C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word
（he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.）
1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the
word just automatically suggest the animal in question.
1.3 sound and form ：
1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性
frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词
borrowed words
外来词
denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词
translation-loans 译借词
semantic-loans 借义词
1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin
2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly
3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition
4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点
C h a p t e r2
D e v e l o p m e n t
It is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.
2.1 Indo-European
印欧语Eastern set
：
东部诸语族：
Western set：
西部诸语族：
Balto-Slavic 波罗的海-斯拉夫语
Indo-Iranian 印度-伊朗语
Armenian 亚美尼亚语
Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语
Celtic 凯尔特语
Italic 意大利语
Hellenic 希腊语——Greek
Germanic 日耳曼语
Persian 波斯语
Bengali 孟加拉国语
Hindi 印地语
Romany 普吉赛语
Prussian 普鲁士语
Lithuanian 立陶宛语
Polish 波兰语
Czech 捷克语
Bulgarian 保加利亚语
Slovenian 斯洛文尼亚语
Russian 俄语
Norwegian 挪威语
Icelandic 冰岛语
Danish 丹麦语
Swedish 瑞典语
German 德语
Dutch 荷兰语
Flemish 佛兰德语
English 英语
Portuguese 葡萄牙语
Spanish 西班牙语
French 法语
Italian 意大利语
Roumanian 罗马尼亚语
Scottish 苏格兰语
Irish 爱尔兰语
Welsh 威尔士语
Breton 布里多尼语
Scandinavian languages
斯堪的纳维亚语
Latin 拉丁语言
2.2 Historical review 历史概述
2.3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary
2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development
50000-60000 words 5万~6万间词汇 Highly inflected 高度转折 complex endings 复杂的结尾 vowel changes 元音变化
French words 法语词汇 leveled endings 水平结尾 Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语 Late Modern English (1700-up to the present) 晚期现代英语
Borrow 借词
new words 新词 no endings 无结尾 from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language 。 从古英语的综合型语言发展成了现在的分析型语言。 the rapid development of modern science and technology （45 ％ ） 现代科学和技术的迅猛发展（ 45 ％ ）
social, economic and political changes （11 ％ ） 社会，经济和政治的变化（ 11 ％ ）
the influence of other cultures and languages （ 24 ％ ） 其它文化和语言的影响（ 24 ％ ） Creation 创词 —— formation of new words, most important semantic change 旧词新义 —— old form with new meaning, new usages
borrowing 借词 —— vital role
Old English (450--1150) —— Anglo-Saxon 古英语 盎格鲁-撒克逊语
Middle English (1150-1500)
中古英语
Modern English (1500-up to now)
现代英语
three main sources 三种主要来源
3.1 Morphemes 词素
Definition: These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is "the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words".词素是―构词中最小功能单位‖。 3.2 Allomorphs 语素变体
Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. 'They are actual spoken , minimal carriers of meaning'. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone. 词素是一个音素发音的语素。词素是真正能发音的最小的意义载体。 morpheme 3.3 Types of Morphemes
3.4 Root and Stem
The affixation and compounding involve different word-forming elements
词缀法和混合涉及不同的词语构成因素
monomorphemic words ：can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. 单语素词 在句子中独立起作用 allomorphs ：the alternative morphs of the same morpheme 词素变体 可替换语素（音标）的相同词素 free morpheme —— free root 自由语素
自由词根
bound morpheme 粘着语素 bound root ：fundamental meaning 粘着词根 基本意义 affix 词缀（附加物） attach, modify 附着，修饰 Inflectional affix —— attached to the end of words 附在词尾 曲折词缀 Grammatical relationships 文法关系
derivational affix
派生词缀
prefix 前缀 Suffix 后缀 affix 词缀 root or stem 词根或词干
Independent 独立
free grammatical units 自由的语法单位 complete meanings 完整的意义
Word formation 构词的方式
4.1 Affixation 词缀法 falls into two subclasses （子类）:
Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation , for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives .
词缀法可定义为通过给词干加结构词词缀或派生词缀构成新词的一种构词方法。用这种方法构成的词叫派生构词。因为通过这种方式创造的新词是从旧词派生而来。通过这种方式造出的词叫做―派生词‖。 4.1.1 Prefixation 前缀法 we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups 我们可以在语义基础上将前缀分为九类
Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. 前缀法是在词干上加上前缀构词的一种方法，前缀一般不改变词干的词类，只对词干的意义进行修饰。
affixation (30%-40%) 词缀法（ 30 ％ -40 ％ ） compounding (28%-30%) 复合法（ 28 ％ -30 ％ ） conversion (26%) 转化法（ 26 ％ ） shortening (8%-10%) 缩略法 （ 8 ％ -10 ％ ） blending and other means (1%-5%) 拼缀法和其他方法（ 1 ％-5% ） clipping 删节 acronymy 首字母缩略法 prefixation 前缀法 —— before the word, modify the meaning 前置，改词意 suffixation 后缀法 —— after the word, change word class 后置，改词性 Negative prefixes 否定前缀 Reversative prefixes 逆反前缀 Pejorative prefixes 贬义前缀 Prefixes of degree or size 程度大小前缀 Prefixes of orientation and attitude 倾向态度前缀
Locative prefixes 方位前缀
Prefixes of time and order 时间顺序前缀 Number prefixes 数字前缀 Miscellaneous prefixes 多种前缀
4.1.2 Suffixation 后缀法
Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem .Suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class.
后缀法是在词干加上后缀来构成新词。不像主要改变词干意义的前缀，后缀的只有很小语义作用，其主要功能是改变词干的语法功能。换句话说，他们主要是改变词性。
Noun suffixes
名词后缀
Adjective suffixes 形容词后缀
Adverb suffixes: -ly,-ward (s),-wise 副词后缀 Verb suffixes ：-ate,-en,- (i)fy,-ize (-ise) 动词后缀 1) Denominal nouns 名词派生来的名词
2) Deverbal nouns 动词派生来的名词
3) De-adjective nouns :-ity,-ness 由形容词转化为名词
4) Noun and adjective suffixes :-ese,-an,-ist 名词和形容词后缀
a. Concrete 具体名词 –eer,-er,-ess,-ette,-ter
b. Abstract 抽象名词 –age,-dom,-ery(-ry),-hood,-ing,-ism,-ship a. The following suffixes combine with verb stems to create largely nouns denoting people, -ant ，-ee ，-ent ，-er （-or ） 下面这组后缀加在动词词干上构成新词，主要表示人，。。。 b. Suffixes of this group added to verb stems to produce largely abstract nouns, denoting action, result, process, state, etc ：-al ，-age ，-ance ，-ation(-ition,-tion,-sion,-ion)，-ence ，-ing ，-ment 下面这组后缀加在动词词干上，主要构成抽象名词，表示动作、结果、过程、状态等。。。
1) Denominal suffixes ：-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y 名词派生的后缀（加名词后） 2) Deverbal suffixes:-able （-ible ），-ive （-ative ，-sive ） 动词派生的后缀（加动词后）
4.2 Compounding 复合法
Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.
复合法，同样也被称作合成法,是指由两个或者更多的词干相结合而构成的新词，此种方式形成的词被称为复合词。所以，复合词是―由多于一个以上的词干组成的，同时具有一个词的语法功能和意义功能的词汇单位‖。
4.2.1 Characteristics of Compounds 复合词的特征 Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects: 复合词和自由词组不同于三个方面
4.4.2 Formation of Compounds 复合词的形成
4.3 Conversion 转化法
1).Phonetic features 语音特点
—— first element stress 第一个构词成分重音 2).Semantic features 语义特点 —— unity, as one word 统一性，如同个单词
3).Grammatical features 语法特点 —— single grammatical role 独立的语法作用 Noun compounds 名词性复合词 Adjective compounds 形容词性复合词
Verb compounds 动词复合词 conversion 反转 backformation -er, -ing, -ion 逆序法
1.Conversion to noun
转化为名词
2. Conversion to verbs 转化为动词
3.Miscellaneous conversion
混合反转
1) Verb to noun 动词转名词
2) Adjective to noun 形容词转名词
(1) State (of mind or sensation) 状态（心理或感觉） (2) Event or activity 事件或行动 (3) Result of the action
行动的结果 (4) Doer of the action 行动的发出者 (5) Tool or instrument to do the action with 行动的工具 (6) Place of the action 行动的地点 (1) Words fully converted 完全转化的词 (2) Words partially converted 部分转化的词 (3) Miscellaneous conversion 多种转化 (1) To put in or on N 放入名词
(2) To give N or to provide with N 提供名词 (3) To remove N from 从……消除名词 (4) To do with N 用名词做……
(5) To be or act as N 象名词一样起作用 (6) To make or change into N 变成名词 (7)
To send or go by N 用名词送去
（1）Voiceless to voiced consonant 清辅音变浊辅音
（2）Initial to end stress 字首重音变字尾重音
Phrasal verbs to nouns: Keep original order Invert the verb and particle: p+v
动词小品词出现反转
1）Noun to verb 名词变动词
2）Adjective to verb 形容词变动词
Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class, without the addition of an affix. Hence the name zero-derivation.
转类法是将一种词类转化为另一种词类构成新词的方法。这些词在语法意义上是新词。既然这些词在形态结 构上不便，只在功能上有变化，这一转类过程也叫做功能转换。一般认为，转类法是单词不添加词缀而直接 转化为一个新词的派生构词的过程。这一过程由于不加词缀，所以又称零派生。
4.4 blending 拼缀法，混合词 blends fall into four major groups:
Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words. 拼缀法是通过合并两个词的某些部分或一个词与另外一个词的另一部分相加起来构成新词。 以此种方式构成的词被称作为拼缀词或拼级词。
4.5 Clipping 截短法，删减法
There are four common types of clipping:
Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping. 另一个常见的构词法时将原词的一部分截去，只用剩下来的一部分构成新词，这种方法叫截短法。
4.6 Acronym 首字母缩词法
1. Front clipping 前删
2. Back clipping
后删
3. Front and back clipping 前后删
4. Phrase clipping 删短语 1. head + tail 头＋尾 2.
head + head 头＋头 3. head + word 头＋整词 4.
word + tail 整词＋尾
Initialisms 首字母缩略词
Acronyms 首字母拼音词 1. Letters represent full words
字母代表所有词 2. Letters represent constituents in a compound or just parts of a word 字母代表复合词或者只是一个词的几部分 Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. 一个字母一个字母念。 Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.
首字母拼音词是由字母组合在一起作为一个标准单词拼音的词。
4.7 Back-formation 逆构法
Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs. 逆构法被认为是后缀法的相反过程。由逆构法生成的词多半是动词。
Formation of new words by removing the supposed suffixes Style: informal 非正式 通过消除假想的后缀的方法来构词的方式
4.8 words from proper nouns 专有名词转化而来的词
Style: vivid, impressive, thought-provoking 生动，印象深刻，发人深省的
? 定义模式：it‘s the formation of new words by doing …(doing 是主要动词，可替换为add, cut, join/combine, change) ? 分类：
1)词的自身长度变化(变形)：加减法
加：affixation ，减：clipping, back-formation
2)词间组合：整体组合：compound; 部分组合：blending; 字母组合：acronymy
3)词的自身变化:变性:conversion; 变态/变位:words from proper names (普通化/特殊变为普通)
Abstract nouns 抽象名词 Human nouns 人类名词 Compound nouns and others 复合名词和其他 Adjectives 形容词
names of people 人名
names of places 地名 names of books 书名 trade names 商业名称
C h a p t e r 5 W o r d M e a n i n g 词义 5.1 Meanings of meaning Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. 词只是符号，许多词只有获得参照后才有意义。参照是语言与周围世界的关系。
Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. 意义与概念有紧密的联系，但并不等同。他们都直接与参照相关，都是词的概念，但属于不同的范畴。
Generally speaking, the meaning of ?meaning‘ is perhaps what is termed ?sense‘. Unlike reference, ?sense‘ denotes the relatio nships inside the language. Every word that-has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)
一般来说，?意义'的意义也许就是―语感‖ 。不像参照，―语感‖表示的是语言内部的关系。有意义的每个词都有语感，但并不是每个词都有参照物。 5.2 Motivation 动机 Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 动机是语言符号和它意义之间的关系。
5.3 Types of Meaning 意义的类型
Word-meaning is not monogeneous but a composite consisting of different parts. These are known in familiar terms as different types of meaning. 词义并非是成分单一的，而是由不同部分组合的复合物。这些在熟悉的术语中通常称作不同类型的意义。
Reference
参照 Concept 概念 Sense 语感
Onomatopoeic Motivation 象声动机 ：sounds suggest meanings, imitating natural sounds or noises 声音暗指意义，模仿自然的声音 Morphological Motivation 形态动机 ：the meanings are the sum total of the morphemes combined 组合词素的综合 Semantic Motivation 语义动机 Etymological Motivation 词源动机 ：the meanings often relate to the origin 与来源有关
the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word 词的概念所指的精神联系 the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense 文字语义和寓意间的联系
Grammatical Meaning 语法意义 Lexical Meaning 词法的意义 1. Connotative meaning 内涵意义 2. Stylistic meaning 文体意义 3. Affective meaning 情感意义 4. Collocative meaning 搭配意义 appreciative 褒义 pejorative 贬义
Conceptual Meaning 概念意义 Associative Meaning 联系意义
C h a p t e r6S e n s e R e l a t i o n s a n d S e m a n t i c F i e l d语义关系和语义场
sense relations
语义关系
6.1 Polysemy 歧义
Definition:the words with more than one senses or which can be used to express more meanings 一词多义。
6.1.1Two approches to Polysemy:
歧义的两个角度
6.1.2Two Processes of Development:
发展的两个过程diachronic approach. 历时的角度: growth and development 成长和发展
primary meaning 基本义----derived meaning 派生义synchronic approach. 共时的角度: coexistence 共存
central meaning 中心义----sencondary meaning 次要义
(secondary ----sometimes dominant 有时占优势)
polysemy 歧义
homonymy 同音异义
synonymy 同义
antonymy 反义
hyponymy 上下位关系
radiation辐射型: center, every direction like rays;
independent; back to central meaning. e.g: neck (多个意思同时并存)
concatenation连锁型: move away from first sense by shifts;
no connection with original meaning; Later meaning is related to preceding one.
eg. : treacle, candidate （剩下一个意思）
6.2 homonymy 同音异义
Definition: words have different meanings but identical sounds or spelling 声音拼写相同意义不同。 6.2.1 Types of Homonyms 同音异义的种类
6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms ：changes in sound and spelling; Borrowing; Shortening 同音异义的起源 声音和拼写的变化，借词，缩短 6.2.3 Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants
同音异义词和歧义词的区别
6.2.4 Rhetoric Features of Homonyms ：create puns for desired effect --- humour, sarcasm, ridicule 同音异义词的修饰特点 为预期的效果制造双关语——幽默，讽刺，嘲笑
6.3 Synonymy 同义词
6.3.1 Definition of Synonyms 同义词定义
Synonyms can be defined as word different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. 同义词可定义为在读音和拼写上不同但在意义却很相似或完全一样的词。
Perfect homonyms: identical sounds and spelling 完全同形同音异义词
Homographs: identical spelling 同形异音异义词 Homophones: identical sound---most common 同音异形异义词
Perfect homonyms: identical sounds and spelling 完全同形同音异义词
Homographs: identical spelling 同形异音异义词 Homophones: identical sound---most common 同音异形异义词
6.3.2 Types of Synonyms 同义词的类型
6.3.3 Sources of Synonyms
同义词的来源
6.3.4 Discrimination of Synonyms
同义词的辨别
6.4 Antonymy 反义词
6.4.1Types of Antonyms
反义词的类型
6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms
反义词的一些特征
6.4.3 The Use of Antonyms 反义词的使用
Absolute synonyms 绝对同义词
Relative synonyms 相对同义词 Borrowing 借词
Dialects and regional English 方言和区域词
Figurative and euphemistic use of words 比喻词和委婉语 Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 与习语的巧合
1. Difference in denotation 指示义不同
2. Difference in connotation 隐含义不同
3. Difference in application 应用不同
1. Contradictory terms 矛盾词语
2. Contrary terms 对立词语
3. Relative terms 关联词语 Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition. 反义词在意义对立的基础上分类。 A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.. 多义词可以拥有一个以上反义词 Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 反义词的语义内涵相互区别。
Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.
对立词语是分级的反义词，在程度上区别，因此每个都有它们自己的反义词。
To define the meaning 定义词义
To express economically the opposite of a particular thought 简练地表达某一特定思想的对立面 To for antithesis form antithesis to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together 将对立的思想拼合在一起来形成对偶
To serve stylistic purpose 去达到风格的目的
6.5 Hyponymy 上下位关系
Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. 上下义关系涉及语义包容的关系。也就是说，一个更具体的词的意义被包含在另外一个更一般的的词的意义之中。
6.6 Semantic Field 语义场
Definiton: word store is composed around a number of meaning areas. 围绕着一定数量的意义区域构成。 Function: words in each field define one another. 每个语义场中的词语义关联和定义其他的。
C h a p t e r 7 C h a n g e s i n W o r d M e a n i n g 词义的变化
7.1Types of Changes 变化类型
7.2 Causes of Changes 变化原因 7.2.1 Extra-linguistic Factors
语言以外的因素
7.2.2 Linguistic Factors 语言因素：shortend phrase; borrowings; competition of native words; analogy 短语，借词，本地词竞争，类推
C h a p t e r 8 M e a n i n g & C o n t e x t 意义和背景 8.1 Types of Context 背景类型
8.1.1Extra-linguistic Context —— non-linguistic situation, cultural background
非语言背景 非语言状况，文化背景
8.1.2 Linguistic Context
superordinate terms 上位关系
subordinate terms 下位关系
extension 延展
narrowing 缩小 degradation 降级
elevation 升级
transfer 转移 1. Historical reason 历史原因
2. Class reason 阶级原因
3. Psychological reason 心理原因
1. Lexical context 词法背景
2. Grammatical context 句法背景
8.2 The Role of Context 背景的功能
8.2.1 Elimination of Ambiguity 歧义的消除 8.2.2 Indication of Referents 指代物的说明 8.2.3 Provision of Clues for Inferring Word-meaning 推导词义的线索供应
C h a p t e r 9 E n g l i s h I d i o m s 英语习语
Idiom —idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences ， which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas. Strictly speaking ， idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements. In a broad sense ，idioms may include colloquialisms ，catchphrases ， slang expressions ，proverbs ，etc.习语由固定的短语和短句组成，它们是所涉及的语言所独有的，而且带有本族的文化和观念。严格来讲，习语是不能从其个体成分的文字意思立即理解其意义的，从广义上讲，习语可以包括口语词、时髦词、俚语、谚语等。 9.1 Characteristics of Idioms 习语的特点 9.1.1 Semantic Unity 语义的整体性
9.1.2 Structural Stability 结构稳定性
Definition 定义 Explanation 解释 Example 例子 Synonymy 同义 Antonymy 反义
Hyponymy 上下位关系 Relevant details 相关的细节 Word structure 词语结构
1. The constituents of idioms cannot be replaced. The structure is fixed. 首先，习语的组成部分成分不可替换。
2. The word order cannot be inverted or changed.习语的语序不能倒装或改变。
3. The constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to ，not even an article. 习语的组成成分不能删除或增加。
4. Many idioms are grammatically unanalysable.很多习语在语法上是不可分析的。
5.
the idomaticity of idioms is gradable and may best be thought in terms of scale.习语的习语性是分等级的，而且可能最好从等级上来研究。
6. The fixity of idioms depends on the idiomaticity. The more idiomatic the idioms ，the more fixed the structure.习语的稳定性在
于其习语性程度。
9.2 Classification of Idioms
The standard of Classification of idioms is The criterion of ‘grammatical function‘. 习语的分类标准是语法功能的标准
9.3 Use of Idioms 习语的使用
Idioms nominal in nature （名词性习语） Idioms adjective in nature （形容词性习语） Idioms verbal in nature （动词性习语） Idioms adverbial in nature
（副词性习语） Sentence Idioms （句式习语） Phrasal verbs 短语动词 Verb phrases 动词短语 Stylistic Features 语体色彩 Rhetorical features 修辞特征
Variation of idioms
习语的变化 Colloquialisms 口语词 Slang 俚语 Literary expressions 书面表达式 Phonetic manipulation 语音运用
Lexical manipulation 词汇运用 Figures of speech 修辞手法 Alliteration 头韵（法） Rhyme 韵脚
Reiteration 重复（同义的重复） Repetition 重复 Juxtaposition （of antonyms ）邻接（反义词） Simile 明喻 Metaphor 「n.暗语，隐喻」 Metonymy 「n.借代」 Synecdoche 「n.借代，提喻法」 Personification （拟人） Euphemism （委婉语） Replacement 替换 Addition or deletion 增词或减词
Position-shifting
移位 Shorting 缩略法 Dismembering 肢解
C h a p t e r 10 E n g l i s h
D i c t i o n a r y 英语词典
10.1 Types of Dictionaries 字典的种类
10.2 Use of Dictionaries 词典的使用
10.3 Three Good General Dictionaries 三种最好的普通词典
10.3.1 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE) New Edition (1987)
朗曼当代词典新版（1987）
10.3.2Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (CCELD) (1987)
柯林斯合作英语词典
10.3.3 A Chinese-English Dictionary (Revised Edition) (CED) (1995)
汉英词典（修订版）ced1995
Monolingual and Bilingual Dictionaries 单语和双语词典
Linguistic and Encyclopedic Dictionaries 语言和百科全书词典 Unabridged, Desk and Pocket 未删节版，案头和口袋词典 Specialized Dictionaries 特殊词典
Unabridged dictionaries 未删节词典 Desk dictionaries 案头词典 Pocket dictionaries 口袋词典 Choice of Dictionaries 词典的选择
Content of the Dictionary 词典的内容
Use of the Dictionary 词典的使用
Monolingual or bilingual 单语或双语 General or specialized 普通或特殊
British or American 英式或美式
Early or late 早期或最新
Spelling 拼写
Pronunciation 发音
Definition 定义 Usage 用法
Grammar 语法 Usage notes and language notes 使用信息和语言信息
Etymological information 词源信息
Supplementary matter 补充
Spelling 拼写
Pronunciation 发音
Definition 定义 Usage 用法
Clear grammar codes 清晰的语法代码 Usage notes 使用注解 Language notes 语言注解 Definition 定义 Extra column 额外栏 Usage examples 使用范例
a t i m e a n d A l l t h 《英语词汇学》教学大纲 一、课程名称：英语词汇学 二、课程类别：英语专业限选课 三、教学时数与学分：本课程为34学时, 总学分为2分四、开课时间：本课程安排在第6学期进行五、教学对象：英语专业一年级学生六、教学目的： 通过学习，学生能够了解英语词汇学的基本理论知识，并能用所学的知识去独立思考、分析问题和解决问题。 七、教学内容： 教师授课与学生自学相结合。学生需在教师的指导下阅读有关词汇学书籍。检查学生的阅读质量主要采取由学生复述阅读内容，并对阅读内容中的思想和观点作出个人的评价。教师重点讲解学生在阅读中所遇到的重点和难点。 学生完成基础词汇学理论的学习后，应根据所学词汇学理论知识，在教师的指导下设计、完成自己的学期论文。 Chapter I A General Survey of English Vocabulary Chapter II Morphological Structure of English Words Chapter III Word-Formation (I)Chapter IV Word-Formation (II) Chapter V Word Meaning and Semantic Features Chapter VI Polysemy and Homonymy Chapter VII Sense Relations Between Words Chapter VIII Meaning and Context Chapter IX Changes in Word Meaning Chapter X English Idioms Chapter XI American English Chapter XII English Dictionaries and How to Use Them 八、时间安排：本学期6－13周进行课程的讲授，14周组织学生复习，15周考试。详见下表。 周次日期 星期/节次 讲授内容 备注 第一周月 日 第二周第三周第四周第五周第六周 10.1310.13周五.3.4周五.7.8General survey of English vocabulary; morphological structure of English words 第七周10.20周五.3.4Word-formation(I)第八周 10.2710.27 周五.3.4周五.7.8 Word-formation(II)
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
英语教学大纲对词汇量的要求 2000年版《九年义务教育全日制初级中学英语教学大纲（实验修订版）》对词汇量的要求是800个，另外要求400-500个认读词汇，合计1200-1300词。 2000年版《全日制高级中学英语教学大纲（实验修订版）》对词汇量的要求是1200个，另外要求750个认读词汇，合计1950词。 根据大学英语教学大纲项目组1996-1997年对大学新生词 汇量的调查，重点大学新生的词汇量约1800-2200，边远民族地区学校新生的词汇量约1400-1600。 据此，新修订的《大学英语教学大纲》把词汇量的起点定为：一级1800词，预备级1200词；四级应达到的词汇量累计4200词，六级应达到的词汇量累计5500词，六级后应达到的词汇量累计6500词。 国内英语教学大纲对词汇量的要求 自20世纪初，清政府实行“新政”，设立新学堂，英语教学就进入了中学课程。1911年民国成立后，中学英语教学得到了发展，并逐步颁布了相应的课程标准。 解放后为规范中学英语教学，教育部制订了相应的课程或大纲。这些英语教学标准或大纲中对词汇量的要求随着时间的推移
和各种各样的原因也不断在变化。这些数字上的变化详见下面的几个表。解放前大学中没有现在的这种大学英语（原称公共英语）性质的课程。故表二无解放前大学英语教学大纲的要求。 表一: 中学教学大纲对词汇量的要求
表二: 大学英语教学大纲对词汇量的要求
表三: 中国英语专业教学大纲词汇量的要求
国外和港台地区对词汇量的研究或要求 对于英语本族语使用者究竟需要多大的词汇量，至今人们也无法给出一个确切的数字。 有学者认为如果阅读一般题材的读物和报刊需要30000词，但这不包括专业技术杂志，如果要包括专业技术杂志则所需词汇量要大得多（Allen，1983）。 Goulden认为英语为母语的20岁的大学生的词汇量为20000词族（word families），如果以每个词族平均有三个派生词，则其词汇量为60000词。5岁上学的儿童的词汇量为4000-5000词族，即约词，并以每年1000词族增加（Read, 2000）。 也有研究表明，美国中学毕业生的词汇量平均为47000词，而大学生大约认识58000词（章扬恕，1990）。由此我们可以基本认定，作为有文化的英语本族语者，其词汇量大约为60000词。而一般英语本族语使用者在日常生活和工作中的词汇量显然不 会需要这么大。根据统计，英美人在表达时大约使用3000-10000词。Thorndike编写的Te acher’s Word Book收词20000词，分为20级，每级1,000词（章扬恕，1990）。 那么对于以英语为外语或第二语言的学习者来说，应掌握多少英语单词才是合适的呢对此国外的语言教育学家也做了大量 的研究。West编写的A General Service List of English Words 收录核心词2000词，如果加上其中的派生词则达到约6000词。
考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇，而词汇量是巨大的，必须要有日常的积累和复习，并且掌握科学的记忆方法，才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记，以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛，丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的，穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年
2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子，胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出，向某人奉献，献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的，非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 English Lexicology(英语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。 2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。 2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系” 3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。 （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。 （3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary最后借词来了，这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。 （5）printing印刷已经变得非常普及。它有助于固定单词的拼写、standardization标准化使得拼写不容改变。、dictionary字典在拼写终结中得到好处。 —Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语 —The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表 4.What is vocabulary？ （1）Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合 （2）Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词 （3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，a discipline...某个方言，书籍，学科中的所有单词 5.Classification of English Words：英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。它们可以根据不同的标 准或者不同的目的进行分类。 By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary根据使用频率，单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。 By notion:content words&functional words可以根据概念分成实词和虚词
《英语词汇学》教学大纲 课程名称：英语词汇学 课程编号： 课程类型、学时数及学分：专业必修课，第7期，32学时，2学分 教材名称及作者、出版社、出版时间及书号：《现代英语词汇学概论》张韵斐著，北京师范大学出版社，2004，ISBN: 978-7-303-00143-9 本大纲制定时间：2013年11月 本大纲审定人： 一、课程性质、目的和任务 本课程属于专业限选课，授课对象为本科专业高年级学生。本课程的教学目的在于帮助学生系统地总结英语词汇知识, 从而更科学地学习英语词汇,运用词汇学中所学到的基本知识和理论来分析和理解英语词汇, 正确地使用英语词汇。其次，本课程还有助于培养学生在英语学习中对所观察到的语言现象加以分析和总结的技能和习惯，从而培养学生语言的理解、欣赏和分析能力。 二、课程教学的基本要求 本课程的教学要求是通过学习现代英语词汇学的基础理论，使学生了解词的来源、词的形态、词的构成方式、词的语义特征、各种词汇之间的相互关系和变化、词的联想与搭配等内容，观察美语和英语词汇的区别，掌握常用词汇知识在语言实践中的运用方法与技能，鼓励学生积极参与课堂讨论。 课程的重点：词的构成方式，语义特征，语义变化，词汇衔接和语篇连贯。 课程的难点：词汇衔接和语篇连贯。 三、课程教学基本内容和学时分配 本课程总的学时为32学时。每课为2-4个课时完成。教学内容如下： Chapter 1 A General Survey of English vocabulary 1.The development of English vocabulary 2.Classifications of English words according to different criteria 本章节讲授重点： What is the definition of English words? What are the three phases of English vocabulary? How can we classify English vocabulary? Chapter 2 Morphological Structure of English words
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek
英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇” 2010.1.11济南1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words. 3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root)--- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk. 4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes--- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion. 7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks. 8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes--- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word. Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base) Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective) 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).
《英语词汇学》（课程代码： 00832 ）试卷结构 Chapter 5 Word Meaning （词的意义） Reference （所指关系）is the relati on ship betwee n Ian guage and the world. Concept 概念），which is beyond Ianguage, is the result of human cognition n. 认识； 知识； 认识能力 ,reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense （语义）de no tes the relati on ship in side the Ian guage. Every word that has meaning has sense （not every word has referen ce ） Motivation （词义理据 ）account for the connection between the linguistic （word ） symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation （拟声理据）words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation （形态理据）compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes comb in ed.彳艮多合成词和派生词都是这类， Semantic motivation （语义理据）refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It expla ins the connection betwee n the literal sense a nd figurative sense of the word.（ 由字面义派生出来的弓丨申 义） Etymological motivation （词源理据）the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word. Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relati on ships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning （夕卜延意义 ）,is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-mea ning. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associati ons suggested by the con ceptual meaning, traditi on ally know as connotations . Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for differe nt con texts. 语法意义 Types of Meaning 词义的分类
高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲 为了规范全国高等学校英语专业的英语教学，特制订本教学大纲。本大纲所作的各项规定，对全国各类高等学校的英语专业均有指导作用，也是组织教学、编写教材和检查与评估教学质量的依据。 一、培养目标 高等学校英语专业培养具有扎实的英语语言基础和广博的文化知识并能熟练地运用英语在外事、教育、经贸、文化、科技、军事等部门从事翻译、教学、管理、研究等工作的复合型英语人才。 21世纪是一个国际化的知识经济时代。我们所面临的挑战决定了21世纪我国高等学校英语专业人才的培养目标和规格：这些人才应具有扎实的基本功、宽广的知识面、一定的相关专业知识、较强的能力和较高的素质。也就是要在打好扎实的英语语言基本功和牢固掌握英语专业知识的前提下，拓宽人文学科知识和科技知识，掌握与毕业后所从事的工作有关的专业基础知识，注重培养获取知识的能力、独立思考的能力的创新的能力，提高思想道德素质、文化素质和心理素质。 二、课程设置 英语本科专业学制为4年。根据英语专业教学规律，一般将4年的教学过程分为两个阶段，即：基础阶段（一年级和二年级）和高年级阶段（三年级和四年级）。基础阶段的主要教学任务是传授英语基础知识，对学生进行全面的、严格的基本技能训练，培养学生实际运用语言的能力、良好的学风和正确的学习方法，为进入高年级打下扎实的专业基础。高年级阶段的主要教学任务是继续打好语言基本功，学习英语专业知识和相关心业知识，进一步扩大知识面，增强对文化差异的敏感性，提高综合运用英语进行交际的能力。在两个教学阶段中课程的安排可以有所侧重，但应将4年的教学过程视为一个整体，自始至终注意打好英语语言基本功。 英语专业课程分为英语专业技能、英语专业知识和相关专业知识三种类型，一般均应以英语为教学语言。三种类型的课程如下： （1）英语专业技能课程：指综合训练课程和各种英语技能的单项训练课程，如：基础英语、听力、口语、阅读、写作、口译、笔译等课程。 （2）英语专业知识课程：指英语语言、文学、文化方面的课程，如：英语语言学、英语词汇学、英语语法学、英语
1、选择题（2 ×15=30） 2、填空题（2×5=10 ） 3、搭配题(1×10=10) 4、名词解释题(4×5=20) 5、问题回答(5×3=15) 6、论述题(第39题7分，第40题8分) 选择题： 1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN 2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful . 3．Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. 4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes. 5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning. 6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy. 7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes. 8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs. https://www.doczj.com/doc/229192493.html,ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西
《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构 Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义) Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world. Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n.认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) Motivation (词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. 很多合成词和派生词都是这类， Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.( 由字面义派生出来的引申 义) Etymological motivation (词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word. associative meaning 关联意义 Lexical meaning 词汇意义 Types of Meaning conceptual /denotative meaning 词义的分类概念意义 Grammatical meaning 语法意义directly to their origins. In other connotative meaning 内涵意义 stylistic meaning 文体意义 affective meaning 感情意义 collocative meaning 搭配意义 Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning( 外延意义 ), is the meaning given in the dictionary and
英语词汇学 (English Lexicology) 课程编号：05100290课程性质：专业选修课 总学分：2 总学时：36 一课程目的及要求： 英语语言文学专业必修课或选修课。英语词汇学是一门以当代语言学多种理论为指导，全面深入研究英语词汇的专业课程。英语词汇学课程重在揭示现代英语词汇的普遍规律，侧重分析研究现代英语词汇现象，兼顾英语词汇的纵向演变和发展。 本课程旨在帮助英语专业高年级学习者强化英语词汇知识，系统地了解现代英语词汇的过去和现状，把握英语词汇学习与使用的规则和特点。既要培养学生理解语言现象和分析语言问题的理论水平，又要提高学生运用英语的实际能力。二、课程主要内容： 英语词汇学导言（词汇学的性质、重要性、学习方法） 词的基本知识（词和词汇的定义与区别，声音与意义和拼写之间的关系，词汇划分的基本原则及各类词的主要特点） 英语词汇的形成与发展（英语的亲属关系，英语词汇形成和发展的三个时期及其特点，现代英语词汇发展的趋势和方式） 英语构词法I （词的个构成成分，各成分之间的区别，对词进行结构分析）英语构词法II （现代英语主要构词法，这些构词法在英语词汇发展中的地位） 词的意义（了解“意义”的不同含义，词义的理据，几种常见意义） 语义关系和语义场（词与词之间的几种主要语义关系，它们的概念和特点）词义的演变（词义变化的必然性，词义变化的主要方式，词义变化的原因）词义与语境（两种不同的语境，语境对词义的重要作用） 英语习语（英语习语的概念、范畴、特点及其分类原则，习语的作用） 英语词典（不同类型词典的形式、内容、范围及特点） 三、教学方式 以讲解为主，在教学过程中采用研究型教学方式，在讲授基本的词汇学概念和原理之后引导学生进行课堂讨论，课后查阅资料，收集语料，描写语言和分析语言等活动，同时指定阅读材料并作课堂汇报。 四、主要教学参考书： 教材：自编 参考书目： 1. 陆国强：《现代英语词汇学》，上海外语教育出版社，1999 2. 汪榕培、卢晓娟：《英语词汇学教程》，上海外语教育出版社，1997 3. 张维友：《英语词汇学》，外语教学与研究出版社，2000 4. 张韵斐，周锡卿：《现代英语词汇学概论》，北京师范大学出版社，1988 5. 张永言，《词汇学简论》，华中工学院出版社，1982 6．拉耶芙斯卡娅，《英语词汇学引论》，商务印书馆，1960