. after World War Ⅱ.
1. What did the second and third legends have in common?
A．The fortune cookies were made to help the poor.
B．The fortune cookies were made by immigrants.
C．The fortune cookies were totally Chinese.
D．The fortune cookies became popular World War Ⅱ.
2. Which word can replace the underlined word “overthrow” in Paragraph 2?
A．defeat B．help
C．evolve D．expand
3. Which of the following statements about the first legend is NOT true?
A．Mongols dominated from 1300 to 1400 in China.
B．The revolution witnessed the arrival of the Ming Dynasty.
C．It seems that no specific evidence can be found to prove the legend.
D．It is one of the half false stories about the fortune cookie.
4. What is the main idea about article?
A．The fortune cookie is gaining more and more popularity after World War Ⅱ.
B．There are various stories about the fortune cookie after it appeared.
C．Some interesting legends about the origin of the fortune cookie.
D．The stories between the fortune cookie and the human beings.
【语篇解读】本文介绍了在美国中式餐馆里福饼的几个传说。
1．B细节理解题。由第三段中的内容可知，第二个关于福饼的传说是David Jung发明的，他是“a Chinese immigrant living in Los Angeles”；根据第四段可知，第三个传说是一个日本移民Makoto Hagiwara发明的，故选B项。
2．A词义猜测题。根据第二段的大意，及文中的关键信息“occupied by the Mongols”“notes of secret plans for a revolution”“The revolution turned out to be successful and eventually led to the formation of the Ming Dynasty.”可推断，overthrow的意思是“推翻；打倒”，与defeat 接近。
3．A细节理解题。根据第二段中的第一句“One of these stories traces(追溯) the cookie's origin back to 13th－and 14th－century China.”可知，蒙古人统治中原的时候应该是1200 to 1400，故A项符合题意。
4．C主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了三个关于福饼来源的传说，因此应该选C项。
B
(2019年苏锡常镇一调)
Exposing living tissue to subfreezing temperatures for long can cause permanent damage. Microscopic ice crystals(结晶体) cut cells and seize moisture(潮气)，making donor organs unsuitable for transplantation. Thus，organs can be made cold for only a few hours ahead of a procedure. But a set of lasting new antifreeze compounds(化合物)－similar to those found in particularly hardy(耐寒的) animals－could lengthen organs' shelf life.
Scientists at the University of Warwick in England were inspired by proteins in some species of Arctic fish，wood frogs and other organisms that prevent blood from freezing，allowing them to flourish in extreme cold. Previous research had shown these natural antifreeze molecules(分子) could preserve rat hearts at－1.3 degrees Celsius for up to 24 hours. But these proteins are expensive to extract(提取) and highly poisonous to some species. “For a long time everyone assumed you had to make synthetic(人造的) alternatives that looked exactly like antifreeze proteins to solve this problem,” says Matthew Gibson，a chemist at Warwick who coauthored the new research. “But we found that you can design new molecules that function like antifreeze proteins but do not necess arily look like them.”
Most natural antifreeze molecules have a mixture of regions that either attract or repel water. Scientists do not know exactly how this process prevents ice crystal formation，but Gibson thinks it might throw water molecules into push－pull chaos that prevents them from turning into ice. To copy this mechanism，he and his colleagues synthesized spiral－shaped molecules that were mostly water－repellent－but had iron atoms at their centers that made them hydrophilic，or water －loving. The resulting compounds were surprisingly effective at stopping ice crystals from forming. Some were also harmless to the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans(线虫)，indicating they might be safe for other animals.
“These compounds are really cool because they are not proteins－they are other types of molecules that nonetheless can do at least part of what natural antifreeze proteins do,” says Clara do Amaral，a biologist at Mount St. Joseph University，who was not involved in the research. Gibson's antifreeze compounds will still need to be tested in humans, however, and may be only part of a solution. “We don't have the whole picture yet,”do Amaral adds. “It's not just one magical compound that helps freeze－tolerant organisms survive. It's a whole suite of adaptations.”
5. What will happen if organs are kept for a long time in temperatures below zero?
A．They will have ice crystal formation inside.
B．They will not suffer permanent damage.
C．They will have longer shelf life.
D．They will be fit for transplantation.
6. What can we learn about natural antifreeze proteins?
A．They look like Gibson's antifreeze compounds.
B．They are composed of antifreeze molecules harmless to other species.
C．They are spiral－shaped and have iron atoms at their centers.
D．They can be found in organisms living in freezing cold weather.
7. How are antifreeze molecules prevented from ice crystals?
A．By creating compounds both water－repellent and water－loving.
B．By extracting the proteins from some hardy animals.
C．By making synthetic alternatives like antifreeze proteins.
D．By copying spiral－shaped molecules mostly water－resistant.
8. What's the main idea of the passage?
A．Push－pull chaos might prevent water molecules from turning into ice.
B．The final solution to preserving donor organs has been found recently.
C．Chemicals inspired by Arctic animals could lengthen organs' shelf life.
D．Gibson's antifreeze compounds can do what natural antifreeze proteins do.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。科学家通过在北极的一些动物身上发现的一种天然防冻物质中获得灵感，成功研制出新型防冻化合物。
5．A推理判断题。根据第一段前两句“Exposing living tissue to subfreezing temperatures for long can cause permanent damage. Microscopic ice crystals(结晶体) cut cells and seize moisture(潮气)，making donor organs unsuitable for transplantation.”可知，长期保存在零摄氏度以下的器官内会形成冰晶体。
6．D推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“…proteins in some species of Arctic fish，wood frogs and other organisms that prevent blood from freezing，allowing them to flourish in extreme cold.”可知，这种天然的防冻蛋白可以在一些生活在严寒气候中的生物体中找到。
7．A推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Most natural antifreeze molecules have a mixture of regions that either attract or repel water.”可知，防冻分子通过形成既吸水又防水的化合物防止结晶体的形成。
8．C主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“But a set of lasting new antifreeze compounds(化合物)－similar to those found in particularly hardy(耐寒的) animals－could lengthen organs' shelf life.”可知，本文主要介绍了科学家受到耐寒动物的启发，研制出可延长器官保存期限的化合物。
C
(长春市普通高中2019年高三质量监测二)
Next time you go shopping, keep in mind that there may be hidden cameras analyzing your habits. According to a 2015 survey of 150 managers from Computer Services Corporation, a quarter of British shops use facial recognition software to collect data on shopper behavior.
With concerns that face－recognition cameras “are kind of invasive(冒犯的)”，British analysis firm Hoxton Analytics has come up with a new way of measuring footfall (客流)—by filming people's shoes. The technology can collect a large amount of personal information. “We have cameras at 50 cm off the ground and they point down so they are less invasive than facial recognition,” Duncan Mann, Hoxton's officer said.
As modern cities get fuller—70 percent of the population will live in urban areas by 2050—cameras and other technologies are taking over public spaces and collecting our data. Their purpose is to keep people safe, provide efficient services and prevent disasters and crimes.
But some are not happy with the cameras as far as their privacy(隐私) is concerned. “Very few of us have any real concept of what data smart cities are gathering,” said Renate Samson.
We begin giving away data as soon as we wake up. When we enter the transport system, we are giving away even more details about ourselves through smart cards, mobile phones or credit cards.
Nick Millman, director at a consulting firm thinks statistics are the key to the privacy concern. He used the example of Google Maps, which is to monitor the flow of traffic in Stockholm. He explained, “It is basically adding privacy controls to statistics so that you only see the data you need to know about.” In this case, Google gets enough data to improve traffic but not so much that it shows individual journey patterns.
9. What is the article mainly about?
A．An introduction to collecting shoppers' data.
B．The concerns about giving away personal data.
C．The problems caused by imbalanced distribution of population.
D．An invention recording and collecting customers' information.
10. The new technology invented by Hoxton Analytics______.
A．can gather a lot of people's personal data from their shoes
B．uses cameras fitted on the ground to collect customers' data
C．has improved the accuracy of facial recognition software
D．offers a perfect solution to customers' privacy concerns
11. According to the author, cameras in modern cities______.
A．cause a huge waste of public space
B．help reduce the size of population in urban areas
C．are likely to help improve traffic conditions
D．are to avoid crimes and disasters and provide efficient services
12. What is Renate Samson's attitude toward the rise of smart cities?
A．Worried. B．Optimistic.
C．Confused. D．Uninterested.
【语篇解读】本文是关于泄露个人数据的问题。
9．B主旨大意题。根据第五段可知，本文是关于泄露个人数据的问题。故选B。
10．A细节理解题。根据第二段中的“British analysis firm Hoxton Analytics has come up with a new way of measuring footfall (客流)—by filming people's shoes.”可知，Hoxton Analytics发明的新科技可以从他们的鞋上收集很多人的个人数据。故选A。
11．D细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Their purpose is to keep people safe, provide efficient services and prevent disasters and crimes.”可知，现代城市中的摄像机是为了避免犯罪和灾害并提供有效的服务。故选D。
12．A意图态度题。根据第四段“But some are not happy with the cameras as far as their privacy (隐私) is concerned.‘Very few of us have any real concept of what data smart cities are gathering，’ said Renate Samson.”可知，Renate的态度是“担忧的”，故选A。
D
(安徽省皖南八校2019年高三第三次联考)
She sat at the picnic table alone. Recess (休息) was in full swing. She remained awkward around her classmates. She seemed unsure of what to do or say, yet I could see her eyes longing for acceptance. Many students had already decided that her friendship would not be worth the energy required to overcome the awkwardness. Others teased her. Most ignored her—except for one.
Brianna, the class clown, was making the other students laugh, as usual. “Brianna, do you see Molly down there? Would you mind walking down there and inviting her to come up here with the rest of us？”
Brianna sighed. I could tell she didn't want to sacrifice precious minutes of her own recess to do what I was asking of her, but I also knew her heart. She often thought of others before herself －a rare character for anyone, much less a kid.
Knowing this choice was hard for her, I pulled out a D－buck, our class currency. Though bribery (行贿) was not the ideal way to handle this situation, I needed her cooperation.
“Here, I'll pay you for your time.”
She offered an insincere smile, grasped the green paper, and headed down the hill.
As the rest of the children screamed and laughed, my eyes locked on Brianna as she neared the picnic table. Molly could be difficult, and I wouldn't have been surprised if she sent Brianna back alone, refusing her invitation. When she encouraged herself to a standing position, I sighed with relief.
A minute later, I felt a lap on my shoulder. “Here, Mrs.D.” She handed me the D－buck.
“Why？” I asked.
“I shouldn't keep this.” Her eyes fell to her feet, guilt radiating from her quiet voice. “I don't want Molly to think I only went to get her so I could earn a D－buck. She's my friend.”
A moment later, they were all laughing again, and who should I see among them, laughing for the first time that week? Molly.
13. How was Molly in the author's eyes?
A．She often made fun of others.
B．She got on well with other kids.
C．She was eager to be accepted.
D．She refused to make friends with others.
14. On what aspect was Brianna different from other kids?
A．Clown talent. B．Cooperation.
C．Honesty. D．Kindness.
15. How was the author feeling when Brianna walked to Molly?
A．Worried. B．Regretful.
C．Grateful. D．Puzzled.
16. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．A D－buck
B．A Strange Girl
C．Power of a Smile
D．How to Be a Great Teacher
【语篇解读】小女孩莫莉不知如何与其他的小朋友相处，别的小朋友觉得不值得去帮她，只有Brianna，一个常让别人取笑的小女孩，在作者的要求下去请莫莉和大家一起玩。为了鼓励她，作者拿出了D－巴克作为交换的条件，没想到在Brianna请来了莫莉后却把这个D －巴克还给了作者，因为她不想让好朋友莫莉误解自己是为了D－巴克才这样做的。
13．C细节理解题。根据第一段中的“She seemed unsure of what to do or say, yet I could see her eyes longing for acceptance.”可知，莫莉虽然不知要做什么要说什么，但可以看出她是渴望被别人接受。故选C项。
14．D细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“She often thought of others before herself－a rare character for anyone, much less a kid.”可知，她经常先考虑别人，把别人放在自己的前面，对任何人来说都是难得的特点，更不用说是孩子了。可见她是一个善良的，考虑别人的孩子。故选D项。
15．A推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可知，去请莫莉对Brianna来说有点难，所以“我”拿出一个D－巴克来贿赂她，可知作者是有点担心焦急。因此选A。
16．A主旨大意题。本文讲述了一个叫Brianna的小朋友在老师的要求下去请小女孩莫莉和大家一起玩。为了鼓励她，作者拿出了一个D－巴克作为奖赏，没想到在Brianna请来了莫莉后却把这个D－巴克还给了作者，因为她不想让好朋友误解自己是为了D－巴克才这样做的。所以本文中的事件由这个D－巴克贯穿。故A项最为贴切。
[限时规范训练]单独成册 一、选择题 1．(2019·江西宜春统考)下列关于神经递质与激素的叙述错误的是() A．识别神经递质的特异性受体只能分布在神经元上 B．激素在机体中发挥完生理作用后立即被灭活 C．神经递质只能由突触前膜释放，作用于突触后膜 D．识别某种激素的特异性受体只能分布在靶细胞或靶器官上 解析：识别神经递质的特异性受体除了分布在神经元上，还可分布于肌肉等上，A错误；识别某种激素的特异性受体只能分布在靶细胞或靶器官上，激素在机体中与靶细胞及靶器官的受体特异性结合并发挥生理作用后会立即被灭活，B、D正确；神经递质只能由突触前膜释放，作用于突触后膜，所以兴奋在突触处的传递是单向的，C正确。 答案：A 2．下列有关神经调节相关结构的叙述，正确的是() A．突触前神经元在静息时也能释放神经递质 B．反射活动的产生需要反射弧的完整性 C．神经细胞轴突末梢只能形成一个突触小体 D．炎热刺激皮肤引起毛细血管收缩是条件反射 解析：突触前神经元在受到刺激时才能释放神经递质，A错误；反射弧只有保持完整性才能完成反射活动，B正确；神经细胞轴突末梢分枝可形成多个突触小体，C错误；炎热刺激皮肤引起毛细血管舒张是与生俱来的，属于非条件反射，D错误。 答案：B 3．(2019·湖南常德检测)有关突触的叙述不正确的是() A．由短期记忆到长期记忆可能与新突触的建立有关 B．在光学显微镜下可以观察到突触的亚显微结构 C．兴奋在神经元之间传递时需要消耗A TP D．突触间隙的液体为组织液 解析：只有在电子显微镜下才可以观察到突触的亚显微结构，B错误。 答案：B 4．用一定量的甲状腺激素连续饲喂正常成年小白鼠4周，与对照组比较，实验组小白鼠表现为() A．耗氧量增加、神经系统的兴奋性降低
（京津鲁琼专用）高考物理大二轮复习专题一第4讲万有引力与 航天练习（含解析） 万有引力与航天 一、单项选择题 1．(2018·高考北京卷)若想检验“使月球绕地球运动的力”与“使苹果落地的力”遵循同样的规律，在已知月地距离约为地球半径60倍的情况下，需要验证( ) A ．地球吸引月球的力约为地球吸引苹果的力的1 602 B ．月球公转的加速度约为苹果落向地面加速度的1 602 C ．自由落体在月球表面的加速度约为地球表面的1 6 D ．苹果在月球表面受到的引力约为在地球表面的1 60 解析：选B.若想检验“使月球绕地球运动的力”与“使苹果落地的力”遵循同样的规律——万有引力定律，则应满足G Mm r 2＝ma ，即加速度a 与距离r 的平方成反比，由题中数据知，选项B 正确，其余选项错误． 2．为了测量某行星的质量和半径，宇航员记录了登陆舱在该行星表面做圆周运动的周期T ，登陆舱在行星表面着陆后，用弹簧测力计称量一个质量为m 的砝码，读数为F .已知引力常量为G .则下列说法错误的是( ) A ．该行量的质量为F 3T 4 16π4Gm 3 B ．该行星的半径为4π2 FT 2 m C ．该行星的密度为3πGT 2 D ．该行星的第一宇宙速度为 FT 2πm 解析：选B.据F ＝mg 0＝m 4π 2 T 2R ，得R ＝FT 2 4π2m ，B 错误；由G Mm R 2＝m 4π2T 2R ，得M ＝4π2R 3 GT 2 ，又 R ＝FT 2 4π2m ，则M ＝F 3T 416π4Gm 3，A 正确；密度ρ＝M V ＝3πGT 2，C 正确；第一宇宙速度v ＝g 0R ＝FT 2πm ，D 正确． 3．(2018·高考全国卷Ⅲ)为了探测引力波，“天琴计划”预计发射地球卫星P ，其轨道半径约为地球半径的16倍；另一地球卫星Q 的轨道半径约为地球半径的4倍．P 与Q 的周期之比约为( ) A ．2∶1 B ．4∶1 C ．8∶1 D ．16∶1 解析：选C.由开普勒第三定律得r 3T 2＝k ，故T P T Q ＝ ? ?? ??R P R Q 3 ＝ ? ?? ??1643 ＝81，C 正确．
学习目标 本讲主要通过例题加深对行程问题的三个基本数量关系的理解。 在历年小升初与各类小学竞赛试卷中，行程问题的试题占的比值是相当大的，所以学好行程问题不但对于应对小升初考试和各类数学竞赛有着举足轻重的关键性作用，而且也为初中阶段的学习打下良好的基础。 我们把研究路程、速度、时间以及这三者之间关系的一类问题，总称为行程问题. 行程问题主要涉及时间 (t)、速度 (v)和路程 (.s)这三个基本量，它们之间的关系如下： 路程 = 速度×时间 可简记为：s vt = 速度 = 路程÷时间 可简记为：/v s t = 时间 = 路程÷速度 可简记为：/t s v = 路程一定，速度与时间成反比 速度一定，路程与时间成正比 时间一定，路程与速度成正比 显然，知道其中的两个量就可以求出第三个量. 【例 1】 一段路程分为上坡、平路、下坡三段，各段路程的长度之比是 1：2：3，某人走这三段路所用的时间之比是 4：5：6，已知他上坡时每小时行2.5千米，路程全长为 20千米，此人走完全程需多少时间？
【例2】甲、乙两地相距60千米，自行车队8点整从甲地出发到乙地去，前一半时间每分钟行1千米，后一半时间每分钟行0.8千米。自行车队到达乙地的时间是几点几分几秒？ 【例3】某人上山时每走30分钟休息10分钟，下山时每走30分钟休息5分钟，已知下山的速度是上山速度的1.5倍，如果上山用了3 时50分钟，那么下山用多少时间？ 【例4】汽车以72千米/时的速度从甲地到乙地，到达后立即以48千米/时的速度返回甲地，求该车的平均速度。 【例5】甲、乙两车往返于A、B两地之间，甲车去时的速度为60千米/时，返回时的速度为40千米/时，乙车往返的速度都是50千米/时，求甲、乙两车往返一次所用的时间比.
第1讲 函数的图象与性质 A 组 基础达标 1. 已知函数f (x )为奇函数，且该函数有三个零点，那么三个零点之和为________． 2. 若函数f (x )＝4x －a x ·2x 为奇函数，则实数a ＝________. 3. 若f (x )是定义在R 上的周期为3的函数，且f (x )＝? ????x 2＋x ＋a ，0≤x ≤2，－6x ＋18，2
2017届高考数学二轮复习第一部分专题篇专题四立体几何第 一讲空间几何体课时作业文 1.如图为一个几何体的侧视图和俯视图，则它的正视图为( ) 解析：根据题中侧视图和俯视图的形状，判断出该几何体是在一个正方体的上表面上放置一个四棱锥(其中四棱锥的底面是边长与正方体棱长相等的正方形、顶点在底面上的射影是底面一边的中点)，因此结合选项知，它的正视图为B. 答案：B 2．以边长为1的正方形的一边所在直线为旋转轴，将该正方形旋转一周所得圆柱的侧面积等于( ) A．2πB．π C．2 D．1 解析：所得圆柱体的底面半径为1，母线长为1，所以其侧面积S＝2π×1×1＝2π，故选A. 答案：A 3．一个侧面积为4π的圆柱，其正视图、俯视图是如图所示的两个边长相等的正方形，则与这个圆柱具有相同的正视图、俯视图的三棱柱的相应的侧视图可以为( )
解析：三棱柱一定有两个侧面垂直，故只能是选项C中的图形． 答案：C 4．(2016·郑州质量预测)已知长方体的底面是边长为1的正方形，高为2，其俯视图是一个面积为1的正方形，侧视图是一个面积为2的矩形，则该长方体的正视图的面积等于( ) A．1 B.2 C．2 D．22 解析：由题意知，所求正视图是底边长为2，腰长为2的正方形，其面积与侧视图面积相等为2. 答案：C 5．(2016·河北五校联考)某四面体的三视图如图，则其四个面中最大的面积是( ) A．2 B．22 C. 3 D．23 解析：在正方体ABCD－A1B1C1D1中还原出三视图的直观图，其是一个三个顶点在正方体的右侧面、一个顶点在左侧面的三棱锥，即为D1-BCB1，如图所示，其四个面的面积分别为2,22，22，23，故选D. 答案：D 6.(2016·郑州模拟)如图是一个四面体的三视图，这三个视图均是腰长为2的等腰直角三角形，正视图和俯视图中的虚线是三角形的中线，则该四面体的体积为( )
一、选择题 1．设f (x )是定义在R 上的奇函数，当x ＜0时，f ′(x )＞0，且f (0)＝0，f ? ??? ? －12＝0，则不等式f (x )＜0的解集为( ) A.??? x ???? ??x ＜12 B.??? x ???? ??0＜x ＜12 C.??? x ??????x ＜－12或0＜x ＜12 D.? ?? x ? ??? ?? －1 2≤x ≤0或x ≥12 【解析】 如图所示，根据图象得不等式f (x )＜0的解集为 ??? x ? ???? ?x ＜－12或0＜x ＜12. 【答案】 C 2．已知函数f (x )＝13x 3 －2x 2＋3m ，x ∈[0，＋∞)，若f (x )＋5≥0恒成立，则实数m 的取值范围是( ) A.?????? 179，＋∞ B.? ???? 179，＋∞ C ．(－∞，2] D ．(－∞，2) 【解析】 f ′(x )＝x 2－4x ，由f ′(x )＞0，得x ＞4或x ＜0. ∴f (x )在(0,4)上递减，在(4，＋∞)上递增， ∴当x ∈[0，＋∞)时，f (x )min ＝f (4)． ∴要使f (x )＋5≥0恒成立，只需f (4)＋5≥0恒成立即可，代入解得m ≥17 9. 【答案】 A 3．若存在正数x 使2x (x －a )＜1成立，则a 的取值范围是( ) A ．(－∞，＋∞) B ．(－2，＋∞) C ．(0，＋∞) D ．(－1，＋∞)
【解析】 ∵2x (x －a )＜1，∴a ＞x －1 2x . 令f (x )＝x －1 2x ，∴f ′(x )＝1＋2－x ln 2＞0. ∴f (x )在(0，＋∞)上单调递增， ∴f (x )＞f (0)＝0－1＝－1， ∴a 的取值范围为(－1，＋∞)，故选D. 【答案】 D 4．(2017·安徽黄山一模，12)已知函数f (x )＝m ? ???? x －1x －2ln x (m ∈R )，g (x )＝ －m x ，若至少存在一个x 0∈[1，e]，使得f (x 0)＜g (x 0)成立，则实数m 的取值范围是( ) A.? ? ???－∞，2e B.? ? ???－∞，2e C ．(－∞，0] D ．(－∞，0) 【解析】 由题意，不等式f (x )＜g (x )在[1，e]上有解，∵mx ＜2ln x 在[1，e]上有解，即m 2＜ln x x 在[1，e]上有解，令h (x )＝ln x x ，则h ′(x )＝1－ln x x 2，当1≤x ≤e 时，h ′(x )≥0，∴在[1，e]上，h (x )max ＝h (e)＝1e ，∴m 2＜1e ，∴m ＜2 e .∴m 的取值范围是? ? ? ??－∞，2e .故选B. 【答案】 B 5．(2017·山东师范大学附中二模)已知定义在R 上的可导函数f (x )的导函数为f ′(x )，满足f ′(x )＜f (x )，且f (x ＋2)为偶函数，f (4)＝1，则不等式f (x )＜e x 的解集为( ) A ．(－2，＋∞) B ．(0，＋∞) C ．(1，＋∞) D ．(4，＋∞) 【解析】 由f (x ＋2)为偶函数可知函数f (x )的图象关于x ＝2对称，则f (4)＝f (0)＝1.令F (x )＝f (x ) e x ，则F ′(x )＝ f ′(x )－f (x )e x ＜0.∴函数F (x )在R 上单调递减． 又f (x )＜e x 等价于f (x ) e x ＜1，∴F (x )＜F (0)，∴x ＞0.
2011年高考语文大纲版一轮复习知能演练场 第三部分专题十四第一讲写景状物散文 知能演练场 一、(2010·全国高考卷Ⅱ)阅读下面的文字，完成1～4题。 岳桦 任林举 第一次去长白山，是1995年的夏天。也是从那时起，才知道岳桦是一种树的名字。那是一种只在长白山上才有的树。 那时的长白山，还没有进行旅游开发，没有什么所谓的“景点”，许多人去长白山，只有一个目的，就是看天池。我们大概也是那个样子，所以一爬上汽车，人们的心和飞旋的车轮就达成高度的默契，一路盘旋而上，直奔峰顶。尽管一路上的好花、好树、好景层出不穷，但似乎都与我们无关。过后，当我重新翻阅那天的记忆时，除太阳未出时的美人松剪影和最后的那泓天池水还算清晰，中间大部分片段都是些红绿交错、模模糊糊的虚影，如一张张焦距没有对准的照片。 只有那些岳桦树，对于我来说，是一个意外，也是一个惊奇。 接近山顶时，我无意中将疲惫的目光从嘈杂的人群转向车外，突然，我感觉到，有什么我不知道的事情正在发生或已经发生。那些树，纷纷沿着山体将身躯匍匐下去，并在斜上方把树梢吃力地翘起。在透明的、微微颤抖的空气里，我仿佛看到一种神秘的力量或意志，正加到这些树的躯干之上，使这些倔强的生命在挣扎中发出了粗重的喘息和尖利的叫喊。 这些树的名字，就叫做岳桦。 本来，树与树并立于一处时应该叫做林或森林，但许许多多的岳桦树并存一处时，我们却无法以“林”这个字来定义这个集体。因为它们并不是站立，而是匍匐，像一些藏在掩体下准备冲锋或被火力压制于某一高地之下的士兵那样，集体卧伏于长白山靠近天池的北坡。如果非给它们一个词不可的话，也许叫“阵”或“阵营”更合适一些。那么，构成这个巨大阵营的，到底是怎样的一支队伍？它们到底肩负怎样的使命？ 我不知道白桦和岳桦在血缘上有什么联系，不知道它们到底是不是同一种植物，但我坚信，它们彼此是迥然不同的，就算当初它们的生命基因都来自同一棵白桦树上的同一颗种子。 白桦生在山下，与溪水、红枫相伴，过着养尊处优、风流浪漫的日子，风来起舞，雨来婆娑，春天一顶翠绿的冠，秋日满头金色的发，享尽人间的艳羡，占尽色彩的风流，如幸运的富家子弟，如万人追捧的明星。而岳桦却命里注定难逃绝境，放眼身前身后的
[综合演练] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．(2019·福建泉州模拟)Get yourself familiar with local laws and customs of the countries to which you are travelling. 2．(2019·泰安模拟)The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those whose lives were affected. 3．(2019·重庆巴蜀中学一诊)In today's competitive economy, where everyone is trying to do more with less, you've got to figure out a way to profit from the very beginning. 4．(2019·辽宁沈阳模拟)At that time I was in Texas and I had a friend whose family business was running hotels. 5．(2019·广西柳州铁路一中模拟)To the Egyptians, green is a color which/that represents the hope and joy of spring, while for Muslims, it means heaven. 6．(2019·黄山模拟)Cultural shock is a feeling which/that most travelers experience in a foreign country where they find the culture is quite different from that of their own. 7．(2019·龙岩质检改编)Tibet is such a place as all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting. 8．(2019·河北鸡泽一中模拟)This woman has set a good example to her son, who is a really lucky guy. 9．(2019·揭阳调研)The watch, which was a gift from his father, was very important to him and he was determined to find it. 10．(2019·河南新乡一中模拟)The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of whom left their village homes for a better life in the city. Ⅱ.单句改错 1．(2019·福建泉州模拟)At the same time, another student, that saw everything, went up to help. saw everything, went up to help. 答案：At the same time, another student, that who 2．(2019·揭阳调研)I've been prepared for the coming entrance exam, that is vital for me and my future life. is vital for me and my future 答案：I've been prepared for the coming entrance exam, that which life. 3．(2019·邢台模拟)I sat next to Hailey, that was my first friend there. was my first friend there. 答案：I sat next to Hailey, that who 4．(2019·辽宁沈阳模拟)My father was easily cheated, what surprised me. 答案：My father was easily cheated, what surprised me. which
第二部分专题一第4讲 【真题达标组】 A (2019全国卷Ⅱ，C) Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e－book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel's “me” time. And like more Americans, she's not alone. A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore,74 percent，according to statistics from the report. “I prefer to go out and be out. Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book. Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today，I just wanted some time to myself，” she said. Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first－name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week，” he said. “It's a chance for self－reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.” That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over. Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，”said Laurie Demerit, whose company provided the statistics for the report. ()1.What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about? A．Food variety. B．Eating habits. C．Table manners. D．Restaurant service. ()2.Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch? A．To meet with her coworkers. B．To catch up with her work. C．To have some time on her own. D．To collect data for her report.
第一编专题四第1讲重点四 第一组 Ⅰ. 语法填空 (2018·湖北八校高三第一次联考) China has always been famous for being a “State of Etiquette(礼仪)”. According to historical documents，as early as 2,600 years ago，this nation has already established a thorough set __1. of__ dining etiquette. A famous 19th century Russian writer，Anton Chekhov，once invited a Chinese man __2. to have__ (have) a drink in a bar Chekhov said，“Before drinking from his cup，he held __3. it__ with his hands and presented to me and the bar owner and bartenders，__4. saying__ (say) ’qing (please)’. This is the custom of China. They are not like us to finish it in one drink，__5. but__ prefer to drink by taking a small amount at a time. With every sip(一小口)，he __6. ate__ ( eat ) some food. Afterwards he handed me some Chinese __7. coins__ (coin) to show gratitude. This is a rather interestingly polite nationality. . . ”This was the most valuable opinion of a Chinese person __8. that__ was given by a foreigner two centuries ago. Chinese traditional dinner procedures used to be long and dealt __9. seriously__ (serious) with；the __10. more important__ (important) the occasion，the more complex the procedures were. 文章大意：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过讲述一位俄罗斯作家招待一个中国人的经过，描述了中国人的就餐礼仪。 ?解析：考查固定搭配。根据历史文献记载，早在2 600年前，这个国家就已经建立了一套完整的就餐礼仪。a set of为固定搭配，意为“一套，一系列”。 ?解析：考查动词不定式。19世纪时一位名叫Anton Chekhov的俄罗斯作家邀请一个中国人去酒吧喝酒。invite sb. to do sth. 是固定搭配，意为“邀请某人做某事”，故用动词不定式to have。 ?解析：考查代词。根据该句中的“Before drinking from his cup，he held __3__ with his hands”可知，空处指代该句中的“cup”，故用it。在喝酒之前，他手举着杯子，向“我”和酒吧老板及酒吧服务员说“请”。 ?解析：考查现在分词。该句主语为he，和动词say之间为逻辑上的主谓关系；空处和谓语动词held和presented之间为伴随关系，故用现在分词作伴随状语。 ?解析：考查连词。空前表示他们不像我们那样一口喝下，空后表示他们更喜欢一次喝一小口；根据上下文可知，空处前后为转折关系，故用转折连词but。 ?解析：考查动词的时态。根据该段第一句中的“A famous 19th century Russian
专题一阅读理解 第四讲词义猜测类 真题验证 A (2017·天津，C)导学号 47404020 This month, Germany's transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver's role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi－autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property(财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel—to check email, say—the car's maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK. An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’， people expect driverless cars，” Merat says. “You know—no driver.” Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in
第一讲散文常识、高效读文及选择题突破 突破一掌握散文的基本常识 散文，是专指与诗歌、小说、戏剧并列的一种文学体裁，指不讲究韵律的散体文章，包括杂文、随笔、游记等，是一种篇幅较小、笔调灵活、形式多样的文学形式。 一、散文特点 1．形散神不散。这是散文的基本特点。可以说散文的这一基本特征决定了读懂散文的难度要远高于读懂小说。 作者借助想象与联想，由此及彼，由浅入深，由实而虚地依次写来，可以融情于景、寄情于事、寓情于物、托物言志，表达作者的真情实感，实现物我的统一，展现出更深远的思想，使读者领会更深的道理。 3．语言优美凝练，富于文采。 二、散文分类 1．叙事散文。
以写人记事为主的散文。这类散文对人和事的叙述和描绘较为具体、突出，同时表现作者的认识和感受，也带有浓厚的抒情成分，字里行间充满饱满的感情。根据该类散文内容的侧重点不同，又可将它区分为记事散文和写人散文。例如：鲁迅的《从百草园到三味书屋》就是以记事为主的散文。 2．抒情散文。 这类散文也有对具体事物的记叙和描绘，但通常没有贯穿全篇的情节，其突出的特点是强烈的抒情性。它或直抒胸臆，或触景生情，洋溢着浓烈的诗情画意，即使描写的是自然风物，也赋予了深刻的社会内容和思想感情。 3．写景散文。 以描绘景物为主的散文。这类文章多是在描绘景物的同时抒发感情，或借景抒情，或寓情于景。生动的景物描绘，不但可以交代背景，渲染气氛，而且可以烘托人物的思想感情，更好地表现主题。 4．哲理散文。 善于抓住哲理闪光的瞬间，形诸笔墨，写就内涵丰厚、耐人寻味的美文。时常涵咏这类美文，自然能在潜移默化中受到启迪和熏陶，洗礼和升华，这种内化作用无疑是巨大的。 三、阅读方法 散文阅读，重点是把握其“形”与“神”的关系。散文阅读应注意以下几点： 1．读散文要识得文眼。 凡是构思精巧、富有意境或写得含蓄的诗文，往往都有“眼”的安置。鉴赏散文时，要全力找出能揭示全篇旨趣和有画龙点睛妙用的“文眼”，以便领会作者为文的缘由与目的。“文眼”的设置因文而异，可以是一个字、一句话、一个细节、一缕情丝，乃至一景一物。 “文眼”就是一篇文章构思的焦点。围绕着这个焦点，把零散的材料组织起来，统一起来，使文章形成一个有机的整体。可见，“文眼”既是全文的主旨，又是行文线索。在散文中，“文眼”往往是一段深含哲理的话、或是包含情感的词语、或是表达深刻感受的句子。它可能出现在标题、篇首、篇末、篇中。有的文眼本身就是中心句。 2．读散文要读懂意境。 散文中的“意”是作者在文中流露出的思想感情，这种感情必须有所寄托，或借景以抒情，或托物以言志，或因事以明理。这可寄托的景、物、事就是“境”。 “意境”是作者通过对具体事物的描写，使读者如临其境，产生与作者的境界相似的感受，引起心灵的共鸣。“意境”必须是情景交融的，单纯的景物描写谈不上意境。“意境”应该是外在的境界的景物与作者心中的境界的喜怒哀乐的高度统一，是外物与内情的自然融合，是包含作者感情的艺术画面。 3．读散文要抓住线索。 读散文要抓住线索，理清作者思路，准确把握文章的立意。结构是文章的骨架，线索是
专题一 “概念辨析”专题 第四讲 水圈、自然带 【易错概念1】高山冰雪融水补给、冬季积雪融水补给 高山冰雪融水：指的是高大山脉地区，山 顶永久性冰川的融水和冬季积雪融水的总称。以这种补给为主的河流，冬季无河水（断流），春季流量先增多后减少，夏季流量最大。春季河流流量增多是因为积雪融化，随着积雪融化结束，流量减小；夏季河流流量最大，是因为山顶永久性冰川随气温升高，融化量增大。我国以这种补给为主的河流，主要分布在西北地区。 冬季积雪融水：我国东北地区，纬度较高，冬季积雪量较大；山脉较低，无永久性冰川。冬季河流结冰，春季河流径流量先增多后减少，夏季流量最大。春季河流流量增多是因为积雪融化，随着积雪融化结束，流量减小；夏季河流流量最大，是因为夏季风带来丰沛的雨水。 【经典例题】 （期末复习单选题训练二）左图为我国某河流河道示意图，甲为一河心沙洲，P 河道为该河主航道，右图为沙洲一年内面积变化统计图。读图完成1～2题： 1. 该河流的基本流向是 A ．自东向西流 B ．自西向东流 C ．自东北向西北方向流 D ．自西南向东北方向流 2. 根据图中信息判断，关于该河流说法正确的是 ①位于我国西北地区 ②有 春汛现象 ③夏季以雨水补给为主 ④河流含沙量大 A ．①③ B ．②③ C ．①④ D ．②④ 【易错概念2】凌汛 凌汛指的是冰凌堵塞河道，河水上涨的现象。凌汛的产生，需要同时具备两个条件：①河流有结冰期；②河流由较低纬度流向较高纬度。 【经典例题】 （期末复习双选题训练）青藏高原拥有庞大的淡水资源，“藏水北调”的设想引起极大关注和争论。读图回答第3-4题。 ) 东北地区某河流月平均流量 西北地区某河流月平均流量
第1讲古代诗歌鉴赏选择题 选择题(4选1)这一命题形式在注重考查考生对诗歌全面理解、扩大考点覆盖面的同时，也降低了试题的难度。艺术技巧判断错误和诗人观点态度理解错误是选择题的高频设错点，更加侧重对诗句意思的准确理解，特别是对诗句中关键词的理解是近几年的命题新趋势。选择题和主观题只是题型的区别，考查内容和角度没有变化。因此，答题时，考生只要在读懂诗歌的基础上，找到选项的设误点，仔细分析，认真比对，就可以顺利作答。 一、命题人命制错误选项的“8大方式”和应对策略 (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)阅读下面这首宋诗，完成后面的题目。 题许道宁画① 陈与义 满眼长江水，苍然何郡山？ 向来万里意，今在一窗间。 众木俱含晚，孤云遂不还。 此中有佳句，吟断不相关。 【注】①许道宁：北宋画家。 下列对这首诗的赏析，不正确的一项是( ) 选项选项表述 A 这首题画诗写景兼抒情，并未刻意进行雕琢，却能够于简淡中见新奇。 B 山水是这幅画的主要元素，特别是江水，占据了画面上大部分的篇幅。 C 诗人透过一扇小窗远距离欣赏这幅画作，领略其表现的辽阔万里之势。 D 颈联具体写到苍茫暮色中的树木与浮云，也蕴含了欣赏者的主观感受。 里江山浓缩在尺牍之间的画作里。] ?应对策略古诗中有大量词语为古今异义词，某些句子有特殊语言现象，解读时要充分调动积累，联系语境，以求精确理解。
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)阅读下面这首宋诗，完成后面的题目。 送子由使契丹 苏轼 云海相望寄此身，那因远适更沾巾。 不辞驿骑凌风雪，要使天骄识凤麟。 沙漠回看清禁月①，湖山应梦武林春②。 单于若问君家世，莫道中朝第一人③。 【注】①清禁：皇宫。苏辙时任翰林学士，常出入宫禁。②武林：杭州的别称。苏轼时知杭州。③唐代李揆被皇帝誉为“门地、人物、文学皆当世第一”。后来入吐蕃会盟，酋长问他：“闻唐有第一人李揆，公是否？”李揆怕被扣留，骗他说：“彼李揆，安肯来邪？” 本诗尾联用了唐代李揆的典故，以下对此进行的赏析不正确的两项是( ) 选项选项表述 A 本联用李揆的典故准确贴切，因为苏轼兄弟在当时声名卓著，与李揆非常相似。 B 中原地域辽阔，人才济济，豪杰辈出，即使卓越如苏氏兄弟，也不敢自居第一。 C 从李揆的故事推断，如果苏辙承认自己的家世第一，很有可能被契丹君主扣留。 D 苏轼告诫苏辙，作为大国使臣，切莫以家世傲人，而要展示出谦恭的君子风度。 E 苏轼与苏辙兄弟情深，此时更为远行的弟弟担心，希望他小心谨慎，平安归来。 风度”错。这两项都是从苏轼要求弟弟苏辙谦虚处世的角度分析的。结合诗歌内容及注释可知，苏轼用这个典故是出于对弟弟的安全的考虑，告诫他要小心谨慎，希望他平安归来。] (2015·北京卷)阅读下面这首词，完成后面的题目。 醉翁操① 苏轼 琅然，清圆，谁弹？响空山。无言，惟翁醉中知其天。月明风露娟娟，人未眠。荷蒉过山前，曰有心也哉此贤②。 醉翁啸咏，声和流泉。醉翁去后，空有朝吟夜怨。山有时而童巅③，水有时而回川，思翁无岁年。翁今为飞仙，此意在人间，试听徽外三两弦④。 【注】①据本词序，欧阳修喜爱琅琊幽谷的山川奇丽、泉鸣空涧，常把酒临听，欣然忘归。后沈遵作琴曲《醉翁操》，崔闲记谱，请苏轼填词。②蒉：草筐。《论语·宪问》：“子击磬于卫，有荷蒉而过孔氏之门者，曰：‘有心哉，击磬乎！’”③童巅：山顶光秃，山无草木曰童。④徽：琴徽，系弦之绳。此处代指琴。
第1讲人口、城市与交通 [考纲原文]１、不同人口增长模式得主要特点及地区分布；人口迁移得主要原因;环境承载力与人口合理容量得区别。2、城市得空间结构及其形成原因；不同规模城市服务功能得差异;城市化得过程与特点,城市化对地理环境得影响。３、交通运输方式与布局得变化对聚落空间形态与商业网点布局得影响。 高考题组一人口变化 (２０１4·江苏地理)19８0年我国开始执行一对夫妇只能生育一胎得计划生育政策,2013年启动实施一方就是独生子女得夫妇可生育两个孩子得政策。图1就是1９78年以来我国人口自然增长率变化图,图２就是我国未来基于不同生育政策得出生人口规模预测图。读图，回答1~2题。
1.198０年我国执行计划生育政策后( ） A.人口规模开始下降 B.人口规模持续增加 C．人口增速开始减慢 D.人口规模保持稳定 ２.不同生育政策可能对我国未来人口产生得影响就是（） Ａ.全面放开二孩,人口增长速度将持续增加 B.生育政策不变，人口规模在未来30年持续下降 C.放开单独二孩，人口年龄结构将得到一定程度得改善 D.放开单独二孩,人口出生率在未来30年持续上升 答案1、B 2、C 解析第1题，图1中显示1980年后我国人口自然增长率经历先上升后下降,再上升又下降得过程，所以人口增速经历了先变快后变慢,再变快又变慢得过程,故C错;图中显示得人口自然增长率一直在0以上，故人口规模一直在增加,所以A、D错,B正确。第２题，图2显示全面放开二孩后，出生人口数先增后降,故A错;生育政策不变,则出生人口数量会持续下降,但只要人口自然增长率大于0，人口规模就不会下降,故Ｂ错;放开单独二孩,出生人口数与目前相比,开始有小幅上涨,且在2022年后出生人口数与目前相比少,这说明人口出生率并没有持续上升,故D错;而放开单独二孩与生育政策不变情况相比，出生人口数有所增加,故可改善人口年龄结构,所以Ｃ正确。 （20１4·新课标全国文综Ⅰ）下图显示某国移民人数及其占总人口比例得变化。读下图，完成3～4题。 3.下图所示得①、②、③、④四幅图中,符合该国人口增长特点得就是( ) A.① B.② C.③ D.④ ４.该国人口自然增长数量最多得时段为() Ａ.191０~19３０年?B．1930~195０年 C.1950~19７0年? D.１97０~1990年 答案3、A 4、C