1Introduction
I. Blank-filling
1. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a s______ linguistic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a d______ linguistic study. Modern linguists tend to prefer a s______ approach to a d______ one.
2. S______ and w______ are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modern linguistics regards the s______ language as the primary medium of human language.
3. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be d_______; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be p______.
4. L______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and p______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
5. Language is a system of a_______ vocal symbols used for human c______.
6. C______ can be defined as the ideal user?s knowledge of the rules of his language, and p______ can be defined as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
7. Language is a______ in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.
8. The fact that children acquire spoken language before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily v______.
9. Language is p______ or creative in that its users can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.
10. Language can be used to refer to things which are present or absent, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. This is what d______ means.
11. The study of language as a whole is often called g______ linguistics.
12. Linguistics can be defined as the s______ study of l______.
13. Duality of structures is also referred to as d______ a______.
II. Multiple choice
1. The distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist ___ in the early 20th century.
A. Noam. Chomsky
B. F. de Saussure
C. Charles Hockett
D. J.R. Firth
2. The distinction between competence and performance was made by the American linguist ___ in the late 1950?s.
A. Noam. Chomsky
B. F. de Saussure
C. Charles Hockett
D. J.R. Firth
3. A modern linguist would not prefer to be a(n) ___.
A. observer
B. analyzer
C. judge
D. recorder
II. True or false judgement
( ) 1. Langue is concrete while parole is abstract. Langue is relatively stable while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.
( ) 2. Similar to Saussure, Chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is the
ideal speaker?s performance, not his competence.
( ) 3. Modern linguistics is prescriptive while traditional grammar is descriptive. ( ) 4. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. ( ) 5. Traditional grammar forced languages into a Latin-based framework.
( ) 6. In modern linguistics, a diachronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a synchronic one.
( ) 7. “Language is a system”means that elements of language are combined according to rules.
( ) 8. Language is culturally as well as genetically transmitted.
( ) 9. Linguistics studies not any particular language, but languages in general. ( ) 10. In a broad sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.
( ) 11.A modern linguist is interested in what is said, not in what he thinks ought to be said.
Keys:
I. Blank-filling
1.synchronic, diachronic, synchronic, diachronic
2.Speech, writing, speech
3.descriptive, prescriptive
https://www.doczj.com/doc/381663702.html,ngue, parole
5.arbitrary, communication
https://www.doczj.com/doc/381663702.html,petence, performance
7.arbitrary
8.vocal
9.productive
10.displacement
11.general
12.systematic/scientific, language
13.double articulation
II. Multiple choice
1. B
2. A
3. C
III. True or false judgement
1. F
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. T
8. F
9. T 10. F 11. T
2Phonology
I. Blank-filling
1. P______ is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language.
2. The three important branches of phonetics are: (1) a_______ phonetics, which studies how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds; (2) a______ phonetics, which studies the physical properties of speech sounds and (3) a_______ phonetics, which studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.
4. Vibration of the v_______ c______ results in a quality of speech sounds called “v______”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.
5. There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. The transcription with letter-symbols only and the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. The former is called b_____ transcription while the latter is called n______ transcription.
6. The sound [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. In the word pit, the sound[p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. In the case of pit, the [p] sound is said to be a______ and in the case of spit, the [p] sound is u______.
7. Speech sounds in English can be divided into two broad categories: v______ and c______.
8. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are v______.
9. In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: s_______, f_______, a______, l______, n_______, g______. In terms of place of articulation, the English consonants can be classified into the following types: b______, l______, d______, a______, p______, v______, g______ consonants.
10. English vowels may be distinguished as f______, c______, and b______ according to which part of the tongue is held highest.
11. According to the openness of the mouth, we can classify the vowels into: c______ vowels, s______ vowels, s______ vowels and o______ vowels.
12. V owels can be classified according to the shape of the lips. In English, all the front vowels are u______ vowels and most back vowels are r______.
13. The English vowels can be classified according to the length of the sound. The long vowels are all t______ vowels and the s______ vowels are lax vowels.
14. A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain p______ in a certain phonetic context.
15. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the a______ of that phoneme.
16. Phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. If they are two distinctive phonemes they are said to form a p______ c______. If they are allophones of the same phoneme, then they are said to be in c_______ d______.
17. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a m______ p______.
19. Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s______ rules.
21. The parts of speech that are normally stressed in an English sentence are n_____, m______ verbs, a______, a______, n______ and d______ pronouns; the other categories of words like a______, p______ pronouns, a______ verbs, p______, and c______ are usually not stressed.
25. In English we can produce a sound by moving from one vowel position to another
through intervening positions, the sound thus produced is called a d______.
26. S______ sounds are sounds that convey meaning in human communication.
27. IPA is the short form for I______ P______ A______ or I______ P______ A______.
28. In English glides are sometimes called s______. The English glides are ______ and ______.
29. A phoneme consists of a set of d______ features. It is just because of these features that a phoneme is capable of distinguishing meaning.
II. Multiple choice
1. Which of the following is NOT a suprasegmental feature?
A. phoneme
B. stress
C. tone
D. intonation
2.The English word that contains a voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop is ____.
A. peak
B. speak
C. tip C. topic
3.Chinese is a(n) ___ language.
A. intonation
B. tone
C. pitch
D. stress
4.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are
called _________.
A. sequential rules
B. combining rules
C. assimilation rules
D. deletion rules
5.Which of the following is a minimal pair?
A. fear, pear
B. put, hut
C. bit, beat
D. beat, beast
III. True or false judgement
( ) 2. Linguists are interested in all sounds produced by humans.
( ) 3. The “same” sounds we claim to have heard are in most cases only phonetically similar, but rarely phonetically identical.
( ) 4. Narrow transcription is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.
( ) 6. A phoneme is a phonological unit, it is a unit that is of distinctive value. ( ) 7. The location of stress in English does not distinguish meaning.
( ) 10. Conventionally phonemes are placed within square brackets, and phones in slashes.
Keys:
Blank-filling
1.Phonetics
2.rticulatory, acoustic, auditory
4.vocal cords, voicing
5.broad, narrow
6.aspirated, unaspirated
7.vowels, consonants
8.voiceless
9.stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides; bilabial, labiodental, dental,
alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal
10.front, central, back
11.close, semi-close, semi-open, open
12.unrounded, rounded
13.tense, lax
14.phone
15.allophones
16.phonemic contrast, complementary distribution
17.minimal pair
19.sequential
21.nouns, main, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, demonstrative; articles, person,
auxiliary, prepositions, conjunctions
25.diphthong
26.Speech
27.International Phonetic Alphabet, International Phonetic Association
28.semivowels, [w], [j]
29.distinctive
Multiple choice
1-5 ABBAC
True or false judgement
2.F
3.T
4.F 6.T 7.F 10.F
3.Morphology
I. Blank filling
1. In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are sometimes called o______ class words since we can regularly add new words to these classes. The other syntactic categories, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, are sometimes called c______ class words since new words are not usually added to them.
2. M______ refers to the study of the internal structure of w______, and the rules by which words are formed.
3. The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called m______.
4. Some morphemes occurs only before other morphemes. Such morphemes are called p______; other morphemes occur only after other morphemes, such morphemes are called s______.
5. When some morphemes are conjoined to other morphemes a new word is formed, such morphemes are called d______ morphemes.
6. Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on are referred to as i______ morphemes.
Multiple choice
1. Which of the following underlined parts is a bound morpheme?
A. inborn
B. impossible
C. quickly
D. without
2. Which of the following underlined parts is a free morpheme?
A. readable
B. westward
C. clockwise
D. freely
3. Which of the following underlined parts is a derivational morpheme?
A. smaller
B. stimuli
C. interviewee
D. John?s
4. Which of the following underlined parts is NOT an inflectional morpheme?
A. oxen
B. excited
C. data
D. encourage
5. How many morphemes can we find in the word …internationalize??
A. Three
B. Four
C. Five
D. Six
6. Which of the following does not belong to the open classes?
A. nouns
B. verbs
C. articles
D. adverbs
7. The word centralization consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.
A. five/five
B. five/four
C. four/three
D. four/four
8. The word uncomfortable consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.
A. four/three
B. five/two
C. five/three
D. three/five
9. In modern English, which of the following is NOT a free morpheme?
A. ceive
B. ulcer
C. escape
D. aspect
III. True or false judgment
( ) 1. Bound morphemes cannot occur “unattached” while free morphemes can occur alone. ( ) 2. Some morphemes may occur in many words, combining with different morphemes but for which it is difficult to find a constant meaning.
( ) 3. Inflectional morphemes are attached to words or morphemes, but they never change their syntactic category. Yet they usually add lexical meaning to the words or morphemes. ( ) 4. It is often the case that compounds have the same stress patterns from the noncompounded word sequence.
( ) 6. Pronouns and articles fall into the closed classes.
( ) 7. Words like blackboard, international, sit-in, living room are compounds.
( ) 8. As for the compound greenhouse, the primary stress falls on the second part of the word. ( ) 9. A single word may contain one or more morphemes.
( ) 10. To a certain degree, the meaning of a compound can be inferred from its meanings of individual parts.
( ) 11. Such affixes as –or, -ize, -ish used to form the words actor, modernize and childish are called inflectional affixes.
( ) 12. Inflectional affixes are used to form new words with new lexical meanings.
Keys:
Blank-filling
1.open, close
2.Morphology, words
3.morpheme
4.prefixes, suffixes
5.derivational
6.inflectional
II. Multiple choice
1. B.
2. D
3.C
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. B
8. C
9.A
True or false judgement
1. T
2.T
3. F
4. F 6. T 7. F 8. F 9.T
10. T 11. F 12. F
4 Syntax
I. blank
1. S______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form s______ and the rules that govern the formation of s______.
4. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements: h______, s______ and c______. The word around which a phrase is formed is termed h______. The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as s______. The words on the right side of the heads are c______.
5. Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called p______.
8. The syntactic category of a specifier differs depending on the category of the h______. D______ serve as the specifiers of nouns while q______ typically function as the specifiers of verbs and d______ words as the specifiers of adjectives.
11. Many linguists nowadays believe that sentences, like other phrases, also have their own heads. They take an abstract category i______ as their heads, which indicates the sentence?s t_____ and a______.
12. There are two levels of syntactic structure: the d______ structure and the s______ structure.
II. Multiple choice
1. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements EXCEPT___:
A. head
B. specifier
C. complement
D. inflection
3. Which of the following is the head of the phrase …a very lovely girl??
A. very
B. girl
C. a
D. lovely
4. The following underlined parts are termed specifier EXCEPT___?
A. listen attentively
B. seldom sing songs
C. quite right
D. that old house
5. Which of the following underlined parts is the complement of the phrase?
A. a story about a wolf
B. cut the hair
C. a careful man
D. often read books
Keys:
I.Blank-filling
1.Syntax, sentences, sentences
2.Noun, Verb, Adjective, Preposition
3.meaning, inflection, distribution
4.head, specifier, complement, head, specifiers, complements
5.phrases
6.coordinate structures, coordination
7.head, phrase
8.head, Determiners, qulifiers, degree
https://www.doczj.com/doc/381663702.html,plementizers
10.expressible, heads, adjective, adverb, prepositional
11.inflection, tense, agreement
12.deep, surface
https://www.doczj.com/doc/381663702.html,plement clause, matrix clause
II.Multiple choice
1.D 3.B 4.A 5.A
5Semantics
I. Blank-filling
1. Semantics can be defined as the study of m______.
2. According to Plato?s n______ theory, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for.
3. The contextualists hold that meaning should be studied in terms of s______, use, context----elements closely linked with language behavior.
4. Synonymy refers to the s______ or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called s______.
6. B______ English and A______ English are the two major geographical varieties of the English language.
7. D______ synonyms refer to synonyms used in different regional dialects.
8. The same one word may have more than one meaning, this is what we call p______ and such a word is called a p______ word.
9. H______ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,
i.e. different words are identical in s______ or s______, or in both.
10. When two words are identical in sound, they are h______. When two words are identical in spelling, they are h______. When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are c______ h______.
11. H______ refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the s______, and the more specific words are called its h______.
12. The term antonymy is used for o______ of meaning, words that are opposite in meaning are a______.
13. Componential analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called s______ f______.
14. There are two aspects to sentence meaning: g______ meaning and s______ meaning.
15. A predication consists of a______ and p______.
16. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are c______ to each other.
II. Multiple choice
1. Which of the following best describes the relations between “He was a bachelor all his life” and “He never married all his life”?
A.The former is synonymous with the latter.
B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.
C.The former entails the latter.
D.The former presupposes the latter.
2. Which of the following best describes the relations between “The police stopped the minors from drinking” and “The minors were drinking”?
A.The former is synonymous with the latter.
B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.
C.The former entails the latter.
D.The former presupposes the latter.
3. Which of the following best describes the relations between “She saw a girl” and “She saw a child”?
A.The former is synonymous with the latter.
B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.
C.The former entails the latter.
D.The former presupposes the latter.
4. Which of the following best describes the relations between “Mary likes western food”and “Mary shows no interest in western food”?
A.The former is synonymous with the latter.
B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.
C.The former entails the latter.
D.The former presupposes the latter.
5. …This is a ball? is a ___-place predication.
A. no
B. one
C. two
D. three
6. …I like you and your sister? is a ___-place predication.
A. no
B. one
C. two
D. three
7. …Kate gave me a gift? is a ___-place predication.
A. no
B. one
C. two
D. three
8. …It is sunny? is a ___-place predication.
A. no
B. one
C. two
D. three
9. …John runs quickly? is a ___-place predication.
A. no
B. one
C. two
D. three
10. …famous? and …notorious?
A. dialectal synonyms
B. collocational synonyms
C. stylistic synonyms
D. synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning
11. …petrol? and …gasoline? are ___.
A. dialectal synonyms
B. collocational synonyms
C. stylistic synonyms
D. synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning
12. …accuse…of? and …charge…with? are ___.
A. dialectal synonyms
B. collocational synonyms
C. stylistic synonyms
D. synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning
13. …inquire? and …ask? are ___.
A. dialectal synonyms
B. collocational synonyms
C. stylistic synonyms
D. synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning
14. Which of the following pair of words are homophones?
A. ad---add
B. lead (领导)---lead (铅)
C.mouth (口))---mouth(袋口)
D.animal---cow
15. Which of the following pair of words are homographs?
A. sew---sow
B. lead (领导)---lead (铅)
C.mouth (口))---mouth(袋口)
D. tec---tech
16. Which of the following pair of words are complete homonyms?
A. flour---flower
B. tear(眼泪)---tear (撕掉)
C. heroin---horoine
D. criket---criket
17. The relation between …furniture? and …wardrobe? is ___.
A. homophony
B. homography
C.hoponymy
D. polysemy
18. …beautiful? and …ugly? are ___.
A. gradable antonyms
B. ungradable opposites
C. relational opposites
D. complementary synonyms
19. …married? and …unmarried? are ___.
A. gradable antonyms
B. ungradable opposites
C. relational opposites
D. complementary synonyms
20. …employer? and …employee? are ___.
A. gradable antonyms
B. ungradable opposites
C. relational opposites
D. complementary synonyms
III. True or false judgement
( ) 1. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
( ) 2. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.
( ) 3. Complete synonyms, i.e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are frequently seen.
( ) 4. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.
( ) 5. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed, yet they may not be semantically meaningful.
Keys:
Blank-filling
1.meaning
2.naming
3.situation
4.sameness, synonyms
5.native, loan
6.British, American
7.Dialectal
8.polysemy, polysemic/polysemous
9.Homonymy, sound, spelling
10.homophones, homographs, complete homonymy
11.Hyponymy, superordinate, hyponyms
12.oppositeness, antonyms
13.semantic features
14.grammatical, semantic
15.arguments, predicate
16.co-hyponyms
Multiple choice
1.A
2.D
3.C
4.B
5.B
6.C
7.D
8.A
9.B
10.D 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.A
19.B 20.C
True or false judgement
1.T
2.T
3.F
4.F
5.T
6 Pragmatics
I. Blank-filling
1. Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect s______ c______.
4. According Paul Grice, in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the C______ Principle.
5. C______ utterances were statements that either state or describe, and were thus v______; p______ utterances, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not v______.
6. According to the s______ a______ theory, we are performing actions when we are speaking.
7. According to Austin?s new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: l______ act, i______ act, and p______ act.
9. There are four maxims under the Cooperative Principle: the maxim of q______, the maxim of q______, the maxim of r______, the maxim of m______.
10. While the meaning of a sentence is a______, and d______, that of an utterance is c______, c_______.
11.When we flout a maxim of Cooperative Principle, our language becomes i______.
II.Multiple choice
1. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher ___ in the late 50?s of the 20th
century.
A. John Searle
B. John Austin
C. Paul Grice G. Leech
III. True or false judgement
( ) 2. John Austin distinguished performatives from constatives and stated that while the former were verifiable, the latter were unverifiable.
( ) 3. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and context-dependent, that of an utterance is concrete and context-independent.
( ) 4. The meaning of an utterance is richer than the meaning of the sentence on which the utterance is based.
( ) 5. Of the three speech acts proposed by Austin, linguists are most interested in the perlocutionary act.
Keys:
Blank-filling
1.successful, communication
2.context
3.utterance
4.Cooperative
5.Constative, verifiable, performative, verifiable
6.speech act
7.locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary
8.representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, declarations
9.quality, quantity, relation, manner
10.abstract, decontextualized, concrete, context-dependent
11.indirect
Multiple choice
1. B
True or false judgement
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. F
7Language Change
I. Blank-filling
1. Clipping refers to the a______ of longer words or phrases.
2. A blend is a word formed by c______ parts of other words.
3. Acronyms are words derived from the i______ of several words.
4. New words may be coined from already existing words by “subtracting” an affix thought to be part of the old word. Such words are called b______.
5.When cultures come into contact, words “borrowed” from one language to another are called
l______ words.
6.Words like eye, honeymoon and knee used to be nouns, but now they are also verbs. These words have undergone functional s______.
II. Multiple choice
2.Of the following words, ____ is an acronym.
A. UNESCO
B. E-MAIL
C. Kent
D. TV
3.The word “wife” used to mean “a female person”; now it means “the spouse of a man”. The
word has undergone a sort of semantic change called ____.
A. widening of meaning
B. narrowing of meaning
C. extension
D. borrowing
4.The word box used to mean “container made of boxwood”, but now it means “container in
general”. This is an example of ____.
A. widening of meaning
B. narrowing of meaning
C. extension
D. borrowing
11. Backformation is a type of word-formation by the ____ of a supposed affix from a ____ form
already present in the language.
A. deletion…longer
B. adding…shorter
C. deletion…shorter
D. adding…longer
True or false
2. ( ) English has a great number of loan words.
3. ( ) American English has some influences on British English.
4. ( ) English has never undergone sound change.
7. ( ) All acronyms are pronounced letter by letter.
11. ( ) Blending is a process of both compounding and abbreviation.
13. ( ) Since the Second World War there has been a trend towards much greater formality of
expression.
Keys:
I.Blank-filling
1.abbreviation
https://www.doczj.com/doc/381663702.html,bining
3.initials
4.back-formation
5.loan
6.shift
II.Multiple choice
2.A
3.B
4.A 11.A
III.True or false judgement
2. T
3. T
4. F 7. F 11. T 13. F
8Language and society
I. Blank Filling
1.Sociolinguistics studies the relation between language and s______.
2.A r______ dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.
3.S______ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.
4.I______ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.
5.Halliday distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: f______ of discourse, t______ of discourse, and m______ of discourse.
6.A p______ is a special language variety that mixes language and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.
7.When a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language, it is said to have become a c______. Key:
1.society
2.regional
3.Sociolect
4. Idiolect
5. field, tenor, mode
6. pidgin
7.creole II. True of False Judgement
( ) 1. A speech community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of a language.
( ) 2. Speech variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.
( ) 3. Language used by men and women have some special features of their own.
( )4. Male and female speeches are also found to be different in the use of intonations.
( ) 5. Male speech is, on the whole, less assertive and thus sounds to be more polite than female speech.
( ) 6. Standard dialect is a particular variety of a language which is related to a particular group of language users.
( ) 7. Standard dialect is based on a selected variety of a language, usually the local speech of an area which is considered the nation?s political and commercial center.
( )8. Pidgins typically have a limited vocabulary and a very reduced grammatical structure characterized by the loss of inflections, gender and case.
1. T 2T. 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. T
9 language and culture
Blank Filling
1.Generally speaking, there are two types of culture: m______ and s______.
2.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B, thus bringing about cultural d______.
Key:1. material, spiritual2. diffusion
III.
( )1. Material culture is concrete, substantial and hidden.
( ) 2. Most of spiritual culture is abstract, ambiguous and observable.
( ) 3. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave.
( ) 4. People in the West tend to verbalize their gratitude and compliments less than Chinese speakers but they tend to accept thanks and compliments more directly and frankly than we Chinese do.
( ) 5. In communication with the westerners, it is inappropriate for us to ask questions about personal information like age, family background, salary, etc.
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
12 Language and Brain
I. Blank Filling
1.Neurolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and b______.
2.The brain is divided into two sections: the lower section called the brain s______ and higher section called c______.
3.The most severe form of non-fluent aphasia is g______ aphasia, suffering from which patients are completely mute.
4.Psycholinguistics is the study of language p______. It is concerned with the processes of language c______ and p______.
Key:
1.brain
2.stem, cerebrum
3.global
4.processing, comprehension, production
II.. True or False Judgement
( ) 1. Neurons are the basic information processing units of the nervous system.
( ) 2. The cerebrum that differs in different species is essential for life.
( ) 3. Each hemisphere of the human brain controls the opposite half of the body in terms of muscle movement and sensation.
( ) 4. Generally speaking the right hemisphere seems to excel in analytic tasks whereas the left hemisphere excels in tasks which require an overall appreciation of complex patterns.
( ) 5. Complex mental activities such as language do not always fall neatly into one hemisphere or the other but involve the coordinated functioning of both hemispheres.
Keys:
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
试卷代号：1093 语言学概论(本) 模拟试题 一、举例解释下列名词(每词5分，共10分) 1. 音位变体 2．借词 二、单项选择(每小题2分。共10分) 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4. 下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 D.语法的聚合规则存在于口头语言中 5．单纯词就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干 C．词缀 D．词尾6．下列各种说法只有( )是正确的。 A．词义的模糊性说明词义是不可捉摸的 B．多义词使用不当会产生歧义，如“门没有锁” C．“glass”的本义是玻璃，派生义指玻璃杯，这是隐喻 D．同义词在修辞上具有对比作用，可以利用来突出对立面 7．下列说法只有( )是错误的。 A．语法的规则可以类推，但也有例外，如“wife”的复数不是“wifes” B．}昆合语又叫克里奥尔语，它可以被孩子们作为母语来学习 C．混合语只限于某社会集团使用，缺乏广泛性 D．“墨水”原指黑墨水，现指各种颜色的墨水，这种变化是词义的扩大
三、综合分析题(共40分) 8．描写下列音素的发音特点。（8分） ① [u]： ② Ea]： ③ [m]： ④ [x]： 9．分析下面词语中各个构词语素的类别，是词根、词缀还是词尾。（12分） ① going ②老乡 ⑧绿化 10．指出下列词组的结构类型。(10分) ①学生和老师 ②空气新鲜 ③热烈欢呼 ④摆放整齐 ⑤阅读报纸 11．指出下列句子中画线词语的词尾所表示的语法意义和语法范畴。(10分) He buys many books． 四、问答题(每小题10分，共40分) 12．为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象? 13．语言符号是一种分层装置，这种分层的核。g,是ffA?其上层由哪些要素构成? 各要素在数量上有何特点? 14．举例说明基本词汇的特点，并简要说明这些特点之间的相互影响。 15．什么是双语现象?双语现象随着社会的发展会出现怎样的结果?
一、填空题:（每空1 分，本大题共10 分） 1. （）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学 走上独立发展道路的标志。 2. 人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（ 掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 3. 进入20世纪以后，语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为 （）。 4. 俄语属于印欧语系的（ 5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现出来的音素叫做 （）。 6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（ 7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于（）字 母。 8. 言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为（）起了补充说明的 作用。 9. 方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成（? ）?； 在社会高度统一的情况下，会逐渐被共同语消磨直到同化。 10. 南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，[n ]和[l]是 属于（）变体。 二、单项选择题: 码填在题干上的括号内。（每小题1 分，本大题共15 分）
1. 在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响 的语言学流派是（） A.历史比较语言学 B.心理语言学 C.结构主义语言学 D.社会语言学 2. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（） A.语言 B.言语 C.言语行为 D.言语作品 3. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”（） A.是聚合关系。 B.是组合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 4. 一种语言中数量最少的是 A.音素 B.音位 C.语素 D.音节 5. 英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是 A. 屈折变化 B.变换重音的位置 C. 变化中缀 D.异根 6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是（） A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质 7. [ε]的发音特征是 A.舌面前高不圆唇 B.舌面后高不圆唇 C.舌面前半高不圆唇 D.舌面前半低不圆唇 8. 构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型（） A.都是成词语素 B.都是不成词语素 C.“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身”和“体”是不成词语素 D.“语”和“言”是不成词语素，“身”和“体” 9. 广义地说，汉语动词词尾“着”、“了”、“过”属于语法范畴中的 （）
语言学概论 复习题 （课程代码 00541） 、单项选择题 1．主张把语言和言语分开的代表学者是 【 】 A ． 乔姆斯基 B ． 索绪尔 C ． 布隆菲尔德 D ． 洪堡特 2． 中国将传统的音韵、文字、 训诂、虚词等研究统称为 【 】 A ．小学 B ．经学 C .语言学 D . 文字学 3． 音高主要决定于 【 】 A ．发音体振动的振幅 B ?发音体振动的频率 C ?发音体振动的时间 D .发音体振动的声波形式 4． 汉语普通话的j 1 su cn j 1（计算机）可以切分岀的音素数量为 【 】 A ? 3 个 B ? 6个 C ．7 个 D ． 8个 5． 汉语普通话语音系统中，可以将拼音 b 和p 区分开来的区别特征是 [ 】 A ．送气与不送气 B ． 清音与浊音 C ．双唇音与舌面音 D ． 塞音与塞擦音 6． 北京话中将“慢” [man]+ “慢儿” [mar] 读作“慢慢儿” [mai mar] 属于语流音变中的【 】 A ．同化 B 异化 C ．弱化 D ．脱落 7． 下列不是成语的是 【 】 A ．过河拆桥 B ．风风火火 C ．醉翁之意不在酒 D ． 爱屋及乌 8． 在汉语中管某种东西叫“书 sh u” 英语中叫“ book ”， 这反应了语汇在产生时的【 】 A ．理据性 B 普遍性 C ．任意性 D ． 民族性 9． 下列属于借词的是 【 】 A ．尴尬 B 看好 C ．拜会 D ．袈裟 10 ．下列属于体词属性范畴的是 【 】 A .体 B .态 C ?数 D ?时 11 ．“三人行必有我师”是《论语》中的名句，它至今仍被人广泛引用，且理解起来不大费 力， 这是由于语言的 【 】 A ．抽象性 B ．递归 性 C .系统性 D .稳定性 12 ．词义最基本和最核心的部分是 【 】 A ．通俗意义 B 非通俗意义 C .理性意义 D 非理性意义 13. 把句子分成“单句”和“复句” ， 这种分类是 【 】 A ．句子的句型类 B .句子的句式类 C .句子的功能类 D ?句子的繁简类 14. “天气凉了”和“这汤太热，把它凉一凉”中的“凉”是 【 】 A ?冋音关系 B ．多义关系 C .同形关系 D ?同义关系 15. 文字起源于 【 】
1. We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______. A. the conceptualist view意念论 B. contextualism语境主义 C. the naming theory命名论 D. behaviorism行为主义 2. Which of the following is NOT true? A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.脱离语境的 D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in. 3. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic features. A. Predication analysis述谓结构分析 B. Componential analysis成分分析 C. Phonemic analysis 音位分析 D. Grammatical analysis语法分析 4.Alive” and“dead” are ___________. A. gradable antonyms B. relational antonyms C. complementary antonyms 互补反义词 D. None of the above 5. ________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense 6. _________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. A. Polysemy一词多义 B. Synonymy同义词 C. Homonymy同音异义 D. Hyponymy下义关系 7. Words that are close in meaning are called ___________. A. homonyms同音异义词 B. polysemies一词多义 C. hyponyms下义词 D. synonyms同义词 8. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______. A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions选择限制，选限结构 C. semantic rules D. semantic features 9. The pai r of words “lend” and “borrow” are ___ A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites关系反义词 C. co-hyponyms并列下义词 D. synonyms同义词 10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __. A. +animate，+male，+human，-adult B. +animate，+male，+human，+adult C. +animate，-male，+human，-adult D. +animate，-male，+human，+adult 11. Cold and hot are called ____ antonyms. A. complementary B. gradable 可分类的 C. reversal D. converse 12. “I bought some roses” ____ “I bought some flowers”. A. entails B. presupposes假定，预料，以…为先决条件 C. is inconsistent with与…不一致 D. is synonymous with和…同义 13. Of the following linguists, ____ should be grouped into Prague School.布拉格学派 A. Bloomfield布罗姆菲尔德 B. Saussure索绪尔
2016年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 语言学概论试卷(课程代码 00541) 第一部分选择题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题l分，共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡” 的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂或多涂均无分。 1.下面各项中，属于汉语北方方言的是 A.广州话 B.福州话 C.重庆话 D.上海话 2.汉语拼音字母b、p、m都是 A.舌尖音 B.唇齿音 C.正齿音 D.双唇音 3.下面各项属于自源文字的是 A.英文字母 B.甲骨文 C.腓尼基字母 D.希腊字母 4.儿童“以词代句语言”出现在 A.单词句阶段 B.语法句阶段 C.简单句阶段 D.复杂句阶段 5.“叶子岀水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙”一句采用的修辞手法是 A.比拟 B.仿写 C.夸张 D.比喻 6.下面各项中含有轻声音节的是 A.渐渐 B.妈妈 C.声声 D.人人 7.“在家休息”是一个 A.动宾词组 B.主谓词组 C.偏正词组 D.兼语词组 8.不同行业有自己的“行话“行话”属于 A.地域方言 B.社会方言 C.亲属语言 D.混合语言 9.“半两棉花——免弹（谈)”采用的方法是 A.转移欢关 B.语义汉关 C.语音双关 D.替代双关 10.下面各项属于语言符号特点的是 A.约定性 B.自然性 C.固定性 D.想象性 11.一种语言的共同语是在某一个方言的基础上形成的，这种方言叫 A.母方言 B.底层方言 C.基础方言 D.原始方言
12.谈话体属于 A.书面语体 B.宣传语体 C.文学语体 D.口语语体 13.唐太宗名李世民，唐代人便把“世”改为“代'把“民”改成“人”，这是为了 A.避讳 B.图吉利 C.讨口彩 D.自谦 14.中国历史上推行“书同文”措施的是 A.齐桓公 B.秦始皇 C.汉武帝 D.唐玄宗 15.汉语中“罗汉、菩萨、塔、阎罗”等词的出现，是因为 A.儒家学说的兴盛 B.道教的兴起 C.名教的影响 D.佛教的传入 16.“弟弟吃苹果”不能说成“苹果弟弟吃'这是受制于语言符号的 A.组合关系 B.聚合关系C联想关系 D.分类关系 17.音高取决于声波的 A.振幅 B.数量 C.长短 D.频率 18.“这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天”，这个句子是 A.反复句 B.顶真句 C.对偶句 D.回环句 19.中国叫“绥远、定远”之类名字的地方，往往当年 A.水草丰美 B.山川秀丽 C.曾发生战乱后被抚平 D.人口特别多 20.—个民族的全体或部分成员放弃使用本民族语言转而使用另一民族语言的现象叫 A.语言混合 B.语言转用 C.克里奥尔 D.双语现象 二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂、多涂或少涂均无分。 21.下面关于语言和民族、国家关系的说法中，正确的有 A.—个民族只能说一种语言 B.—个民族可以说多种语言 C.一个国家只有一种语言 D.—个国家可以有多种语言 E.不同民族可以说同一种语言 22.下面各项中，属于元音的有 A.[a] B.[f] C. [l] D.[o] E.[p] 23.下面各项中属于发散思维的表现形式的有 A.音乐 B.舞蹈 C.绘画 D.推理 E.文学 24.下面各项中彼此有亲属关系的语言有 A.日语 B.葡萄牙语 C.老挝语 D.朝鲜语 E.英语 25.下面各项中，属于借词的有
语言学概论 一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分} 1．下列说法只有是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的辅助性交际工具。 B．语言就是说话，说话就是语言。 C．语言是一种特殊的社会现象。 D．语言具有地方色彩，说明语言不具有社会性。 2．下列说法只有是错误的。 A．汉语的声调是由音高变化形成的。 B．语言中的轻重音是由音重变化形成的。 C．音位具有区别词形的作用。 I)．音素具有区别词形的作用。 3．下列说法只有是正确的。 A．“老”可以同“新、旧、少、嫩”等构成反义词。 B．“大”和“小”是绝对对立的反义词。 C．“红”与“黑”这对反义词具有非此即彼的关系。 D．反义词“冷”和“热”具有相对性。 4．下列说法只有____正确。 A．意译词如“激光”、“电话”都是借词。 B．仿译词如“机关枪”、“铁路”都是借词。 C．“尼姑”、“和尚”、“玻璃”是借词。 D．“爱神”、“北极熊”、“超人”都是借词。 5．下列词义的变化，属于词义的缩小。 A．“meat”原指菜肴，现在指荤菜。 B．“走”本义是跑，现在指步行。 C．“江”原指长江，今泛指江河。 D．“book”原指一种树木，今指成本的著作。 1．C 2．D 3．D 4．C 5．A 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4.下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 I)．语法的聚合规则存在”ji【j头沿吉中 5．单纯阋就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干 【！．词缀
Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________ A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary？ A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is __________. A. interrogative（疑问） B. directive C. informative D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform？ A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative√ D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation？ A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language？ —A nice day, isn’t it？ — Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________. A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality 9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics 10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not 12. Language change is universal, ongoing and ？ 13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication ？ 14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all
模拟试题１ 一、名词解释 1．1．个别语言学 2．2．言语 3．3．音位 4．4．义素 5．5．语法手段 二、判断题 1．语言和种族无关。（） 2．语言自始至终都没有阶级性。（） 3．任何词义都具有抽象性。（） 4．凡能区别意义的音节叫闭音节。（） 5．以元音收尾的音节叫闭音节。（） 6．分析语是以词形变化为主要语法手段的语言。（） 7．由一个词根加词缀构成的词是派生词。（） 8．洋泾浜是语言转用的表现。（） 9．语言的分析和统一来自于社会的分化和统一。（） 10．语法与词汇相比，具有很强的稳定性。（） 三、单项选择题（把正确的答案呈码填在括号内） 1．现代汉语属于（） A.普通语言学 B.应用语言学 C.共时语言学 D.历时语言学 2．[i]是一个（） A.舌面元音 B.舌尖元音 C.卷舌元音 D.舌根元音 3．[p]是一个（） A.音位 B.音质音位 C.音素 D.音节 4．[b]是一个（） A.双唇浊音 B.双唇清音 C.双唇鼻音 D.双唇擦音 5．下列词中属于复合词的是（） A.天子 B.傻子 C.席子 D.椅子 6．以声音的高低来区别意义的语言单位叫（）
A.重位 B.时位 C.两位 D.音质音位 7．下列词语中属于音译词的是（） A.电话 B.马力 C.葡萄 D.面包 8．下列单位中属于成词语素的是（） A.菠 B.猩 C.的 D.槟 9．下列文字中，属于表音文字的是（） A.纳西族东巴文 B.汉字 C.俄语 D.古埃及圣书字 四、多项选择题（在下列5个备选答案中选择2—5个你认为正确的答案，把正确的答案号填在括号内） 1．舌根清时有（） A.[g] B.[k] C.[k‘] D.[x] E.[h] 2．下列词中，处于同一个语义场的词是（） A.桌子 B.椅子 C.沙发 D.柜子 E.鞋子 3．下列词形变化中，运用附加手段的是（） A.pen-pens B.Long-Longer C.foot – feet D.man – men E.go – went 4．“数”是有些语言的名词所具有的（） A.语法范畴 B.语法形式 C.语法意义 D.词法范畴 E.语法手段 5．分析手段指（） A.内部屈折 B.附加 C.语序 D.异根 E.虚词 6．下列语言中属汉藏语系的是（） A.日语 B.苗语 C.侗傣语 D.维吾尔语 E.越南语 7．下列句式中属于多义句式的是（） A.我说不好 B.王师傅已经了解了 C.一辆老吉普车 D.接近电影的尾声 E.小王也不知道 8．下列语言属于印欧语系的是（） A.法语 B.英语 C.德语 D.阿拉伯语 E.维吾尔语 9．语法单位指的是（） A.音位 B.语 C.词 D.词组 E.句子 10．[P]是一个（） A.双唇音 B.塞音 C.舌面音 D.擦音 E.清音 五、分析题
语言学概论题 2009年语言学概论试题及答案 第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题 1．关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．语言是一种社会现象 B．语言就是人们说出来的话 C．语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言 D．语言是一个符号系统 2．关于“言语活动”、“语言”和“言语”三者之间的关系，下列说法不正确的一项是A．“语言”等于“言语活动”减去“言语” B．“语言”是主要的，而“言语”是次要的 C．“言语”是“言语活动”中的社会部分 D．“语言”是从“言语活动”抽象出来的一个均质的系统 3．索绪尔创立的语言学可以称为 A．传统语言学 B．历史比较语言学 C．结构主义语言学 D．社会语言学 4．从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是 A．音渡 B．音素 C．音位 D．音节 5．[p…]的发音特征是 A．双唇送气清塞音 B．双唇不送气清塞音 C．舌尖前送气清塞音 D．舌尖前不送气清塞音 6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是 A．[i，u] B．[e，o] C．[A，y] D．[?，a] 7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是 A．节律重音 B．语法重音 C．固定重音 D．强调重音 8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是 A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位 B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位
C．语汇是固D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和 5．[p…]的发音特征是 A．双唇送气清塞音 B．双唇不送气清塞音 C．舌尖前送气清塞音 D．舌尖前不送气清塞音 6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是 A．[i，u] B．[e，o] C．[A，y] D．[?，a] 7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是 A．节律重音 B．语法重音 C．固定重音 D．强调重音 8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是 A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位 B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位 C．语汇是固定词组和熟语的总汇 D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和 9．从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿”一词属于 A.单纯词 B．派生词 C．复合词 D．简缩词 10．下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是 A．笼子 B．鸽子 C．瓜子 D．日子 11．下列关于语法的表述中，不正确的一项是 A．语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子的规则 B．语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯 C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则 D．语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象 12．在“这些书我看过了”这个语言片段中，“这些书”和“我看过了”的性质是A．既是成分也是组合 B．是成分，不是组合 C．是组合，不是成分 D．不是成分也不是组合 13．下列关于词义模糊性的表述中，正确的一项是 A．词义所指范围边缘区域模糊，中心区域明确 B．词义所指范围边缘区域明确，中心区域模糊
语言学概论试题及参考答案 一、填空题（每空1分，共15分） 1、（）的建立，使语言学摆脱了过去的附庸地位，成为一门独立发展的科学。 2、语言符号的形式是（），语言符号的内容是（） 3、一个音节可以没有起音和（），但决不可缺少（）。 4、方言词是诣（）。 5、附加在词根上，一般表示附加性词汇意义的语素叫（）。 6、交际的基本单位是（）。 7、语法手段可以分力两大类型：（）和（）。 8、语言发展有两个特点：（）和（）。 9、根据语言的亲属关系对语言的分类叫做（），也叫做（）。 10、文字起源于（）。 二、单选题（每题1分，共15分） 1、社会语言学属于（） ①理论语言学②广义应用语言学 ③普通语言学④狭义应用语言学 2、元音［］的名称是（） ①舌尖后高圆唇元音②舌尖前高圆唇元音 ③舌尖后高不圆唇元音④舌尖前高不圆唇元音 3、下列汉字的读音中，包含有三合元音的是（） ①邮②欧③玩④农 4、汉语普通话音节结构（） ①最长由三个音素组成②最长由四个音素组成 ③最长由五个音素组成④最短由两个音素组成 5、下列词中，属于单纯词的是（） ①玻璃②黑扳③语言④红旗 6、下列词中，属于复台词的是（） ①傻子②席子③天子④椅子 7、下列词组中，属于多义的是（） ①两只学生送的花瓶②两位学生送的花瓶 ③两只学生送的花篮。④两个学生送的花篮 8、下列词中粗体的成分，属于同音关系的是（） ①杜鲁门——杜绝②负荆一负担 ③忽然－－突然④花朵——浪花 9、英语的‘foot”（脚，单数）变为“feet”（脚，复数）运用的语法手段是（） ①附加②异根③内部屈折④重叠 10、汉语普通话中的：“卡通片”中的“卡”是一个（） ①语素②音节③前缀④词 11、汉语中的：“了、着、过”在古代具有实实在在的词汇意义，到现代变成只表语义的助词，这属于（）
Translate the following terms from English into Chinese.把下列术语翻译成中文 1.duality of structure _________结构的二元性_______________ 2.General Linguistics ________普通语言学________________ 3.voiceless consonant _________清辅音_______________ https://www.doczj.com/doc/381663702.html,plementary distribution ________互补分布________________ 5.free morpheme ________自由词素________________ 6.immediate constituent ________直接成份________________ https://www.doczj.com/doc/381663702.html,ponential Analysis ________成份分析________________ 8.American Structuralism ________美国结构主义________________ 9.zero morph _________零语子_______________ 10.structural ambiguity _________结构歧义_______________ 11.productivity _________多产性______________ 12.linguistic competence __________语言能力______________ 13.manner of articulation _________发音方法_______________ 14.intonation language _________语调语言_______________ 15.allophone __________音位变体______________ 16.inflectional morpheme _________曲折语素_______________ 17.phrase marker __________短语标记______________ 18.denotation __________指示______________ 19.Systemic-Functional Grammar __________系统功能语法______________ 20.bound morpheme __________粘着语素______________ 21.cultural transmission __________文化传播______________ 22.Descriptive Linguistics __________描写语言学______________ 23.derivational morpheme ___________派生词素_____________ 24.consonant ___________辅音_____________ 25.tone language ___________声调语言_____________ 26.empty morph ___________虚语子_____________ 27.syntax ___________语法_____________ https://www.doczj.com/doc/381663702.html,plementary antonym ___________互补反义词_____________
语言学概论试题及答案 语言学概论作业1 导言、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的，叫历时语言学。 2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。就语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统。 3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。 4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。 5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。所谓“社会”，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。 二、填空 1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。 2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。 6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。 7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。 8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。 9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。 三、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉） 1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。（×） 2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。（×） 3、在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。（×） 4、现代社会，沟通的方式很多，语言的重要性日渐削弱。（×） 5、语言是思维的工具，没有语言，人类就无法思维。（√） 6、语言和思维互相依存，共同发展。（√） 7、任何一种符号，都是由内容和意义两个方面构成的。（×） 8、从本质上看，语言其实是一种符号系统。（√）
2.最小的言语交际单位是( ) A.语篇 B.句子 C.词组 D.词 3.下列各组元音中，都是前元音的一组是( ) A.[i, u] B.[a, ] C.[e，?] D.[ε, o] 4.下列各组辅音中，发音方法相同的一组是( ) A.[f, s] B.[p, m] C.[n, l] D.[t,?] 5.下列关于语调和声调的表述中，正确的一项是( ) A.有些语言只有语调而没有声调 B.有些语言只有声调而没有语调 C.有些语言既没语调也没有声调 D.所有语言都既有声调也有语调 6.下列关于“语汇”的表述中，正确的一项是( ) A.语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位 B.语汇是一种语言中词的总汇 C.语汇是一种语言中词和语的总汇 D.语汇是一种语言中固定词组和熟语的总汇 7.下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中，正确的一项是( ) A.构词能力强 B.使用范围窄 C.产生历史长 D.大多很稳定 8.区分“单纯词”和“合成词”所依据的是( ) A.词的音节数量 B.词的语素数量 C.词的音形关系 D.词的地位用途
9.下列各组复合词中，构词方式相同的一组是( ) A.热情热烈 B.证明光明 C.口吃胆怯 D.悦耳柔和 10.语法规则的“系统性”是指( ) A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括 B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用 C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释 D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢 11.下列各项中，不属于印欧语冠词可能的语法作用的是( ) A.区别名词的有定形式和无定形式 B.区别词语的名词形式和动词形式 C.区别名词的性的形式和数的形式 D.区别动词的限定形式和非限定形式 12.英语“Mike take a taxi”这句话是病句，其错误在于( ) A.性 B.数 C.格 D.态 13.下列词组不属于“向心词组”的是( ) A.参加比赛 B.田径比赛 C.认真比赛 D.比赛结束 14.下列关于语义民族性的表述中，正确的一项是( ) A.词义上的民族特点并不明显 B.词的多义化不受民族特点的制约 C.不同的民族语言在词的理性意义上并无差异
Model 1 I. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration if it is necessary. 1. macrolinguistics::_______________________ 2. compound:_____________________________ 3. Reference: _____________________________ 4. Idiolect:________________________________ 5. Minimal pair:___________________________ 6. Competence:___________________________ 7. Diglossia: _____________________________ 8. Sound assimilation:______________________ 9. Arbitrariness:___________________________ 10. Semantic shift:_________________________ II. Indicate the following statements true or false. 1. Language use is both systematic and non-systematic, subject to external as well as to internal variation. 2. Corpus is a collection of texts input into a computer. Language corpora make it possible for material developers to select authentic, natural and typical language. 3. Mistakes often occur when learners fail to perform their competence. 4. Root is understood in terms of meanings while syem is understood with emphasis on affix. Sometimes a linguistic element is both a root and stem. 5. All instances of NP--movement are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice. 6. Word lays in the central position in language comprehension because of its extremely important role in transmitting the meaning.
语言学概论（本）模拟试题 1 一、举例解释下列名词（每词4分，共20分） 1、聚合关系 2、语流音变 3、基本词汇 4、形声字 5、借词 二、填空（每空1分，共10分） 1、（）内部又分布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三大学派。 2、中国、（）和希腊——罗马是语言学的三大发源地。 3、口腔、鼻腔和咽腔在发音中的主要功能是起（）的作用。 4、各个音位的变体，如果其出现条件要受环境的制约，那么就是这个音位的（）。 5、基本词汇在使用上不分地域，不分阶层，因而具有（）特点。 6、同义词“鼓励——怂恿”的区别是（）不同。 7、腓尼基字母向西发展产生了（），拉丁字母是在它的基础上产生的。 8、文字造字方法发展的总趋向是（）。 9、现代汉语有七大方言，例如（），以长沙话为代表。 10、古代汉语中的单音节词在现代汉语中大多变成了双音节词，例如“龟、蝇”变成了“乌龟、苍蝇”。这种变化是词语的（）。 三、选择题（每小题2分，共10分） 说明：每题只有一个正确答案，请将正确答案的字母序号填到题中括号内。 1、下列说法只有（）是正确的。 A. 语言是人类最重要的辅助性交际工具 B. 语言就是说话，说话就是语言 C. 抽象的语言是不存在的，都以如汉语、英语这样一些个体形式存在着 D. 语言具有地方色彩，说明语言不具有社会性 2、有甲乙两个声波图，甲声波比乙声波振动次数少，乙声波比甲声波振幅小，因此（）。A．甲声音高，乙声音弱B. 甲声音低，乙声音弱 C. 甲声音低，乙声音强 D. 甲声音弱，乙声音低 3、下列说法只有（）是正确的。 A．“老”可以同“新、旧、少、嫩”等构成反义词 B．“大”和“小”是绝对对立的反义词 C．“红”与“黑”这对反义词具有非此即彼的关系 D．反义词“冷”和“热”是相对反义词 4、下列说法只有（）不正确。 A．实物记事是文字的源头 B．表意文字能记录语言的语音 C．表音文字能记录语言的语音 D．日文中夹杂有汉字，但日文是拼音文字 5、下列词义的变化，（）属于词义的缩小。 A．“meat”原指菜肴，现在指荤菜 B．“走”本意是跑，现在指步行 C．“江”原指长江，今泛指江河