第一部分选择题
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide
which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the
letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,
it is said to be ___.
A、prescriptive
B、sociolinguistic
C、descriptive
D、psycholinguistic
2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.
A、mouth
B、lips
C、tongue
D、vocal cords
3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.
A、bound morpheme
B、bound form
C、inflectional morpheme
D、free morpheme
4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that
introduces the embedded clause.
A、coordinator
B、particle
C、preposition
D、subordinator主从连词
5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."
A、is synonymous with
B、is inconsistent with
C、entails
D、presupposes
6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.
A、semantics
B、pragmatics
C、sociolinguistics
D、psycholinguistics
7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.
A、elaboration
B、simplification精简
C、external borrowing
D、internal borrowing
8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.
A、Lingua franca通用语
B、Creole
C、Pidgin
D、Standard language标准语言
9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .
A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus角回
B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex
C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons
D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area
10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
A、learning
B、competence
C、performance
D、acquisition
第二部分非选择题
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)
11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k of the rules of his language.
12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .
13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.
15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.
16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to
something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.
17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word
c .
18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".
19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.
20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.
III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or
false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each
statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you
think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.
()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both
Chinese and English.
()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This
indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings
of its components.
()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.
()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects
such as British English and American English but cannot be found within
the variety itself, for example, within British English or American
English.
()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated
and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational
implicatures arise.
()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken
today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.
()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech
situations known as domains.
()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,
speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.
()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first
language.
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for
illustration. (3%×10=30%)
31、duality 32、diachronic linguistics 33、broad transcription 34、morphological rules
35、phrase structure rule 36、relational opposites 37、componential analysis 38、context
39、euphemism 40、brain lateralization
V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in
English for illustration.
42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of
a second language.
英语语言学试题（2）
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)
1.The pair of words ―lend‖and ―borrow‖are ___.()
A.gradable opposites
B.relational opposites
C.co-hyponyms
D.synonyms
2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .( )
A.Jacob Grimm
B.Rasmus Rask
C.Franz Bopp
D.Sir William Jones
3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( )
A.unusual
B.something to be feared
C.abnormal
D.natural
4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.( )
A.Broca's aphasic
B.The linguistic deprivation
C.The damage on the angular gyrus
D.Wernicke's aphasic
5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to s ay ―night‖ as ―light‖.This shows: .( )
A.They cannot pronounce/n/
B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue
C.The teachers do not have a good teaching method
D.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds
6.A word with several meanings is called __word.( )
A.a polysemous
B.a synonymous
C.an abnormal
D.a multiple
7.The function of the sentence ―A nice day, isn't it?‖is __.()
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,rmative
B.phatic
C.directive
D.performative
8.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.( )
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,age
B.grammar
C.pronunciation
D.structure
9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.( )
A.Linguistic geography
B.Lexicology
C.Lexicography
D.Sociolinguistics
10.The semantic components of the word ―gentleman‖ can be expressed as __.()
A.+animate,+male,+human,-adult
B.+animate,+male,+human,+adult
C.+animate,-male,+human,-adult
D.+animate,-male,+human,+adult
二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)
11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement,q________or command.
12.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of s__g________.
13.Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.
14.To many people,a linguist is the same as a ________,one who can speak several languages fluently.
15.Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v__,while all vowel sounds are v________.
三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分)
16.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.(
17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( )
18.Linguistics is the course of language.( )
19.The part of a sentence which compriese comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate.( )
20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.( )
21.The term dialect,as a technical term in linguistics,carries value judgement and not simply refers to a distinct form of language.( )
22.Morphology is translated as 形态学。( )
23.The word ―photographically‖ is made up of 4 morphemes.( )
24.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.( )
25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.( )
四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)
26.general linguistics 27.suprasegmental features 28.root and stem 29.hierarchical structure
30.naming theory and conceptualist view 31.maxims of quality and manner 32.blending
33.sociolect
34.subvocal speech
35.contrastive analysis
五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)
36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.
(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.
(2)He saw young men and women present.
(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.
37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.
re-
un-
anti-
super-
-wise
-itis
-ize
-age
英语语言学试题（3）
第一部分选择题
Ⅰ.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)
1.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ______.
A. arbitrary
B.non-arbitrary
C. logical
D.non-productive
2.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips,i.e. rounded, EXCEPT ______.
3.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the ______.
A.phrase structure
B.surface structure
C.syntactic structure
D.deep structure
4.The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
A.Case Condition
B.Adjacent Condition
C.parameter
D.Adjacent parameters
5.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ______.
A.polysemy
B.hyponymy
C.antonymy
D.homonymy
6.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day,eight days a week."obviously violates the maxim of ______.
A.quality
B.quantity
C.relation
D.manner
7.In first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,e
B.accept
C.generalize
D.reconstruct
8.Standardization known as ______ is necessary in order to facilitate communications.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,nguage interpretation
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,nguage identification
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,nguage choice
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,nguage planning
9.Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language acquisition?
______.
A.Cerebral cortex
B.Neurons
C.Eyes
D.Angular gyrus
10.Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage.
A.the copula verb "be"
B.inflectional morphemes
C.function words
D.content words
第二部分非选择题
Ⅱ.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,nguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a
_s_______ study of language.
12.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced.
13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called _b________ morphemes.
14.XP may contain more than just X.For example,the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" consists of Det,N and S,with Det being the _s________,N the head and S the complement.
15.According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts,"to suggest that someone should see the doctor" should fall into the category of _d________.
16.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.The word that is more general in meaning is called _s________.
17.Vowels can be nasalized.The vowel nasalization rule is an _a________ rule,which,for the most part, is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another.
18.One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of _s________ words and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.
19.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called _h________, one on the right and one on the left.
20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and _t________ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.
Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)
21.( )Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.
22.( )A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.
23.( )Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.
24.( )Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.
25.( )The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, "female" occurs only in nouns such as "mother", "woman" "girl" "tigress" and so on but not in other parts of speech.
26.( )According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives.
27.( )New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus "peddle" was derived from "peddler" on the mistaken assumption that the "-er" was the agentive suffix.
28.( )Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variables.
29.( )The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.
30.( )Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.
Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.
(3%×10=30%)
31.narrow transcription
32.stem
33.derivational affixes
34.grammatical relation
35.predication
36.semantic narrowing
37.nonstandard languages
38.linguistic taboo
39.angular gyrus
40.interlanguage
Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)
41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.
英语语言学试题（5）
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)
1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study.
A. comparative
B. diachronic
C. up-to-date
D. descriptive
2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics.
A. auditory
B. acoustic
C. articulatory
D. none of the above three
3. What the element ?-es‘ indicates is third person singular,present tense, the element ?-ed‘ past tense, and ?-ing‘ progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ).
A. phonemes
B. morphemes
C. allophones
D. phones
4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory.
A. speech act
B. TG
C. principles-and-parameters
D. minimalist programme
5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ).
A. predication analysis
B. stylistic analysis
C. componential analysis
D. proposition analysis
6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker‘s intention.
A. locutionary act
B. illocutionary act
C. perlocutionary act
D. constative act
7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ).
A. Sir William Jones
B. John Firth
C. M. A. K. Halliday
D. F. D. Saussure
8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ).
A. discourse role-switching
B. activity role-switching
C. social role-switching
D. code-switching
9. A focal point of SLA research has been the na ture and development of L2 learners‘().
A. second language
B. first language
C. foreign language
D. interlanguage
10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ( ).
A. 7800
B. 6800
C. 5800
D. 4800
二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)
11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.
12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.
13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.
14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.
15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.
16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.
17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.
18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.
19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.
20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.
三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分)
21. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. ( )
22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by ―copying‖ a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus
making the two phones similar. ( )
23. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, always being the sum total of the meanings of its components. ( )
24. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. ( )
25. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semanticists to analyze meaning. ( )
26. Linguists found that it would be possible to give an adequate description of meaning even if the context of language use was left unconsidered. ( )
27. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of Old English, Middle English and Modern English. ( )
28. When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge. ( )
29. Linguistic lateralization in terms of right hemispheric dominance for language is found to exist in an overwhelming majority of human beings. ( )
30. In order to identify the areas of learning difficulty, an interlingual contrastive procedure Contrastive Analysis was developed. ( )
四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)
31. competence and performance
32. minimal pair
33. morphology
34. finite clause
35. sense and reference
36. Cooperative Principle
37. semantic broadening
38. language planning
39. the critical period hypothesis
40. instrumental motivation vs. integrative motivation
五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)
41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?
42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.
The girl ate the orange.
43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare‘s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.
King: Where is Polonius?
Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.
If your messenger find him not there,
seek him i‘ the other place yourself.
But indeed, if you find him not within
this month, you shall nose him as you
go up the stairs into the lobby.
Act IV, Scene iii
英语语言学试题（6）
Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)
1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.
A. langue
B. competence
C. parole
D. performance
2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ( ).
A. palatal
B. alveolar
C. bilabial
D. dental
3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.
A. L. Bloomfield
B. F. Saussure
C. N. Chomsky
D.M. A. K. Halliday
4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to particular values.
A. Adjacent Condition
B. parameters
C. Case Condition
D. Case requirement
5. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which―girl‖and―lass‖ belong is called () synonyms.
A. stylistic
B. dialectal
C. emotive
D. collocational
6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.
A. representatives
B. commissives
C. expressives
D. declaratives
7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).
A. Middle English
B. Old English
C. French
D. Norman French
8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety.
A. genetic
B. social
C. direct
D. close
9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.
A. Werniker‘s
B. visual
C. motor
D. Broca‘s
10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.
A. Instrumental
B. Functional
C. Integrative
D. Social
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1％×10=10％)
11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be
d _____.
12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o ____ and are therefore consonants.
13. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
14. A _____is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as ―be‖, ―have‖, ―do‖ etc.
15. R ____ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.
16. In Austin‘s early speech act theory, c ____ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a_____ the grammatical rules of the adult language.
18. A s _____ community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.
19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n_____ signals such as facial expressions, gestures,
postures, or proxemic space.
20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l ______ as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.
Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％)
21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today‘s world that can only be spoken, but not written.
22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.
23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.
24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.
25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.
26. ( ) Searle‘s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.
27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we ―borrow‖ from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.
28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.
29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is language-dominant.
30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.
Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％)
31. assimilation rule
32. root
33. bound morphemes
34. surface structure
35. grammaticality
36. elaboration
37. bilingualism
38. creole
39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
40. fossilization
Ⅴ. Answer the following questions.(10％×2=20％)
41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.
42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.
英语语言学试题（7）
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)
1. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of ( ).
A. manner of articulation
B. openness of mouth
C. place of articulation
D. voicing
2. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ( ).
A. phonetics
B. morphology
C. syntax
D. semantics
3. According to Chomsky, ( ) is the ideal user‘s internalized knowledge of his language.
A. competence
B. parole
C. performance
D. langue
4. ―Sweets‖ and ―candy‖ are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are ( ) synonyms.
A. collocational
B. dialectal
C. complete
D. stylistic
5. Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic meaning among them. This is known as ( ).
A. homonymy
B. hyponymy
C. polysemy
D. antonymy
6. ―How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?‖ () ―He ran the red light‖.
A. entails
B. contradicts
C. presupposes
D. includes
7. The word ―lab‖ is formed through ().
A. back formation
B. blending
C. clipping
D. derivation
8. ( ) in the brain fulfills the function of speech production.
A. Angular gyrus
B. Broca‘s area
C. The right hemisphere
D. Wernicke‘s area
9. When a child uses ―mummy‖ to refer to any woman, most probably his ―mummy‖ means ().
A. + Human
B. + Human + Adult
C. + Human + Adult – Male
D. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent
10. ( ) is not a suprasegmental feature.
A. Aspiration
B. Intonation
C. Stress
D. Tone
二、在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。（每空1分，共16分）
1. D_________ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.
2. S_________ study of language describes language at some point in time; d_________ study describes language as it changes through time.
3. N_________ transcription transcribes sounds with diacritics, while b_________ transcription does not.
4. A sentence has a hierarchical structure and l_________ structure as well.
5. Unlike a sentence, the meaning of an u_________ is concrete and context-dependent.
6. Chinese belongs to S_________ language family, while English belongs to I _________ language family.
7. R_________ are situational dialects appropriate for use in particular situations; i_________ is a personal dialect.
8. When a p_________ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes c_________.
9. I_________ is the approximate linguistic system that a second language learner constructs, which represents the learner‘s transitional competence in the target language.
10. A_________ is the learner‘s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the target la nguage community. 11. Words that have descended from a common source are c_________.
三、判断下列各题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错误的写“F”并且加以改正。（每小题2分，共20分）
1. ― Beat‖ and ―bit‖ are not a minimal pair. ()
2. Compounds are words created by combining two or more than two words. ( )
3. Linguistic change occurs only in sound and lexical system, but not in syntax. ( )
4. In a predication, the argument is said to govern the predicate. ( )
5. Modern English began with the Norman Conquest. ( )
6. Bilingualism is a situation in which two different varieties of a language co-exist in a speech
community. ( )
7. The case of Genie suggests that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period. ( )
8. Interference is the only source of errors in the second language acquisition. ( )
9. When a plural form -s is added to a noun that ends with a vowel, it is pronounced as ［z］, due to assimilation. ( )
10. In the sentence ―The father beat the child‖, ―the child‖ is both a structural and logical
object. ( )
四、名词解释，并至少举一例加以说明（每小题4分，共24分）
1. duality
2. phoneme
3. complex sentence
4. reference
5. perlocutionary act
6. linguistic taboo
五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）
1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of G rice‘s Cooperative Principle:
A: Where‘ve you been?
B: Out.
2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:
specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness
(每个语素0. 5分)
英语语言学试题（8）
语言学试题
第一部分选择题
一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play ―Romeo and Juliet‖ ?A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘ well illustrates _______.()
A.the conventional nature of language
B.the creative nature of language
C.the universality of language
D.the big difference between human language and animal communication
2.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( )
A.kibl
B.bkil
C.ilkb
D.ilbk
3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula "S→NP VP".( )
A.hierarchical
B.linear
C.tree diagram
D.vertical
4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.( )
A.Case Condition
B.parameter
C.Adjacent Condition
D.Adjacent Parameter
5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.
A.phoneme
B.word
C.phrase
D.sentence
6.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.( )
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,misives
B.directives
C.expressives
D.declaratives
7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.
A.synchronic
B.diachronic
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,parative
D.historical comparative
8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.
A.title+first name
B.title+title
C.title alone
D.first name+last name+title
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,nguage and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "subvocal speech," and speech as "_______".( )
A.vocal thought
B.subvocal thought
C.covert thought
D.overt thought
10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______.( )
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,nguage acquisition is a process of habit formation
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,nguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings
C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language
D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use
第二部分非选择题
二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。)
11.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.
12.Clear ［1］and dark［］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.
13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.
14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.
15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms.
16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concrete and
context-dependent.
17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________.
18.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.
19.The brain's neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________, which is specific to human beings.
20.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning
a second language. This is know as language t________.
三、判断说明题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。)判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。
( )21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.
( )22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.
( )23.A compound is the combination of only two words.
( )24.―The student‖ in the sentence ―The student liked the linguistic lecture.‖,and ―The linguistic lecture‖ in the sentence ―The linguistic lecture liked the student.‖belong to the same syntactic category.
)25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.
( )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.
( )27.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.
( )https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,nguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.
( )29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. ( )30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.
四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。)
31.cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)
1.3考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness: 5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
英语专业语言学考试试题 Information for the examinees: This examination consists of Four sections. They are: Section I: Content Awareness of the Course (30 points, 20 minutes) Section II: General Principles of Language and Linguistics (30 points, 25 minutes) Section III: Some Specific Aspects of Language and Linguistics (20 points, 35 minutes) Section IV: Analysis and Application (20 points, 40 minutes) The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed for completing this examination is 2 hours. You must write all your answers on the Answer Sheet. Section I: Content Awareness of the Course 30 points I. Choose the best answer to complete the following statements. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (10 points, 1 point for each item) 1. "Historical linguistics" seeks to provide scientific evidence ( ) A. of the reasons for human speech B. of human habitation in Africa C. why there are many world languages D. concerning the origins of speech 2. Which of the following does NOT have something to do with the production of speech sounds? ( ) A. Organic analysis B. Linguistic analysis C. Acoustic analysis D. Phonetic analysis 3. In determining the symbolic nature of language humans( ) A. examine Braille and signs B. examine the media and signs C. examine the language of the media D. examine the language itself 4. The aims of Unit 4 are to understand that language functions in the world ( ) A. through the use of naming devices and education B. by people experiencing abstractions in education C. based on experience, abstraction and symbolism D. through symbolic and abstract experiences 5. The aim of Unit 5 is for students to understand that speech acts( ) A. need to be defined precisely through oral actions B. need to be terminated under appropriate circumstances C. need to be defined, analysed and comprehended D. need to be analysed by definition and example: 6. Generally speaking, 脸and 面子is: ( ) A. more important for teenage girls than boys B. something teenagers don"t worry about C. not the same for adults as for teenagers
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f353389.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only. 1. Clear ［1］and dark [?] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c omplementary distribution. (P24) 2. M orphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32) 3. Consonant sounds can be either?voiceless or voiced, while all v owel sounds are voiced. (P16) 4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C ooperative?principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87) 5.??Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s ynchronic study of language. (P4) 6.?An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any o bstruction when a sound is produced. (P18) 7.?XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s pecifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46) 9.??While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u tterance is concrete and context-dependent. (P70) 11. P sycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70) 12. A d iachronic study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P70) 13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d uality. (P70) 14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the o ral cavity and the nasal cavity. (P15) 16. S uprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning. (P70) 18. H omonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (P70) 19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a rticulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)
有答案的 第一部分选择题 41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. 42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language. 英语语言学试题（2） 五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分) 36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences. (1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible. (2)He saw young men and women present. (3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.
37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. re- un- anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age 英语语言学试题（3） Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%) 41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related. 英语语言学试题（5） 五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies
I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be call ed ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually ter med______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______ . (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual ph enomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”,which is the abstract knowledge necessary for s peaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by peop le in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextu al factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院 2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang