第一讲名词
（一）概念和分类：
1．专有名词：如：China, the Great Wall
2．普通名词：（分四种）：
（1）个体名词：pen, doctor
（2）集体名词：family, class
（3）物质名词：water, paper
（4）抽象名词：work, time
（二）名词的数：
构成复数名词的规则如下：
1、pen----pens, coat----coats
2、class----classes, box----boxes
3、factory----factories
4、days
5、tomato----tomatoes, piano---pianos
6、knife----knives, wolf---wolves
注：man----men, child----children, sheep----sheep.
例题1 paper是可数名词吗？一张纸怎么说？
例题2 radio的复数形式是radioes吗？
例题3 汉译英：（1）两个美国人（2）三个英国人
（3）许多中国人
例题4 I’ll tell you a good news这名话对吗？
例题5 “玛丽的头发”和“教室的窗户”，这两个词组怎么译？
例题 6 “今天的报纸”和“五分钟的步行”怎样用英语表示？
练习I.在下列名词中哪些是不可数名词？
foot, sheep, family, tea, wife, rice, zoo, piece, man, boot, fox, bread, enemy, horse, work, tomato, day, homework, ink, piano, valley, mountain, watch, thief, tooth, milk, air, cow, bus, meat, monkey, gas, rubbish, key, photo, blood, meeting, music, month, fish
II. 写出下列名词的复数形式：
1．jeep, cock, coat, hand, group
2．valley, monkey, library, baby, country
3．potato, tomato, hero, radio, photo
4．leaf, life, thief, knife, shelf
5．bus, glass, brush, pencil-box, watch
6．foot, tooth, boot, child, policeman
7．sheep, handkerchief, German, Japanese, Frenchman
III. 将下列句子变为复数形式：
1．This is a wolf.
2．It’s an interesting story.
3．Is there a piano in the room?
4．That sheep is fat.
5．What a nice child he is!
6．What color is that coat?
7．There is a fox under a tree.
8．Whose bookshelf is this?
9．Is that a sheep or a goat?
10. It’s a beautiful city, isn’t it?
IV．翻译下列词组：
1．汤姆的父母亲 2. 学生们的书桌 3. 昨天的报纸
4. 我叔叔的屋子
5. 一张世界地图
6.中国的首都
7. 两杯茶8. 两双鞋子9.儿童节10.书的封面V.选择正确答案:
1.How many desks and chairs _______there in your
classroom? (is, are)
2.I know ______ Russia. (a few, a little)
3．How ______ is this jacket? (many, much)
4．Who gave you some _______ yesterday evening?(advice, advices)
5. I’m sorry, I have ______ ink in my pen.(little, few)
6.English ______ not easy for me to learn.(are, is)
7.We have made quite ______ American friends. (a little, a
few)
8.He has just had ________. (two breads, two pieces of
bread)
9.I don’t think physics ________ more difficult than
Chinese.(are, is)
10.There ________ a lot of rice in the bag.（is, are）
11.There are ________ sheep in the field. (a little, a few)
VI. 判断下列句子哪句是正确的:
1.他们是德国人还是日本人?
A.Are they Germen or Japanese?
B.Are they Germans or Japanese?
2.我有许多钱。
A.I have a lot of money.
B.I have a lot of moneys.
3.你吃了几碗米饭？
A.How many bowls of rice have you had?
B.How many bowl of rice have you had? 4.他有许多工作要做。
A.He has a lot of works to do.
B.He has a lot of work to do.
5.他说他妈妈给他买了一副眼镜。
A.He said his mother had bought him a glasses.
B.He said his mother had bought him a pair of glasses.
6.那些是医生们的座位。
A.Those are the doctors’s seat s.
B.Those are the doctors’ seats.
7.在桌子上有些肉和鱼。
A.There are some fish and meat on the table.
B.There is some fish and meat on the table.
8.我们班的学生打算去颐和园。
A.Our class’s students are going to the Summer Palace.
B.The students of our class are going to the Summer Palace.
9.你读过列宁故事吗？
A.Have you ever read the story of Lenin?
B.Have you ever read Lenin’s story?
10.这是件有趣的工作。
A.It’s interesting work.
B.It’s an interesting work.
Key:
例题1 不是。a sheet/piece of paper.
例题2: 不是。Radios.
例题3: (1) two Americans (2) three Englishmen (3) many Chinese 例题4: 不对。news是不可数名词，不与a连用。
例题5：Mary’s hair; the windows of the classroom.
例题6: today’s newspaper；five minutes’ walk.
Exercise I:
可数名词有：foot, sheep, family, wife, zoo, piece, man, boot, fox, fishtomato, day, piano, valley, mountain, watch, thief, tooth, cow, bus, monkey, key, photo, month, enemy, horse。
不可数名词有：tea,rice,bread,work,homework,ink,meeting, music,meat,gas,rubbish,blood,milk, air。
Exercise II:
1．jeeps, cocks, coats, hands, groups
2．valleys, monkeys, libraries, babies, countries
3．potatos, tomatoes, heroes, radios, photos
4．leaves, lives, thieves, knives, shelves
5．buses, glasses, brushes, pencil-boxes, watches
6．feet, teeth, boots, children, policemen
7. sheep, handkerchiefs, Germen, Japanese, Frenchmen Exercise III:
1.These are wolves.
2.They’re interesting stories.
3.Are there pianos in the rooms?
4.Those sheep are fat.
5.What nice children they are!
6.What colors sre those coats?
7.There are some foxes under the trees.
8.Whose book shelves are these?
9.Are those sheep or goats?
10. They’re beautiful cities, are n’t they?
Exercise IV:
1. Tom’s parents
2. students’ desks
3. yesterday’s newspaper
4. my uncle’s room
5. a map of the world
6. the capital of China
7. two cups of tea
8. two pairs of shoes
9. Children’s Day
10. the cover of the book
Exercise V:
1. Are
2. a little
3. much
4. advice
5. little
6. is
7. a few
8. two pieces of bread 9. is 10.is 11.a few
Exercise VI:
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. B 10. A
Lesson 1 人教版必修2 Unit 3 (1) 课文讲解 WHO AM I? 【1】Over time I have been changed quite a lot. I began as a calculating machine in France in 1642. Although I was young I could simplify difficult sums. I developed very slowly and it took nearly two hundred years before I was built as an analytical machine by Charles Babbage. After I was programmed by an operator who used cards with holes, I could "think" logically and produce an answer quicker than any person. At that time it was considered a technological revolution and the start of my "artificial intelligence". In 1936 my real father, Alan Turing, wrote a book about how I could be made to work as a "universal machine" to solve any difficult mathematical problem. From then on, I grew rapidly both in size and in brainpower. By the 1940s I had grown as large as a room, and I wondered if I would grow any larger. However, this reality also worried my designers. As time went by, I was made smaller. First as a PC (personal computer) and then as a laptop, I have been used in offices and homes since the 1970s. 【2】These changes only became possible as my memory improved. First it was stored in tubes, then on transistors and later on very small chips. As a result I totally changed my shape. As I have grown older I have also grown smaller. Over time my memory has developed so much that, like an elephant, I never forget anything I have been told! And my memory became so large that even I couldn't believe it! But I was always so lonely standing there by myself, until in the early 1960s they gave me a family connected by a network. I was able to share my knowledge with others through the World Wide Web. 【3】Since the 1970s many new applications have been found for me. I have become very important in communication, finance and trade. I have also been put into robots and used to make mobile phones as well as help with medical operations. I have even been put into space rockets and sent to explore the Moon and Mars. Anyhow, my goal is to provide humans with a life of high
第一次语法：名词的性数格（详细讲解 （）4. The bus station is about five ___ from his home. 名词的单复数变化，名词的性别以及名 A. hundred meter B. hundreds of meter 词的所有格用法） C. hundred meters D. hundreds of meters （）5. Our math teacher has daughter. （）1. Mr. Black is __. But he likes to drive a __ car. A. a 8-year-old B. an 8-years-old A. English; Chinese B. an English; China C . an 8-year -old D . an 8-year -olds C. an England; China’s D. English; Japan （）6. It will take us _______ walk to get there. （）2. Lily and Lucy are from . A . one hour and a half B . one and a half hour A. English B. Chinese C. England D. French C. one and half hours D. one and a half hour’s （）3.--Can you buy some eggs for dinner , mum? （）7. There are many _____ in our school. --Oh, no. There are _______ on the table. A. woman teachers B. man teachers A . a box of egg B . two boxes of eggs C. women teachers D. men’s teachers C. two boxes of egg D. a boxes of eggs A. eyes B. ears C. nose D. face （）8. In the picture you can see a ___ and many __. （）13. What _______ it is today! A . cat , sheeps B . cat , sheep A . a nice weather B . nice weather C. sheep, cat D. cats, sheeps C. nice a weather D. good a climate （）9. Those stole a few yesterday . （）14. I want ------ and two apples for lunch . A. thiefs, fishes B. thieves, fish A. a piece of bread B. two piece of breads C. thiefs, fishes D. thief, fish C. two piece of bread D. a pieces of of bread bread （）10. The room is too small, there’s no enough ______for another chair. （）15. Jack won the boys’ ______ race in our school sports meeting A. rooms B. room C. place D. spaces yesterday . （）11. How many ____ are there in these _____? A. 1500-metre B.1500-metres A. tomatoes, photo B. tomatoes, photos C.1500-metre’s D. 3000 meters C. potato, photos D. potatoes, photo （）12. The little boy has two _______. A. geese B. tooth C. dog D. cat 1
教学标题名词、数词用法 教学目标复习名词、数词用法 教学重难点The usages of important knowledge points 上次作业检查 （名词）1、不可数名词——数不清（没有复数）谓语动词：单数 Drink/milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridge/Food/rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings 2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式，不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用，没有复数形式many+可数名词复数much/a little+不可数名词some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。 3、用单位词表示。 用a ... of 表示。如 a cup of （一杯......），a bottle of （一瓶......）a piece of （一张......），a pair of shoes （一双鞋）如two cups of tea（两杯茶）,five pieces of paper（五张纸） 规则变化 1）一般情况下加-s如book--books（书）desk--desks（书桌） 2）以s ,x ,ch , sh结尾加-es 如box--boxes（盒子）bus--buses(公共汽车) 注意①以th 结尾加-s, month--months ②stomach--stomachs 3)以辅音字母（a/e/i/o/u除外）+结尾，变y为i再加- es。如city--cities(城市) country--countries(国家) 注意以元音+y，直接加s。如：day--days(天)，boy--boys(男孩) 4)以f或fe结尾，复数变f或fe 为v再加-es如knife-knives(书) , half-halves(一半）(thief ,wife ,life ,shelf ,knife ,leaf ,self ,half ,wolf)注意①有少数词后直接加s，如roof-roofs (屋顶) 5)以o结尾 (1)辅音字母（a/e/i/o/u）加o结尾名词的加-es如tomato-tomatoes(西红杮) potato-potatoes(土豆) (2) 元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s 如piano-pianos (钢琴), zoo-zoos(动物园) photo-photos (照片), kangaroo-kangaroos(袋鼠) 注意zero 两种方式都可：zero-zeros或zeroes(零) 不规则变化 1) 元音字母发变化。如man--men(男人) ，woman--women(妇女) tooth--teeth(牙齿) ，foot--feet(脚) mouse--mice(老鼠) ，policeman--policemen(警察) policewoman--policewomen(女警察) 2) 词尾发生变化。如child--children(小孩) ，ox--oxen(公牛) 3) 单、复数形式相同。如fish--fish(鱼) ，sheep--sheep(绵羊) ，deer--deer(鹿) ，Chinese--Chinese(中国人) ，yuan--Yuan(元) ，jinn--jinn(斤) 注意不说an English，要说an Englishman. ①fish作鱼肉讲时不可数，没有复数。②fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。 4) 形似单数，实为复数意义。如people(人，人们)these people (不说a people，可说a person) police(公安，警察)ten police(不说a police，可说a policeman) 四、名词的所有格 1.名词所有格的构成法 1)单数名词词尾加's复数名词词尾如没有s，也要加's。 2)表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人名字后加，如果表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后加。 如Jim and Mike's room吉姆和麦克(共用)的房间Jim's and Mike's rooms吉姆和麦克(各自)的房间 3)若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加"'"即可。如the students' reading-room(学生阅览室)
名词和冠词第一讲 语法项目(一) 名词 [考纲解读·定方向] 语法填空题对名词的考查主要包括名词的单复数和所有格，以及给出动词、形容词等提示词要求写出适当的名词形式。短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。解答有关名词的题目时，一定要注意名词前的修饰成分，如数词、量词、常修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词的词或短语等，来判断其是需要可数名词单数形式、复数形式还是不可数名词；有的还要结合语境分析句子成分，来判断是否需要作主语、宾语、表语或定语的名词。 如何确定填单复数、所有格还是派生为名词 [思考趋向] 1．填名词的单复数 若提示词是名词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，此时应考虑填名词的单复数。 2．填名词的所有格 提示词为名词时，如果作定语表示“……的”，则一般考查名词的所有格。 3．派生为名词 [典例感悟] [典例1](2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several ________ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. 解析：invitations invitation“邀请”是可数名词，其前有several修饰，应用复数形式。[典例2](2019·湖南师大附中模拟)This could be ________ (Mary) motto——the expression that best captures her spirit. 解析：Mary's 此题考查名词的所有格，根据语境应该表示“玛丽的格言”。 [典例3](2017·浙江卷11月)Of course you have to work at it.You wouldn't think that a few ________ (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough for the rest of your life，and that's also true for building your vocabulary—you have to keep at it daily，and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary. 解析：months 考查名词的数。根据空前的a few及month为可数名词可知，此处表示“几个月的锻炼”，故用month的复数形式。 ________(educate)．her with on carry to determined is 4](2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She 典例[解析：education 根据空格前的修饰语定答案。前面由形容词性物主代词her(她的)修饰，故用educate的名词形式，education是不可数名词。 名词单数变复数的技法
第二讲名词
2013年-------2019年高考试卷考查名词情况 考点一名词 1.(2019·全国I卷）In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a (believe) that populations are increasing. belief 2.(2018·全国I卷）...reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all____(cause). causes 3.(2017江苏，34)The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. But alternative________________(explain) are hard to find. 【答案】explanations 【解析】句意：恐龙灭绝未必是由天体事故造成的，但是很难找到其他的解释。设空处在此处作句子的主
语，要用名词形式。根据谓语动词are可知此处要用名词的复数形式。 4.(2016浙江，4)It is important to pay your_________________ (electric)bill on time, as late payments may affect your credit. 【答案】electricity 【解析】句意：按时交电费很重要，因为晚交电费可能会影响你的信誉。本题考查名词作定语。名词作定语时，常用其单数形式，故答案为electricity。 5.(2016江苏，24)——Can you tell us your recipe for_________________(happy) and a long life? --- Living every day to the full , definitely . 【答案】happiness 【解析】句意：——你能告诉我们你幸福、长寿的诀窍吗？——切地说，就是充实地度过每一天。介词后需用名词形式，happiness作“幸福”讲为不可数名词，故答案为happiness。 6.(2016天津，2)The dictionary is out of_________________ : many words have been added to the language since it was published. 【答案】date 【解析】句意：这本词典过时了：自从它出版以来，这种语言已经添加了许多单词。out of date过时。 7.(2015安徽，30)There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some_________________ ( think ) and then let me know . 【答案】thought 【解析】句意：现在没有必要告诉我你的答案，思考一下然后让我知道。本题考查名词。some修饰名词，故填thought。 8.(2015湖北，21)When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his _________________ (balanced) and had a bad fall. 【答案】balance 【解析】句意：这个男孩在追他哥哥的时候失去了平衡，重重地摔了一跤。lose one's balance失去平衡，符合语境。 9.(2015湖北，22)He gave himself a new name to hide his_________________ (identify) when he went to carry out the secret task. 【答案】identity
第一层级|抓牢“词法”——保基本分 第一讲名词和冠词 在高考中，语法填空和短文改错重点考查名词的单 复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。在 语法填空和短文改错中，解答有关名词的题目时，一要 根据在句中所作的成分确定是否使用名词。名词在句中常用作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。二要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语的情况以及主谓一致原则来确定名词单复数。 (一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空) It was late at night. Two 1.________ (German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly, one of them, Mrs. Green, was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck. She had three thousand 2.______ (dollar) in her pocket. “What should I do? Many 3.______ (thief) usually bring 4.________ (knife) with them，”she thought in 5.________ (silent). After two 6.________ (minute) search, the thief happened to touch a sports suit. It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room, so he went out to the next room where two 7.________ (Frenchman) were sleeping. When he was looking for 8.________ (money) or some 9.________ (jewel) in the next room, Mrs. Green woke up her husband quickly and called the police. And then the thief knew what had happened. He was so scared that he took out a knife. Just then the police showed up. Before the thief ran away, the police caught him. For Mrs. Green, it was really an unusual 10.________ (experience)．答案：1.Germans 2.dollars 3.thieves 4.knives 5.silence 6.minutes' 7.Frenchmen8.money9.jewels/jewelry10.experience (二)快捷技法
第一讲名词 （一）概念和分类： 1．专有名词：如：China, the Great Wall 2．普通名词：（分四种）： （1）个体名词：pen, doctor （2）集体名词：family, class （3）物质名词：water, paper （4）抽象名词：work, time （二）名词的数： 构成复数名词的规则如下： 1、pen----pens, coat----coats 2、class----classes, box----boxes 3、factory----factories 4、days 5、tomato----tomatoes, piano---pianos 6、knife----knives, wolf---wolves 注：man----men, child----children, sheep----sheep. 例题1 paper是可数名词吗？一张纸怎么说？ 例题2 radio的复数形式是radioes吗？ 例题3 汉译英：（1）两个美国人（2）三个英国人 （3）许多中国人 例题4 I’ll tell you a good news这名话对吗？ 例题5 “玛丽的头发”和“教室的窗户”，这两个词组怎么译？ 例题 6 “今天的报纸”和“五分钟的步行”怎样用英语表示？ 练习I.在下列名词中哪些是不可数名词？ foot, sheep, family, tea, wife, rice, zoo, piece, man, boot, fox, bread, enemy, horse, work, tomato, day, homework, ink, piano, valley, mountain, watch, thief, tooth, milk, air, cow, bus, meat, monkey, gas, rubbish, key, photo, blood, meeting, music, month, fish II. 写出下列名词的复数形式： 1．jeep, cock, coat, hand, group 2．valley, monkey, library, baby, country 3．potato, tomato, hero, radio, photo 4．leaf, life, thief, knife, shelf 5．bus, glass, brush, pencil-box, watch 6．foot, tooth, boot, child, policeman 7．sheep, handkerchief, German, Japanese, Frenchman III. 将下列句子变为复数形式： 1．This is a wolf. 2．It’s an interesting story. 3．Is there a piano in the room? 4．That sheep is fat. 5．What a nice child he is! 6．What color is that coat? 7．There is a fox under a tree. 8．Whose bookshelf is this? 9．Is that a sheep or a goat? 10. It’s a beautiful city, isn’t it? IV．翻译下列词组： 1．汤姆的父母亲 2. 学生们的书桌 3. 昨天的报纸 4. 我叔叔的屋子 5. 一张世界地图 6.中国的首都
名词专题讲义s 一.名词的分类 专有名词：指某人，某地，某机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。如HongKong, China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross 个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如 student,book 名普可数名词 词通集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family,school, group, people 名 词不可数名词物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：cotton,air,tea 抽象名词：表示抽象概念，如:work，happiness,news 名词集个抽物质，可数6变3特殊； 主谓一致看名词，集形复表要具体； 名格's/of来代表，共有各有要分清。 二．名词的复数 可数名词有单、复数形式，其复数的构成规则如下： 1）绝大多数在词尾加s。如：book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces. 注意：German→ Germans属于绝大多数在词尾加s. 2）以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加es。 如：watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes; 注意：以o结尾加es的常用名词: Negro, hero, volcano,potato,tomato 记忆口诀：黑人英雄爱在火山上吃土豆西红柿 下列以o结尾的词加s构成复数：piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo 3）以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词，将y改为i，再加es。 例如：baby,babies;family,families; 4）以f或fe结尾的名词，先将f或fe改为v，再加es构成复数形式。 常用名词有self, life, thief, wife, knfe, loaf, leaf, shelf, wolf, half 记忆口诀：为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在 架子上，把狼劈成两半， 注意：下列以f结尾的名词，是在f后加s构成复数：roof,chief,belief,gulf；
第1讲名词与主谓一致（要点透析） 名词 一、名词的数 在熟悉名词单数变复数规则的基础上，突出以下几点： 1. 注意以下名词数的概念 ①以s结尾，仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词), 如： physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news, the United States ②总称名词：表示一类事物的总称，不能加s，如： machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence ③单数和复数形式表达不同的意思，如： fish 鱼肉—fishes 各种鱼 paper 纸—papers 试卷 water 水—waters 水域 room 空间—rooms 房间 time 时间—times 时代 arm 手臂—arms 武器 ④形式上虽是单数，但表示的是复数含义，如： people, police, cattle, staff, public, the ＋adj., the ＋分词 2. 集体名词的数 family，team，audience，class，club，committee，crowd, group, enemy, cattle, government, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff等 集体名词注意其主谓一致，一般来说，视为整体时作单数看待，侧重其成员时则作复数看待。The enemy has suffered heavy losses. The enemy are in flight. 3. 单复数同形的名词 a．某些动物名称 fish, deer, sheep b．某国人的名词 Chinese, Japanese, Swiss
第一讲：城市生态学的定义与研究内容 城市生态学（urban ecology）： 定义1：城市生态学是研究城市人类与城市环境之间关系的科学。 定义2：城市生态学是应用生态学的基本原理研究城市生态系统的结构、功能和过程，并以此协调城市人类与环境之间的关系的科学。 基本内涵： （1）城市生态学的研究对象是包括人类在内的城市生态系统，研究城市人类活动与城市环境之间的相互关系； （2）城市生态学是生态学的一个分支; 同时也是人类学和城市科学的重要组成部分； （3）城市生态学不能离开生态学的基本概念和基本原理的约束。 城市生态系统（urban ecosystem）： 定义1：城市生态系统是城市空间范围内的居民与自然环境系统和人工建造的社会环境系统相互作用而形成的统一体，属人工生态系统。 定义2：城市生态系统是城市人类与周围生物和非生物环境相互作用而形成的一类具有一定功能的网络结构，也是人类在改造和适应自然环境的基础上建立起来的特殊的人工生态系统。 不同于自然生态系统，它注重的是城市人类和城市环境的相互关系。它是由自然系统、经济系统和社会系统所组成的复合系统。城市中的自然系统包括城市居民赖以生存的基本物质环境，如阳光、空气、淡水、土地、动物、植物、微生物等；经济系统包括生产、分配、流通和消费的各个环节；社会系统涉及城市居民社会、经济及文化活动的各个方面，主要表现为人与人之间、个人与集体之间以及集体与集体之间的各种关系。这三大系统之间通过高度密集的物质流、能量流和信息流相互联系，其中人类的管理和决策起着决定性的调控作用。 刘易斯· 芒福德(Lewis Mumford，1895—1990)： 美国著名城市规划理论家、历史学家，他强调城市规划的主导思想应重视各种人文因素，是人文主义技术哲学的开山鼻祖，他的学术思想，无论在促进城市规划的发展上，还是在提高城市规划师的品德修养上，都具有非常重要的价值。他的主要作品有《枝条与石头》(1924)、《科技与文明》(1934)、《生存的价值》(1946)、《城市发展史：起源、演变与前景》(1961)、《城市发展史：起源、演变与前景》(1961)。 生态系统服务（ecosystem services）： 定义：指人类生存与发展所需要的资源归根结底都来源于自然生态系统。自然生态系统不仅可以为我们的生存直接提供各种原料或产品（食品、水、氧气、木材、纤维等），而且在大尺度上具有调节气候、净化污染、涵养水源、保持水土、防风固沙、减轻灾害、保护生物多样性等功能，进而为人类的生存与发展提供良好的生态环境。对人类生存与生活质量有贡献的所有生态系统产品和服务统称为生态系统服务。 生态系统服务包括供给服务（如提供食物和水）、调节服务（如控制洪水和疾病）、文化服务（如精神、娱乐和文化收益）以及支持服务（如维持地球生命生存环境的养分循环）。柏拉图（Plato）： 古希腊伟大的哲学家，也是全部西方哲学乃至整个西方文化最伟大的哲学家和思想家之一，他和老师苏格拉底，学生亚里士多德并称为古希腊三大哲学家。另有其创造或发展的概念包括：柏拉图思想、柏拉图主义、柏拉图式爱情、经济学图表等。《理想国》为其思想的
奥风英语《精编中考语法专项练习》 说明 本资料是奥风英语《中考语法完全突破》视频教程的配套资料，与《中考语法完全突破》视频教程，《中考语法记忆大纲》并称“中学语法三剑客（中考版）”。 本专题练习与《中考语法完全突破》完全同步，12套练习分别对应12个讲座。每套练习分为三部分：Ⅰ.中考真题演练-接触各地真题，把握中考脉搏！ Ⅱ. 基础巩固练习-练习全面系统，切实打牢基础！ Ⅲ. 中考模拟强化练习-巩固强化提高，完全模拟中考！ 《中考语法完全突破》由魏训刚老师录制，教程重点突出，覆盖全面，深入浅出，平实易懂，紧扣中考，直击考点。 第一讲：名词 Ⅰ.中考真题演练 1.It’s a good________to have breakfast every morning. A.hobby B.job C.menu D.skill 2.The________often eat grass on the hill. A. chicken B. horse C. cow D. sheep 3.—How many________do we need to make fruit salad? —Two should be enough. A. cabbage B. potatoes C.bananas D.lemon 4.—Could you tell me how to remember new words quickly? —Yes, I think a________tree can help you a lot. A. grammar B. equation C. punctuation D. vocabulary 5. Jeremy Lin is the first Chinese-American basketball________in the NBA. He is a little different from Yao Ming. A. dancer B. player C. watcher 6.—You look so healthy. —Yeah, I like eating apples. An apple a day keeps the _______ away. A. teacher B. worker C. farmer D. doctor 7. Could you please get me some ________? I’m hungry. A. apple B. water C. bread D. egg 8. As young adults, it is our________to try our best to deal with each challenge in our education with the help of our teacher. A. work B. job C. duty D. task 9. Work hard, and you will get good ________. A. lessons B. notes C. grades D. answers 10. I am tired after a long walk. I want to have a ________. A. talk B. look C. party D. rest
第一讲：名词 一、【考点解读】 名词是人类认识事物所使用的基本词汇，是用来表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念的名称的词。在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、称呼语等。小升初的考点主要集中在名词的分类判断和名词的修饰成分上面。 二、【知识讲解】 知识点1——名词的分类和可数名词的单复数 一、名词的种类 名词是用来表示人名、地名、事物名称及其抽象概念的词类。 名词 普通名词 可数名词 具体名词 抽象名词 不可数名词 例:book, student 例：colour, message 具体名词 抽象名词 例：rice, sugar 例：work, advice
（二）国人变复数的规则如下表：
知识点2——常见的不可数名词以及修饰名词的数量词一常见的不可数名词如下表
二修饰名词的数量词如下表 知识点3——名词的句法作用 名词在句子中可以用作如下成分： 1. 名词作主语 The boy opened the door. 那个男孩把门打开了。 2. 名词作宾语 I saw the boy .我看到那个男孩。（boy 作动词saw的宾语） Give the money to your brother. 把这些钱给你兄弟。(brother 作介词to的宾语) 3.名词作表语 He is a clever boy. 他是个聪明的孩子。 4.名词宾语补足语 They called him a fool. 他们叫他傻瓜。 He was called a fool.（当含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态的时候，原来的宾语变成了主语，那么原来的宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。）
量柱擒涨停第1讲 一、量柱的三重特性 1、量柱的原始特性 什么是量柱： 从形式上看，量柱就是走势主图下方的VOL“红绿柱状体”。它是每时每刻实际成交状况的原始记录，它是未经人工修饰的、实实在在的量价结合体。（原生性）“阴阳柱”是较为特殊的情况。 从内容上看，量柱就是成交量形成的记录柱。主力往往使巧劲，量柱上作假，成本太高，得不偿失。（真实性）从本质上看，量柱就是买卖双方在某一时段，某一价位殊死搏斗后的暂时平衡柱，是供求双方对立统一的量价平衡体。（全息性） 量柱的原生性、真实性、全息性，蕴藏着丰富的有待开发的潜能。 2、量柱的孪生特性 量柱与价柱是完全对应的孪生兄弟。 每根量柱都是有价的，每根价柱都是有量的。
量价关系是股市中最根本的关系，如一国的《宪法》，股价的演变离不开量价的阴阳平衡。 3、量柱的衍生特性 实践证明：“量柱”具有“三重序化”功能： 可以科学地“序化盘面结构”，将无序的走势有序化。 可以科学地“细化波段节奏”，将未来的走势节律化。 可以科学地“量化走势幅度”，将未知的走势度量化。有序化，就能看清股票走势的来龙去脉，从过去预示将来；节律化，就能看清股票走势的高低起伏，从现在把握未来；度量化，就能看清股票价位的发展趋势，从已知预测未知。 量柱的三重序化：有序化（找路）、节律化（把路显现出来）、度量化（预测走多远） 二、量柱的三先规律 第一规律：卖在买先——卖买平衡律，原始天性 第二规律：价在量先——价量平衡律，交易天性 第三规律：庄在散先——庄家导向律，投机天性 量柱的“三先规律”重在这个“先”字，“先”者，“预”
也。根据“量柱”的“三先规律”，我们可以做出“三级预报”： 第一级是“阻力预报”； 第二级是“撑力预报”； 第三极是“涨停预报”。 同时根据量柱的变化和组合，根据大盘的人气和趋势，还可以细化出“盘前预报”、“盘中预报”、“盘尾预报”三级预测。 三、“三先规律”的神奇魅力和预报效果
第一讲认识名词、动词、形容词 一、学习要点： 1、认识名词、动词、形容词。 2、学习运用名词、动词、形容词。 二、学习内容： 〈一〉、认识名词、动词、形容词。 1、名词：表示人和事物名称的词，叫名词。 例：妈妈、西瓜、桌子、书、笔、纸、计算机、星期天、上海等。特点：（1）、名词前面可以加数量词：一张桌子、两本书 （2）、名词一般不能重叠。 （3）、指人的普通名词后面加“们”，表示“群体”。 例如：老师们、同学们、战友们。名词加“们”以后，前面不能再加数量词，如：不能说“三位同志们”。 2、动词；表示人或事物的动作、行为、心理活动或存在、变化、消 失等的词。 例：走、批评、爱、发生、变化、来、回、能够等 特点：〈1〉、动词后面一般可以带着、了、过等表示动态。 例：坐着：表示动作正在进行。 看了：表示动作已经结束。 吃过：表示动作过去进行过。 〈2〉、一部分动词可以重叠，重叠形式：ABAB 例：表扬表扬、想想、听听、讲讲、宣传宣传
3、形容词：表示人或事物的性质、状态的词。 例：伟大、粗细、勇敢、美丽、聪明、老实、红、快等。 特点：〈1〉、形容词前面可以加很、太、非常、最等表示程度。 例：很大、太慢、非常热、最硬 〈2〉、一部分形容词可以重叠，重叠形式：AABB A里AB 例：高高、慢慢、清清楚楚、大大方方 马里马虎、慌里慌张、小里小气、糊里糊涂〈二〉、学习运用名词、动词、形容词。 1、积累词汇。 2、怎样用好动词和形容词？ 〈1〉、从词的意义、感情色彩等方面进行选择、比较、分析。把词放在句子里读一读、想一想用什么词好。 例1、轮到周继红跳水了。在万名观众的注视下，她轻盈地（爬、登）上了高高的十米跳台。她深深的吸了一口气，在跳台上慢慢地跑了起来，她越跑越快，突然，有力地向前一（跳、跃），整个身子便在空中腾飞起来，那样子，活像一只迎着风暴而飞的海燕。收腹，（挺、伸）腿，接连三个翻腾以后，周继红忽然展开身子，像箭似的（插、掉）入水中。 〈2〉、用动词代替“有”来描写事物； 例2、山坡上有〈〉些小村庄，小村庄的草坪上有〈〉一位老奶奶，她的身旁有〈〉一条狗。 〈3〉、用词要准。把握事物的特征，选取最能反映这些事物的特征的