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2011年职称英语阅读理解新增文章译文---理工类

2011年职称英语阅读理解新增文章译文---理工类
2011年职称英语阅读理解新增文章译文---理工类

2011年职称英语阅读理解新增文章译文---理工类

世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值理C

科威特科学家预测世界常规原油产量将在2014年达到峰值,这一发现可能会促进储存石油的努力。这一预测比其他预测提前了将近十年,已经发表在美国化学学会《能量与燃料》杂志上。

伊布赫姆·纳夏威和同事们指出,全球石油消耗的快速增长使人们对“石油峰值”预测的兴趣越来越浓。“石油峰值”指的是石油产量达到最大值后开始下降的时间点。科学家已经构建了几个模型来预测这一时间,有些模型认为这一时间在2020年或更晚。其中最著名的预测模型之一是赫伯特模型。赫伯特模型认为世界石油产量呈钟形曲线,与此相关的概念是“石油峰值”。这一术语指的是世界石油产量达到峰值的那一刻,之后将呈现无法逆转的下降趋势。

赫伯特模型精确地预测到美国石油产量于1970年达到峰值。这一模型从此受到欢迎,已经用于预测世界石油生产。

但是,最近研究表明,这一模型不足以解释某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期。科学家称,这些生产周期受到技术变化、政策和其他因素的很大影响。

最近研究描述了赫伯特模型的新版本,提供了更加实际、更加准确的石油生产预测。科学家使用新模型评估了47个主要产油国家的石油生产趋势,这47个国家是世界常规原油的主要提供者。科学家预计全球常规原油产量将于2014年达到峰值,比之前预计的要早很多年。科学家还指出,世界石油储量正在以2.1%的速度逐年减少,他们认为新模型会帮助做出与能源相关的决定,帮助进行国家政策辩论。

编制灯光

在墨西哥中西部的马德雷山脉,维克人过着与祖先类似的生活——他们不是用电,因为在他们居住的偏远山区架设电线成本太大。维克人以制作精美的工艺品为生,他们到几百英里以外的城市去销售工艺品。因为家里和路上都没有电,他们只能白天工作,天一黑就不得不停下手中的活计。

如今,一个由科学家、设计师和建筑师组成的团队正在利用新技术为维克人在太阳下山之后提供光亮。科学家的技术将小小的电晶体编入纺织品内,纺织品可以做成衣服、袋子和其他物品。

这些纺织品白天收集太阳能,晚上可以发出明亮的白光。发明者将这些纺织品命名为“移动光源”。项目负责人希拉·肯尼迪称,移动光源有可能改变全世界用不上电的人们的生活。

肯尼迪说,“这一发明的动力是我们可以改变美国日常所见的技术,用来服务那些不富裕的人们。”

移动光源技术的核心是高亮度发光二极管,已经在电子钟、电视和路灯中得以应用。

发光二极管与电灯泡完全不同,玻璃灯泡大多是白炽灯,内部用电将金属丝加热到2,200摄氏度以上。这种温度下,灯泡发出我们能看到的光。

但是,白炽灯散发的能量90%都是热量,而热量是不可见的。因为浪费了很多能量,白炽灯消耗能量的速度很快。另外,白炽灯也很容易损坏。

而发光二极管如同由按照晶体结构排列的分子组成的小块石头,电流通过发光二极管时,晶

体结构就会发光。而白炽灯不同,发光二极管可以发出各种颜色的光。发光二极管内部的分子类型和排列方式决定了光的颜色。

病毒电池理B

水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢?这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。难怪大部分人一提到病毒,首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。

然而,并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带者。在马萨诸塞州剑桥市,科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。他们使病毒开始工作,使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。

病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见,但这对于工程师安吉拉·贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。安吉拉·贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院,她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。在由病毒构成的电池里,科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。

贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉·哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。哈蒙德说,“我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。”

许多电池已经很小了。A型、C型和D型电池都可以握在手里。硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。然而,个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。这些设备变小了,普通电池就无法安装进去了。

理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。,贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘,看起来就像普通手表电池。但里面的部件却非常小——小到用高倍望远镜才能看到。

这些电池部件到底有多小呢?从头上拔一根头发,把它放到白纸上,看看头发的宽度——是不是很细呢?尽管每个人的头发宽度不同,每个头发上可以并列排放大约10个病毒电池部件。这些为电池能会改变我们对病毒的看法。

野生大象寿命更长

人们通常认为动物园对于动物来说是安全的,因为他们没有猎食的困难,也不受其他肉食动物的威胁,所以动物园内的动物应该寿命较长。

但世界上最大的陆地动物却并非如此。科学家已经发现大象面临着很多健康问题,例如生病、关节问题和行为改变等,有时甚至会失去生育能力。

为了了解禁闭生活对大象的影响,一队国际科学家将在动物园出的雌象与生活在自然环境中的雌象的寿命进行了对比。动物园保留了所饲养动物的详细记录,包括出生日期、疾病、体重的死亡等因素。有了这些记录,研究人员能够分析全欧洲800头非洲象和非洲象历时40年的数据。科学家将动物园出生的大象与同一时间段的几千头非洲野生雌象、在伐木场劳动的亚洲象进行了寿命对比。

这些科学家发现,动物园出生的非洲雌象平均寿命是16.9年,而自然死亡的野生大象平均寿命是56年——是动物园大象的3倍多。亚洲雌象情况类似:动物园雌象寿命是18.9年,而伐木场雌象的寿命是41.7年。

科学家尚不清楚野生大象比动物园大象获得更好的原因。负责这一研究的加拿大圭尔夫大学生物学家乔治亚·梅森认为,压力和肥胖是问题的根源。动物园大象不像野生大象那样活动,因此非常肥胖。动物园大象的社会生活也很不同,不像野生大象那样过着群居的生活。

该研究的另一发现表明,在动物园出生的亚洲象比野外捕获后放入动物园的亚洲像死的要早。梅森认为动物园母象的压力可能导致小象成活率低。

对动物园大象的研究向人们提出了一个问题:是否应该将跟多的大象关进动物园。尽管有些濒危物种在动物园能够很好地繁衍生息、健康成长,大象却并非如此。梅森说,“动物园现

在不是大象的纯粹生产者,二十纯粹消费者。”

咸度味感因人而异理A

宾州州立大学农学院食品科学家进行的一项研究表明,有些人很难喜欢含盐量低的食物。该研究指出,遗传因素导致我们对咸度的不同喜好。

该研究负责人、食品科学副教授约翰·海斯指出,这些结论非常重要,因为近期对减少食物含盐量的大力宣传使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合自己口味的食物。

含盐量高的饮食会增加高血压和中风的风险,这就是公共健康专家和食品公司共同努力、通过可口的食品帮助消费者减少盐摄入量的原因。该研究使人们更加理解对盐的喜好和摄入的差异。

该研究包括87名经过仔细筛选的参与者,他们在几周的不同时间品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。参与者包括45名男性和42名女性,身体健康,年龄在20岁到40岁之间。参与者不会主动改变自己的饮食习惯,且不吸烟。他们通过一种常用的科学量表来区别咸度味感,分为“最轻微味感”到“最强烈味感”等级别。

海斯说,“大部分人都喜欢盐的味道。但是,有些人吃盐较多,这不仅是因为他们更喜欢咸味,也因为他们需要咸味来遮盖食物其他讨厌的味道。口味超重的人比口味清淡的人消耗更多的盐。因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味,而且咸度越高,味道越好,所以口味超重的人更喜欢快餐。”

海斯还提到,口味超重的人还需要盐来遮盖奶酪等食物中讨厌的苦味。“例如,奶酪是牛奶味和发酵苦味的完美结合,而盐可以遮盖苦味。口味超重的人不喜欢低盐奶酪,因为苦味太明显了。”

海斯举出了化学家福克斯和遗传学家布雷克斯里75年前进行的研究,该研究表明,人们品尝特定化学制品的能力是不同的。海斯解释说,由此我们知道每个人的味觉敏度是不同的,这一差异和头发眼睛颜色的差异一样正常。

海斯说,“口味超重的人觉得苦味混合物非常之苦,而口味清淡的人会觉得同样的苦味混合物没有味道,或稍微有些苦。对苦味混合物的反应只是确定在食物偏好方面生物差异的众多方法之一,因为口味超重的人不只是对苦味敏感。”

不可思议的超材料

如果尚未开发超材料的话,隐形衣可能永远不可能,只能在科幻小说中看到。在希腊语中,“meta”的意思是“超越”,超材料能完成我们在自然界无法看到的事,例如将转移某物体周围的光波,然后将光波全部收回。如果科学家能够做出完全成熟的隐身衣,那很可能是有超材料制成的。

工程师Dentcho Genov说,“我们创造的是大自然不存在的材料,这些材料的物理现象在自然中也不存在。这最令人激动。”Genov在位于拉斯顿市的路易斯安那理工大学设计和制作超材料,例如能运用到隐身衣中的超材料。

隐身衣可能不是超材料领域的第一个重要成果,其他应用也同样令人振奋。例如,很多实验室的科学家正致力于建造超透镜。透镜通常由玻璃制成,能够改变光波的方向。显微镜和照相机中的透镜能够聚光,因此研究人员能够看到微小的物体,摄影师能够捕捉远处的影像。

而超透镜是由超材料构成。由于超材料能够完成普通材料无法做到的事情,超透镜会成为强大的工具。研究人员能够利用超透镜看到想象当中最微小的事物——例如和可见光的波长一样小的事物。

Genov指出,超材料科学是由想象力推动的:如果能够想到光的新行为,工程师就有办

法来设计使用超材料的设备。他说,“我们需要想象力丰富的人。”

从2006年起,许多实验室开始探索不仅仅利用可见光的其他超材料。事实上,科学家发现几乎所有种类的波都对超材料有反应。

西班牙瓦伦西亚理工大学的Jose Sanchez-Dehesa在研究声学。和隐形衣移动光波的原理类似,“隐声衣”会以自然界不存在的方式来移动声波。例如,“隐声衣”会改变音乐厅内声波的方向——这样,坐在柱子后面的人和其他观众收听音乐会的效果一样,不会受到任何干扰。

最近,工程师Sanchez-Dehesa表示有可能制成“隐声衣”,但他怀疑能否很快实现。他说,“这在理论上是可能的。”但他补充说,实际上可能无法制成。

其他科学家正在研究用更大的超材料为岛屿和石油钻塔进行防护的方法,以使它们免受海啸的侵害。海啸是强大的破坏性波浪,超材料可以让钻塔和岛屿周围的海啸改变方向,波浪会沿着相反方向继续前进,不会造成任何破坏。

职称英语阅读理解(终审稿)

职称英语阅读理解 文稿归稿存档编号:[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-MG129]

【经典资料,WORD文档,可编辑修改】 【经典考试资料,答案附后,看后必过,WORD文档,可修改】 第二十七篇Driven to Distraction Joe Coyne slides into the driver’s seat, starts up the car and heads1 to town. The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion2, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him. But even if he hadn’t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isn’t real. Neither is the town. And Coyne isn’t really driving. Coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University3 (ODU) examine how in-vehicle guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel.4 The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distracting — or whether any distractions are offset5 by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locations.6 “We are looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor lending the research, which involves measuring drivers reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues7. The researchers just completed a study of the mental workload8 involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy

职称英语C级补全短文(-)

2016职称英语教材-卫生类C级完形填空及参考译文1 第一篇Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis. Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others. The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve. The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment. Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses. 1.找到速效治疗剂可以更好控制结核病 世界卫生组织估计全球有大约三分之一的人感染了导致结核病的病菌。大多数时候,这种感染是不活跃的。但是每年大约有八百万结核病病例,通常是在肺部。两百万人因此丧命。结核病发病率由于艾滋病的传播和抗药型结核病的出现而增加。目前的治疗至少需要六个月。患病者不得不每日服用多种抗生素药品。许多人在稍感舒适后就停止使用药品,这么做可能导致抗药性感染。公共卫生专家一致认为针对结核病的速效治疗剂将会更加有效果。现在有一项研究评估这种速效治疗剂究竟效力有多大。这项研究由美国哈佛大学国际卫生方面的教授率领。Joshua Salomon说,疗程较短的治疗计划可能不仅仅意味着更多病人被治好,也意味着将感染传给别人的病人会更少。 研究者们设计了一个数学模型来检测两个月治疗计划的效果。他们以东南亚目前的结核病情况来检验这个模型。科学家们发现两个月的治疗可以防止大约20%的新病例,也可能防止大约5%因结核病引起的死亡。这个模型表明,如果速效治疗剂可以在2012年前研发出来并大规模使用的话,减少结核病例在2012年到2030年间就可以实现。 世界卫生组织在1990年制定了DOTS计划,DOTS意指短期直接观察治疗。卫生工作者监督结核病人每天服药,以确信他们继续治疗。今年年初,一个国际组织同盟宣布了一项扩大DOTS的计划。这个十年计划也旨在资助新结核药品的研究。现在四种最常用的药品也有四十多年的历史了。全球结核病药物开发联盟宣称它的长期目标是找到一种治疗方法,可以通过十次剂量就效果。

职称英语考试真题及答案

2016职称英语考试真题及答案 第1部分:词汇选项(第1~15题,每题l分,共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有下划线,请为每处下划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1、Have you talked to her?lately? https://www.doczj.com/doc/2510249392.html,stly B.finally C.shortly D.recently 2、 About?one quarter of?the workers in the country are employed in factories. A.third B.fourth C.tenth D.fifteenth 3、 The dentist has decided to?extract?her bad tooth. A.take out B.repair C.push in D.dig 4、 We shall keep the money in a?secure?place. A.clean

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