必修二第四单元
I.词汇短语过关
1. respond vi.回答，答复；响应，作出反应
response n. 回答，回复；反应
respond to sb./sth回答（比answer, reply to正式）
respond to sb./sth. （with/ by sth.）用. 回应某人（事）
respond to （疾病、身体的受伤部分）对医药有良好反应
respo nse to sb./sth.对人/物）的回答/回复/反应
in resp onse to作为对.. 的反应
[即学即练1]
（1）______________________ They still haven't my letter.
他们至今仍没有回我的信。
（2）___________ He _________________ my suggestion a laugh/ laughing. 他对我的
建议报以一笑。
（3）______________________ His illness didn't treatment by drugs.
他的疾病对药物治疗没有反应。
（4）_______________________________________ My mother opened the door the knock, but there was no
one outside.
听到敲门声后，我妈妈打开了门，但外面一个人都没有。
responded to , responded to , with , by , respond to , in response to
2. certain adj. 确定的；无疑的；某（种）
⑴作“某（种）”讲时，同义于some但some前不加冠词。
for a certa in reason^ for some reas on 由于某种原因
certa in professors^ some professors 某些教授
a certain amount of time 相当一段时间
（2）作“确信的，有把握的”讲时，同义于sure.但是certain的主语既可以是人，
也可用于It is certain that...句型，而sure 主语只能是人。
“be certain/sur3从句”（人）有把握/确信（表示主语的信念）
be certain/sure of/about sth. 人（）确信（表示主语的信念）
be certain/sure to do sth.必定/肯定会做某事（主语常为二、三人称，表示说话人的信
念）
“ make certain/sure^从句”弄清楚/确保...
make certai n/sure of/about sth.把某件事情弄清楚
for certain/sure 确定地，确切地（做状语）
It is certain that... 一定会.... (不能用sure)
[ 即学即练2]
(1) There was ________________ i n his manne他的态度有点冷淡。
(2) Are you ___________________ i? 你对此有把握吗？
(3) He is _________________ his duty他肯定会尽职。
(4) _______________ he has wron ged me.确信他冤枉了我。
⑸________________ their team will win the match他们队肯定会赢得比赛。
a certain coldness , certain about/of , certain to do , I 'm certain that , It 's certain that
3. contain vt.包含；容纳(=hold);抑制(=control)
[ 即学即练3]
(1) His paper __________ no mistakes at all.
他的试卷没有一点错误。
(2) Orange juice __________ t h i n g s which help keep you healthy.
橘汁里含有有益于健康的东西。
(3) This bottle _________ two glasses of beer.
这个瓶子可容纳两杯啤酒。
(4) He could n't __________ f or joy 他不胜欢喜。
contained , contains , contains , contain himself
4. affect vt影响；感动；(疾病)侵袭
be greatly/deeply affected 很/深受感动
be affected by heat/cold 中暑/着凉
be affected with high fever 发高烧
[ 即学即练4]
(1) The amount of rain _____ t he growth of crops降雨量直接影响庄稼生长。
(2) 0 ne of her lungs ___________ a little so that she has to rest 她的一叶肺有些感染，所以她不得不休息。
(3) The audience __________________ by his speech.
听众被他的演讲深深打动了。
affects , is affected , were deeply affected
5. appreciate vt. 欣赏；感激；喜欢appreciation n. 欣赏；感激appreciate sth. (tha nk sb.)感激某事或某人appreciatedo ing sth感激做某事
one/on e's doing sth感激某人做某事
I would appreciate it if...如果 ... ，我将不胜感激。
[ 即学即练5]
(1) He highly ________________________ .
他非常感谢他的帮助。
(2) We shall ________________________ you again.
我们将很高兴再次收到您的来信。
(3) I really __________________________ to the party.
你能来参加这次聚会我太高兴了。
(4) I would ____________________ you could help me.
如果你能帮助我，我将不胜感激。
appreciated his help appreciate hearing from appreciate your coming appreciate it if 6. succeed v.成功
success n. [U成功；成就[C]成功的人或事successful adj. 成功的successfully adv. 成功地succeed in doing sth. have success in doing sth.
be successful in doing sth成功做某事
achieve great success取得巨大的成功
sb./sth. is a success成功的人或事
[即学即练6]
(1) We all ____________________ the mid —term exami natio n.我们都成功地通过了期中考试。
(2) Failure is the mother of ________ 失. 败是成功之母。
(3) He was _______________________ as a novelist.
他是非常成功的小说家。
succeeded in passing , success , a success
7. harm vt. & n .损害；危害
harmful adj.有害的
be harmful to= do harm to
do sb. harm= do harm to sb对 . 有害
There is no harm in doing sth.
=It does no harm (for sb.)to do sth.
做某事是个好主意(或没有坏处)。
[ 即学即练7]
(1) The dog seems fierce, but it won' t ____ anyone这条狗看上去很凶，但它不会伤害任何人。
(2) Fruit juice can _____________________ children ' s teeth.
果汁可能损坏儿童的牙齿。
(3) He may say no, but _________________________ askin他可能拒绝，但问一问也无妨。
harm , be harmful to , there is no harm in
8．die out 灭亡，逐渐消失
die out 绝种，灭绝；熄灭；(风俗、习惯等)逐渐消失
die off(家族、种族等)相继死亡；(草木)先后枯死
die away(声音、光线、风等)渐弱，渐息，平息
die down(火、光线、兴奋、暴风雨等)渐弱，渐息；(声音)静下来
die of 指死于疾病、衰老、饥饿、悲伤等
die from 指由于外伤、外界原因、粗心、不注意、劳累过度等而死
[ 即学即练8]
(1) Scientists said that those plants _____ a century ago.
科学家们说那些植物一个世纪前就绝种了。
(2) Many old customs __________________________ .
许多古老的风俗正逐渐消失。
(3) If the snowstorm does not blow over, the cattle will ____________ .
如果暴风雪不停息，牲畜就要死掉了。
(4) Open the air hole; the fire is _________________ .
把气孔打开，火要熄了。
died out , are dying out , die off , dying down
(5) Every winter some old people _____________ hypothermia.
每年冬天都有一些老人死于体温过低。
(6) Nowadays many people ______________ ca n ce r .
现在有很多人死于癌症。
die from , die of
9．in danger (of...) 处于危险之中
out of danger 脱离危险
[ 即学即练9]
(1) The drowned girl was obviously
很明显，那个溺水的女孩的生命危在旦夕。
(2) _______________________________ T he old house is collapse.
那所老房子有倒塌的危险。
(3) _______________________________________________________________ T he y were told at the hospital that their grandmother was ______________________ .
他们在医院得知他们的祖母已经脱离危险了。
in immediate danger , in danger of , out of danger 拓展：与in/out of 搭配的短语
in order 有秩序
in sight 看得见in trouble 在困境中in line 成行(队) in place 适合/当in fashion 时尚out of order 出故障(机器等工作不正常) out of sight 看不见out of trouble 摆脱困境out of line 不成一直线out of place 不合适out of fashion 过时
10. protect...from/against...保护..... 免受.... (的伤害)
defend...from/against..保卫... 以抵希9 ..
keep sb. from doing
stop sb. (from) doing
preve nt sb. (from) doing 阻止某人做
[即学即练10]
(1) Young plants should be well ____________ the cold.
幼苗必须被很好地保护以免受冻。
(2) The hen _________ its young __________ b e i n g attacked by the cat. 母鸡保卫小鸡使其免遭猫的袭击。
(3) Everyone should take up arms to ________ our country from invasion.
每个人都应当拿起武器保卫我们的国家不受侵犯。
(4) Nothing can ____ us _____ realizing our dreams.
什么也不能阻止我们实现梦想。
protected from , protected , against , defend , stop , from
提示：(1)protect against 和protect from 意思相似，有时可互换。但是，对于较大的事情，如：敌人的入侵、天灾等，常用protect against, 对于较小的事情常用protect from.
(2) 在protect...from/against...结构中，from 和against 后面常跟sth.，有时against 后跟being done 来强调动作的被动性。
(3) 主动句中prevent/stop...from...中的from 可省略，在被动句中from 不可省略，而keep...from...中的from 无论是在主动句还是被动句中都不能省略。
11．pay attention to 注意
Attention, please! 请注意！(演讲用语)
(=May I have your attention, please )
attract/catch/draw/get on e's atte nti on to 吸引某人的注意fix/focus/co ncen trate on e's atte nti on on 将注意力集中于devote on e's atte nti on to 专心致志于
call on e's atte ntion to唤起某人对. 的注意
提示：以上短语中的to、on 都是介词，其后接名词、代词或动名词。
[ 即学即练11]
(1) She ____________________________ her appearance.
她很注重外表。
(2) A great deal of attention has been ____________ protecting the environment. 人们已对保护环境投入很多精力。
paid much attention to , paid to
12．come into being 出现；形成；产生
bring...into being 使形成；使产生
for the time being 暂时；眼下
[ 即学即练12]
(1) We don't know when the universe ______________________ .
我们不知道宇宙是何时形成的。
(2) Such a custom ___________________ long ago.
这种风俗很久以前就有了。
came into being , came into being
提示：come into being是不及物动词短语，无被动形式，无进行时。类似短语有: come into power 当权
come into effect 生效
come into action 开始行动
come into office 就职
come into sight 看得见
come into use 开始使用
易错点拨自我完善? 误区备考
1. contain/include
(1)contain 意为“包含，含有，容纳，里面装有” ，指的是包含的全部内容或容量，也可指里面所含的成分。其宾语与主语常是同位关系，不用于进行时态。
⑵i nclude意为“包含；连... 在内，计入，算入，包括”，只能用于表示所包
含之物中的一部分，其后的宾语往往是主语的一部分。常用“ in clud ing+被包括部分”或“被包括部分+ in eluded”。女口：
Many people like tennis, including me/me included. 许多人喜欢网球，也包括我/我也在内。
[应用1] 用contain 和include 的适当形式填空。
(1) The Chinese diet is considered to be the healthiest in the world. It ___________
a lot of fruit and green vegetables.
(2) Everyone took part in the fight against the flood, ___________ old people.
(3) The ________ can _________ 100 litres of water.
includes , including , container , contain
2. affect/effect/influence
(1) affect 常做及物动词，“影响，感动，感染” 。
(2) effect 常做名词，“结果，效果，作用，影响”，常用于词组：have an effect
on/upon
sb.对.... 有影响，take effect生效，实行，come/go i nto effect开始生效，开始
实施。
(3) influence 可做动词也可做名词，表示“影响、感染”的意思时，是指使思想、行为、性质或发展和成长等发生变化的影响。它可以指坏的影响，也可以指好的影响，这种影响常常是潜移默化的。
[应用2] (1)Probably we ______________ each other.
(2)To ________ a policy is to have an ________ on it.
influenced , affect , effect 高效作业自我测评?技能备考
I.单词拼写
1．This hat will give p ___________ a g a i n st the hot sun.
2．My wallet c _____________ two hundred yuan and my passport was lost when I was shopping.
3．Mrs Brown's dog b ______ the mailman when he was delivering newspapers yesterday afternoon.
4．Both bees and butterflies belong to i _________ .
5．The mother is r _______ her baby against mosquitoes.
6．You'd better _________ 存（留） the money for future need.