新东方优能中学高二英语写作讲义—李赵宏
第一节写作概述及如何审题
1 写作概述
英语写作实际上就是用十几个英语句子清楚、全面地表达出题目的指示与要求。从最简单也是最本质的角度来说，英语作文主要由两大因素构成。一是句子，二是结构。结构是句子排列组合的方式。这种排列组合越符合逻辑，文章就越成功。而句子涉及到的是语言的表达。无论哪类文体，写作都是万变不离其宗。保证清晰的逻辑结构在心，在遣词造句上多下功夫，就一定能写出好文章。也正因此，写作需要的是平时多积累好词好句，并且要时常进行实战演练，做到“拳不离手、曲不离口”。
我们进行写作学习的目标很显然是要在第四档和第五档努力。这两档总结来看，得分点有三个：第一，文章涵盖所有内容要点；
第二，应用较多高级词汇、复杂的语法结构；
第三，句间逻辑清晰紧凑，文章结构合理。
不难看出，做到了这三点，才能在写作的评卷过程中赢得阅卷老师的青睐。由此还要回到我们第一点所讲的，一是句子，二是结构。那么怎样安排好句子和结构，组成结构合理逻辑清晰的文章。后面都会给大家一一讲解。
3 审题
拿到一个道英语写作（书面表达）题，在遣词造句谋篇之前，首先是审题。
2010陕西卷：
假定你是李华，你们学校和美国一所学校签订了教师交换协议。在过去的一年里，你们的老师是来自这所学校的Sue Wood,。不久前，他返回美国任教。请你根据写作要点和要求给Sue写封电子邮件。
写作要点：1.对他表达感谢之意。
2.介绍他离开后你自己和班里发生的事情。
3.希望了解他的近况。
要求：1.短文必须写在答题卡的指定区域
2.短文不少于100字（不包含已经写好的部分）
3.内容充实，结构完整，语意连贯
4.内容中不能体现本人真实信息
第一，确定文体。提示性作文注意文章三段结构，立论举证及结论。应用文要注意语态的表达。看图作文要注意故事连贯性及时态。这篇文章是要写电子邮件。
第二．抓住题目，确认核心内容。本篇题目的意思几句就是给一位带过课的老师写邮件，是很容易想象的生活情境。其实写作要求里的要点未列出我们也容易想到要表达感谢及介绍近况，并期待下次见面等通俗内容。
第三，看完题目时心中要有数：三段都写什么，大致文章结构应该是个什么样子。（主张文章的三段论，逻辑清晰，结构完整）
需要说明的是，我们主张写作时要打一个简单的草稿，写下几个要点或重点句型。在时间充分的条件下，在我们平时的英语写作学习中要锻炼的是英语语言输出的质量，目标是在写作的时候心中有数，提笔成文。
范文：
Dear Sue,
I'm Li Hua, one of your students in China. It's almost a month since you left us. We all miss you and are very grateful for what you did during the past year.
Thanks to you help, we are now quite interested in English study, especially oral English. Every one tries to practice English in our daily life. Last week, an English Speaking Contest was held and I got the second price, which I can't even imagine before. The public service, helping the orphans in the nearby orphan house, which was held by you at the beginning is now going on well. We decide to offer our service there once a month.
How is everything with you lately? We hope to know more about you and your American students. Please keep in touch with us. We are looking forward to your return next year.
With best regards,
Li Hua 范文分析：
1. 本次考题选取了应用文中最常见的书信，所以请注意格式。
2. 考题的内容延续陕西考区特点，贴近中学生生活，内容要点给出，考生需要部分发挥。前几年考的都是议论文，今年将书信和记叙相结合，所以要注意时态变化。
3. 写作中的一些固定表达要注意，这是英语写作规范化的重要体现：be grateful for, be interested in, at the beginning, offer one’s service, look forward to 等。
4. 注意句子多样化丰富化的原则。
We all miss you and are very grateful for what you did during the past year. 宾语从句Last week, an English Speaking Contest was held and I got the second price,which I can’t even imagine before. 被动语态，定语从句。The public service, helping the orphans in the nearby orphan house, which was held by you at the beginning is now going on well. 同位语，定语从句。
为什么说这是一篇好范文：第一，文章整体结构完整，内容流畅自然。第二运用较多高级词汇和复杂的语法结构。
4 书写要求
要注意语法，标点，拼写，格式等等，切莫小看了这些环节，避免小的失误会让阅卷者对同学们有一个好的印象，这对获得高分至关重要。满分作文是允许有轻微错误的。
第一，卷面要整洁，字迹要清楚
应细心书写，便于别人阅读。大写字母应稍大于也稍高于小写字母，a和o、a和cl、d和cl、u和v、
n和u要分清。在逗号后空出约一个字母的间隔，在句号后则空出约两个字母的间隔。
如要划去一个词，不能用括号把它括起来，因为括号中的词还是要的；而要用粗线把它涂掉，切勿把字抹黑。如要增加一个词，应加在已写的一行词上面，不要加在下面，还要用清楚的符号表明加在何处。第二标点符号使用要正确
结构完整的句子，不论长短，后面都打句号。
不要用逗号连接两个并列从句；应用逗号加连词，或用分号。
例如：My mother is a teacher, and my father is a lawyer.
第三专用名词的拼写要正确。人名、地名、国名。
第四单词拼写要正确
第五格式要正确（大小写、标题、书信、日记、通知等）
5 遣词：高级原则转换原则修饰原则
高级原则：
顾名思义是在作文中选择相对高级的词汇，也就是说要精益求精。例如在当今社会“搜索信息”是上网的重要目的之一，在翻译这个词组的时候很多学生想到的是look for information.然而仔细思考发现有两个词组我们也学过的，就是search for和hunt for。前者是搜寻很简单，后者可直译为猎取。在这里用在“搜索信息”上恰当又生动。
例如：English is an important tool for people to communicate around the world.
important—crucial, essential, significant, of importance
I think---I believe, suspect, guess,
From my point of view, As far as I am concerned,
From my perspective, etc.
例如：I like reading while my brother likes watching TV.
enjoy, prefer, be fond of, care for, be interested in.
例如：attract one's attention—capture one’s attention
cause—result in; lead to; bring about
helpful—beneficial;
转换原则：
部分考生看到他们不熟悉的表达方式就开始头晕眼花了。这时，如果考生能够想到“同义转换”即“不会说的绕着说，没把握的换着说”，你会发现原来“柳暗花明又一村”的境地离自己是如此地近。把生涩的表达转换成我们容易掌握的简单表达法。
例如：编辑文本—它无非就是对我们之前的文章进行修改，如果考生不会edit，马上想到近一点的change,或者是correct 甚至是perfect 都可以。
例如：“时尚达人”可以说the person who is always fashionable
例如：2010全国卷（二）。招聘外教，授课对象：高中生（三年英语基础）
have at least three years of English learning experience.
我们会在具体的作文演练中讲这种方法。
修饰原则：
我们知道英语中有个最简单的语法修饰规则就是：形容词+名词；副词+形容词。这是英语作文中的一大法宝。它可以用来充分的描述对象或或表达情感。
例如，crowed(拥挤的)前可加rather、quite形容程度
effective(有效的)前可加most, extremely, extraordinarily等
Allen is a basketball player.
Allen is a good basketball player.(用形容词说明这位学生的特点)
Allen is an excellent basketball player. (运用高级法则换形容词)
Allen is an extremely basketball player. (运用副词extremely修饰excellent,表现出极其优秀的特质)
第二节句子
词汇是文章的最基本元素，而句子是是表现文章内容的基本形式。考试作文中为学生增分添彩的很多程度上也都是在句子中体现的语法结构，所以句子的水平和质量很大程度上决定了文章的水平和成色。那么什么样句型的使用会获得加分呢？这里首先不得不提倒装句。
1倒装句
Not only…but also 不仅，而且
例如：He has made great progress in his study. And he is willing to help others. ---
Not only has he made great progress in his study but also he is willing to help others.
例如：我们不仅应该在课堂上认真听讲，而且应该经常练习说英语。
We should listen carefully/attentively at class and practice speaking English frequently.
Not only should we listen attentively at class, but also practice speaking English frequently.
Only状语置于句首，主句倒装只有。。。（表强调）
例如：He will come to see me when he is free.
Only when he is free will he come to see me.只有他有空时才来看我。
We can get along (well) with each other in this way.
Only in this way can we get along well with each other.
只有这样我们才能好好相处。
So置于句首+that（这部分不变）太。。。以至于
这个句型是由so…that…句型转变而来。并且意思并没有变，只是强调了“太。。。”的部分。
例如：He ran so fast that I can not catch up with him.
So fast did he run fast that I can not catch up with him.
She is so tired recently that her parents worry about her health.
So tired is she recently that her parents worry about her health.
我们在高考题中实际演练一下倒装句。注意在文章中运用和掌握。
2010重庆卷：我搭航班回国后发现一个行李箱丢失，写信给航空公司请求寻找。
这篇文章很显然可以很轻松的用到倒装句型。
So在句首：
I was so careless that I lost my suitcase during the flight.
So careless was I that I lost my suitcase during the flight.
Only在句首
I found my suitcase lost when I came back to my home.
Only when I came back to my home did I find my suitcase lost.
2 强调句
第一，do/does/did + 动词原形
这个强调再简单不过了，只要记得在恰当的地方应用，就有好效果。
例如：He did try his best.他确实努力过了。
I do understand your situation. 我确实理解你的情况。
第二，It is/was + 被强调部分+ that/who +句子其他成分
强调句使用与否对句子结构及意思没有影响，只是加上了一个基本结构，把这个基本结构去掉，句子完整，意思不变。
例如：It was because he drove carelessly that he had the accident.
正是因为他不小心驾驶，才发生了事故。
Tom and Peter are responsible for the failure.
It is Tom and Peter who are responsible for the failure.
注意：被强调部分可以是一个词，一个词组，也可以是一个从句。除了强调人时用who外，其他时候都用that 引导。
2010广东卷：给学校英语墙报写一篇通讯，关于中国政府决定公共场所禁烟。
在说到烟的害处的时候，我们会想到这样一个句子：
It is second-hand smoke that does a lot harm to people’s health.
2010浙江卷：写一篇班级之星李越为班级体办事的事迹的报道。
She dose deserve the honor and we should learn from her.
3 It作形式主语
为了平衡句子结构或使表达方便，我们常用It来代替真正的主语放在句首。It句型是一种很地道，也很实用的英语表达方式。
第一，It + is/was +形容词/名词（短语）+ (for sb.)不定式/主语从句
例如：It is necessary to use a dictionary to learn English.
用辞典学英语很必要。
It is important for you to attend the meeting
It is obvious that she has been lying about her identity.
很显然，她隐瞒了自己的身份。
It is a pity that you missed the exciting basketball ball match.
第二，It is/was +形容词+ of sb to do sth. (当该形容词指代人的品质，如kind, careful, nice, stupid, clever, considerate, friendly 等，用of)
例如：It is very kind of you to give me a hand in time.
第三，It+be +said/announced/believed/hoped/reported/proved等+主语从句
例如：It is reported that thousands of people were killed in Japan’s earthquake.
第四，It +不及物动词（seem/appear/happen/remain等）+主语从句
注意：没有Be！
例如：It remains a question whether he agrees or not.
It seems that he was not surprised at all.
2010江苏卷：英语学生座谈会发言稿。
开篇就可以写到：It is a great pleasure for me to share my experience of learning English with you.
2009全国卷（一）：给美国朋友写信介绍前门大街改建情况。提供交通情况的要点是公共汽车17、69、59，地铁二号线。
显然改建好的前门大街交通很发达，于是就有了这样的句子：
It’s very convenient to get there by bus.
4 With 结构
第一，with + sb/sth +形容词/副词/介词短语
例如：He is used to sleeping with the windows open.
She left the room with all the lights on.
He walked into the dark street with a stick in his mind.
第二，with + sb/sth +动词不定式（表将来）/doing(表主动、进行)/done(表被动、完成)
例如：With so much work to do, I have no time for a holiday.
We found the house with the boy leading the way.
With all the things she needed tonight, she went home happily.
5 状语从句的几个常用表达
第一，表原因：在几乎各种文体中都极其常用，注意多样化的表达。
例如：Because of the heavy rain, we were late.
as a result of, due to, owing to, thanks to
第二，as long as 只要+ 从句
例如：As long as we work with a strong will, we will conquer any difficulties.
第三，the +比较级，the+比较级
例如：The more you give, the more you get.
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
6非限制性定语从句的几个常用表达
非限制性定语从句在意义上几乎是独立的，在形式上通过关系词与主句相连。不能用that引导。从句与主句用逗号隔开。
第一，一般用于对主句某一部分的描述。
例如：I like to chat with John, who is a clever fellow.
Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.
Xi’an, where he met his wife, is a city full of historical events.
第二，which 引导。这是书面表达中最好用的句式之一。句子可以解释为一种行为引起了某种后果。
例如：He did well in the English speaking contest, which made his teacher very happy.
She practices oral English with a foreign friend every day, which sets an excellent example for all her
classmates.
第二，关系代词as 引导的非限制性定语从句。
as引导的非限定从，指代逗号后面整个句子，常出现在固定表达中，也可看作是插入语，是很地道的表达。
例如：as we all known/as is known to all 众所周知
as we expected/as is planned 正如预料、计划的那样
as is mentioned above, 正如上面所说
as is reported,据报道
第三节语句衔接和提示性作文
1 提示性作文
提示性作文在高考写作中较普遍。题目给出了内容要点。一般同学们只要符合逻辑去表达这些要点就可以了。提示性作文中包含了议论文.其他的基本属于应用文。我们在这里首先讨论议论文的部分。它是提示性作文中比较有创造力的一类。一般分为三个部分—提出中心论题；论证过程；结论、评价、建议等。
引出主题：引出讨论主题或提出自己观点。
正文论证部分：观点A，论据；观点B，论据
结论部分：提出作者倾向与哪一个观点，总结自己的结论。
（2008陕西卷书面表达）
某天，你班贴出了一张通知。请根据通知、内容要点和要求写一篇英语发言稿。
内容要点：
1.你对“周五读报活动”的看法：
2.陈述你的理由(可举例说明)：
3.你的具体建议。
要求：
1.短文填写在答题卡的指定区域
2.短文词数不少于80(不含已写好的部分)
3.内容充实，结构完整，语意连贯。
4.快写须清楚、工整。
Dear fellow students,
Our monitor suggests that we have “Friday New Hour”. I think that it is a good idea.
Everyone knows that we are busy all day. Seldom do we know what is happening both at home and abroad, let alone what we can do for our country. By reading newspapers we can get more information about the world outside. So I think “Friday New Hour” can broaden our mind and enrich our school life. What’s more, it will help us improve our reading skills.
As for my suggestion, I think it’s better to have it twice a week. And we should make a choice about what we’ll read. I am sure everyone will benefit a lot from thi s activity.
（2009年陕西卷书面表达）
在一个英文网络论坛上，一个名叫Grown-up的中学生发帖觉得母亲总把自己当小孩，求助其他网友给些建议看怎样解决这个问题。请根据帖子内容，写作要点和要求回贴。
写作要点：1.告诉Grown-up要理解母亲；
2.给Grown-up提出解决问题的具体建议。
要求：1.短文需写在答题卡的指定区域。
2.短文词数不少于80（不含已写好的部分）。
3.内容充实，结构完整，语意连贯。
4.书写须清晰、工整。
Hi，Grown-up，
As a student of your age. I understand your situation. The problem you are facing is common among our teenagers. However, it should be wise not to do anything that may hurt her feelings. Here are a few suggestions.
First, it’s advisable to talk more with your mom. Heart to heart talks help you understand each others better. They are also opportunities to let her know your ideas of and attitudes toward many things.
Second, you should learn to do your own things well, proving to your mom that you are already a “grown-up”, It’s even better if you could share more of the housework, such as cleaning, washing and cooking.
Hope my ideas will work.
核心问题是母亲总把自己当小孩，求助其他网友给些建议解决这个问题。这篇文章开头需要简单引出这些建议。结尾则要送一些祝福希望他和妈妈能解决这种矛盾。正文部分是主体，也是着重要讲的部分。首先要有一个brainstorming,列出有可能的建议，比如：
Heart to heart talks, letting her know your ideas and attitudes toward many things；
To learn to do your own things well, and share more of the housework, proving that you are already a “Grown-up” ；
Making decisions and overcoming difficulties by yourself, not depend on your mother；
Nothing can compare with the love from mother.
在取舍这些建议的时候要遵循三个原则：
1 重心在前
2 条理清晰
3 间接说明，避免打击
很显然，在开篇要点中一定要写对母亲的理解。主体部分在把这些建议部分确定后，就需要用我们上面学过的遣词造句谋篇衔接了。总之，提示性下面是一篇优秀文章。
Dear Grown-up ,
I have read about your complaint that your mother always treats you as a seven-year-old boy , which makes you feel uncomfortable because you will enter college this coming fall. As to your problem, I have several suggestions to put forward as follows.
To begin with（Initially）, you should try to understand your mother, whose intention is to care for you. Just as a famous person says, “Nothing can compare with the love from mother.” In addition (Apart from this), communicating properly with your mother contributes to solving the problem. The more you communicate with her, the better you will understand each other. Finally, it is encouraged to resort to your friends or classmates when you have quarrel with your mother.
I do hope what I mentioned above can help you. Only by doing so, can you be friend with your mother soon. Do you agree with me?
Yours，
Li Hua 议论文中除了自己观点符合题意外，最重要的就是逻辑和结构，这些体现了论证文章整体三段以及论证过程的层次性。借此我们也来学习一下篇章的语句的衔接。
2 语句衔接
一个段落就是一个句群组合，由若干句子组成,句子由小句组成。句子之间的连接必须自然连贯。而要实现上下文的衔接和连贯，必须采用过渡语连接句子形成句群。在一个段落中，句子的地位不同，顺序也自然不同，有先有后，自然搭配。要想写出漂亮的文章，仅仅在句子上下功夫是不够的。我们需要学习衔接与连贯的表达方法。
第一，使用连词进行过渡（连词与副词搭配可以是句子行云流水般流畅）
例如：Tom had a little toy bear. He liked it very much. He went to school and took it. One day Tom lost his toy on his way back home. He didn’t find it. He was very sorry. His sister knew it and bought a new toy bear for him. Tom was happy. He has a new friend.
修改：Tom had a little toy bear and he liked it very much. he always took it with him, even when he went to school. One day Tom lost his toy on his way back home and he couldn’t find it. How sad he felt ! After her sister knew it, she bought him a new one. Tome felt happy and smiled, because he got a new friend.
并列连词：and, as well as, both… and …, or, either… or, nor, neither nor, not only, but (also); not only, but …
as well; and then. but, however, yet …
从句连词：after, when, before, as, while, since, until; if, even if, whether; because; so that/ in order that; as soon as, as long as, …. that （名词从句）;
第二，使用插入语过渡
1、插入语拓展句子
例如：Tom speaks Chinese very well. What’s more / In addition/ Besides, he is good at math.
Zhanghua likes sports very much. And he is good at some sports. For example/For instance, he is a football star in our school team and an excellent badminton player.
2、插入语衔接上下文，形成连贯的句群
例如：Our monitor is a girl. She is responsible for her work and takes good care of classmates. She studies hard. She is good at all subjects. Her math is especially good. She likes sports. She is a key member of our volleyball team. She has set us a good example.
修改稿: As we all know, our monitor is a good girl, who is responsible for her work and cares much of her classmates. She studies so hard that she is good at all subjects, especially math. What’s more/ In addition/ Besides, she likes sports very much and she is a key member of our volleyball team. In a word, she has set us a good example.
3 议论文开头：I have several suggestions to put forward as follows
There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.
______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
论证主体：First of all, to begin with, initially,
In addition, Apart from this, moreover, besides,
Some people think that__On the contrary, there are some people in favor of ___.
There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______
We should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing，______For another, ______
It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____. In addition___.
论文结尾：all in all, in total, in conclusion, to sum up.
From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that
All in all, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ……Only in this way can ……in the future.
附：必须熟练使用的插入语
句首插入语
to begin with; first of all = above everything else; as you know, as we all know, as is known;
结尾插入语（总结）
therefore / thus; all in all / in a word/ to sum up ; in brief ( in short); in other words
引出细节的插入语
(on / upon) seeing …. / at the sight of ….. ; (on/ upon) hearing….; at the thought of …
compared with ….; from the table / chart/ pictures above we know/ see/ find ….
As is reported; as is believed; as is known ( to all) ; as (is/ was/ had been) expected
转折\否定插入语
however; yet; on the contrary; on the other hand; conversely （相反地）; much to one’s surprise ( disappointment, delight, joy); beyond one’s expectation; unexpectedly;
结果插入语
as a result; therefore; hence; consequently; accordingly （相应地）; in turn （反过来产生了…结果）thus; in this way; for this reason; for these reasons; at last; finally; in the end
列举插入语
on one hand, … on the other hand; for one thing, …. for another; for example / for instance;
that is ( that is to say); take … as / for an example; …. is a (case) in point （…是个恰当的例子）
递进插入语
worse still; to make things worse; especially; in particular ; what is worse ; what’s more ;
furthermore; in addition ( to this); besides (this/ that) ….
强调插入语
what surprised us is that … ; what matters/ counts is that … ; what is the most important is that …
what interested me most is that …; in fact; in effect; in reality; actually; as a matter of fact
to tell (you) the truth; to be honest; to be frank; frankly speaking; generally speaking ;
believe it or not; more importantly;
第四节应用文与看图作文
1 应用文
考试中的写作（书面表达）中应用文大致有这么三类：书信、通知、发言稿。
书信
书信首先要注意的是格式。它包括五部分，即信头、称呼、正文、结束语和签名，具体如下：
1．信头：寄信人的地址和写信日期，写在信的右上角。注意英语中地名的写法与中文不同，要从小到大；日期的写法也与中文不同，不是写在签名之下，而是写在寄信人的地址之下。习惯上人们采用美式英语表达，即月、日、年，月，日与年之间用逗号隔开，月份尽量不要缩写，如June 8,2009；而英式英语表达则为日、月、年，中间不用逗号隔开，如8 June 2009。
日期的几种写法：a. July 7, 1998
b. 1st October, 1998
c. 30 Nov., 1997
d. Sep. 3 rd, 1999
2．称呼：自成一行，顶格写。称呼语常用：Dear Sir/Madam/Manager/Editor/friends/Bob，称呼之后一般用逗号。
3．正文：信件的主体部分即为信的正文。正文写在称呼的下一行，与Dear后第一个单词对齐。正文通常包括三部分，即开头、目的和结尾。
正文的开头语常用：Thank you for your last letter asking about...；I’m glad to...。
正文的结尾语是正文的一部分，常常另起一行，常用的结尾语有：I’m looking forward to your reply；Thanks and all the best；Best wishes；Wishing you a pleasant journey。
4．结束语：结束语与正文的结尾语不一样，它要写在结尾语的下一行，位于书信的右下角，后面用逗号。常用的结束语有：Yours sincerely/faithfully/truly；Sincerely/Truly yours；Yours等。
5．签名：签名写在结束语的下一行，与结束语对齐，也就是签上写信人的名字。
March 10, 2010
Dear David，
I’ve learned it from the Internet that you want to make a Chinese friend so as to learn the Chinese language and culture.
_________________________________________________I’m looking forward to your reply.
Sincerely yours,
Li Hua
通知
写通知要注意这几点。
第一，写清时间、地点、对象、事件、要求、注意事项。正文部分开门见山，直接点出主题。
第二，语言上要简练，一般正文使用一般现在时。
第三，时间、地点要遵循“从大到小”的原则。一般地点在前，时间在后。也可把时间、地点分放在句首和句末。
看下面这篇作文。
请按下列要求，用英语为学生会写一个举行英语演讲比赛的通知，要点如下：
目的：提高学生英语口语水平
组织者：学生会
参加学生：高三学生
报名时间：3月10日前
报名地点：学生会办公室
比赛时间与地点：3月20日晚上7点，学校礼堂，5位英语老师将被邀请当评委，前十名优胜者将获奖。要求：写成意思连贯、语句通顺的短文，不要写成条文形式。
Notice
①In order to improve the students’ spoken English, an English-speaking contest will be held among senior three students in the school hall at 7p.m on March 20th, 2010.②The contest is organized by the Students’ Union. ③Those who would like to take part in it may sign up in the office of the Students’ Union before March 10th.
④Five English teachers will be invited to work as judges. ⑤The first ten winners will be given rewards.
⑥All are welcome to join in the contest.
March 1, 2010
The school Students’ Union 本文解读：同学们可以依照本文巩固上述所讲的通知的文体特点。
①一个长句把活动的目的、对象、时间、地点综合的表达出来。
②长句后接短句，体现句式变化。
③正确运用who would…it定语从句，及sign up.
④词组work as 的使用
⑤被动语态
⑥通知惯用语
发言稿
在日常工作生活中，我们常常需要向别人书面（口头）介绍情况、表达意见和看法等，这时需要准备好一段文稿，这就是发言稿。纵观全国历年的高考英语试题，发言稿也是热门考点之一。
常见的作文话题如“如何竞选班长”、“你升入大学的打算”、“向朋友介绍……”等当然属于发言稿的范围，而常见的作文命题形式如申请、介绍、计划、总结等其实也可以归类于发言稿。
发言稿一般要有问题的提出、认识、分析及关于问题的设想、构思等。具体要注意以下几点：
1.书写格式。发言稿的格式和书信类似，也由称呼语、正文、结束语和签名（也可以不写签名）构成。
2.发言稿的结构。一般来说，我们应该开门见山提出本人要谈的问题，然后说明自己对此问题的看法并陈述必要的理由，最后照应主题、作简明扼要的总结。在汇报经验、介绍情况一类的发言中，重点在于对情况的叙述、介绍以及自己的体会与收获等。写作过程中注意不要遗漏要点，各要点之间要做好衔接。
3.语言简洁。发言稿是直接面向听众的，所以我们在语言的选择上要简短，尽可能多使用口语化的语句，便于听众接受信息。
4.一些发言稿主题比较复杂，如果直接写出问题或想法时，可能会比较零乱，这时可归纳为“一、二、三”点（最好不超过三点），问题讲完，即告结束。
5.发言稿应感情真挚，这样才能打动听众引起兴趣和共鸣；发言稿更应观点鲜明，表现出说话者对客观事物的理性认识，这样才能有说服力。。
我们用一个具体事例来讲。
2009年天津卷
假设你是晨光中学的学生会主席李华。学生会将举办每年一度的英语演讲比赛，本年度的主题为“The English Novel I Like Best”。作为组织者，你将在演讲比赛开幕时发言，请你根据以下提示用英语写一篇发言稿。
1. 说明比赛的意义，如提高英语听说能力，养成读书的习惯等；
2. 说明比赛的注意事项，如每人演讲不超过5分钟，语言流利，发音准确等；
3. 预祝比赛圆满成功。
注意：
1. 词数：不少于100词；
2. 可适当加入细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 发言稿的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入词数。
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to this year’s English speech competition.
Thank you!
写作分析
本题属于提纲式作文，体裁为应用文中的发言稿。
写作范例
写作本发言稿的目的是对演讲比赛作一些介绍说明，文章可以分为三部分：
1. 开篇点出英语演讲对学习英语的益处，可以用“As we all know…”“It’s no doubt that…”“I can say that”等开场。
2. 正文说明比赛的注意事项，可以用“First”“ Second”“Finally”等词汇对不同要点进行衔接。
3. 结尾回应主题，如预祝比赛圆满成功、预祝大家发挥出高水平取得好成绩等。可以用“I hope that… ”“I believe that…”“I wish that…”等句式。
4.范文
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen.
Welcome to this year’s English speech competition.
This year’s topic is “The English Novel I Like Best”. It is really an interesting topic. Taking part in this competition is not only a great opportunity for you to improve your spoken English, but also a main chance to develop a great reading habit. In this co ntest, the time of every participant’s speech will be limited within 5 minutes. Every participant is expected to speak fluently, and, of course, your pronunciation should be as precise as possible. I hope everybody can share your favorite English novel, show your speech talent and make friends with each other. At last, I sincerely hope that this competition will be a great success.May everyone perform perfectly!
Thank you! (122字) 开头问候：Good afternoon, everyone! It is a great honor for me to be here and give this speech to Good evening, ladies and gentlemen! I feel greatly honored/very excited to be given the chance to speak here.
点明主题：The topic of my speech today is“”.
Here I’d like to say something about/express our hearty thanks to
结束祝福：I sincerely hope that
May sb. do sth.
2 看图作文
纵观近十年的高考书面表达命题形式,看图命题是常采用的形式之一。图的类型也是多样化,有一幅或一组画面(含漫画),有图示(路线图或建筑物位置图),也有分析数据的统计图表、曲线作标图表,同时给出一定的文字说明。所给题材主要涉及到同学们的日常生活,不仅大家熟悉,而且大多数也是同学们经历的。这类看图作文命题的目的是考查同学们根据对图画内容的细心观察,充分发挥自己的想象力和理解力,有调理,有重点,生动准确地把图画内容加工成书面语言。
那么,如何根据图画的内容,运用正确的语言和规定的篇幅来写好这类文章呢?
1. 认真审图,列出要点
看图作文的关键,在于看懂图画内容,理解画面意思,因此考生须仔细观察每幅图画所描绘的情景,深刻理解作者通过图画所传达的信息,列出写作的要点。历年NMET书面表达大都具备6个左右的描述要点。最
开始的时候可以用简洁的中文列出要点
2．扩句
然后再根据以上所列要点扩点成句,扩句时考生要注意图画所给的时间背景,正确使用人称、时态和语态。这个时候也同时就需要把脑中中文词汇形容的要点转化为英语句子。
3.连句成文
实际上这个步骤和第二个步骤在思维上是同步进行的。一边扩句一边考虑句子的衔接与文章整体的谋篇布局。我们在前面遣词造句的课程中讲到过。
2010北京卷
假设你是红星中学高二(1)班的学生李华，利用上周末的时间帮助祖父母安排了去北戴河的旅行。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，写一篇英文周记，叙述你从准备到送行的全过程。
注意：1．周记的开头已为你写好。2．词数不少于60。
Last weekend, I helped my grandparents prepare their trip to Beidaihe.
合理想象+连缀成文
这就要求考生根据图片内容进行合理的想象，关键点在于“设身处地”地把自己当成文中主人公，时刻在文章中对心理和情绪进行描写，例如，在文章结尾时，可以加入一些表达自己对“爷爷奶奶”感情的语句。基本分析：
1. 文体：周记。
2. 人称：第一人称
3. 时态：一般过去时
4. 事件大意：我为爷爷奶奶准备出行＋我送行
5. 图片要素：
图一：查询信息（train ticket, weather, hotel）
图二：买票（buy ticket）
图三：准备行装（package）
图四：送行（see-off）
6图片关联：
图一、二、三都是并列关系，主题是旅游前的准备阶段，三幅图没有轻重之分，所占篇幅比例相当。图四
是最后的送别阶段，文章末尾要有点睛之笔，可以是送别感受，对爷爷奶奶的祝福，也可以是自己的成长和收获。
7文章立意：今年的作文和90后的学生特点相联系，积极引导高中学生要培养独立性，增加实践能力，并要照顾体谅长辈。所以文章末尾的立意也可以往这方面考虑。
Last weekend, I helped my grandparents their trip to Beidaihe. On Saturday morning, together with my grandparents, I searched the Internet for the train schedule, the weather in Beidaihe, and some hotel information. In the afternoon, I went to the train station and managed to buy two tickets for my grandparents although there was a long queue. After dinner, I packed into the suitcase the things my grandparents need, such as clothes, glasses, an umbrella, and a map. The next morning, I went to the station to see them off. Waving goodbye to them on the platform, I felt happy for them and wished them a safe journey.
第五节（半）开放式作文与经典表达总结
1 （半）开放式作文
（半）开放式作文给学生简单提示来写作（简单图、文或图文结合），要就该材料反映的问题或现象发表自己的见解、观点。它给予考生一定发挥空间。此类作文一般是夹叙夹议。要注意立意明确，首尾呼应，文章完整性。
2010湖北卷
请你根据以下提示结合生活中的一个事例，用英语写一篇论文，谈谈微笑的作用。
The best example of universally understood body language may be the smile. A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers. A smile can open doors and tear down walls.
注意：①无须写标题
②内容只需涉及一个方面
③词数为100左右
分析：第一，确定文章大体是什么题材，一般都是夹叙夹议，或者议论。
第二，这种开放性文章首先要根据题目构思好文章有几部分，每部分的主要内容。保证文章是有逻辑顺理成章的。
第三，微笑的作用方方面面，可以先用总结概括性的语句谈一下微笑的作用，然后选取其中一个方面立论，作为文章的第一部分；再选取一个例子紧扣主题进行例证，作为第二部分；最后结尾的时候以点盖面，将微笑的巨大作用推向一个高度，还可以进而倡导多微笑，这是文章的第三部分。
范文：
No body language can be more attractive/fascinating than smiling. Not only can a beautiful smile make ourselves happy, but also it enables others to feel delighted. Sometimes /There are times when a smile is so powerful that it gives people suffering from disasters great/tremendous courage.
A little boy named Lang Zheng, for instance, impressed and encouraged a great many people when a serious earthquake happened in Wen Chuan /overtook Wen Chuan. Right after he was rescued by the soldiers from the ruins, he saluted and smiled to them. His smile was like sunshine which warmed people who were in sadness.
It is safe /no exaggeration to say that without smile our life would be colorless and difficult. It is suggested that we smile as much as possible.
2 经典句型
① There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...）
例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
② The reason why + 句子~~~ is that + 句子（...的原因是...）
例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.
③ have a/an (great/positive/negative) effect/influence on…
对…有…影响
例句：Smile has a great influence on people’s health.
④It’s high/about time that somebody did (should do) (should通常不省略) …早就该……
例如：It’s time that you went to school.= It’s time that you should go to school.
It’s high time that we did something to improve our environment. 该是我们为环保做些事情了。
I think it’s high time that she made up her mind.
我想她该拿定主意了。
⑤do good to （对...有益），do harm to/be harmful to（对...有害）
例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。
Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。
⑥ By +doing, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..）
例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.
借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。
⑦as, though, although引导的让步状语从句。
[注意]although位于句首;though位于句首或句中;as位于句中=though。它的词序是把句中强调的形容词、副词、动词或名词放在连词前。[参考倒装结构] 请注意下列句式的变化：
例如：1. Although/Though I’m young, I already know what career I want to follow.
→Young as/though I am, I already know what career I want to follow.
我虽然年轻，但我已经明白我应该追随什么样的事业。
2. Although/Though I respect him very much, I cannot agree with his idea.
→Much as/though I respect him, I cannot agree with his idea.
虽然我很尊重他，但是我不同意他的观点。
3. Although/Though he is a child，he knows a lot of Chinese characters.
→Child(省略冠词)as/though he is, he knows a lot of Chinese characters.
他虽然还是个孩子，却认识了许多汉字。
4. Although he tried, he couldn’t solve the problem.
→Try as he might, he couldn’t solve the problem.
尽管他努力了，但是他没有解决问题。
5. Although it is raining, I’m going out for a walk.
→Raining as it is, I’m going out for a walk.
天虽然在下雨，我还是要出去散步。
6. Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.
这次意外虽然显得不可思议，却没有人受伤。
7. Much as I would like to help, I have a lot to do.
虽然我很想帮助你，但是我有很多事要做。
8. Object as you may, I will go. 纵使你反对，我也要去。
写在最后的三则建议：
在讲了这么多写作的技巧之后，仍要回归到英语写作的本质。写作与其他客观试题不同。它是一种语言输出。大多数同学都能在语言输入上做的很好，也就是我们平时对知识点的识记，因为被灌输的知识是我们刻苦努力就可以掌握的。而语言输出，也就是写作，需要完全不同的思维模式。我们日常大量识记知识点，做选择完形阅读题，会常常忽略，或者说没有机会锻炼语言输出的思维模式。所以在写作上就需要格外注意。下面几个规则是锻炼写作能力必须具备的。
第一，语言输出要建立在已有的一定知识水平上。也就是说，词汇语法没掌握多少，必然没有东西可写。所以同学们平时一定注意积累大量的知识点。写作所用的知识点不需要很系统，但是学过的就一定记准记
牢。高考写作需要速度和水平，这样在提笔的时候就会清晰准确地呈现在脑海中，不会苦苦搜索还模棱两可。
第二，基于已经熟练的知识点（词汇、固定词组，句型等），我们在拿到写作题之前可以用十几秒简要列出这些知识点。比如，有的同学擅长Only提到句首的倒装，no matter...what...的用法，It is...that..的用法，It is obvious that的用法等等，迅速搜索，把他们简要写下来，防止一会儿忘记。在写作的时候把他们植入到文章中去。这就是语言输出思维方式的一种培养。
第三，就是要多多提笔写作。思维方式是需要练习的。练的越多，我们脑中的知识点就越容易呈现。就不至于做客观题时语法都答对，作文时写不出来。写的越多，语感越好，这是写作的良性循环，也有助于语言的整体学习。