写出地道英文——避免“缀余”中式英语
All authorities on style of English prose agree that good writing isconcise. Careful writers say what they mean is as few words aspossible. 在雅思写作与口语考试中，常常出现“车轱辘”话来回转，这样不仅思路枯竭，也会被考官认为词汇量、语法知识有限，影响几乎所有评分项目。在评分标准与William Strunk，Jr.,and E.B. White所著The Elements of Style 清楚阐述：
"Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain nounnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, forthe same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessaryparts."
几乎所有中文译成的英文文章，或者由中国人写成的英文文章，都会存在不必要的单词(unnecessary words)，这些单词常常由于中文习惯被忽视，但因其没有任何功能性作用，在语义上和语法上都没有增添新的含义，只会让文章显得不地道，应该被删去。Unnecessary words可以是任何词性，这次我先学习名词的缀余(redundant)。
1. 名词缀余产生的原因是由于其含义已经隐含在句子其他成分中(their sense is already included orimplied in some other element of the sentence)。在删除这些名词的同时，应将其前后的冠词与介词一同删去。如(B为修改后)：
1)加快经济改革步伐
A：to accelerate the pace of economic reform
B：to accelerate economic reform
因为"To accelerate= to increase the pace of"
pace的含义已经包含在accelerate中，所以是缀余，应删去。
2)人民生活水平继续提升
A：living standards for the people in both urban and rural areas continued to rise
B: living standards in both urban and rural areas continued to rise
因为“生活水平”本身说的就是“人们的”(the notion of living standards applies only to people)
3)困难在本质上是暂时的
A：these hardships are temporary in nature
B：these hardships are temporary
所有的形容词都是在描述所修饰名词的"nature"or"character".如果说hardships are "temporary innature"就像在说“中国国旗在颜色上是红色的。Chinese flag is 'red in color'. 或者“熊猫在数量上是稀少的Pandas are 'fewin number.'
以上缀余的避免可以通过学习单词时使用英英字典，朗文就是不错的工具书，与牛津高阶相比，朗文使用最简单的英文在解释单词。
2. 另一些名词缀余不太易被发觉，但是a little thought will reveal that they add nothing to themeaning of the sentence. 将其删除不仅语义没有减少，反而使表达更清晰。如：
1)加强国防建设是十分重要的
A: it is essential to strengthen the building of national defense
B: it is essential to strengthen national defense
2)随着农业机械化的实现
A：following the realization of mechanization of agriculture
B：following the mechanization of agriculture
3)中国西北部地区仍然是一个。。。。。。的地方
A：at that time the situation in northeast China was still one where people were living miserable lives
B：at that time people were living miserable lives in northwest China
"situation"是个非常危险的单词，不仅其本身通常unnecessary,而且会带出后面不必要的成分，如本句中的"one where"
4)解决问题的关键在于减少花销
A：the key to the solution lies in the curtailment of expenditure
B：the solution is to curtail (or : cut back on) expenditure
"Key"有时很useful,但key与solution意思重叠，要连同"lies in"一起删去
5)XXX是详细讨论的课题
A：XXX is a subject that has been discussed in detail
B：XXX has been discussed in detail
以上缀余的避免，只能通过平时练习时反复读写出的句子，看看删去某些词后意思有没有影响，如果没有，说明该词就是多余的。
3. 范畴词category nouns
此类词要特别讲解，在Chinglish中出现最为频繁。它通常是一个general noun宽泛的名词，用于引出后面specific noun，如"a serious mistake in the work of planning"
"work"就是范畴词，说明后面的"planning"属于“工作”这个类别的("planning" falls into the categoryof "work")。但是，这个地球人都知道!所以work应删去：a serious mistake in planning.
Other examples:
1) 促进和平统一事业
A：promoting the cause of peaceful reunification
B：promoting peaceful reunification
2) 在经济方面的改革
A：reforms in the sphere of the economy
B：reforms in the economy (or：economic reforms)
“经济”本身就是“一方面”
3) 确保紧密合作关系
A：to ensure a relationship of close cooperation between
B：to ensure close cooperation between
“合作”本就是“关系”
4) 必须反对浪费行为
A：we must oppose the practice of extravagance
B：we must oppose extravagance
“浪费”本就是“行为”
5) 经济不稳定因素
A：this, coupled with the factor of price instability, caused…
B：this, coupled with price instability, caused…
“经济不稳定”本就是“因素”之一
无论“范畴词”在中文中有什么function,但在英文中useless,应将其删去。
李总理讲话爱打比方，难为了翻译
与温总理动辄引经据典相比，李总理的记者会大白话多，但其实要用英语翻译出汉语原文的韵味来也不容易，因为李总理特别喜欢“打比方”。
比如说下面这几个句子的现场翻译，有直译，比如“壮士断腕”；也有意译，比如“天大的事”，也有半直译半意译，如“打断骨头连着筋”：
——（政府削权）“我们要有壮士断腕的决心”= We shouldhave the determination to cut the wrist like brave warriors
——“腐败和我们政府的信誉应该说水火不容”= Corruption is incompatible to reputation of thegovernment, like fire to water
——（两岸同胞）“打断骨头还连着筋”= Bones may be broken, but they are not split, becausewe are compatriots
——（两岸关系）“使其花团锦簇，我想花好总有月圆时”= ...so that it will be full of flowers.When flowers are in full blossom, there will be a time for the moon to be full again ——“至于食品安全，那可以说是天大的事”= Food safety is of utmost importance ——（查处）“假冒伪劣和黑心食品”= punish the heartless producers of substandard and
fakefood
——“绿水青山贫穷落后不行，但殷实富裕环境恶化也不行”= It is no good to be poor in abeautiful environment, nor is it good to be well-off and live with environmental degradation
这么多比喻中，最难翻译的应该是“（改革贵在行动）喊破嗓子不如甩开膀子”，翻译很巧妙地借用了英语Talking the talk is not as good as walking the walk的习惯说法，很
自然，外国人一下子就能听懂，应该是本次记者招待会上最出彩的翻译之一。(翟华博客)
四级翻译常见考点总结
四级翻译部分为汉译英，共5个句子，一句一题，句长为15-30词，句中的一部分已用英文给出，考生需根据全句意思将汉语部分译成英语，考试时间5分钟。翻译题重点考察考生对语法结构及常用英语表达习惯的掌握情况。若考生语法功底较好且句型和词组储备丰富，那么此题不会太为难。和作文相比，翻译虽只是个把句子，但来路不明难以猜测。作文尚可背诵模板以备执笔急需之用，而翻译则全无，它微小零星却锋利难防，并将考生模板式作文的画皮扯下，暴露其撰句能力的真实面目，所以令人可畏。
根据近几年的翻译真题来看，针对某项语法重复考察率比较高，所以对曾经考察过的语法点依然不可松懈。下面所提一些重点语法项目，并提出一些建议，希望对大家的备考有所帮助。
（1）句型以及其倒装使用
2008年6月翻译真题第91题：
__________________________(直到他完成使命)did he realize that he was seriously ill. (Key：Not until he accomplished / finished the mission )
建议：以此类推，掌握如下常用句型（以倒装方式给出）
Not only ……..but also……
So ( Such )…that……..
Not until……….
Neither…..nor……..
Hardly …..when……..
No sooner ……than…….
Only by /through /in …., …………..
例：Not only __________ (他向我收费过高)but he didn’t do a good repair. （key：did he chargeme too much）
（2）从句
a. 定语从句
2008年12月翻译真题第87题：
Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems _______________ (他们至今还没有答案) （Key :which/that they haven’t found answers to）
b. 状语从句
真题中出现过如if 条件状语从句（2007 年6月第91题），no matter引导的让步状语从句（2007年12月第89题和2008年6月第89题）建议：关于定语从句，到目前为止所考察的均为关系代词which/ that等所引导的，所以考生需额外留意关系副词where/ when/how 所引导的定语从句。对于状语从句，继续复习如时间状语从句，方式状语从句，因果状语从
句等其他类状语从句。除却定语从句，状语从句外，名词性从句也需加强，如宾语从句（特别注意wish/ would rather 引导的宾语从句中虚拟样式），表语从句，同位语从句甚至主语从句。
（3）非谓语动词
a. 分词做伴随状语
2008年6月第90题：
______________(与我成长的地方相比) this town is more prosperous and exciting. (key :Compared with the place where I grew up)注意，答案中除过去分词（compared with …）做伴随外，还含有where引导的定语从句。
b. 动词不定式做目的状语
2006年6月第88题
_____________(为了挣钱供我上学)，Mother often takes on more work than is good for her. (Key : to support my university studies )建议：由于非谓语动词除分词和动词不定式外，还包括动名词，但尚未考察过，所以考生有必要预备非谓语动词之“动名词”情况。
（4）其他类语法如：虚拟语气，比较级，情态动词。
（5）常用词组：尤其是动介词组，如adapt to …., have trouble doing ……，be likely to do…. ,attribute …to..等类似样式。作文是表达自己，可以随心所愿，而翻译是表达别人，被动且受制。学习翻译，尝试放下过分的自我，顺服接受，反而会行得更容易些。
1. These ads were strategically placed among family-oriented TVshows and programs involving nature and America in order tomost effectively reach target audiences.
这些广告被放置在面向家庭的与自然和美国有关的电视节目里面,以便最有效的接触到目标观众。
2. Why does cream go bad faster than butter? Someresearchers think they have the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not itschemical composition-a finding that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives.
为什么奶油比黄油坏的快呢?已有些研究者认为他们找到了答案,这与食物的结构有关,而不是它的化学成分—这一发现使得有些化学处理保存食物的方法无效了。
3. If FIFA, football’s international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at thenext World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance,rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.研究者们认为：如果国际足球裁判组织FIFA想要在下一届世界杯比赛中提高评判水平的话，就应该远距离观察比赛，而不是冲进球场光盯着足球。
4. While still in its early stages, welfare reform has already been judged a great success in manystates at least in getting people off welfare.
还在初级阶段的时候，福利改革在很多国家就是一个成功了—至少它使许多人摆脱了对福利
的依靠。
5. But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well withoutgovernment aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.
但是对许多人来说，穷人们在没有政府的援助下自己养活自己本身就是一个巨大的胜利。
6. Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yetthey love and respect few things more than a uniform, whetherit is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general.
美国人对于多元化和个人个性感到骄傲，因此他们更加喜欢和看重的不是制服，不管是一个电梯操作员的制服还是五星上将的制服。
7. Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonalrelationships.
由于我们是社会动物，我们的生活质量在很大程度上取决于我们的人际关系。
8. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support——financial aid, material resources, andneeded services-that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.
最后，其他的人给我们提供物质性支持—经济援助，物质资料和必需服务—通过帮助我们处理问题来减轻我们的压力。
9. I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went tobig engineering “factories” where they didn’t care if you have values or were flexible.
我就上了这样的大学，自以为比那些在工程“工厂”里的学生有更大的优势，在那里根本每人管里是否有价值观和灵活。
10. Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution controland energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined rawmaterial.
回收也能够通过创造就业机会来刺激本地经济，治理污染，通过给企业提供更加精练的原材料达到减少能源消耗的目的。1. The view over a valley of a tiny village with thatched roofcottages around a church; a drive through a narrow villagestreet lined with thatched cottages painted pink or white; thesight over the rolling hills of a pretty collection of thatched farmbuildings——these are still common sights in parts of England.
在英格兰的某些地方，依然能够见到狭谷中环绕着教堂的茅草屋组成的小村庄，驾车穿过村庄里狭窄的街道时两旁是刷成了白色或者紫色的茅草小屋，从绵延的山顶上能看见美丽的茅草农场建筑。
2. Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic American values suchas individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected.
竞争的价值不仅在其本身，通过竞争这种方式，其他的诸如个人自由，公平机会和勤奋劳动等美国价值观得以实现。
3. The function of teaching is to cerate the conations and the climate that will make it possible forchildren to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read.教育的功能是创造学习的欲望和气氛，使孩子们能够设计出一种最有效的方式来自学阅读。
4. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are giventhe opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading.
如果老师创造出一种环境，使孩子们能够通过阅读来解决阅读的问题的话，学习阅读就变的简单多了。
5. The source of this interference remains unconfirmed, but increasingly, experts are pointing theblame at portable electronic devices such as portable computers, radio and cassette players andmobile telephones.
这种干扰的来源还没有被确定，专家们指出可能是由于各种移动电子设备引起的，例如笔记本电脑，随身听和手机。
6. And although some airlines prohibit passengers from usingsuch equipment during take-off and landing, most are reluctantto enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want towork during flights.
尽管有些航空公司禁止旅客在飞机起飞和降落的时候使用这些装备，考虑到许多旅客希望在飞行时工作，大多数公司还是不愿意全面禁止。
7. The rise of multinational corporations, global marketing, new communications technologies, andshrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relation or PR.
跨国公司，全球市场营销，新兴通讯技术和文化融合的发展，使全球公共关系或者说PR得到了不平行的发展。
8. The progress from a rattle used by a baby in 3000 BC to one used by an infant today,however, is not characterized by inventiveness.
公元前三千年的一个婴儿所发出的呱呱声到今天的婴儿的呱呱声的进步，并不能算是一种发明。
9. Bent stripes, called chevrons painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving fasterthan they really are, and thus drivers slow down.
喷刷在马路上的弯曲的人字型条纹,使司机们觉得他们驾驶的速度比实际的快,因此司机会减速行驶。
10. Therefore, the task for DDB Needham was to encourage consumers to consider other aspectsof train in order to change their attitudes and increase the likelihood that trains would beconsidered for travel in the west.
因此, DDB Needham的任务就是鼓励消费者考虑火车的其他好处来改变他们的态度,使西方乘坐火车的可能性6. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, andinsert rubber and steel between the building and its foundationto reduce the impact of ground vibrations.
后来，人们试着把建筑物从其基地上撑起来，在建筑物和地基间灌入橡胶和钢铁以减少地表震动的影响。
7. If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach,their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to thinkfor themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.
如果他们对于自己吹捧的东西不认真对待也不去执行的话，他们的孩子将在糊里糊涂中长大，并且当他们对自己进行一些思考的时候，他们会在情感上有不安全感并认为他们遭受了某种程度的欺骗。
8. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want fromthem without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awarenessas you modify and apply the techniques of reading.
因为所有这些原因，要进行有效读报的话，既要得到你需要的信息又不浪费时间，需要选择和应用良好的阅读技能和自我了解。
9. “In Japan, a most competitive society with stronger discipline than ours.” Says Isaac Stern. “children are ready to test their limits every day in many fields, including music.”“在日本，是一个比我们更有纪律性和竞争性的社会。”Isaac Stern说。“孩子们每天都准备在各个领域内冲刺极限，包括音乐。”
10. What does the phrase ‘learning to use a computer’ mean? It sounds like ‘learning to drive acar’; that is , it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to usea computer.
“学习使用计算机”这个短语是什么意思呢?听起来像是“学习驾驶汽车”也就是说，好象里面有一套确定的技能，一旦获得，就会使用计算机了
2013考研英语翻译真题
Section III Translation
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate theunderlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should bewritten clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in theindividuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardensevidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is abasic human urge;
(46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by thehomeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various otherfundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still pointof the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, howevercrude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which
is a distinctly animal need.This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, thefoemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by thestructuring of one’s relation to one’s environment.
(48) The gardens of the homeless which are ineffect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist orwas not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulateenvironment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic thatwe are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants,of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on somepsychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanishas if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants isunfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement ofmaterials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves aswell as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at somebasic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature thatfully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated”sense, to describe these syntheticconstructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuminguncanny representational forms.
46. yet, when onelooks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikesonethat, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various otherfundamental urges,beyond that of decoration and creative expression。
【参考译文】然而，看着无家可归者绘制出的花园图片时，人们会突然想到，尽管这些花园风格多样，它们都显示了人类除了装饰和创造性表达之外的其他各种基本诉求
47. A sacred placeof peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposedtoshelter, which is a distinctly animal need。
【参考译文】无论地方多么简陋不堪，寻求一片静谧圣土是人类特有的需求，而动物需要的仅是仅是避难栖息之地。
48. The gardens ofthe homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into anurbanenvironment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such。
【参考译文】无家可归者的乐园，实际上是一个毫无家气息的地方，给城市环境带来了一种新的形式。。
无家可归者描绘的花园实质上是无所依附的，这些花园把一种形式引入城市环境中，而这样的城市环境中，形式要么根本不存在，要么就完全不是以这种明显的方式存在。
49. most of usgive in to a demoralization of spirit which usually blame on somepsychologicalconditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the
oppressionvanishas if by magic。
【参考译文】我们大多数人会深陷于精神萎靡的状态，并常常将此归咎为一些心理原因，直到某天我们发现自己置身花园中，感到如魔法般烦闷尽消
50. It is thisimplicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of theword garden,though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these syntheticconstructions。
【参考译文】正是对自然的这种或隐晦含蓄或清晰直白的提及，充分证实了用“花园”一词来描述这些虚拟建筑是合乎情理的，即使是从毫无拘泥的意义来讲的。
1. But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poorperformance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
但是如果对绩效差的业绩也进行奖励或者让人们对奖励有太多的预期，是很容易抹杀创造性的。
2. The fridge’s effect upon the environment has been evident,while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant.
冰箱对环境的影响是显而易见的，而它对促进人们幸福的贡献却是微不足道的。
3. It may then take us a long time to render it intelligent by loading in the right software or byaltering the architecture but that too will happen.
装载正确的软件来使它智能化可能要花费我们很长的时间，或者也可以改变它的结构，但同样的情况也会发生。
4. As the intelligence of robots increase to match that of humans and as their cost declinesthrough economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers.
由于机器人的智能增长到了人脑的程度，加上通过规模经济降低了生产成本，我们可以使用它们来拓展前沿。
5. Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technologyit will provide, the construction of a vast, man-created world in space, home to thousands ormillions of people, will be within our power.
在将来，通过新一代人创造的财富和科技，建设一座可以容纳千百万人的人造大型太空站也是可以的。
6. This means that we fit out actions to those of other peoplebased on a constant mental process of appraisal andinterpretation.
这意味着我们在不断判断和解释别人的行为的心理过程中进行自己的行为。
7. I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though itmeant living with uncertainty
and fear of failure.
我要不断地将梦想付诸实际的测试—尽管这意味着不确定和对失败的恐惧。
8. Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spokenwords…”
一切尝试对多话的小孩的发展追踪从他们说的第一句话开始……
9. This self-imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds made to them by other people.”
这种自我模仿使他们故意模仿别人对他们说话的声音。
10. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash,affect motivation and creativity.
外部奖励，从热情洋溢的话语表扬到冷冰冰的现金，如何影响一个人的动机和创造力，对这一点，心理学家们采取完全不同的观点。
1. With socialists demanding an end to‘wage slavery’anarchistssinging the praises of the virtues of dynamite, middle-of-the-roaders like Samuel Gompers and McGuire.
社会主义者强烈要求结束“薪水奴隶制”，而无政府主义者高唱“炸药”的价值，像Samuel 和McGuire这样的中间道路者显得相对温和。
2. The quick adoption of the scheme may have indicated less about the state lawmaker’s respectfor working people than about a fear of risking their anger.
“劳动日”很快被采纳，更大程度上表明国家法律制定者害怕激起工人阶级的愤怒，并非体现对工人阶级的尊重。
3. In the old days, children were familiar with birth and death as part of life. This is perhaps the firstgeneration of American youngsters who have never been close by during the birth of a baby andhave never experienced the death of a family member.
在过去，孩子们对出生和死亡非常熟悉，是他们生活的一部分。现在的孩子也许是从未目睹婴儿的降生和亲人的死亡的第一代美国人。
4. We found out that patients who had been dealt with openly and frankly were better able tocope with the approach of death and finally to reach a true stage of acceptance prior to death.
我们发现那些被公开坦诚地对待的病人在对待死亡的临近和接受死亡的问题上处理得更好。
5. The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change through life.
我们采取的身份是随着接触的人的不同而改变，且一生都在变化。
30. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. 解析：该句的主干是The goal … will be to try to explain...，explain后接的是双宾语，即explain to sb. sth.，直接宾语是that引导的从句。该从句的主干是there are not two theories for...，其中origin和evolution，universe和life都是and连接的并列名词。 词汇：unenlightened adj. 无知的，不文明的 valid adj.有效的 evolution n. 进化，发展 译文：所有（这些书）的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑不解且常常头脑不开化的普通百姓：就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。 31. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. 【分析】在这个主从复合句中，while引导的从句由两个部分组成，中间用and 连接。破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容，做为插入语。注意：many are required by state or federal regulations中的many是指many warnings。it isn't clear … is injured是主句，主句用了一个形式主语it，真正的主语是that引导的 从句，they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability是主体，之后是一个if引导的条件从句。 【词汇】interaction 相互作用 federal 联邦 regulation法规 protect…from…保护…以免 liability 责任(be liable for对…负责) 【译文】尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的——比如对于药物相互作用的危险提 出警告——许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的，然而(我们) 并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。 32. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC ——including ordinary listeners and viewers to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. 【分析】主句是The debate was launched by the Government，后面是which引导的非限定性 定语从句，谓语部分比较特殊，是invited…sb. to say …破折号后面是anyone with an opinion of the BBC的解释说明。say后面是两个宾语从句，一个是what引导，一个是whether 引导。【词汇】launch 发起 viewer观众
英语长难句翻译技巧及方法 英汉两种语言句子的不同特点是：英语书面语长句较多；汉语一般短句较多。英语句子结构较紧，多用主人结构，英语可有各种后置修饰语（介词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语、分词短语以及从句），这些成分都是造成英语长句的原因；汉语句子结构较松，多用并列结构。有翻译经验的人们对这些特点作过形象的比喻，把英语句子结构比作“葡萄”，把汉语句子结构比作“竹节”。翻译长句时，可将英语的葡萄结构拆成汉语的竹节结构，即把成串的拆成成条的。 英汉两种语言的语序差异是：英语时间顺序灵活（表示时间的从句可以在主句之前或之后）；汉语一般是从先到后。英语逻辑顺序也比较灵活（表示原因、条件的从句可以在主句之前或之后）；汉语一般是前因后果，先进条年，后谈结果。英语中的句词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）与汉语句子主谓宾的语序基本一致，因此，一般都可按汉语的表达方式处理。 顺序法 如果英语长句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序以及名词性从句与汉语句子的语序基本相似，一般可按原文顺序译：如： 本句时间状语从句在前，用顺序法译。 （1）As it was a fine day and I was in no hurry, I was taking my time, looking in shop windows, strolling in the park, and sometimes just stopping and looking around me. 由于天气晴朗，当时又无急事，我便慢悠悠看看橱窗，逛逛公园。有时干脆停下脚步，四处张望。 逆序法 如果英语长句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序与汉语句子的语序相反，一般可逆原文顺序译。如： （2）“Neither believe nor reject anything,” he wrote to his nephew, “because any other person has rejected or believed it ……”他在给侄子的信中写道：“不要因为别的人相信或拒绝了什么东西，你也就去相信它或拒绝它。……” 分译法 由于的英语可有各种后置修饰语，所以有些英语句子很长。为了符合汉语表达习惯，我们常可将长句中的一连患后置修饰语与其修饰成分分开来译，即把短语或从句拆译为短句，有时还需将后置修饰语另作适当安排并适当增加词语。如： （1）A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body’s needs but also to pro duce milk for her fawns. 一只成熟健壮的母鹿，在十一月份怀胎，五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿，这时，他必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量，这不仅是为了满足自身的需要，而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁。
(01) (10-R-1) We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. (49 words) (02) (10-R-1) “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applie d by writers who are not read to writers who are’.” (43 words) (03) (10-R-3) For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. (48 words) (04) (09-R-3) Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. (46 words) (05) (09-R-4) Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope —all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical
2012年考研英语长难句翻译六大技巧 2012年的英语考研大纲与2011年的相比没有大变化。阅读理解部分的翻译仍是一块分量很重的考察内容。其实掌握了翻译的解题技巧，翻译就成了最好拿分的一个题型。因为翻译题型主要考察两点：词汇和长难句。而翻译题型的词汇一般是认识的，最主要的一点就是碰到最难翻译的长句该怎么办？ 从近些年的真题中，我们发现命题者有一个非常清楚的或者非常明显的趋势和导向，就是对于比较复杂的句子结构和文章考察的比重加大。这个体现在各个部分的题型当中，尤其以英译汉部分最为明显。所以想要抓住获得高分的“核心竞争力”就要着重提高对文章长难句和段落逻辑结构的把握上，再加上一定的应试技巧和策略，才能在考研英语中取得高分。万学海文提醒大家要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解翻译成汉语的短句，这样翻译做起来就容易得分多了。 在英语长句的翻译过程中，下面六个技巧可以发挥很大的作用： (1) 逆序法 英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉，即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。 例如： It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice。
1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度系数5，下同） 译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。难句类型：倒装、省略 a.本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。 b.在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individual will have中，an individual will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。 2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)复杂+倒装+省略; 这是一种照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 A、句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。 B、desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后，正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light的，而是修饰一开始的desire的。 C、第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是that might never be given away，倒装后系动词was被提前，given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to B，是A让位于B，而A be given way to B，则是A取代B。on the part of 之后的部分修饰后面的desire, what引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词。What从句中的不定式to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装，正常语序应该是to record the structure and texture of a flower
考研英语长难句翻译之四大状语从句 状语从句时考研翻译中很重要的一部分，几乎涉及到每一个长难句，所以我们有必要把状语从句单独拿出来解决。一般来讲状语从句的翻译相对简单，顺着句子的顺序去翻译就好了，但我们有时候还是会发现有些问题不是很好处理。 首先我们先看一下状语从句的特点。1.一般情况下，引导英语状语从句的从属连词，基本可以在汉语中找到相对应关联词，但有时不必翻译，因为引导汉语状语分句的关联词时常省略，有近50%的汉语复句中并不使用关联词语而且省略关联词的汉语句子更为精练。 2.英语状语从句的位置颇为灵活，置于主句之前或主句之后均可。汉语状语分句一般位于主句之前，只有偶尔才位于主句之后。 这是在翻译状语从句时总体来讲应该注意的问题，下面我们从状语从句的几个分支分别来看一下翻译。 (一)时间状语从句的翻译 1、译成与汉语完全对应的表示时间的状语 例：When they approached Trenton, lights were still burning in many of the houses and Christ mas parties were still going on. 当他们逼近屈兰敦时, 许多房子里仍然灯火通明，圣诞晚会还未结束。 由于英汉语言表达的习惯差异，通常汉语的状语从句位于句首，而英语的状语从句可前可后, 以后为多。汉语是一种意合的语言，汉语句子较少使用关联词。 2、翻译成固定(常规)句型 一般像由hardly (scarcely)…. when (before)…no sooner…than…as soon as …the moment(the instant )…just as…等短语连词引导的时间状语从句翻译成汉语时, 主句与从句通常要互换, 常常译成包含"刚(一)……就……"这种结构的句子。同样，包含该结构的汉语句子亦应翻译成英语中相对应的固定句式。 例：计算机刚一启动，就发现有病毒。 Hardly had the computer started working when viruses were found. As soon as she heard the news, she fainted. 3、译成并列分句 例：I was going home when I met Mary. 我正要回家, 就在这个时候，我碰到了玛丽。 4、转译为其他状语从句 英语状语从句有时它们的深层意义互相渗透，可以互相替换，需要转译。有些时间状语从句虽然形式上是由表示时间的引导词(如 when, before, until 等)引导，但根据句子逻辑意义来判断，应灵活翻译成表因果关系的从句，或者翻译为表条件的状语从句或表目的的状语从句。
考研英语长难句翻译技巧总结 词类转译： 在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能逐词对译，只能将词类进行转译之后，方可使译文显得通顺、自然；对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。 1、转译成动词。英语中的某些名词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。 The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way. 植物没有专门的排泄系统，可用同样的方式加以说明。（名词转译） As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。 2、转译成名词。英语中的某些动词、形容词，翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。 The earth on which we live is shaped a ball. 我们居住的地球，形状像一个大球。（动词转译） The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded. 医生尽了最大的努力来治疗病号和伤员。（形容词转换） 3、转译成形容词。英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词，以及某些形容词派生的名词，往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。另外，当英语动词转译成汉语名词时，原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。 It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water. 使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的。（作表语的名词转译） The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man. 太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。（副词转译） 4、转译成副词。英语中的某些名词、形容词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。 When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor .只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。（名词转译） 词义选择和引申： 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手： 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。（形容词） He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。（动词） Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals.小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。（名词）
1. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. (2005. 阅读. Text 2) 【译文】最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。【析句】句子的主干是The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Science s to tell us that...and that...。主系表容易辨认，to tell us作目的状语，两个并列的that引导tell的宾语从句。令整个句子略显复杂的是插入语enlisted by the Whi te House，割裂了这句话的整体性。 2. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions. (2005. 阅读. Text 2) 【译文】但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。【析句】首先，句子的主干science does provide us...future and it is critica l...。and连接两个并列的句子，前句是个简单句，容易理解；后句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句，因为从句很长，若放在句首，句子则显得头重脚轻。t hat主语从句中，our nation and the world 是主语，base是谓语，important policies是宾语，on the best judgments 是宾语补足语，而judgments后有that引导的定语从句。注意，concerning the futrue...actions中的concerning此处是介词，意为“关于，就……而论”。 3. Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. (2005. 阅读. T ext 2) 【译文】就像吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断地排放气体。【析句】句子的主干是voices now come from many quarters,insiting that...,that... 中，insisting是现在分词作定语，相当于that insist; 两个that引导的都是宾语从句，作insist的宾语。第二个that从句中，还包含until引导的时间状语从句。 1. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in
英语长难句结构分析技巧及翻译方法 集团档案编码：[YTTR-YTPT28-YTNTL98-UYTYNN08]
英语长难句结构分析技巧及翻译方法；英语长句也就是复杂句，里面可能会有多个从句，从句；那么，有些同学可能会问，究竟该怎样来分析长难句呢；1、找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干结构；2、找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语；3、分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句、；4、分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等；依照上面四个结构分析步骤， 英语长难句结构分析技巧及翻译方法英语长句也就是复杂句，里面可能会有多个从句，从句与从句之间的关系可可能为并列，包含与被包含、镶嵌等形式。因此分析长难句或者翻译长难句，首要解决的应该是弄清楚从句以及清楚从句之间的关系。英语经常出现的复合句包括：名词性从句，它又包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句；形容词性从句，即定语从句；另外还有一种叫做状语从句。 那么，有些同学可能会问，究竟该怎样来分析长难句呢？有以下几点最为基础的步骤需要考生们记住： 1、找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干结构； 2、找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词； 3、分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等；以及词，短语和从句之间的关系； 4、分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。
依照上面四个结构分析步骤，我们对下面的句子进行了分解与解析，希望同学们能够在看完例子后，有进一步的理解。 例句：，whowascryingasifhisheartwouldbreakandsaid，whenI例句分析： 第一，拆分句子。 这个长句可以拆分为四段：①“InAfricaImetaboy”②“whowascryinga sifhisheartwouldb reak”、③“whenIspoketohim，thathewashungrybecau se”、④“hehadhadnofoodfortwodays”. 第二，句子的结构分析。 (1)主干结构是主语+过去式+宾语——“Imetaboy”； (2)“crying”后面是壮语从句“asifhisheartwouldbreak”； (3)“whenIspoketohim”是介于“said”和“thathewashungrybecaus e”之间的插入语。第三，难点部分的处理。 “cryingasifhisheartwouldbreak”应译为哭得伤心极了。 参考译文： 在非洲，我遇到一个小孩，他哭得伤心极了，我问他时，他说他饿了，两天没有吃饭了。以上是对于一般长难句的结构较为基础的解析方法。长难句的解析方法具体来讲可以分为分译法、顺序法、综合法、逆序法等。
高考英语-经典长难句解析及翻译 7. 2018年全国Ⅰ卷，阅读理解D篇 The team' s data only went up to2007，but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. 生词： function n. 功能 tablet n. 平板电脑 第一步：有并列结构（but） 第二部：分析主干和定状 The team' s data（主语）only（小状）went（谓语）up to 2007（小状）， the researchers（主语）also explored（谓语）what would happen（宾语）if consumers replaced old products with new electronics（状语，从句）that serve more than one function （定语）, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing（同位语）. 第三步： 根据状语倒序前置，定语倒序前置的翻译方法，我们可也把这句话翻译为： “这个团队的数据截止到2007年”
“如果消费者用不止一个功能的新电器，比如可以处理文字并且看电视的平板，来取代老的产品，研究者们也弄清楚了将会发生什么事情。” 第四步：合并并列结构并翻译： “这个团队的数据截止到2007年。但是，如果消费者用不止一个功能的新电器，比如可以处理文字并且看电视的平板，来取代老的产品，研究者们也弄清楚了将会发生什么事情。” Get busy living or get busy dying 6. 2018年全国Ⅰ卷，阅读理解D篇 According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. 生词： analysis n. 分析 cathode ray tubes 阴极射线管 consumption n. 消耗 第一步：没有并列结构 第二部：分析主干和定状 According to the analysis（状1，分词短语）of Babbitt's team（状2，介词短语）, old desktop monitors and box TVs（主语）with cathode ray tubes（定语）are（系）the worst devices
阅读长难句语法难点与翻译技巧剖析 对于考生来说，GRE阅读最困难的就是长难句的翻译，下面列举了一些长难句的语法难点和应该注意的翻译技巧。考生可以作为参考来复习。 1.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindus trygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareho ldersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingir responsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesoft helandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtherespons iblemanagementofbusiness. Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustr ygreatlyincreasedshareholdersasaclass,anelement 本句是典型的非限定性定语从句，难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定，并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句anelementlandowners又带有两个定语从句，一个是representing，另一个是detached。 可见，定语从句的难点在于经常省略引导词+be的结构，从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。 对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了
股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的'分离，而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。 实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。所以翻译时遇上定语从句，一定不要机械地按照原来的顺序生搬硬套。像这样分句较长的情况，把主句和分句拆为两句是比较好的方法。所以这里从这个阶层开始另起一句。
第五讲特殊句式及长难句解析 1．简单句、并列句、复合句 从句: 名词性：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 形容词性：定语从句 副词性：状语从句--- 时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式 2．省略句、比较结构、倒装句、分割结构 英语中还有一些特殊句式，出现在阅读理解中，势必会成为我们理解文章的障碍。但是，特殊句式还是有语法规律的，因此，如果我们能熟练应用特殊句式的语法规律，在阅读中一眼就能识别并领会这些特殊语法现象，障碍就基本克服了。 1.省略句 资料47 To err is human; to forgive, divine. Brevity is the soul of wit. 文体畅晓，其智乃见。（省略是将句子中的赘述部分删去，避免重复，使句子更简洁，加强表达内容的连贯性和逻辑性。被省略的部分大多是主语、谓语或谓语中的助动词等。文章中的省略现象会使句子成分短缺，造成句子不完整，如果看不出句子中省略了什么成分，就容易造成对文章的理解困难。 省略句一般只有当各组成部分有共同的成分才可能出现省略。对于这类句式，其难点在于发现省略成分，一旦找出并补充完整，句意理解就会大大简化。 省略句如果出现在翻译中，在翻译的时候，一定要把省略的部分翻译出来，否则会扣分。A：and 连接的并列句的省略 材料48页：Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（2002） 分析：很明显，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem，是一个省略句，with 做状语一般表示伴随，这一个分句只有一个状语加一个名词结构，构不成一个完整的句子。实际上，与前句相同的成分才会被省略，前一句的谓语部分是：will continue to be rejected. 所以，后一分句补充完整就是：with the rejection of the technology of behavior, possibly the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected. 练习：1. The reasons for poverty are many, but for the most part center on illiteracy, the lack of opportunities and in some cases pure laziness. (主语the reasons) 2.He majors in English, and I, in French. (谓语major ) 3.Self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismay. (省略主谓) B：状语从句中的省略 规则：当主句的主语与从句主语一致时候，且从句的谓语动词是Be动词时候，从句可省略主谓。See 材料48页1. 让步状语从句2 时间状语从句 3．If handled properly and not misused, the clone technology will only bring more benefit than disaster to mankind. (条件状语从句) 4．Some people look as if afraid of nothing. (方式状语从句) 5．The computer is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary. （比较）真题例句1 Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets like our own revolving round a sun. 这是复合句。in which引导定语从句，修饰astronomical body. 介词except引起的短语作
英语长难句翻译技巧 总汇
1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度系数5，下同） 译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。难句类型：倒装、省略 a.本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。 b.在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individual will have中，an individual will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。 2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)复杂+倒装+省略; 这是一种照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 A、句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。 B、 desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后，正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light 的，而是修饰一开始的desire的。 C、第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是that might never be given away，倒装后系动词was被提前，given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to B，是A让位于B，