T opic ：the Uses of Non-finite V erb in the NMET
林相端潮南区成田高级中学2011.12.7
T eaching goals:
Knowledge aims:
1.Have Ss master the base structures of non-finite verbs
2.Enable Ss to solve problems in the passage through the methods
Ability aims:
1.have Ss master the ability to analyse the structure of the sentence
2.have Ss use the proper forms of non-finite verbs in the passage .
Emotional aims:
1.Improve students' tactical awareness such as self-study, cooperation study and research consciousness T eaching key points:
https://www.doczj.com/doc/2e242922.html,e the proper form of non-finite verb such as V-ing ; V-ed; to do
T eaching difficult points:
1.Find out the logical subject, the proper voice the correct tense
2.How to use the proper form of non-finite verbs
T eaching methods:
1.analyse the structure of the sentence and make sure the non-finite verb
2.find out the logical subject and use the proper voice such as active voice ,passive voice
https://www.doczj.com/doc/2e242922.html,e the correct tense of the non-finite verb in the sentence
Teaching procedures:
Lead in : Three steps to go
1.分析句子结构
2.确定非谓语动词在句中的成分和作用
3.确定时态
五种基本句型为基础：
Step1 .分析句子结构
[例1] I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man (sit) at the front. （2011广东卷）
[例2] He spit it out, (say) it was awful. （2010广东卷）
归纳：
[例3]The fact that so many people still smoke in public places _______ that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking. A. suggest B. suggests C. suggested D. suggesting
[例3].用turn 的正确形式填空
1. If you to the left , you'll find the post office .
2. to the left , and you'll find the post office .
3. to the left , you'll find the post office .
(please)as
with perfume．（2009广东卷）
[例3] 用see 的正确形式填空
（1）_______ from the top of the hill, our house looks like a car.
（2）_______ the dog came over, our friend ran away.
（3）_______ f rom the top of a hill, and you’ll find the city more beautiful.
（4）_______ more clearly, they came up and got close to it. (see)
[例4] 用compare的正确形式填空
1. When____________different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the similarities.
2.__________ with other top students, you are better.
Strp3.确定时间状态
[例1] 用discuss的正确形式填空
（1）The question _________________now at the meeting is very important.
（2）The question at the meeting last week is very important.
（3）The question __________________ at the meeting next week is very important. (discuss)
[例2]
1._____many times , but he still couldn't understand it .
2. _____many times , he still couldn't understand it .
A. Having been told
B. Told
C. He was told
D. To be told
归纳总结：
再比较：
1.He is the best one______( do) the job.
2.He was considered the first man _______________( invent）the telephone.
Step 4 :其他常见的用法
[例1].I haven’t decided which hotel . （stay)
归纳：
[例2]
1. （lose）in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
2. （tire）of playing football, he went back to the classroom.
3. （face）with difficulty, he rushed forward bravely.
有些过去分词源于系表结果，分词已经形容词化，相当于形容词：
[例3]
1. I woke early only （find）it was still midnight.
2.The output of iron decreased by 23％last year, （reach）80，000 tons．
归纳：
[例4]
1. The flowers （smell）sweet in the garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
Step5: 考点综合应用
语篇填空，用所给动词的适当形式填空。
Freud was one of the first scientists ___1____（make）serious research of the mind. The mind is the collection of activities ___2_____（base）in the brain that involve how we act, think, feel and reason.
He used long talks with patients and the study of dreams _____3______（search）for the causes of mental and emotional problems. He also tried hypnosis. He wanted to see if ____4____（put）patients into a sleep-like condition would help ease ____5____（trouble）minds. In most cases he found the effects only temporary.
Freud worked hard, although what he did might sound easy. His method involved ____6____ (sit) with his patients and ____7____（listen）to their talk. He had them ___8_____（talk）about whatever they were thinking. All ideas, thoughts and anything that entered their mind had to _____9______（express）. There could be no____10____（hold）back because of fear or guilt.
Step6 : sum up
1.分析句子结构: 确定用非谓语动词
2.确定非谓语动词在句中的成分和作用: 确定（逻辑主语& 语态）
3.确定时态: 确定恰当的非谓语动词形式
Exercise (建议用时：35分钟；实际用时：分钟) 阅读理解 How much television do you watch? Did you really give an honest answer? A recent study shows that people aren't totally truthful about their television－watching habits. The study in question was conducted at Ball State University in the US.Researchers there wanted to find out how much television people view according to their age.The study was paid for by a council associated with the Nielsen Company, which determines television ratings.The conclusions were that people spend more than 8 hours a day looking at a screen.This included cell phones and computers，but the majority were television screens. There are three interesting things about this study.The first is that people are exposed to more than one hour of advertisements per day.The second is that even with access to DVDs and internet videos, television is still the most popular media source.The third is that the amount of screen－watching people do is relatively the same from the ages of 18－65. So, if everyone is watching television, why lie about it? Well, if someone admits they watch television for five or six hours, they could be considered a couch potato.Michael Phillips, one of the study's main researchers, says, “There's a social stigma(污名) for people who watch too much television.Sometimes, however, watching the latest reality show or the funniest sitcom(即situation comedy) gives co－workers and friends fun things to talk about.” Even if you do watch a lot of television, perhaps we can use this study as a reason to be honest with ourselves about how much time we spend in front of the television.I mean, after all, everyone else is doing it… ( )1.Why do people lie about how much TV they watch? A．Because the show they watched is not the latest. B．Because they may be laughed at by co－workers or friends. C．Because they don't want others to know what they watched. D．Because there's something negative attached to watching too much TV. ( )2.Which of the following is TRUE according to the study?
最新高考英语考前冲刺语法填空短文改错精准训练历年语法填空真题20套Passage 1(2019课标全国I) The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence 1 they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been 2 (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide. Modem methods 3 tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s,and are expensive 4 (perform) consistently over a large area. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunayut 5 (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 6 (believe) that populations are increasing. Scientists have responded by 7 (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are 8 (high) than they actually are. Of 9 nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six 10 (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ? 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ? 答案： 1 that 2 poorly 3 of/for 4 to perform 5 have reported
《高中英语语法填空》教学设计 一．教学目标 1.知识技能 （1）通过本课的学习使学生了解语法填空的常考考点和清晰的解题思路，掌握分析句子结构的方法。 （2）将句子语法结构分析和句子意义能有机结合去解题。 2.情感态度 通过将考点细分逐个突破鼓励学生打破“我不行”的心理暗示，提高学生学习的自信心。 3.能力目标 通过对考点的细分和总结让学生有更为清晰的解题思路。 二．重点 了解语法填空的常考点与解题思路，掌握分析句子结构的微技能。 三．难点 将句子语法结构分析和句子意义有机的结合去解题。 四．学生情况 学生掌握基本的语法知识。 五．教学与学习过程 Step1.介绍语法填空的要求 Step2.介绍语法填空的解题思路 1.纯空格试题 2.给出动词的试题 3.词类转换题 Step3.介绍语法填空的方法 1.根据句子结构，确定词性 2.根据上下文意义及语法，确定词性：冠词，代词，连词，介词，谓语动词，非谓语动词，词性变化。 Step4.纯空格试题 1.名词前设空：（1）冠词，形容词性物主代词，名词所有格，介词或 one,some,any,other等代词 （2）常用and,but,or,so等连词 （3）缺主语或宾语：名词，代词 Step5.给出了动词的试题 若是谓语动词，就要考虑时态和语态。 若是非谓语动词，用doing,done,to do等形式。 Step6.词类转换题 （1）转换为形容词（2）转换为名词（3）转换为副词Step7.其他常考类型 Step8.语法填空做题思路总结。 1.根据语法知识进行填空 2.根据逻辑关系进行填空 3.根据语片标志进行填空 Step9.Let’s practise 六作业：完成资料相关练习
高考英语语法填空真题 Passage 1 (2015?新课标全国Ⅰ) 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 Yangshuo，China It was raining lightly when I __1__ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didn't care.A few hours __2__，I'd been at home in Hong Kong，with __3__ (it) choking smog.Here，the air was clean and fresh，even with the rain. I'd skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River __4__ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese __5__ (painting).Instead，I'd headed straight for Yangshuo.For those who fly to Guilin，it's only an hour away __6__ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city. Yangshuo __7__ (be) really beautiful.A study of travelers __8__ (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia.Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it __9__ (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people __10__ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. 【语篇导读】 桂林山水甲天下，阳朔风光甲桂林。作者讲述了从香港去阳朔旅游时的所见。 1.解析：考查动词的时态。主句谓语动词使用了过去进行时，根据语境此处要用一般过去时态。 答案arrived 2.解析：考查副词的用法。由语境可知，几个小时之前我还在香港的家中，由此可知before/earlier 符合句意。 答案before/earlier 3.解析：考查形容词性物主代词的用法。空格后面有名词smog，故要使用形容词性物主代词。
语法填空题型导学案 【课题】语法填空应试导练（第1课时） 【学习目标】 1. 理清句子结构的语法性和句子意义的逻辑性； 2. 能分清句子的构成成份（句子的基本成分和扩展成份）； 3. 明白句子成份之间的一致性（如：主谓一致、时态一致等）； 【学习重点】 根据上下文填入一个词（动、名、代、冠、介、连、形、副) 【学习难点】 谓语动词的时态及语态；非谓语动词用法及变形；词性的正确使用及转化。 【方法指导】 一、（见PPT） 1、题型再认识： 英语考试大纲说明样题 2、试题要求： 阅读下面短文, 按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求, 在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。 3、试题特点： 07—12三年语法填空题的语篇材料均为故事类题材，文字浅易，篇幅不长（2 00词左右；07年197个词，08年179个词，09年198个词)，材料中没有生僻和超纲的词汇，句子结构也不很复杂。语法填空题的内容不仅涉及语法结构，还包括构词法、篇章连贯和意义对句子结构的制约作用。 4 前四类词用的较多, 且每年都不可缺少。 【预习导学】思考： 面对语法填空中如此繁杂的语法点，我们到底该怎样入手呢? （1）三步完成: 概读理解–分析填空–连贯检查 （2）了解语法：词法、句法、章法、惯用法 【学习内容】
一、预习情况反馈： Group A 考查点: 定冠词,不定冠词, 物主代词的用法 3. There once were a goat and a don key…. So the farmer killed [40]______ g oat and gave the donkey medicine made from its heart. (07惠州一模) 5.When I see a child subject to this kind of pressure, I think of Donnie. He was [35]____ shy , nervous perfectionist. (08深圳二模) 1.The little boy pulled [33]_______ right hand out of the pocket … (07深圳一模) 归纳: 无提示词; 可数名词单数之前(翻译法). Group B 考查点: 各类复合句中连词、引导词的用法 2. It was not long [39]_______ the waitress came back and then she began to wipe down the table and suddenly was surprised at what she saw. (07深圳一模) 4. But nothing changed until midterm, [39]________ Mary Anne, a student tea cher, was appointed to our classroom. (08深圳二模) 归纳: 无提示词,两个主谓结构连接. Group C 考查点: 介词的基本用法及惯用搭配 3. In short, I believe that it is [39] _______ great use to keep a dairy in Engl ish… (07深二模) 5. When I took the money from her grandparents, I looked back [34]_______t he girl, who was giving me the most optimistic, largest smile I had ever see n. (08深圳一模) 归纳: 无提示词, 与名词相连构成介宾短语做状语,补语等, 与不及物动词构成动词短语接宾语. Group D 考查点: 谓语动词的时态及语态, 及主谓一致 1. I was certain she would like it because I [39] _______ (tell) by my classm ates that she loved hot food. (07广州一模) 6. His fear of failure [36]________ (keep) him from classroom games that oth er children played with joyous abandon. (08深圳二模) 归纳: 有提示词, 与主语构成主谓结构. Group E 考查点: 非谓语动词及变形的使用 2. We must also consider the reaction of the person [32]__________ (receive) the gift. (07广州一模)
高考英语语法填空真题及 答案 The document was prepared on January 2, 2021
历年高考语法填空真题 1. （2017全国Ⅰ）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight. Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health. 2. （2017全国Ⅱ）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __61__(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and __________62__ work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, ____63___(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over___64___ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced. Steam engines ___65__(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been___66__(fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using___67__ every day. Later, engineers ____68___(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道）, which became known to the tube. This development was only possible with the ___69___ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of the most ___70___(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.
语法填空专题教案 一、教学目标： 1.让学生了解语法填空题考察内容； 2.让学生掌握语法填空题解题技巧； 3.让学生注意平常对词汇的积累，大量阅读课外材料，培养词感和语感，加强基本功；并注意生活常识的积累。 二、教学重点： 总结语法填空题的解题技巧 三、教学难点： 学生掌握语法填空题的解题技巧 四、教学过程 Step1:Lead-in(导入) Step2:语法填空题考察内容和解题思路 1.考察内容： a.语境(上下文）； b.语法：动词（时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语形式）、名词、代词、冠 词、介词、连词固定搭配、情态动词、复合句、形容词和副词的比较 级最高级及构词法、倒装等。 2.解题思路： a. 纯空格填空：一般考察介词，连词，代词，冠词，从句引导词，情态动词，强调助动词等 b.给出提示词填空：谓语动词和非谓语动词（前者要考虑时态和语态以及主谓一致；后者主要是to do,doing,done及变形） c.词类转换题（名词，形容词，副词，形容词或副词的比较级或最高级，词义的否定） Step3:案例分析讲解与练习 解题高招 1. 通读全文，把握大意。 2. 结合语境，试填空格。
具体来说，可按设题类型分为三类情况： (1)纯空格试题的解题技巧。 技巧1：缺主语或宾语，一定是填代词或名词(多考代词)。如： [例1] when I told my parents my story, ____ didn’t think it was a mistake.技巧2：名词前面，若没有限定词(冠词，形容词性物主代词，名词所有格，基数词，序数词，不定代词)，很可能是填限定词。如： [例2]The young man went home with a happy heart. After the student left, the teacher let _______ student taste the water. 技巧3：句子不缺主语、表语、动词后不缺宾语的情况下，名词或代词前面，一定是填介词。 [例3]My parents took good care ___ me. 技巧4：若两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词，可能是填连词。 [例4]…two world-famous artists, Pablo Picasso ___34___ Candido Portinari, which are worth millions of dollars. 技巧5：若结构较完整，空格后的谓语动词是原形，特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时，很可能是填情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词(do, does, did等)。 [例5] He had no time or energy to play with his children or talk with his wife, but he ______ bring home a regular salary. 技巧6：定语从句缺主语或宾语，一定是填适当的关系词，如：who, that, which, whom。 [例6]He would open the box, take out an imaginary kiss, and remember the love of this beautiful child _______ had put it there. 技巧7：由特殊的句式结构或固定搭配来判断空格应填的词。 [例7]_____ was only after I heard she became sick that I learned she couldn’t eat MSG(味精). (2) 给出提示词填空的解题技巧 首先，判断要填的动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。然后按以下两点进行思考。技巧8：若句中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之
语法填空 授课老师:杨单丹 教学目标：使学生掌握语法填空做题技巧，逐渐培养其独立、准确的做题能力。 学情分析：学生二卷得分普遍较低，所以提升空间很大,尤其是语法填空. 教学重难点: 简单语法点的精准掌握及应用； 动词的时态、语态及非谓语动词的把握。 教学设计 Step 1 课堂导入 1 Action speak _____(loud) than words . 2 Never put off _____you can do today until tomorrow . 3 A good book is ___best of friends , the same today and forever . 4 A friend ___need is a friend indeed . 5 Sharp _____(tool) make good work . Step 2 案例展示（2019全国I卷） Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia’s biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top___61__(attract). So it was a great honor to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research, I___62_（allow）to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre. From tomorrow, I will be their UK ambassador. The title will be __63___(official) given to me at a ceremony in London. But my connection with pandas goes back ___64__ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, __65_ I was the first Western TV reporter__66___ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. My ambassadorial duties will include ___67_(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia. On my recent visit, I help a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by ___68_ (it) mother. The nursery team switches him every few __69__( day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, __70__ other is with mum-she never suspects.
语法填空专题讲义 16-12-2015 Exercise 1: 1. 【2014全国卷1】Maybe you leave a habit __67___is driving your family crazy. 2. 【2010广东】He asked his teacher, “Sir, the water was awful. Why did you pretend to like _______?” 3. 【2015全国卷1】For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away__66_ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city. 4. 【2015全国卷2】Now, years later, this river is one of _63___most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup. 5. 【2014全国卷1】But the river wasn't changed in a few days __64____even a few months. Exercise 2: 1. 【2015全国卷1】I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River___64____ are pictured by artists... 2. 【2015全国卷2】The adobe dwellings (土坯房) ... are admired by even (42) ________ most modern of architects and engineers. 3. 【2015全国卷1】...during the hot day; (47) ________ the same time, they warm up again for the night. 4. 【2014全国卷2】There were many people waiting at the bus stop, ___62____ some of them looked very anxious and... 5. 【2014全国卷1】Then the driver stood up and asked, “____68___ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?” 要点归纳1： 1. 句子缺主语或宾语，一定是填代词或名词（多考代词）; 2. 名词前面，若没有限定词（限定词包括冠词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词another, other 等），很可能是填限定词; 3. 句子不缺主语、表语，动词后不缺宾语的情况下，名词或代词的前面一定是填介词；
一 第二节语法填空(共10 小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分15 分) Once there lived a rich man 31 wanted to do something for the people of his town. 32 first he wanted to find out whether they deserved his help. In the centre of the main road into the town, he placed 33 very large stone. Then he 34 (hide ) behind a tree and waited. Soon an old man came along with his cow. “Who put this stone in the centre of the road? ”said the d o i l d d n m o a t n t r,y b t u o t r h e e m o v e the stone. Instead, with some difficulty he passed around the stone and continued on his way. 35 man came along and did the same thing; then another came ,and another. All of them complained about the stone but not tried to remove 36 . Late in the afternoon a young man came along. He saw the stone, 37 (say) to himself: “Thenight 38 (be) very dark. Some neighbors will come along later in the dark and will fall against the stone. ”Then he began to move the stone. He pushed and pulled with all his 39 (strong) to move it. How great was his surprise at last! 40 the stone, he found a bag of money. 第二节语法填空 31. who 32. But 33. a 34. hid 35. Another 36. it 37. saying 38. will be 39. strength 40. Under 二 第二节：语法填空（共10小题，每小题 1.5分，满分15分） The Internet is an amazing information resource. Students, teachers, and researchers use it as __31_ investigative tool. Journalists use it to find information for stories. Doctors use it to learn more about unfamiliar diseases and the 32_ (late) medical development. Ordinary people use it for shopping, banking, bill-paying, and communicating with family and friends. People all over the world use it to connect with individuals from _33 countries and cultures. However, __34____there are many positive developments __35__ (associate) with the Internet, there are also certain fears and concerns. __36___ concern relates to a lack of control over__37__ appears on the Internet. With television and radio there are editors to check the accuracy or appropriateness of the content of programs, and with television there are 38 (restrict) on what kinds of programs can __39__ (broadcast) and at what times of the day. With the Internet, parents cannot check a published guide to determine what is suitable __40____ their children to see. 第二节语法填空（共10 小题，每小题 1.5 分，满分15 分） 31. an 32. latest 33.other/different 34. while 35.associated 36. One 37. what 38. restrictions 39. be broadcast(ed) 40.for 三 第二节：语法填空(共10小题；每小题 1.5分，满分15分) Crying marriage? 31 (surprise), isn ’t it? Factually, the custom of crying marriage existed a long time ago in many areas of Southwest China ’Ssichuan Province, and 32 (remain) in fashion 33 the end of the Qing Dynasty. Though not so popular as before, the custom is still observed by people in many places, especially Tujia people, who view it as a 34 (necessary) to marriage procedure. It is very much 35 same in different places of the province. According to elderly people, every bride had to cry at the wedding. 36 , the bride ’nesighbors would look down upon 37 as a
2020届二轮复习短文语法填空原创试题学案之五 1、阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 A Long March-2F carrier rocket ①__________(carry) the Shenzhou XI manned spacecraft blasted off in October 2016. In the past 19 years since 1999, 11 Shenzhou spacecrafts ② __________(send) into space, and the missions have developed from unmanned ones to the manned ones, with each one making new and significant progress. NowChinais the third country afterRussiaand theUnited States ③__________has independently developed advanced space technology and conducted manned spaceflight.④__________(compare) withRussiaand theUnited States,Chinawas underdeveloped at the beginning.⑤__________, the country has never given up on its determination to catch up with the world’s leaders in science and technology. That explains whyChinahas achieved such a lot in the development of its space technology in the past two decades and now ⑥__________(struggle) to make new ⑦ __________(breakthrough). As the world’s second-largest economy,Chinawants to make its contribution ⑧__________the